ABPL 90277 Humanitarian Construction
Kaira Looro Architecture Competition 2021 WOMEN’S HOUSE
Group 10-Xu Jiaqi-1012769 2021/2/26
Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 2. Project Brief ............................................................................................................... 1 2.1. Project Background ......................................................................................... 1 2.1.1. Geographic Context.............................................................................. 2 2.1.2. Socio-cultural Context: ......................................................................... 2 2.2. Project Aim & Objectives ................................................................................. 2 3. Construction Programme ........................................................................................... 3 3.1. Construction Programme ................................................................................ 3 3.2. Safety & Quality Control .................................................................................. 3 3.2.1. Safety Control ....................................................................................... 3 3.2.2. Quality Control ...................................................................................... 4 4. Building Structure ....................................................................................................... 4 4.1. Building Material .............................................................................................. 4 4.2. Site Establish .................................................................................................. 5 4.2.1. Site layout ............................................................................................. 5 4.2.2. Site Fencing ......................................................................................... 5 4.2.3. Site Office ............................................................................................. 6 4.2.4. Site Signage ......................................................................................... 6 4.3. Building Component ........................................................................................ 6 5. Domestic Service ....................................................................................................... 8 5.1. Dry Toilet ......................................................................................................... 8 5.2. Solar Energy Kits ............................................................................................ 8 6. Landscaping............................................................................................................... 9 6.1. Fencing ........................................................................................................... 9 6.2. Path paving ..................................................................................................... 9 7. Maintenance .............................................................................................................. 9 8. Cost Estimating ........................................................................................................ 10 Refernce ......................................................................................................................... 12
1. Introduction Nowadays, in Sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania and Western Asia, young women are often denied access to basic education due to financial, political and cultural problems. In North Africa, women hold less than a fifth of all paid jobs in non-agricultural sectors, and there are only 46 countries where women currently hold more than 30% of parliamentary seats. It is precisely as gender equality is so central to the future of a new generation that it ranks fifth on the "Sustainable Development Goals" set by the United Nations. It aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination and violence, uphold the rights of all genders, ensure equal access to education, health care and employment for all, and participate in decision-making processes. This project competition theme is "Woman's House" and the focus is on Senegal, which has an overall index of 68%, ranking 99th in the world. The index of equal political and decision-making opportunities was low, at only 33%, but within the average for Sub-Saharan countries, while economic opportunities were generally 55%. The design process must integrate itself with the surrounding environment and cultural context, promote the values of gender equality, achieve ecology and sustainable architecture, and enable local communities to participate in their own construction.
2. Project Brief 2.1. Project Background The Women’ s House will be constructed in Baghere village in Senegal, bordered by the Balmadou forest to the north, Guinea Bissau to the south, the town of Niangha to the east, and by the municipalities of Simbandi and Dioudoubou to the south/north west. Balmadou Forest
Baghere village
Simbandi
Dioudoubou
Figure 2.1. Site Location 1
2.1.1. Geographic Context Climate conditions (Tropical): - Temperature: The low temperature varies from 16℃ in December to 23℃ in June, with high temperatures varying from 31℃ in August to 43℃ in May. - Humidity: up to 90%. - Winds: periodic with hot dry air blowing from east to west from November to March, and with trade winds blowing from west to east from March to May. The monsoon is present from June to October. (African Monsoon in summer arrives from the south). - Rainfall: an average annual rainfall of 1,095.7 mm spread between June and October. The dry season ranges from seven to ten months and alternates with the rainy season (long dry season).
Figure 2.2. Senegal annual rainfall Natural disaster: - Flooding is the most serious natural disaster Senegal's facing. - Earthquake hazard is classified as low in Senegal.
2.1.2. Socio-cultural Context: Senegal is usually classified as 90% Muslim and 5% Christian. The village of Baghere is home to almost 2,200 people, of which 53% are women and 58% are minors. Women's communities are set up in the project areas to organize rural development activities and agro-commercial activities.
2.2. Project Aim & Objectives The goal of this project is to use sustainable technologies to build a community center, which is able to promote gender equality and human rights. The main function of the "Women's House" is to host conferences, seminars, laboratories and any other activities that help to reduce forms of discrimination, strengthen and promote gender equality, create awareness and knowledge and promote the participation of women. Due to the limited cost, the project will be built by the experienced construction manager with the beneficiary community, so the villager will be trained in advance and it will need to meet certain construction standards. The experience and data obtained from this design can help the planning and upgrading of the slums, and provide a template for the building with socialist function in the future.
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3. Construction Programme 3.1. Construction Programme Before the “Women House” construction start, the land tenure contract should be prepared and permitted by local Government. Site survey work is outsourced to a specialist company before construction work begins. Based on drawings provided from engineers and architects in the project team, an experienced and licensed land surveyor will measure the contours of the land, establish and mark the boundaries to help the contractor determine the exact location of the building. Also the materials which constructed off-site needed to be ordered in advance. The construction process, in general, consists of several fundamental phases, they are site set-up, substructure, superstructure, cladding, finishes, electrical & hygiene services and external works (landscape). After the work finished, villagers also need to learn how to maintain and repair the structure of this building as they deteriorate and damaged. The construction would conduct from October to December. It means that it will start from the end of the rainy season, which would be good for concrete curing, and the construction period would not be affected by flooding. It will spent 13 intensive weeks constructing this communication centre, which contains a library and children care room, as well as a centre for multi-function meeting room. There is no good electrical circuit in the village, so it doesn't have any electrical equipment other than solar cells. The enthusiasm of the villagers for the project was great, and the whole village participated in the voluntary work. This is very important for completing the building in a limited time frame and for the future of the building. A general schedule for main activity of the “Women House” shown in Appendix 1.
3.2. Safety & Quality Control Project management team are responsible for the safety & quality control. Prior to the start of construction, local residents need to have safety education and be trained to ensure that they can carry out basic construction works. Men and women are trained separately for different works. During the construction, the project manager need to follow up the whole process, provide supervision and ensure the quality and safety of the work. They also need to be involved in the construction activities to ensure the quality is satisfied. 3.2.1. Safety Control Fire prevention Due to the damage caused by the fire, fire prevention is necessary in the construction. Consider of the nature of the building materials and the water shortage, fire extinguishers will be placed inside and outside the building during the construction phase and will be supplemented by the collected rainwater to extinguish the fire.
Figure 3.1. Fire Extinguishers 3
Medical services First aid kit (Figure ) must be provided to workers on site, including the site shed. Due to the relative haphazard setting of the site, the first aid kit should be placed inside the building and in the shed which near the building. Construction safety clothing On site, all workers must wear basic safety clothing, including safety shoes and gloves. In this project, not using Figure 3.2. First aid kit scaffolding is a potential risk. Therefore, the site should be equipped with safety helmets, and regular inspection and maintenance.
3.2.2. Quality Control The project manager needs to determine the quantity, material or service, and the control activities carried out include verification of conformance to specifications, validation of specific processes, monitoring activities, inspection and testing. For example, the concrete received on site can be regarded as an object, the execution of the steel can be controlled by the project manager, and the management team can establish controls framework for the construction.
4. Building Structure 4.1. Building Material The project focuses on the implementation of local available materials and the concept of building sustainability. Regional engineers and stakeholders put a lot of effort into using local knowledge in order to find suitable gravel materials. There is a forest and a lot of sandy clearing near the village. These geographical conditions provide the building with abundant sand, soil, timber, and bamboo. The following material chart shows the main material this project use. And drawings are used to display the special material. Table 1. Building Material Summary
Building structure
Component Concrete
Footing Substructure
Material Reinforcement bar Concrete
Slab
Chiken wire
Water proof
Membrane Timber stud
Wall
Wall system
Sandbags Straw & Mud
Roof Window & Door
Building Service
Roof Framing
Timber
Roof sheeting
Bamboo board & straw
Atrium Window
Glass
Internal Doors
Bamboo board
Solar panel
Solar Energy Kits 4
Figure 4.1. Chiken wire
Figure 4.2. Sandbag
Figure 4.3. Straw Mud
Figure 4.4. Bamboo Board
4.2. Site Establish 4.2.1. Site layout
Figure 4.5. Site Layout 4.2.2. Site Fencing For safety, the site will be fenced with bamboo sticks, the height would be 1.5 meters to 5
separate the site with the neighbor. The bamboo fence can be reused for other construction site. In addition, lighting will be provided around the coaming to ensure site safety at night. 4.2.3. Site Office Site office is one of the most essential facilities for site management. This project would use the site shed as the site office. Since the shed is just near the building, it can work efficiently with the view of the whole site.
Figure 4.6. Site Shed 4.2.4. Site Signage The site layout, contact details of the project manager, safety rules and labour management policies will be displayed inside the site office and posted at the entrance to provide information for visitors and workers. In addition, construction site signs (Figure 4.7) will be hung on a temporary fence to alert passing villagers. Figure 4.7. Site Signs
4.3. Building Component
Under the concrete slab, there are four footings, which is reinforced by the steel bar. The concrete slab was reinforced by the chiken wire, and there is no flooring for this slab. The walls are made of filled sandbags, timber studs and small amounts of mud and straw. The bags were filled by hand by local women, who used shovels to scoop up sand from nearby ditches. Sandbags and timber studs are used as walls structures, then filled with mud and straw as cladding (Figure 4.8). The window position is very low, only the window frame, no shade, which is good for nature ventilation. The building has no outer door; there are two open access to the building. And the internal door is made of bamboo panels. Figure 4.8. Wall section The kitchen is semi-open and connected to the outside farmland, which ensures the fire safety of the kitchen, and also makes the harvest and processing of crops more efficient. The bamboo roof protrudes out of the walls and connects to the rain gutters, preventing rainwater from entering the building and creating a shaded area for relaxation. The rainwater tank will collect water from gutter (Figure 4.9). 6
Figure 4.9. Water Collection System
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5. Domestic Service 5.1. Dry Toilet It would be ideal to have dry toilets in the “Women House”, this project will use raised-seat pit toilet. Through the septic tank treatment, can be used as a vegetable farm fertilizer supplement. According to local customs, the centre should be structured and laid out to keep toilets and lavatory facilities away from areas or indoors where food consumption is involved, but with adequate safety and security. Finally, personal hygiene should be paid attention to. There are toilet facilities and a garbage can for storing menstrual products near the toilet.
Figure 5.1. Dry Toilet
5.2. Solar Energy Kits Since the village has long hours of sunshine and abundant solar energy, it is environmentally friendly and can save more money to generate electricity through solar panels. The batteries chosen for this project are 5kw Solar Energy Kits form China, which is powerful enough to provide both lighting and irrigation with water pumps.
Figure 5.2. Solar Energy Kits
Figure 5.3. Solar Kits Basic Info.
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6. Landscaping 6.1. Fencing A Wattle Fence is weaved by woven wood. Upright hard wood stumps are called "sales" and saplings are called "weavers". The vines weave around the stumps like baskets. This fence can be finished by villager, and the maintenance is quite easy for them, which simply requires pulling out the damaged wood.
Figure 6.1. Wattle Fence
6.2. Path paving Mixed with the colorful design and natural surroundings, stepping stone walkways can be an attractive addition to the landscape. Clean the road surface where the stones are placed, and dig up the grass under the stones. Make sure the stone is placed slightly above the surface. Once the stones are in place, they are then smoothed out with the sand of the site. Figure 6.2. Stepping Stone Walkways
7. Maintenance The buildings maintenance requirement vary from different degrees depending on the building design, materials and workmanship. The quality of the design and workmanship minimizes the level required. Maintenance can help the building lifecycle: - Prevent the decay and degradation process. - Keep the structure stable and safe. - Prevent unnecessary damage caused by weather and daily use. - Optimized service performance. - Help to provide plans for renovations. - Ensure ongoing compliance with legal requirements. The ‘’Women House” subsequent maintenance and management are listed in the 9
following table: Location
Sandbag Wall with Mud cladding
Roof
Doors
Solar Energy Kits
Kitchen
Table 2. Maintenance and Management Issue Due to limited materials, only mud weeds are used for cladding on the outside of the sandbag. Therefore, during the use of the house, if the internal walls fall off, the room should be first stopped and filled with fresh mud weeds, and then opened after drying. If the exterior wall is damaged, it can be filled directly to dry. Due to the cost, the bamboo panels covered need to be greased with waterproofing and added with waterproofing before the annual rainy season to prevent corrosion of the bamboo. When the bamboo stick is damaged, it can be pulled out, replaced and reinstalled. Bamboo doors do not work well and are prone to damage, requiring frequent replacement of bamboo strips. In the future, they can be replaced by wooden doors. Regular maintenance of the ground panels, can be wiped with water to ensure cleanliness. When damaged, residents can ask the manufacturer the maintenance methods, major damage can ask local professionals to repair. The kitchen needs to carry out fire prevention design. Since open fire is used in cooking, water should be provided in the kitchen to ensure the fire is put out at the beginning.
8. Cost Estimating Prior to the construction, the project team's quantity surveyor will prepare a bill of quantities to measure the items identified in the drawings and specifications. The bill of quantities is used not only to determine costs, but also to assist the project team in material scheduling, construction planning, cost analysis, and cost planning once construction begins. In this project, the construction is done by local villagers and volunteers, so the cost is 0. The machinery rental cost is €24.2/day. The bill of quantities summary page lists the main activities of the project as shown below. The total cost of this project is €14560.3, which is below the budget provided by Kaira Looro.
Building structure
Unit rate Component
Wall
Quantity
Unit
Cost
(euro) Concrete
10
13.5
m3
135
Reinforcement bar
12
145
no
1740
Concrete
100
13.5
m3
1350
Chiken wire
200
19
m2
3800
Water proof
Membrane
200
2.64
m2
528
Wall system
Timber stud
20
46.5
m2
930
Footing Substructur e
Material
Slab
10
Bags Roof Framing Timber Roof
Window & Door
Building Service Total cost
1
140
25 kg
140
13
42.3
m2
550
220
18
m2
3960
Roof sheeting
Bamboo board & straw
Atrium Window
Glass
4
12.4
m2
49.6
Internal Doors
Bamboo board
16
18
m2
288
Solar panel
Solar Energy Kits
4
198
no
792
Water pump Pump 1 Machinery rental=10d×€24.2/day=241
56.7
no
56.7 €14560.3
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Refernce Balouo Salo - Building projects. (2021). Retrieved 2021, from https://www.balouosalo.com/building.html N'Diaye, E. H. M. , Bouvier, A. L. , & Waaub, J. P. . (2007). Dam construction in the senegal river valley and the long-term socioeconomic effects. Knowledge Technology & Policy, 19(4), 44-60. Think Hazard - Senegal - Earthquake. Retrieved 26 February 2021, from https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/217-senegal/EQ
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