Group 5_Kaira Looro Women's House Project by ABPL90277_HumanitarianConstruction

Construction Project Response: Kaira Looro Women’s Centre Report ABPL90277 Humanitarian Construction Summer Intensive

Yuzki Wang, 1095101 Alexandra Weller, 757284 Jorja Bourke, 911636 Aaron Feng, 834917 Chenshou Li, 825748

Contents

1.6

Fundamental Consideration…………………………………………………………….…………………………….. An Introduction …………………………………………………………….………………………………………………. Community Engagement Plan …………………………………………………………….…………………………. Stakeholder Involvement …………………………………………………………….………………………………… WASH …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………… 1.4.1 Water Access …………………………………………………………….…………………………………….. 1.4.2 Water Treatment …………………………………………………………….………………………………. 1.4.3 Portable Water …………………………………………………………….………………………………….. 1.4.4 Wastewater Treatment …………………………………………………………….……………………… 1.4.5 Toilet System …………………………………………………………….…………………………………….. 1.4.6 Women’s Health Considerations …………………………………………………………….………… Power …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………… 1.5.1 Renewable Power Systems …………………………………………………………….……………….. Gender Equality Priorities and Actions …………………………………………………………….……………..

3 3 4 8 16 18 22 25 27 29 34 38 38 41

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Land Tenure Considerations……………………………………………………….………………………………….. Site Location …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………. Land Tenure Context and Arrangements …………………………………………………………….…………. Land Tenure Risks …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………. Conflict in Use …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………. Land Tenure, Women and Future Suggestions …………………………………………………………….…

45 46 47 49 51 52

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Architectural Design Consideration …………………………………………………………….…………………. Building Form and Function …………………………………………………………….…………………………….. Architectural Expression …………………………………………………………….………………………………….. Typology of the Women’s House …………………………………………………………….…………………….. Consequence of Design …………………………………………………………….…………………………………… Plans, Sections and Renders …………………………………………………………….…………………………….

55 58 60 62 64 65

4.0 4.1

4.2 4.3

Construction Design Considerations ……………………………………………………….……………………. Construction System …………………………………………………………….………………………………………. 4.1.1 General …………………………………………………………….………………………………………………….. 4.1.2 Foundation System …………………………………………………………….………………………………… 4.1.3 Wall System …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………… 4.1.4 Roofing System …………………………………………………………….……………………………………… 4.1.5 Cistern Construction …………………………………………………………….……………………………… Programme …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………. Cost Proposal …………………………………………………………….………………………………………………….

73 73 73 75 78 78 79 81 82

5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 6.0 7.0 8.0

Landscape Design Considerations ……………………………………………………….……………………….. Food Security …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………. Vegetation …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………… Greywater Management …………………………………………………………….………………………………… Waste Treatment …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………… Programme of Works …………………………………………………………….…………………………………….. Conclusion …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………… References …………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………….. Appendix …………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………..

83 84 86 91 92 94 94 95 102

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

1.5

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.0

Fundamental Consideration

Leader: Yuzki Wang

1.1

An Introduction

By Yuzki Wang

The location of the Women’s House is proposed in Baghere, a community situated in the Tanaff Valley, an area in the Sedhiou region, which is positioned in southern Senegal, a sub-Saharan country in the north-west of Africa (Kaira Looro, 2021). The Women’s House is attempting to achieve a space which promotes and provides a dedicated physical envelope where the associations and members of society will be able to meet and discuss the topics of equality and human rights, guaranteeing involvement and emancipation of the female community in favour of the region’s social, economic, and political development (Kaira Looro, 2021). This report illustrates the project proposal from five design consideration: Fundamental considerations, Land tenure considerations, Architecture design considerations, Construction design Considerations and Landscape Design considerations. All five considerations and corresponding designs are supported by further research and exploration of local and cultural context. In respect to the humanitarian context, community engagement is indispensable. By investigate community and stakeholders’ relationships and develop appropriate plans of actions and strategies for collaborative construction, the fundamental design strives to bring the community together and encourage communication and collaboration between the two genders. This report introduces a sustainable development of WASH and power system for the Baghere community, to create a constructive cycle through adoptions of renewable energy and resources. Additionally, the Women’s house design embraces an active strategic set of priorities and actions to promote human rights as well as approach gender equality outcome. In connection with fundamental considerations, the Women’s House is an opportunity to connect local and neighbouring municipalities. By providing ease of accessibility, the project design aims to raise the opportunity to engage a higher amount of the population in the cause of gender equality in the Tanaff Valley. With inclusive investigations analysis on local land tenure context, risks and conflicts, the Women’s House propose a set of design arrangement on Baghere women empowerment and ownership towards land use and settlement. ‘ The Women’s House architecture offers multiple configurations of space through a semi-open building envelop and pivoting internal walls. The adaptability and flexibility over time enable opportunities for the community to utilise the spaces with multiple activities. Beyond, the architecture expression draws inspiration from local tradition, technique, as well as embraces the vibrant skill of local women. With regard to local women participation in the building process, the construction prioritised the use of local materials and straight-forward structures. As each building block adopts independent structures, a prototypes construction design is introduced to achieve self-build and community upskilling. The cost estimation of the project is 17,899 Euro, within the project coemption budget. The Women’s house sees the landscape as an opportunity for new skills and knowledge considers that agriculture is both a social and economic resource for the Baghere female community. The landscape design adopts feasible program including demonstration farms, animal pen, waste reuse, agriculture workshops to tackle local food insecurity and promote sustainable agriculture management to the community

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.2

Community Engagement Plan

By Yuzki Wang

Purpose of the engagement is to : Identify long term community objectives and priorities the essential needs for community planning, thus, to achieve the best solution and preferred construction.

Develop innovative and collaborative strategies to achieve project objectives and establish a connection between the community and the project throughout the lifetime of the project. Community stakeholder’s identification: The Baghere community is identified into 8 groups: Surrounding residents: Residents that live within a 1km radius from the Baghere Women’s house. The project has a more significant impact on residents within this area, both social and environmental wise, due to the close distance (risks such as construction noise and traffic congestion) Baghere female community: Women in Baghere. As the project aims to engage local female member to participate in the construction process. The female community is critical in the process of promoting gender equity and supporting women self-development and empowerment. Residents of Baghere: Residents excluding the female community, including men, children, elders, and minority. The Baghere women’s house should not be restricted to women only. Local religious groups: Islam, Christian and animist. In Senegal, Religion has a significant impact on local architecture such as Mosques and churches. Religious not only is a force for unity, but it is also crucial to the movement for gender equality and human rights. Racial, ethical, cultural groups: Ethnic conflict has been a common phenomenon in Senegal. It is essential to listen to different cultural groups in the local community to understand their ethical identity and to develop an architectural solution that can resolve ethical conflict. Local volunteer: Humanitarian Sector often involves a fair amount of local volunteer workforce. These volunteers are often unskilled, and therefore training and upskilling are critical to eliminating potential social and construction risks. Visitors to Baghere: The Women's House has the potential to bring social value through tourism aspects. Although Visitors are not important stakeholders compares to others, their feedbacks are valuable for post-construction development. Local trades and business: In our proposal, the Women’s House design also aims to advocate local business and trades through weekend farmers’ market and various workshops. Trades and Business are also not important stakeholders in this project, but they will play an important role later on during the operation phase. Table 1 Community Engagement strategies – 5 Levels of Engagement To inform: Provide equitable and objective information to assist understanding the context of the project, opportunities and/or alternatives To Consult: Obtain community reaction and comment on project, opportunities and/or alternatives To Involve: Work with the community throughout the process to ensure that user requirement and concerns are understood To Collaborate: Partner with the community in every aspect of the process to identify the best solution and development the preferred alternative To empower: Place the final decision-making in the hands of the public. Created by Y.Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Table 2 4 Phases of engagement at the Baghere Women’s House project Phase Purpose Activities Mapping Phase Understand the local - Inform project details to community geographical, (month 1) cultural, ethical - Local community survey (month 1) context. Understand - Community focus group (month 2-3) community needs. - Government consultation session (month 2-3) - Community public meeting (month 2-3) - design team meeting (month 4-5) - development of local context mapping (month 6) Project Design Engagement with - community focus group (month 1-3) Phase the communities to - consultation session with government develop a design officials (month 3) alternative that - public survey (month 1-3) satisfy the best - design team meeting (month 4-8) interest - develop final design (month 6-11) - inform community of final design (month 12) Project Collaborate with the - construction, building safety workshops Construction communities on (month 1-12) Phase project construction - collection of feedback (month 1-24) - public meeting between volunteers and local communities (month 2-24) - consultation session with government officials (month 2-24) - construction (month 1-24) Building Establish substantial Operation building operation, Phase maintenance and development Created by Yuzki Wang (2021)

Time frame 6 months

1 year (12 months)

2 years (24 months)

Community engagement plan: Table 3 Detail strategies plan of Baghere community engagement towards the Women’s House Project Project Phase Community Engagement Method of engagement Stakeholders activity objective Mapping Phase Surrounding To Consult Conduct survey and focus groups among residents surrounding residents to understand their best interest towards the project Baghere female To Consult Conduct survey and focus groups among Baghere community female community to understand their best interest of the project and to identity and priorities their needs Resident of To Consult Conduct survey among Baghere residents to Baghere understand their best interest towards the project Local government To Consult Arrange consultation session with local of Baghere government to understand limitation under local regulation and standards Faith based groups To Consult Arrange public meeting with local religious groups to understand their best interest towards the project

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Project design Phase

Project Construction Phase

Racial, Ethical, cultural Group

To Consult

Local Voluntary groups Neighbourhood village residents Visitors to Baghere

To inform

Local trades and businesses

To Consult

Surrounding residents Baghere female community Resident of Baghere Local government of Baghere

To Involve

Faith based groups

To Consult

Racial, Ethical, cultural Group Local Voluntary groups Neighbourhood village residents Visitors to Baghere

To Consult

Local trades and businesses Surrounding residents

To inform

Baghere female community

To Collaborate

Resident of Baghere

To Collaborate

Local government of Baghere

To Collaborate

Faith based groups

To Involve

Racial, Ethical, cultural Group Local Voluntary groups

To Involve

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

To inform To inform

To Involve To Involve To Involve

To Consult To inform To inform

To Collaborate

Arrange public meeting with local religious groups to understand their best interest towards the project Inform voluntary groups about the project through media Inform Neighbourhood village residents about the project through media Inform visitors to Baghere about the project through media Conduct survey and arrange public meeting with local trades association to understand their best interest towards the project. Arrange multiple focus group session with surrounding residents to work on project design Arrange multiple focus group session with Baghere female community to work on project design Arrange multiple focus group session with Resident of Baghere to work on project design Arrange consultation session with local government of Baghere to identify design limitation Conduct survey to place the project design into appropriate religious context Conduct survey to place the project design into appropriate racial, ethical, cultural context. Conduct survey to understand local voluntary groups’ capabilities Inform neighbourhood village residents about the final design through media Inform Visitors to Baghere about the final design through media Inform local trades and businesses about the final design through media Arrange construction and building safety workshop, collect feedback on construction, and engage the surrounding residents in participating the construction process Arrange construction and building safety workshop, collect feedback on construction, and engage the female community in participating the construction process Arrange construction and building safety workshop, collect feedback on construction, and engage the Resident of Baghere in participating the construction process Arrange regular consultations and meetings to ensure the construction is appropriate under local laws and regulations Collect feedback on project construction from religious aspect Collect feedback on project construction from racial, ethical, cultural aspects Arrange construction and building safety workshop, collect feedback on construction, conduct regular meeting with local residents to improve collaboration and communication, and

Building Operation Phase

Neighbourhood village residents Visitors to Baghere

To inform

Local trades and businesses Surrounding residents Baghere female community Resident of Baghere Local government of Baghere Faith based groups

To Collaborate

Racial, Ethical, cultural Group

To Consult

Local Voluntary groups Neighbourhood village residents Visitors to Baghere

To Involve

Local trades and businesses

To Consult

To inform

To empower

engage the voluntary groups in participating the construction process Inform neighbourhood village residents about the construction through media Inform Visitors to Baghere about the construction through media Arrange meeting and workshop to collaborate with local trades and businesses Community has the final decision making on building operation, development and maintenance.

To empower To empower To Consult To Consult

To inform To inform

Arrange regular meetings to ensure sufficient and appropriate support from local government Arrange regular meetings to ensure sufficient and appropriate support from religious groups Arrange regular meetings to ensure sufficient and appropriate support from racial, ethical and cultural groups To have regular volunteer operate and maintenance the building Inform neighbourhood village residents about the building through media Inform Visitors to Baghere about the building through media Arrange regular meetings to ensure sufficient and appropriate support from local trades and businesses

Created by Y. Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.3

Stakeholder Involvement

By Yuzki Wang In the context of the Women’s House project, this report identified 6 main groups of Stakeholders:

Communities: Communities including Local Community, Surrounding Villages and Voluntary groups. Details of the local community can be found in the Community engagement plan. Surrounding villages play a significantly important stakeholder. First, the Baghere women’s house is not limited to the Baghere community only, it also serves as a women’s centre for female residents in surrounding villages. Second, Baghere has very limited services, infrastructure and facilities. For instance, the closest hospital is a two hours drive away located at Sedhious. The construction of the women’s house will need support from the neighbouring villages. Volunteers can be local, national and international level. It also includes a built environment for students based in Senegal. (see community engagement on further details on community involvement of the project) Organisations: Organisations involved in this project can be grouped into 3 categories: Project organisations, Nonprofit international organisations, and competition judges. Project organisations provide brief and contexts of the projects. Non-profit international organisations provide guidelines and vision of the humanitarian sector. And Competition judges help to select the winning design to be built at the selected site Government agencies: Government agencies involved in this project can be divided into 3 levels: Local Baghere government, Sedihious region government and Republic of Senegal government. Due to the characteristic of the project, government agencies involvement was not as significant as other stakeholders. However, it is critical to consider them. Design professionals: Design professionals including Architects, Engineers and Quantity Surveyors. Design professionals are involved in this project on a part-time basis and voluntarily. Depending on project stages, they will sometimes work individually and sometimes work as a team. Construction labour and trades: Construction Labour in this project includes Local Residents, National Volunteers, international Volunteers and Built environment students. It is important to keep in mind that these Construction labours do not get much financial support from the project and they are often unskilled. Construction trades include Local builder, Sub-contractors and Specialist trades. These workforces are often semi-skilled to skilled. However, due to the budget limitation, local trades engagement is restricted. Onsite supervisor and project manager are also critical to this project because a Humanitarian project is associated with a considerable number of risks and constant supervision and appropriate management are required. Material suppliers and manufactures: Material suppliers and manufactures including Construction material suppliers, Local Farmers, Local Business and Local transportation.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 1 Stakeholder Mapping of the Baghere Women’s House

Drawn by Y.Wang, (2021).

The Duccio Turin’s model The Duccio Turin's model, mapped out the key actors between stakeholders, as well as their relationship across the entire project life

In this case, The project is divided into 8 main phases: 1. Project initiation Project initiation is the start of the project which entails the project’s vision and objectives. In this case, the Kaira Looro competition is the project initiation, where the project organisation (Kaira Looro) proposed a Women’s House construction to young built environment professionals/students internationally. The winner of the competition will participate in building humanitarian architecture at the proposed site at Baghere. In this stage, there are 5 main stakeholders: Baghere community will specify their objectives and design requirements to the project organisations. The Non-profit international organisations will provide relevant support and guidelines on the humanitarian sector to the project organisations. Competition judges will partner with the project organisations to select the most appropriate design and the project organisation will be the key actor. Project organisation is the key actor in this stage because it is the decision-making actor on the winning design. The project organisation will also provide a project charter, outlining the purpose and requirements of the project. 2. Brief Once the winner’s design is selected, the project will enter a briefing stage. This stage involves a more in-depth understanding of the client’s (in this case the Baghere community) and ensures project design expressing them in a way that will ascertain compatibility between the project vision and the final building. In this stage, there are 6 main stakeholders: The Engineer will provide structural feedback on the Architect’s design to ensure the construction is practical and the structure able to hold the potential load. The Architect will provide a schematic design including sketches, diagrams and other information to explain the concept and report the draft design and general context to the project organisation. Local Baghere government and Non-profit international organisations will support the project organisation on human right guideline and construction regulation. The project organisations will then report the design to the Baghere local community and ensure the design is culturally appropriate. Local Baghere Community will be the decision-making actor in this stage, and they will determine if the design is acceptable. 3. Building design Supposing that the concept design is accepted, the schematic design needs to develop into a detailed design. The brief needs to be reviewed and updated. Schedules of materials, interior layout plan, estimation of cost, construction program and site analysis is to be prepared during this stage. Intensive communication and coordination with the local community are also essential due to the remoteness of the site. In this stage, there are 7 main stakeholders: Project Organisations and non-profit international organisations will provide reasonable support to the Architect to develop the detailed design. The Architect will reach out to the Baghere community to ensure they have sufficient involvement in project development. The Architect will also communicate with the local government to ensure the construction will not exceed local regulation and standard. The Engineer will assist the Architect to develop the detailed design. The Quantity Surveyor will monitor and ensure the cost of the design will not exceed the original budget. The

Architect will be the decision-making actor in this stage, he/she will finalise the final detailed design and provide all drawings and documentation that is required. 4. Pre-construction planning Assuming that there is no construction approval required (due to the humanitarian characteristic), pre-construction planning will take place. The stage is critical for this project because the process carries a considerable number of risks and an intensive amount of training and upskilling are required before construction commerce. A comprehensive risk mitigation plan on-site OHS management plan and regular on-site supervision schedule need to be provided during this stage. In this stage, there are 11 main stakeholders: The Architect, Engineer and Quantity Surveyor will act as one team. These design professionals will provide support to the Project manager. Labours, trades, on-site supervisor, and material suppliers will report to the project manager on their capabilities. The local government, the non-profit international organisation will provide reasonable support and relevant guidelines to the project manager. The Project manager will reach out to Baghere Community and the community will provide feedback to ensure the construction will not exceed community capacities. The Project Manager is the decision-making actor in this stage. He/she will ensure comprehensive planning and management is done prior to the construction. 5. Construction The construction phase is divided into two different aspects: 5.1 construction (the process itself), and 5.2 project monitoring and control. In the Construction stage, there are 13 main stakeholders: The Voluntary groups, Baghere community, material supplier, labours, local transportation, trades, and on-site supervisor will report straight to the project manager. Labours and trades will report straight to the on-site supervisor, who reports directly to the project manager. The Baghere government and project organisations shall provide reasonable support to the project manager throughout the construction project. The Architect, Engineer and Quantity Surveyor will act as one team, and provide consultancy to the Project manager. The Project Manager is the decision-making actor during construction, shall collaborate with all stakeholders and ensure the project stay within the budget and schedule In the project monitoring and control aspect of construction, stakeholder involvement is mostly similar. However, the decision-making actor becomes the On-site supervisor, and he/she shall reduce and to some extent eliminate potential risks during the construction process. 6. Project closure Project closure occurs when physical construction is completed, but prior to the project handover. Project closure involves waste management, return construction equipment, site cleaning, and handover of relevant documentation to users. More importantly, we need to ensure the community is capable of building daily operations. In the Project Closure stage, there are 10 main stakeholders Voluntary groups, local community, labours and trades will report directly to the on-site supervisor, where the on-site supervisor and material suppliers report directly to the project manager. The design professionals will provide consultancy assistance to the Project Manager to ensure the work is completed according to the scope. The Project manager as the decision-making actor will walk through the project following a punch list. He/she will inspect the quality of work, collaborate with

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

the workforce to clean up the site, handover documentation to the users, and ensure the local community received enough training on building operations. 7. Use In the Use stage, the building is handed over to end-users and they are in charge of building upkeep and operation throughout its lifetime. For the Women’s House project, it is crucial to ensure local communities are capable of building ownership, decision-making, and facilities control. In the Use stage, there are 5 main stakeholders Surrounding villages, local farmers, local business, and local transportation will provide essential and reasonable support to the Baghere Community. The Baghere Community is the decision-making actor in this stage. 8. Maintenance and upkeep Depending on the level of repair, The women’s house maintenance and upkeep may exceed local capacities, and that is when Voluntary groups and local government will involve providing additional assistance. Therefore, there are 5 main stakeholders in this process The local government and the voluntary group will provide assistance on upkeep when building damage exceeds community capacity. Material suppliers and local transportation will provide general support for building maintenance. The Baghere Community is the decision-making actor in this process, shall seek necessary assistance and repair building damage promptly. 9. Post-disaster The post-disaster phase is often overlooked in building life-cycle assessment. However, it is crucial to assess for a humanitarian construction due to its remoteness and vulnerability. In order to establish a set of effective strategies to assist the community in rebuilding after a catastrophe, post-disaster planning must be regularized in a local decision-making process. Therefore, local stakeholders are exceptionally vital during this stage. There are 12 main stakeholders involved in the process Passive stakeholders are stakeholders on a national and international level, including the Sedhiou region government, project organisations and international organisations, which will indirectly assist the Baghere community on post-disaster repairs. Direct stakeholders are predominantly stakeholders on a local level, including trades, labours, material suppliers, local farmers, business and transportation. These local stakeholders will provide direct assistant on building repair. Due to the humanitarian characteristic, voluntary groups on a national and international level might also participate in the rebuild process. And because pre-disaster planning needs to be institutionalized to be effective, the local government should be in charge of the process instead of the local community. Therefore, the Baghere government will be the decision-making actor in the post-disaster phase and the local community will assist the government on post-disaster recovery

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 2 Duccio Turin’s model for Stakeholders management of the Baghere Women’s House

Drawn by Y.Wang, (2021).

Figure 3 Geographical location of stakeholders of the Baghere Women’s House

Drawn by Y.Wang (2021).

Prioritizing Stakeholders Throughout various project stages, stakeholders should be engaged with different level of intensity and care. Identifying and prioritizing important stakeholders in the early stage can assist the project to save both time and money. Therefore, this report mapped out the degree of stakeholder involvement throughout the project life cycle, map out and rank stakeholders from most important to less important. For the purpose of this project, stakeholder management will be divided into 3 levels: Table 4 3 ranks of stakeholders at the Baghere Women’s House Project Approach High involvement stakeholder Strategic Approach

Action -

Medium involvement stakeholder

Systematic approach

Low involvement stakeholder

Synthesis approach

Created by Y.Wang, (2021).

Give more priority to this level of stakeholder Intensive and early communication as well as collaboration Allow decision-making Establish risk assessment and mitigation planning Give moderate priority to this level of stakeholder Moderate and equal task allocation Moral but non-obligatory responsibility to stakeholders Dealing with them ethically with reasonable solution

Figure 4 Involvement of stakeholders at each project stage of the Baghere Women’s House

Drawn by Y.Wang (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.4

WASH

By Alexandra Weller

The acronym of ‘WASH’ represents the concepts of water, sanitation and hygiene (Ginja, Gallagher & Keenan, 2019), and is broken down to recognise: - The safe, obtainable and affordable access to water; - The safe source, storage and use of water; - The sustainable maintenance and behavioural practices in relation to water; - The access to clean and safe toilet facilities; - The proper disposal and management of waste; - The educating of hand washing practices; and - The education of menstrual health and hygiene. The overall efforts of WASH is to promote access to clean water, improved sanitary conditions and promote hygiene and excreta management, to address the existence of the lack of safe sanitation systems which contribute to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance which may increase the risk of infectious disease throughout a community (Holmes et al., 2016). Access to WASH facilities and education is a fundamental human right and recognised by the United Nations under Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals, as it endeavours to ensure the availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for all (United Nations Department of Global Communications, 2020). However, when inadequate WASH facilities exist within a community, it reinforces the threat and inability to manage, improve and treat conditions of illness, which have the ability to affect the immediate present and the long-term future. Table 5 Health Impact of Unsafe Sanitation Direct Impact (Infection) Condition Caused Faecal-Oral Infections: Diarrhoeas Dysenteries Poliomyelitis Typhoid Helminth Infections: Ascariasis Trichuriasis Hookworm Infection Cysticercosis Schistosomiasis Foodborne Trematodes Insect Vector Disease: Lymphatic Filariasis West Nile Fever Trachoma

Stunting/Growth Faltering - Related to repeated diarrhea, helminth infections, environmental enteric dysfunction. Consequences of Stunting - Obstructed labour and low birthweight. Impaired Cognitive Function Pneumonia - Related to repeated diarrhea in undernourished children. Anaemia - Related to hookworm infection.

Broader Well-Being Immediate: Anxiety - Shame and embarrassment from open defecation, shared sanitation and related consequences and not meeting gender specific needs. Sexual Assault Adverse Birth Outcomes - Due to underuse of healthcare facilities with inadequate sanitation. Long Term: School absence Poverty Decreased economic productivity Antimicrobial resistance

Note. Adapted from World Health Organisation (2014, p.14). by A.Weller, (2021).

In the context of Baghere, it has been recognised there is a severe lack of WASH facilities, practices and understanding in the community landscape and population knowledge on clean water, sanitation and hygiene. It is the lack of access and education which has allowed the identification of four key

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

concepts which must be addressed in the development of the Women’s Centre; hygiene promotion, water supply, excreta management and solid waste management (Sphere Handbook, 2018). Figure 5 WASH requirements diagram in the context of Baghere, Senegal

Note. Adapted from the Sphere Handbook by A.Weller (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.4.1

Water Access

By Alexandra Weller and Yuzki Wang

In the hierarchy of needs, sufficient, safe, acceptable and physically accessible and affordable water is a vital component for sustaining life, health and dignity and is specifically protected under General Comment No.15 under the rights to water, where Article I.1 states that “the human right to water is indispensable for leading life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realisation of other human rights” (Ersel, 2015 & Sphere Handbook, 2018 & United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), 2014). According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) (2014), water is required to be; - Sufficient, as in the water supply for each person must be sufficient and continuous for personal and domestic use. - Safe, as in the water required for each personal or domestic use must be safe, therefore free from micro-organisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to a person’s health. - Acceptable, as in the water should be of an acceptable colour, odour and taste for each personal or domestic use. - Physical acceptable, as in everyone has the right to a water and sanitation service that is physically accessible within, or in the immediate vicinity of the household, educational institution, workplace or health institution. - Affordable, as in the water and water facilities and services, must be affordable for all. It is evident Baghere does not have a sufficient or physical acceptable access to safe and acceptable water, as the population has zero access to filtered water, and 86% of households are without a source of portable water (Kaira Looro, 2021). This highlights the current means of water collection is through the Casamance river and a local well, in which the population must travel by foot to obtain water, with water levels likely to diminish during the dry season. However, this recognises that water available to Baghere is of a contaminated and poor quality nature, significantly recognising that the international law which governs the right to sufficient, safe, acceptable and physically accessible and affordable water is not being achieved. To address this situation, a set of key actions have been developed to identify, understand and develop an appropriate system for clean water access for the Women’s Centre based on current practices, capabilities and water sources.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 6 Water Access Key Actions

Note. Adapted from the Sphere Handbook by A.Weller (2021).

The system of an underground cistern has been acknowledged as a suitable system as it adopts the traditional and sustainable method of rainwater harvesting which provides a simple and primary technique of collecting and utilising water from natural rainfall; allowing it to be a necessary water resource (Ragman et al., 2014). Rainwater harvesting has been recognised as necessary in the access to water, as Baghere lacks a conventional, centralised government supply system, and where the quality of surface and ground water is inadequate (UNEP, 1997). The system itself consists of the collection area, the conveyance system and the storage facility (UNEP, 1997). It is the Women’s

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

House inverted roof which will form the collection area of rainwater, where the water will be guided by the slope of the roof to the underground cistern, located in the centre of the courtyard, which will be the place of storage. Figure 7 Water Access via the underground cistern.

Drawn by Y.Wang, (2021).

As Baghere is an environment which experiences seasonal rainfall, the volume of the cistern is required to be of larger dimension, as the demand for water must be satisfied during the dry season (Lee et al., 2000). Thus, the sizing of the cistern is based upon reliability; the percentage of time that the rainwater harvesting system will be able to meet the desired demand and the total average annual rainfall (Basinger et al., 2010 & Pelak & Porporato, 2016). The courtyard has a roof surface area of 36m2, while the cistern has a storage capacity of 57.5m3. Recognising the dry season in Baghere occurs between May and November and rain season occurs between June and October, the average precipitation occurring is:

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

145

405

560

340

160

Created by Y.Wang, (2021). Table 6 Calculation of Courtyard Cistern Capacity Rain harvest during dry season (surface area of roof x rainfall) Rain harvest during dry season (surface area of roof x rainfall) Total Rainwater harvest throughout a year Potable water consumption throughout a year (assume average drinking water consumption per person is 3L at Baghere. People are allow to collect 3L drinking water and centre can provide drinking water to maximum 50 people each day ) (3Lx50x365) Toilet sanitation consumption throughout a year (assume 3L of water is used for toilet sanitation per day)(3Lx365) Total water consumption at the centre Courtyard Cistern capacity Created by Y.Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

828L 57960L 58788L 54750L

1095L 55845L 57.5m3 /57500L

As a result, the courtyard cistern can store 57,500 litres of water, which is sufficient during the wet season, when assuming the maximum storage of cistern is 80% of total rainwater harvested during the wet season. Water collected in the courtyard cistern throughout the year is adequate for allowing 50 residents to collect 3 litres of potable water every day, as well as daily toilet sanitation practices at the centre. This proposed method provides a multipurpose way of supplying usable water to consumers, recharging the goundwater and reducing runoff and water logging during the season of heavy rainfall, whilst providing a means of water storage and a source of clean water for the users of the Women’s House, and the broader community (Ragman, 2014). Accessibility to the water is achieved through the central location in the courtyard of the Women’s Centre, which has been positioned in the community of Baghere due to the proximity and distribution of fundamental connections to the centre to of Baghere. Additionally, the proposed system of rainwater harvesting, fulfils General Comment No.15; the human right to water while the water pertains to being sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.4.2

Water Treatment

By Yuzki Wang SENEGAL WATER TREATMENT OVERVIEW Senegal as one of the countries located on the Continent Coastline, has one of the most developed and advanced water supply and sanitation sectors. As reported by the Drinking Water and Sanitation Program (Millennium Development Goal UN, 2015), the access rate to improved drinking water resources in Senegal was 64% in 2012 and increased to 74% in 2014. However, current Senegal legislation does not recognize the human right to water and sanitation practices. It further argues that Senegal people, specifically rural area residents, have an insufficient acknowledgement of appropriate sanitation and potable water practices. Although the national potable water crisis has been improved over recent years, sanitation practice appears to be procrastinating, rural areas in particular. According to UN Water (2014), with 26% of the unserved population, 23% reside in rural areas of Senegal. The organisation also claims that there are no effective complaint mechanisms on sanitation and end-users in rural areas only have limited involvement in sanitation practice planning. Figure 8 Sanitation and Drinking-water practice from equity in governance perspective in Senegal

UN Water, (2014). Figure 9 Population with access to improved sanitation facilities in Senegal

UN Water, (2014).

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APPROPRIATE WATER TREATING PRACTICE Water treatment is the mechanism of improving water quality to make it appropriate for a particular end-use. Drinking water and wastewater are recognised as the most critical aspects of water treatment in different countries. Developed countries have proficient water treatment plants, systems and relevant regulation on monitoring and governance of the process. For raw water purification, there are 4 essential steps of the water treatment process: Coagulation, Sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, (Hunter water, 2021). The drinking water treatment allows the removal of contaminants, harmful microbes and bacteria from raw water and to make sure the water is pure enough for human consumption. Although the water treatment process might vary slightly across different nations and cities, the primary principles of technology used in water treatment remain largely the same. Wastewater treatment, however, is much more challenging to practice. In developed countries, the process involves wastewater collection, screening, primary treatment, Secondary Treatment, Bio-solids handling, Tertiary treatment, disinfection and sludge treatment (Wang et al, 2015). CURRENT PRACTICE OF WATER TREATMENT AT BAGHERE In Baghere, there is no specific water treatment for drinking water and wastewater (Kaira Looro, 2021).

In Baghere, 86% of population live in homes without a source of potable water (Kaira Looro, 2021).The major water resources for the Baghere Community are Surface water from the Casamance river, groundwater from local wells and rainwater from the rainwater tower. There is no evidence supporting the Casamance river water being drinkable. It is most likely to be polluted due to incompetent waste management practice at Baghere (Kaira Looro, 2021). Groundwater is also not a guaranteed water resource to consume directly due to potential contamination of heavy metals, bacteria and virus infection. Although the public may consider rainwater as safe and clean, it could still pose a significant hazard. Rainwater is also very likely contaminated by toxic metal roofing, and bacterial infection due to mosquito breeding within the water tank (Taylor, 2018). On the other hand, Baghere is predominantly disposing wastewater in the road, in nature, or in openairlandfills (Kaira Looro, 2021). Baghere may has a few on-site wastewater treatments but they are most likely with no appropriate monitoring and training. Pit latrines (long drop toilet) and septic tanks are the potential waste management that Baghere residents have been practicing. These infrastructures are often carrying risks of soil and groundwater contamination due to several factors. For Pit latrines, there is concern that due to lack of a physical barrier between stored excrement and soil/groundwater, it may result in microbiological and chemical contamination of soil, crops and groundwater (Graham and Polizzotto, 2013). Likewise, septic tanks in rural areas tended to be built and maintained poorly in rural Senegal, and inadequate septic systems are most likely to result in both groundwater and surface water contamination. Accordingly, by reviewing the existing water treatment practice at Baghere, this report concluded three essential water crises the Baghere community is facing: Raw water consumption, domestic wastewater, and agricultural pollution. Even though critical issues have been identified, competent water treatment practice is challenging to develop at Baghere due to two main reasons: insufficient infrastructure and poor monitoring and maintenance. In Baghere, there is no water treating plants or adequate pipework. Domestic water and wastewater are not advised through an effective monitoring system. Besides, lack of power supply at the village also to a great extent hindered water and wastewater treatment.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Therefore, our Baghere Women’s House proposal engages in providing practical and proficient WASH facilities for the identified water crisis and barriers, as well as accommodating training and education to enhance the expertise for operation and upkeep of the WASH facilities for both water and wastewater management.

Figure 10 Hazardous events for permeable and impermeable contamination by pit latrine

World Health Organisation, (2018).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.4.3

Portable Water

By Yuzki Wang

The Women’s house accommodates a Point-of-use (POU) treatment method in drinking water treatment. POU treatment is usually seen in developing countries for small-scale treatment. Such treatment can tackle risks associated with informal water sources such as rainwater and groundwater. The centre adopts a hybrid water treatment technique involving basic filtration along with biosolid to purify rainwater into potable water. Over hundreds of years, porous stones and other natural materials are used as a trickling filter to penetrate visible contamination in the traditional filtration process (Treacy, 2017). And because of this, the traditional filtration process is locally available in remote areas and inexpensive to filter water into potable water, and this natural mechanism is proved to have a long lifetime (Sobesy et al., 2008). The conventional Filtration process consists of 5 main steps to remove the contamination: (1) Sedimentation on media, (2) adsorption, (3) absorption, (4) biological action and (5) straining (Treacy, 2017). However, if the filtration process lacks monitoring and maintenance, it will result in backflushing of water and reduce disinfection effects. Therefore, a biosolid is introduced to improve the filtration process. The Centre's kitchen is equipped with 5-6 biosolid container units (Image x). Water harvested from the courtyard cistern is to be poured into these containers, where the biosand layer breaks down pathogens in the water. When rainwater is filtered through and reaches the bottom of the container, the water is disinfected and becomes safe potable water. Existing studies indicate that over 85% of biosand containers can be implemented for as long as 8 years. The container unit itself also has very low rates of breakage and disuse over time (Sobesy et al., 2008). Other research also shows that the Biosand filter has high performance in eliminating bacteria and protozoa from raw water. Conclusively, existing practices and research demonstrates biosolid filtration method appears to have a high potential for green economy, and therefore it is accommodated at the Baghere Women’s House. The centre will be introducing potable water education and workshops to the local community. The workshops aim to allow the local community to gain acknowledgement on the importance of adopting a sustainable future in improving water quality and reduce disease burdens, as well as to promote potable drinking water practice in every Baghere household.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 11 Biosolid Filtration Unit used at Baghere Women’s House and its filtration process 1 1. Lid Tightly fitting lid prevents contamination and unwated pets

2 3

2. Diffuser prevents distubing the filtration sand layer and protects the biolayer when water is poured into the filter 3. Rainwater 4. Filtration Sand (biolayer) Layer that removes pathogens and suspended solids

5. Separating Gravel Layer Supports the filtration and prevents it from going into the drainage layer and outlet tube 6. Drainage Gravel layer Supports the separating gravel layer and helps water to flow into the outlet tube

7. Outlet tube To conduct water from the base to the outside of the filter

8. Filter container Holdes the sand and gravel layers

Drawn by Y.Wang (2021). Figure 12 Rainwater supply system at the Baghere Women’s House

Drawn by Y.Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.4.4

Wastewater Treatment

By Yuzki Wang

The women’s house toilet system (see section 1.4.5) is designed to protect and preserve the environment by collecting urine and faeces separately. This dry composting system allows sustainable operation of safe disposal on human excrement, wastewater management, ordo control and devotes human excreta for a productive purpose. The entire toilet structure is built above the earth with solid protection of concrete slab at the bottom of the infrastructure. Such construction can highly prevent potential groundwater and soil contamination towards the local community. The system consists of two disposing chambers. The first chamber is in operation for a year then the alternative chamber will be in use for the following year. In the second year, the stocked faces in the first chamber will become dehydrated and compostable. Once the hydration is completed, centre staff can open up the chamber and manually extract the dried human disposal. The clean pit will then be ready for the third year of operation. The alternative design allows a sufficient timeline for the dehydration process. It is crucial to ensure the dried faeces contain no to absolutely low pathogen content, to eliminate health risks when handling the excrement. According to studies, composite faeces is rich in versatile micro-organisms (Malkki, n.d) and constitute a substantial source of nutrients (Moya et al, 2019). Composite faces not only consist of important plant nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium, it is also rich in organic matter in enhancing soil health (Moya et al, 2019). Therefore, the dried excrement will later be used as a soil conditioner in the vegetable garden. On the other hand, urine will be stored in urine tanks located outside of the toilet. Unlike wet faeces, urine poses a very little risk due to it being almost sterile and already consist of high nutrient content (World Health Organisation, 2018). Therefore, the Urine collected will later use directly for agriculture purposes as a liquid soil fertilizer. Figure 13 Dry compost toilet waste management plan

World Health Organisation, (2018).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

To ensure effectiveness of the toilet wastewater management system, it is very important to ensure two practices: The separation of urine and faeces must be efficient, and there must be a constant supply of ash, soil, or sawdust to cover faeces in the chamber. Accordingly, the Centre will offer classes and workshops on toilet waste management, excrement reuse and sustainable agriculture practice. Such toilet waste management education will allow the local community to understand the importance of wastewater treatment and gain knowledge on household wastewater management practice. Education on Excrement reuse will promote safe and sustainable toilet practice to the local community and in such a way that improves local community sanitation practice. Agriculture workshop will benefit the local women community by promoting a safe, low-cost and sustainable agriculture practice. Figure 14 Wastewater management system concept at the Baghere Women’s House

Drawn by Y.Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.4.5

Toilet System

By Alexandra Weller

Through the analysis of available WASH facilities, water availability and water quality, it is evident Baghere is severely lacking the adequate and appropriate facilities to provide dignity and protection against preventable illness to the community, as there is a majority who lack knowledge and understanding of effective and safe methods of excreta disposal, management and practices. To improve upon the current situation of Baghere, a significant consideration in the design of the toilets must appeal to the available resources and materials, capabilities of the community, strict budget considerations and the future maintenance, in order to provide an effective device that will appeal to the dignity of the user. Figure 15 Excreta Management Key Actions

Note. Adapted from the Sphere Handbook by A.Weller (2021).

In addition to the physical restraints, it is critical to factor the cultural practices into the toilet considerations. Relevant to Baghere are cultural avoidance practices which apply between men and women in families who must avoid seeing or hearing each other enter, use or exit a sanitation facility (Robertson, 2018). To enable a culturally safe environment, avoidance practices such as the maintenance of sightlines; multiple points of entry and exit; separate male and female facilities where possible (Robertson, 2018, p.158), should be adopted into the design considerations of the toilet facilities. Additionally, it is the Islamism’s semi-intolerable attitude towards human excreta which dictates the physical involvement with the waste and the toilet system, as the Moslem doctrine prescribes strict procedures to limit the contact with faecal material (Warner, 2004). However, to address this cultural sensitivity, the design allows for the adoption of a safe sanitation system defined by the World Health Organisation (2018), which separates human excreta from human contact at all steps of the sanitation service chain.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 16 Sanitation Service Chain

Note. Adapted from the World Health Organisation by A.Weller (2021).

As the region does not contain reticulated water services that can be used in the design of the toilet facilities, a dry sanitation system is the most appropriate option. It has been recognised that pit latrines are one of the most common human excreta disposal systems in low-income countries, however, they propose a high risk due to the discharges of chemical and microbial contaminants and pathogen species produced by human excreta to both human health and the natural environment (Graham & Polizzotto, 2013 & Lorentz, Wickham & Still, 2015). The chemical components which pose the greatest concern are nitrate and phosphates which can become present in the groundwater. As groundwater is a source of drinking water in the village of Baghere, it becomes a critical consideration, as the exposure to the pathogenic pollutants can increase the likelihood of diarrhoea, leptospirosis, typhoid, cholera, shigellosis, amoebiasis and parasite eggs, such as roundworm, hookworm and tape worm (Franceys et al., 1992). Table 7 List of pathogenic pollutants found in human excreta and health impacts Pathogen Illness Bacteria Escherichia coli Diarrhoea Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis Salmonella typhi Typhoid Shigella Shigellosis Vibrio cholerae Cholera Viruses Poliovirus Poliomyelitis Rotaviruses Enteritis Protozoa: Amoeba or Cysts Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis Giardia intestinalis Giardiasis Helminths: parasite eggs Ascaris lumbricoides Roundworm Fasciola hepatica Liver fluke Ancylostoma duodenale Hookworm Necator americanus Hookworm Schistosoma Schistosomiasis Taenia Tapeworm Trichuris trichiura Whipworm Note. Adapted from the Franceys et al. (1992) by A.Weller (2021).

Present In (Faeces/Urine)

Both Urine Both Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Faeces Urine Faeces Faeces

The increased vulnerability to illness due to the adoption of a latrine pit is a result of there being no physical barrier between the stored excreta (van Ryneveld & Flourie, 1997). Harvey et al. (2002), describes the pollution pathway from the pit into homogenous soil travelling primarily in a vertical direction towards the groundwater, where the contaminated water, enteric microorganisms and helminth eggs will then follow the direction of the groundwater flow, potentially reaching a drinking water abstraction point (Heinonen-Tankski, van Wiji-Sijbesma, 2004).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 17 Pit latrine contaminant movement being a considerable risk

Note. Adapted from the Harvey et al. (2002) by A.Weller (2021).

To acknowledge the substantial risk to the health of the community, the dry sanitation system of a hygienic composting toilet is being proposed as a viable alternative for a context with inadequate sewage disposal and plentiful water, without the need for adopting a pit latrine system and allowing the elimination of open defecation. The dry sanitation system is characteristically defined as a system which requires neither water nor sewage infrastructure for their operation whilst promoting the recycling of human excreta, which can be returned to the soil as fertiliser after pathogen reduction (Redlinger et al., 2011). The system itself will require four components; a storage chamber, a ventilation unit, a leachate collection system, and an access door to remove mature product (Tilley et al., 2014). The composting toilet will adopt the technical approach to dry sanitation with reuse through utilising human excreta, food waste and bulking materials, such as wood chips, ash or paper. This process involves the deposited faecal matter to be provided sufficient oxygen provided by a passive aeration, a moisture content of 45 to 70 percent, an internal heap temperature of 40 to 50 degrees Celsius and a 25:1 Carbon to Nitrogen ration, which can be adjusted based on bulking materials as a carbon source (Tilley et al., 2014). Importantly, the process of composting must ensure that the system does not mix the collection of faeces and urine, rather, the urine will be diverted to a collection pot for dilution and then directly used as fertiliser (Oketch, 2005). The purpose of this is to reduce the excessive ammonia from the urine which inhabits the microbial processes in the chamber, which will contribute to an improved quality of compost (Tilley et al., 2014). The faeces are collected into a separate chamber below the toilet seat where the drying process will begin following each defecation (Peasey, 2000). Once a chamber has reached the maximum capacity, it is removed and left for a prolonged period to maturation, while a second chamber is placed into the sanitation system for collection, allowing for the continuous use of the composting toilet. Human excreta will be treated as a natural resource, which although is highly underestimated in the present agriculture and horticulture, it offers opportunity as it is rich in phosphorus and potassium,

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

and additionally contains carbon, which can increase the fraction of organic matters in soil (HeinonenTankski & van Wiji-Sijbesma, 2004). In this system, the human excreta will be utilised to create a soil conditioner and slow-release fertiliser on plants to improve the fertility, soil structure and water retention capacity of the soil (Tilley et al., 2014). However, before using the excrete as a fertiliser, it must be made safe due to the presence of enteric bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminth eggs in faeces (Heinonen-Tankski & van Wiji-Sijbesma, 2004). This will be achieved through the method of composting in the removeable chamber, where the opportunity to add waste in the form of organic matter will be given to the community to further enrich the fertiliser. The overall composting process to make faeces and food waste safe is expected to take ten to fifteen days, however, due to the extreme climate in Baghere, the process may be more rapid (Heinonen-Tankski & van Wiji-Sijbesma, 2004). Figure 17 Process diagram of composting toilet

Drawn by A.Weller (2021).

A significant component of the composting toilet system is the inclusion of a ventilation devise. Ventilation will contribute to maintaining a low moisture content of the compost and prevent odour, which may attract the infestation of flies (Tilley et al., 2014). As Baghere does not have an adequate infrastructure for mechanical ventilation, the composting toilet will rely on natural ventilation, to both minimise odours and allow oxygen to enter; allowing decomposition (Kubba, 2017). To achieve a natural ventilation, there will be a difference of temperature required both inside and outside the capture chamber through the stack effect. The stack effect will be achieved through the installation of a ventilation pipe to the outside of the structures to provide access to suns radiant heat. The wind passing over the ventilation pipe will create a suction pressure within the pipe and induce air circulation, while the air is drawn through the user interface into the pit. It is the low degree of heat in the pit, compared to the higher degree of heat in the ventilation pipe will create an updraft which pulls the air and odour upwards from the pit into the atmosphere (Tilley et al., 2014).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 19 Composting toilet utilising natural ventilation

Note. Adapted from Karak and Bhattacharyya (2011) by A.Weller (2021).

Importantly, simply providing sufficient water and sanitation facilities will not ensure its optimal use and desired impact on the public (Ersel, 2015). However, in order to achieve the maximum benefit from the proposed response, it is imperative for the population of Baghere to obtain the necessary information, knowledge and understanding through hygiene promotion, to allow the planned and systematic paradigm to ensure the continuation and management of clean water, excreta disposal, and the management and sanitation practise, in order to prevent and mitigate disease, and enhance cognitive behaviour, perception and the tendency to act (Connolly, 2004 & Ginja, Gallagher & Keenan, 2019, & Warner, 2004).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.4.6

Women’s Health Considerations

By Alexandra Weller

Menstruation and Menstrual Health Management (MHM), has been a continuous issue for women. Shame, stigma and misinformation continue to impact the understanding and accessibility to education, menstrual products and facilities, forcing menstruators to be denied the right to manage their monthly menstrual cycle in a dignified and health way (Tellier & Hyttel, 2017 & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2019). This is a result of gender inequality, discriminatory social norms, cultural taboos, poverty and lack of basic services which is prompting Goal 6.2 of the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals to not be met; a goal which specifically encourages “paying special attention to the needs of women and girls” (UN, 2020). Adolescent girls are highly susceptible to stigma, harassment and social exclusion during menstruation, which produces negative impacts on the individuals life: restricting their mobility; freedom and choices; affecting attendance and participation in school and community life; compromising their safety, and causing stress and anxiety (UNICEF, 2019). To form an understanding on the acceptance and understanding of menstruation within the Baghere community, the kay actions for menstrual hygiene management has been developed to establish an appropriate response to this natural fact of life. Figure 20 Menstrual Hygiene Management Key Actions

Created by A.Weller, (2021).

It is with the assumption that Baghere does not have adequate facilities, menstrual products, nor a complete understanding and respect for the menstrual cycle, as open defecation is the primary means of defecating. This emphasises that that women and girls encounter the difficulties in managing hygiene during menstruation as they lack the enabling environment to do so, as they have difficulty exercising their right to water, sanitation and education (UNICEF, 2019). With continuing disregard, taboo and misinformation on menstruation, there provides the ability to significantly

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

impact a number of Sustainable Development Goals, whilst prompting a further gap in gender equality. Table 8 Implications of MHM on the UN Sustainable Development Goals Goal Reference Goal 3: Good Health and Well3.7 “...universal access to sexual Being and reproductive health-care services...”

MMH Not Present Effect The lack of basic knowledge about puberty and menstruation may contribute to early and unwanted pregnancy.

Negatively affect mental-health and well-being. Unhygienic sanitation products may make girls susceptible to reproductive tract infections and other health conditions. Goal 4: Quality Education

4.1 “...all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education...” 4.5 “...eliminate gender disparities in education...”

Females may be absent or less attentive in school during menstruation due to a lack of WASH facilities, or support from the school community, negatively affecting education.

4.7 “...all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote...human rights, gender equality...” 4.a “Build and upgrade education facilities that are child-, disabilityand gender-sensitive...” Goal 5: Gender Equality

5.1 “End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls...” 5.5 “Ensure women’s full and effective participation...in public life.”

Gender equality will not be achieved when taboos and myths prevent menstruating women and girls from participating in society.

5.6 “Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health...”

Taboos and myths related to menstruation can portray women and girls as inferior to men and boys.

Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

6.2 “...access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.”

Continue to suppress importance of the menstrual cycle and adequate facilities for women and girls to feel safe and comfortable when menstruating, continuing present discrimination and taboos.

Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth

8.8 “...promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants...”

Menstruation limiting a women’s ability to work.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Causing women to stop work for a number of days to manage their menstruation. Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

12.5 “...reduce waste generation...” 12.9 “Support developing countries to strengthen their... capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production”

Failure to develop markets for quality menstrual materials can impact upon the sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Note. Adapted from UNICEF, (2018) by A.Weller, (2021).

It is thus critical for the Women’s House to include in its inception the promotion of understanding of the biological fact of menstruation, the necessity of managing menstruation, and society’s response to menstruation, as this is linked to every women’s and girl’s human rights. It is with menstrual health and hygiene interventions and programmes which aim to remove the unnecessary barriers to information and supplies on menstruation. To achieve this, the Women’s Centre will implement: Table 9 Strategies and Aims of Identified Strategies for Women’s Menstrual Health Strategy Aim Increase understanding of MHM To provide women and girls with an understanding of the biological practices and barriers females fact of menstruation, how to manage menstruation and practices face which should be adopted during the monthly cycle. Allow women and girls to break down the myths and taboos which exist around menstruation to enable them to feel more confident and safe with menstruating. Educate women and females on sanitary products used when menstruating. Provide women and girls coping mechanism and behavioural adaptions in relation to menstruation. Provide women and girls the understanding of effects of menstruation: headaches, cramps, behavioural change, intensity of flow, ability to concentrate and fatigue. Promote discussion and the breaking down of preconceived ideas and beliefs. Build a capacity of individual with knowledge on menstruation and menstrual practices. Promote positive social norms around menstruation. Incorporation of gender-sensitive MHM support in WASH

Allow women and girls to feel safe and dignified when using the WASH facilities at the Women’s House by separating the male and female toilets.

Increase understanding on sanitary practices in WASH

Educate women and girls the importance of hand washing and bathing to eliminate and minimise urinary tract infections and bacterial infections.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Develop a workshop for the making of sanitary items

Build on developed skills to create own reusable and washable sanitary napkins with local and accessible materials. Provide women and girls the knowledge of hygienic practices with demonstration of how to use sanitary items during menstruation. Provide women an economic return whilst breaking the sigma through creating reusable and washable sanitary napkins which can be marketed.

Increase understanding on reproductive health

Educate women and children on pregnancy and sexual and reproductive health.

Created by A.Weller, (2021).

It is with these strategies in which the Women’s Centre can contribute to a gradual change in the misconceived perceptions, stigmas and myths of menstruation through the educating, upskilling and supporting of women and girls in Baghere and the surrounding municipalities. Through the elimination of barriers and formed ideas, it will allow women and girls to no longer feel ashamed of menstruation whilst providing the ability to hygienically and safely manage the natural cycle with an enabling environment which empowers the female population.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.5

POWER (Renewable Power Systems)

By Alexandra Weller and Yuzki Wang

The adoption of renewable energy sources which are derived from non-fossil sources are a critical consideration in the provision of energy, fuel and power for the Women’s House as only thirty percent of homes in the community of Baghere have access to electricity (Kaira Looro, 2021 & Palallo, Ardi & Yusuf, 2018). The population of the community currently utilise fire as the main method of cooking. For the development of the Women’s House, two sources of energy have been proposed; biogas and photovoltaic cells based on the exploration of key actions required for the renewable power system. Figure 21 Renewable Power System Key Actions

Drawn by A.Weller, (2021).

The utilisation of biogas has been recognised as an appropriate form of fuel generation based on the locality and capabilities of the population. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic material, such as animal manure, wastewater and solid waste (Palallo et al., 2018). In the context of the Women’s House, biogas will be created through the inclusion of the demonstration farm, as it provides the source of animal waste that allows an environmentally friendly solution that offers energy independence. The process of creating biogas is established through the process of anaerobic digestion; which includes a four-step process significantly designed around reducing the amount of oxygen present (Inoplex, 2018): 1. Hydrolysis, the process of breaking down suspended organic matter into soluble organic matter. 2. Acidogenesis, the process of fermentation microbes splitting the soluble organic molecules into volatile fatty acids, ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. 3. Acetogenesis, the process where higher organic acids and alcohols produced are converted into acetic acid with some by-products, including hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

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4. Methanogenesis, where two groups of methanogenic bacteria are split to acetate into methane. Figure 22 Anaerobic Digestion Process

Note. Adapted from Inoplex (2018) by A.Weller, (2021).

The energy of biogas created from the anaerobic digestion process will be utilised as a cooking solution for the stove-top, as it can be burned whilst producing a zero net greenhouse emission, whilst the organic biogas slurry will provide a highly nutrient liquid fertiliser for the crop yields (MyClimate, n.d.). It is expected the livestock and food waste produced by the Women’s Centre and demonstration farm will provide a sufficient amount of fuel for the minimal amount of cooking occurring in the centre itself; allowing it to be an effective and efficient means of energy produced which no longer relies on firewood or fossil fuels. The second mode of power generation will be through photovoltaic cells, which unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is free and inexhaustible. Converting sun radiation into electricity results in no pollution or environmental damage. Although the technology presents a promising solution for a sustainable, economic and environmental-friendly future, to date, there is no evidence of solar power plant operation in the community of Baghere. Electricity is essential to support education and domestic activities, as well as female security and protection. Therefore, we must identify the challenges of solar energy development in Baghere to propose a solid solution that meets the local capacities. Existing studies indicate there are three main barriers to adopt solar energy in rural areas of Africa: technology barriers; economic Barriers; and Institutional Barriers (Samoita et al, 2020). Although photovoltaic panel technology is highly advanced to date, panel operation still requires adequate knowledge to prevent improper usage and system damage. In rural areas, implementation becomes more difficult due to negative perception caused by incompetent upkeep and maintenance. Although solar energy is free and inexhaustible, the upfront cost of adapting a solar system is relatively high for a typical rural household. Such financial pressure is causing the unwillingness of investing in a sustainable future. Despite the fact that the national

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government has been engaging and investing in solar panel development, current solar practice is highly restricted in urban areas. Last, education and training on solar energy development remain inadequate in rural areas of Senegal. The Baghere community has inadequate knowledge of the solar system causing the population to be unaware of the benefits of adopting solar systems. Consequently, these issues currently restricted further development of solar energy at Baghere. Therefore, in the context of the Women’s house, the proposed a solar system is to provide electricity for lighting, in addition with education and training on solar energy to further promote photovoltaic energy development and implementation in the community. Figure 23 Renewable energy usage at the Baghere Women’s House

Drawn by Y.Wang, (2021).

The Women’s House adopts one 300W 12 V photovoltaic panel on the roof of the activity room, to provide electricity for the Centre’s interior lighting. The centre is additionally equipped with a 3.3 kWh recycled car battery to store electricity for usage during overcast weather (table x). As the Centre starts operation, the local community will develop recognition of the lighting and energy supply. The Centre will introduce solar system education to the community by conducting classes and maintenance workshops in the second year of operation. As the community awareness is raised gradually, the Women’s House will start to collaborate with the local government to obtain low-cost solar panel unit to provide to the Baghere community. Table 10 Internal lighting, solar battery and solar panel capacity at the Baghere Women’s House. Assume internal lighting operates 16 hours on an extreme weather day.

LED Specification

quantity Electricity used per hour per light bulb (W/h)

Electricity used per day (Wh)

1100 lumens

416

Kitchen 1100 lumens

416

Activity

1600 lumens

1152

Toilets

800 lumens

640

Admin

Total electricity consumption daily on extreme condition and time

2.624kWh

Centre battery (with 80% efficiency)

2.64 kWh

Solar panel Capacity (assume average 12 hours of daylight) (with 80% efficiency)

2.8kWh

Created by Y.Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

1.6

Gender Equality Priorities and Actions

By Yuzki Wang

In the design proposal, the approach to gender equality is devised through four essential needs: Education, Water, Identity, and Protection.

Water: In Senegal, women and young girls are the main role-players in accessing water resources and carrying water back home. Such domestic duty is time-consuming and arduous, which often restricted them from gaining income from working or attending school. Women and girls are also extremely vulnerable and often exposed to attack and assault while traveling to and using toilet facilities (UN Water, n.d.). Securing water resources in rural areas for women and girls are also very important yet difficult to practice. Not to mention that women and girls have special sanitation needs during menstruation, pregnancy and child carrying, water is the most critical need for the female community at Baghere. And without access to safe potable water, competent sanitation practice and adequate hygiene facilities, it is unjustifiably challenging to provide a safe, healthy, constructive future for women and girls. According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (2017), gender equality and women’s empowerment should be achieved from three dimensions: economic empowerment by enabling women to benefit from water, improved well-being by enhancing sanitation and female hygiene practice, and participation in decision-making by engaging women in decision-making in water management. Therefore, by allowing better water resources accessibility, and improving water treatment practices through the Women’s House, the female community at Baghere will have the opportunities and a better chance to reassure their self-acknowledgement and empowerment. Identity: In traditional Senegal society, women are often identified as dependents on men. Their roles and duties are well-defined by society, and often their contribution to the household economic development is not recognized. Women’s rural activities in Senegal is mainly from agricultural

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

production, food providing, and craft-making (Gardio and Rakowski, 1999). A very significant phenomenon is that women are financially submissive to men due to local politics and social expectations since the French colonial. During the colonial period, women who legitimately participated and contributed to the economy would be punished and attacked for being financially independent (Bawa and Ogunyankin, 2018). The practice of controlling the female community from being financially independent did not ease in postcolonial societies. Land ownership is also a significant issue when it comes to female identities. Senegal is a country that depends on agriculture, and therefore accessibility and ownership to land become critical in rural areas. At Baghere, the rural land allocation to households is authorised by the “brorm ker”, usually the eldest male and authority (Bawa and Ogunyankin, 2018). Although according to law, women have the right to inherit the land, rural areas authority still practises marginalization by customary rule (Rubin, 2010). However, female disparity does not only happen from male society members, but female members also tended to gender discrimination against those who try to be independent. In Senegal, older women often disapprove of younger women for their independence and absence of submissiveness to male authority (Rubin, 2010). Rural areas are inadequate female empowerment and gender equality education, which broaden the gender gap and inequality. Accordingly, the Women’s House plans to engage the local female community during the construction and operation process to help them reidentify their status and roles in society. The centre adopts agriculture as both a social and economic resource, which enables the local female community to obtain new skills and knowledge, as well as self-sufficient financial income. The centre also offers weekly workshops and focus groups discussing culture and political topics to inspire local women to earn their rights within the society. Protection: Although domestic violence has been criminalised in Senegal since 1999, domestic abuse is still socially common in rural areas. Due to lack of education and reliance on customary practice, most women are unaware that such violent behaviour is against human rights and only a few perpetrators have been brought to trail (IDRC, 2019). A Study in 2020 on domestic violence in Senegal argues that because only marriage is acceptable as a type of couple life in Senegal, forced marriages remain in today’s practice and is the key risk factor for domestic violence (Soumah and Diop, 2020). The study indicates more than half of the victims experiencing domestic violence have not completed primary school education. Besides, due to traditional societal norms, women experiencing domestic violence would not seek help from public authorities and organisations because they consider them as “culturally inappropriate”. Especially under the current Covid 19 Pandemic, there is an alarming global surge of domestic violence towards women and girls (Ndour, 2020). And so, security for the female community must be prioritized to reduce social marginalization and protect female health and mental development. Hence, the Baghere Women’s House aims to be inclusive and establish solid advocacy and recognition to enforce education and procedures which project the local female community from increased violence towards women and girls. Education: Fulfilling water, identity and protection needs require participation in education. According to the Global Gender Gap Index (2020), Senegal scored under the global average on educational attainment and ranked 135 out of 153 countries. The reality is, although Senegal has reached gender parity in primary school enrolment, less than half of Senegalese females are literate (Global Gender Gap Index, 2020). The majority of Senegalese families could only afford to send only one child to high school, and they will be most likely to choose their male children (UNICEF, 2005). In rural areas, the issue is the most critical. Culture benchmarks, customary practices, and widespread poverty greatly restrict rural Senegalese females from completing essential education (Quelle, 2018).

In Baghere, cultural norms such as early marriage and forced marriage still occur in present. Parents would force the girls to finish school early to arrange them into a marriage. Especially at the hand of

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

poverty and the underprivileged, young girls have to give up their education to help their families instead (Look, 2010). It is critical yet difficult for the community to acknowledge that women education can greatly improve the health, nutrition, and quality of life of all members of the society (Browne and Barrett, 2006). Education enables women to gain independence and learn new skills to allow them to work with better productivity. Besides, women must develop skills and abilities to protect themselves from sexual diseases and violence. Women with sufficient education are also more likely to develop active roles in decision-making within their families and communities (UNICEF, 2005). Succinctly, female education is the key to create a positive cycle to improve female development and empowerment in Baghere. For this reason, the Women’s House offers basic education on human rights, sanitation, water treatment and upskilling workshops on construction and agriculture. These are the essential knowledge and skill for the Baghere female community to hold up in both human and economic spheres. According, this report proposes a strategic set of priorities and actions of the Women’s House design in approaching Gender Equality outcomes at the Village of Baghere. Table 11 Gender Equality Issues at Baghere and action plans proposed at the Women’s House Issues exist in Baghere Gender equality approach and action plans WATER - No potable water treatment - Provides additional water resources - No proper Toilet facilities for the local community - Poor wastewater treatment - Provides competent and private toilet - Lack of potable water education facilities - Lack of wastewater education - Free collection of potable water for the local community - Weekly female sanitation workshop - Weekly distil water workshop - Weekly potable water education IDENTITY - Lack of appreciation on female - Adopt bamboo doors and windows contribution towards domestic panels hand-woven by the local development female community to support female - Early marriage/force marriage production - Land ownership issues - Adopt colourful fabric made by local - Elder female community criticized women at undercover walkway as the the younger female community roofing material for being independent - Engage the female community in the - Lack of gender equality and construction and building operation human right education process to reassure their community - Elder female community criticized identity younger female community from - Collaboration with men on labour being independent work to reassure self- Lack of gender equality and acknowledgement and empowerment human right education - Offer a gathering space to encourage both genders to communicate and collaborate - Weekly focus groups on culture and politic topics - Weekly Agriculture workshops to introduce sustainable and profitable development - Farmers market to allow additional household income - Weekly gender equality workshop to raise awareness

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

PROTECTION

EDUCATION

Domestic violence phenomenon Victims unaware of they are experiencing domestic violence Slut calling, body shaming Outdated culture norms Women consider it “culturally inappropriate” to seek help Reliance on customary practice Inadequate education on women protection

Less than half of women are literate Girls cannot complete essential education Culture norms such as early / force marriage restricts girls from attending school Customary practice such as choosing boys over girls for proper education Poverty results in girls quitting school and help their family

Semi-enclose building design to provide a secure space for the local female community Individual building blocks with courtyard design to inspire the local female community to raise their voice in a safe environment. Engagement of local female community in construction and operation to secure land ownership Weekly domestic violence workshop to raise awareness Centre offers flexible morning/afternoon classes for local female members to join according to their schedules Centre provides basic human rights education, including potable water, sanitation, gender equality, domestic violence and others Centre provides upskill education, including agriculture, potable water treatment, wastewater treatment, renewable energy and others to improve women productivity at home Centre provides demonstration farms and offers farmers market activates on the weekend to allow female members to gain independent income allow female members to gain independent income

Created by Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 24 Baghere Women’s House weekly Schedule

Created by Y.Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

2.0

Land Tenure Considerations

Leader: Alexandra Weller

2.1

Site Location

By Alexandra Weller

The development of a Women’s House which will attempt to provide a dedicated environment where members of society will be able form discussion and modes of education on the topics of gender equality, hygiene, sanitation and violation of their rights to life, liberty and security, has been proposed in the municipality of Baghere, a community situated in the Tanaff Valley, an area in the Sedhiou region which is positioned in southern Senegal, a sub-Saharan country in the north-west of Africa (Kaira Looro, 2021). The site location of the proposed Women’s House will adopt Kaira Looro’s identification of the ‘ideal lot’ due to the proximity and distribution of fundamental connections, allowing the centre to not only be of use to Baghere, but also neighbouring villages and municipalities. The purpose of providing physical accessibility is due to the beneficiary community being one of the poorest and most disadvantaged in the country, and the region in which it is situated, the Sedhiou Region, being among the least developed (Balouo Salo, 2020). An ease of accessibility encourages the use of the facility, whilst raising the opportunity to engage a higher amount of the population in the cause of gender equality in the Tanaff Valley. This hopes to enhance discussion and promote the education and training of the population on gender equality, hygiene and sanitation and food security in the age of climate change to promote an increase in social, economic and political development to the direct and indirect beneficiaries. The identified lot is situated on a primary axis of the village, where it has direct access to a main road which forms a connection with the nation road, N6. Within a 600 metre radius of the proposed site is the Baghere municipal offices, the French School, the Arabic school, the mosque, and the on-call medical service (Kaira Looro, 2021). The sustainable proximity to the village schools raises the opportunity for the centre to involve the children as a means of educating the future generation on the issue of gender equality, and provide adoptive practices for hygiene and sanitation to protect themselves against diarrhoeal disease, typhoid fever, vector-borne disease, and scabies (Connolly et al., 2004). The distance of the proposed site to the N6 has been measured at 700 meters, highlighting a minimal distance to the main connection to the villages of Tanaff, Bambali and Kenewa, whilst remain a sustainable distance from the population of Baghere’s shelters. It is the close proximity to Tanaff which offers the greatest opportunity in accessing services and promoting activities of livelihood, due to its commercial character and opportunity to be involved in economic gain through marketing at the Marchè de Tanaff. Additionally, as the N6 is the direct connection between the developed centres of Ziguinchor with Kolda, the halfway point is identified to be Tanaff, which contains the strategic positioning of the Tanaff Station (Balouo Salo, 2020). This prevalent stopping point offers opportunity to those travelling on the N6 to take time in accessing the local services and goods, such as food. This acts as a potential economic resource for the Women’s Shelter, again, due to the proximity to Tanaff and the opportunity to create a sustainable food resource on site to share at the Marchè de Tanaff. The direct access to the main road in which the lot is situated on the perimeter, provides direct access for the population of Tabadian, the municipality of Dioudoubou and the small port of Sandinieri. Although Sandinieri is situated at a distance of 30 kilometres, it does offer the transportation across the Casamance River to the adjacent capital of Sedhiou (Kaira Looro, 2021). Notably, to access the regional capital offers inherent difficulty and an unsustainable journey to the access and providing of services and goods, however, it does allow for those travelling from the capital and surrounding municipalities to the south-east of the Casamance River the opportunity to

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

pass the Women’s House once completed, as this is the only formal route to the N16 road. This provides the opportunity for capital resources and knowledge to be transferred to the users of the Women’s House, when those travelling offer to partake out of interest. Figure 25 Context Map of Baghere and Surroundings

Drawn by A.Weller, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

The terrain of the lot is flat in nature with sand-lateritic soil with acacia and mango trees surrounding the perimeter (Kaira Looro, 2021). As there is sufficient amount of vacant space on the lot for a 200 metre square building envelope and an interconnected landscape design, there is no requirement for the clearing of the vegetation, nor extensive bulk excavation of the foundations. This is an important consideration as the restricted budget requires a conservative and mindful approach to the scope of works. The proposed sites vicinity from the geographical feature of the river bank is considered at a safe distance in which it will not be affected by rising sea levels and increased intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall events caused by climate change in the imminent future, however, it has been projected that the rise in seas level will reach forty centimetres along Africa’s Atlantic Ocean coastline shortly after 2050, which will see populations situated near bodies of water at risk of being submerged and increase vulnerabilities of communities to flooding events (Zamudio & Terton, 2016). However, as it is not of imminent threat to the Women’s Centre, the risk of increased flooding will be considered in the design and permanent nature of the building envelope. Figure 26 and 27 Proposed site of the Women’s Centre in Baghere

Kaira Looro, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

2.2

Land Tenure Context and Arrangements

By Alexandra Weller

The term land tenure is recognised as a relationship, either legally or customarily defined, among people, as individuals or groups, with respect to land (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), 2002). This relationship is defined by the government to regulate how property rights to land are allocated, used and controlled (FAO, 2002). In the context of Senegal, following its independence as a French colony, the National Domain Law of 1964 was established to achieve the harmonisation of formal law and customary land rights (Hesseling, 2009). Under the land tenure regime, there are three categories; the first being the State Domain, which is subdivided into a private and a public domain and regulated by Law 76-66 of 1976; the second category is the Private Domain which is concerned with the reorganisation of the landed property regime in French West Africa, and is regulated by the Decree of 1932; and the third category is the National Domain, which according to Article 1, consists of “all the lands that do not pertain to the public domain, lands that are not registered or of which the property has not been inscribed in the register of mortgages at the date at which the present law takes effect” (Hesseling, 2009, p.249), and is regulated by the National Domain Law of 1964. The characteristics of land are itself divided into four categories according to their vocation; urban zones; classified zones; zones de terroirs; and pioneer zones (Hesseling, 2009 & Faye, 2008). The land tenure regime is important to recognise as it stipulates the land tenure arrangements which would be enforced in the village of Baghere and the acquisition of land for the Women’s House. Although there is a lack of official data pertaining to the categories of land and their regulatory status as a whole in Senegal, the assumption is made that the proposed lot in Baghere would be categorised as National Domain land, which is not the object of individual property but only of use rights (Faye, 2008). It is public land which would be managed by the local government of municipalities and rural communities due to the implementation of the Rural Community Law of 1972 (Faye, 2008 & USAID, 2010). This is further supported by the Code of 1996, which identified nine areas of competence which was transferred to the local government, these include: management and use of state; public and government lands; environment and natural resource management; health, population and social affairs; youth, sport and leisure; culture; education and vocational training; planning; territorial development; and town planning and housing (Faye, 2008). This emphasises that the rural council and village chief in Baghere have sizeable power in regards to land tenure within their community, as they allocate and grant the use rights to their members. However, it will be the authoritative power which determines the ‘productive use’ of the land as this is not defined in law (World Bank, 2019 & Hesseling, 2009). Additionally, the period of allocation of use will be made through the deliberation of the council, however, it will remain indeterminate, as long as the beneficiary continues to fulfill the development conditions. However, by formal law, the land use can be granted for up to 30 years and is renewable, as the tenure type is recognised as a leasehold (Boulenger, Bayemi & Traore, 2005 & USAID, 2010). Importantly, this usage right is neither transferable nor transmissible in the current legal framework, meaning there are no direct transactions of sale, inheritance, subdivision or rental which can be authorised (World Bank, 2019). Whilst the granting of real rights remain a procedure exclusively reserved for the State, the actions required to secure the land tenure and the local rights of use for the Women’s Centre, are jointly agreed upon with the region council and a central government official, following the advice from the community responsible for the site; the municipality of Baghere (Faye, 2008 & World Bank, 2019). This method is adopted as the project is initiated by an external body, Kaira Looro. However, it will remain the power of the rural council and village chief to monitor the land use and ensure the beneficiaries are able to use the land productively.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

2.3

Land Tenure Risks

By Alexandra Weller

Whilst this form of land tenure application under the National Domain Law of 1964 is standard in the rural regions of Senegal, it is the degree of ‘land tenure security’ which may enhance the risk of the tenure (Bruce & Migot-Adholla, 1994). Land tenure security is defined to exist when an individual perceives that they have the right to a piece of land on a continuous basis which is free from imposition or interference from outside sources, whilst containing the benefits of labour and capital invested in the land, either in use or upon transfer to another holder (Bruce & Migot-Adholla, 1994). However, as the land for the Women’s House of Baghere is granted the local usage rights, and does not contain relevance to the legislative removal of customary land rights of lineage groups and families in rural areas (Toure & Seck, 2005), nor has been bestowed for personal usage (Hesseling, 2009), it is acknowledged that the land is neither transferable nor transmissible at law. This highlights the risk of the perceived usage of the land to the rural council, as they have the power to withdraw plots of land (Faye, 2008). A rural council may withdraw a plot for four primary reasons: to sanction noncompliance with the conditions of the allocation, particularly the productive use requirement; and in the interest of the community; the absence of development or it is no longer fulfilling development conditions of the beneficiary (Faye, 2008 & Boulenger et al., 2005 & Hesseling, 1994). Should this occur in Baghere, it poses threat to the mission of the Women’s House; providing a physical space in which members of society will be able to promote and educate on the topics of gender equality, hygiene, sanitation and human rights, as the ability to provide discussions may be delayed or consequently abolished, resulting in conflict between the likely users of the centre and the rural council. Adding to this outcome, is the rural councils power for planning; territorial development; and town planning and housing under the 1996 Code (Faye, 2008). As the architectural design of the physical envelope is reliant on outside sources of the community and Senegal as a whole, the design may be rejected if the Baghere council or community do not recognise its value or appeal to cultural practices and norms. This has the consequence where the rural council can refuse the issuing of building permits (Faye, 2008). A third recognised risk in the land tenure for the Women’s House is the land-tenure system itself, as it is induced with inefficient allocation of resources due to the rights not clearly being defined, costs and rewards not being internalised and contracts are often not legal, or enforceable (Johnson, 1972 & Hesseling, 2009). This may be a result of the absence of basic theoretical knowledge, which impedes the discourse on plan policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. However, it may induce conflict within the community and again, the withdrawal of land due to conditions of land use and development programme not being understood, or evidently provided. The World Bank (2019) has recognised the key inconsistencies of understandings and practices in relation to the National Domain Law of 1964 in the context of rural communities: Table 12 Key inconsistencies of understandings and practices in relation to the in National Domain Law of 1964 in the context of rural communities in Senegal Principles of the 1964 law Legal reference Local practices and interpretations Land use is reserved for Art. 8: “Agricultural land can only Land is allotted without taking the community members be used by community members.” origin of the claimant into account.

It is forbidden to lease land

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Art. 18 (decree): “Land abandonment may be declared …

Notions of community and community membership are unclear, especially in the case of recently subdivided rural communities. Leases are frequent within families or with third parties, and necessary in the case of a

The sale of land is prohibited

if the interested party stops cultivating it himself/herself.” Art. 19 (decree): “Land use is personal …. It cannot be subjected to any transaction.”

Art. 20 (decree): “Land use terminates with the death of the physical person. Art. 22 (decree): Heirs obtain the use of the land to their benefit … within the limit of their ability to cultivate it and … provided that it does not result in the formation of excessively small plots.” Note: Adapted from the World Bank by A.Weller (2021). Inheritances are controlled

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

temporary inability to develop the land. The ban on selling land is well known but a land market nevertheless exists. The communities regularize sales after the fact by deliberation. In the case of death, the family agrees to the new titleholder. The family manages transmission issues. Land remains within the family and is not reallocated. If necessary, the community regularizes inheritances through deliberation.

2.4

Conflict in Use

By Alexandra Weller

There is a risk of an existing designated purpose of the recognised site which poses the threat of conflict and may require alterations if present. This risk may arise if the land has been appointed a predetermined use due to the natural resources and soil conditions present, or if the land was classified and registered as a freehold during the colonial era, resulting in the land remaining under private ownership. This would establish a strong degree of conflict and tension between the Women’s House and the legal land holders which may hold the cutting rights; the rights acquired by the first person to clear a piece of virgin land to make it viable for production (Niang et al., 2017). This would create an issue as it is the holders of cutting rights who holds an authority of the land and the right of ownership is incorporated into the family or lineage group landholdings (Niang et al., 2017). As the land has been identified under the National Domain Law, and is being categorised as National Domain land; which is not the object of individual property as it suppressed customary rights, it is assumed there would be no conflicting rights to land and its natural resources on the identified plot, allowing the concept of land grabbing; the dispossession of land from Indigenous, small scale farmers, rural dwellers and communities post-independence, to be dismissed (Kachika, 2010). However, the rural council or the village chief may have prescribed designated uses for that land identified, as they hold the authority of management, planning, environmental and natural resource management and the defining of use under the Rural Community Law and the Code of 1996 (Faye, 2008 & USAID, 2010). Although, this potential of conflict in land use can be resolved through the discretion of the rural council and village chief, as they have the power to allocate land use rights with conditions and define its productive use, which may include its previously inscribed use (USAID, 2010). The Women’s Centre will then be required to alter its use, purpose and management of the natural resource in-line with set conditions. If this is not achieved, nor acknowledged, the rural council and village chief may withdraw the plot of land or end the leasehold.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

2.5

Land Tenure, Women and Future Suggestions

By Alexandra Weller

The inception of the National Domain Law of 1964 and the decentralisation of the land administration was highly praised for its “innovative and flexible compilations of laws and implementing decrees which provided for a legal framework for local communities to plan and implement community-based natural resource management activities” (Hesseling, 2009, p.244), however, research has identified there has been no significant contribution to an increase in the control, productive and sustainable use of land, security of family and individual tenure, or improvement in Senegalese women’s equal access to land (USAIDE, 2010 & Guenette, 2011). The inequality present in land tenure prevails to the current period, despite the ratification of laws and rules guaranteeing the rights of women to access and control land through the 1996 Code and the 2001 Constitution. The decisions to loan or bequeath land continues to remain in the private sphere of the household, which follows the patriarchal tradition of the male dominance and the land transfer through inheritance continuing to be based on customary rules (Guenette , 2011 & World Bank, 2019). The lack of accessibility for women to land may not be improving as land access is not considered in the constitutional principle of Law on Parity (World Bank, 2019 & Toraasen, 2017). Significantly, the Law on Parity, has not impacted upon the increase female presentation in politics in Baghere, nor the Tanaff Valley (Kaira Looro, 2020), emphasising that women still remain without representation in local land management bodies and rural councils, allowing the rural councils to generally deliberate in the favour of attributing land to men (World Bank, 2019). Furthermore, it is the weak and prolonged capacity of the rural councils to administer and allocate land and natural resources as they are not always capable of responding to rapidly changing conditions, such as demographic pressure, economic activities, and patterns and performance of agricultural production (USAID, 2010). To improve the accessibility and security of obtaining land and the promotion of gender equality in the access and management of land, Table 13 provides an identification of prevailing issues regarding land tenure access for women, whilst providing suggestion on how to improve access and gender equality in relation to land and the implications which may arise. Table 13 Summary of land tenure issues and suggestions to improve equality and access to land Land Tenure Issue Suggestion to Improve Equality Implication & Access Weakened capacity of Strengthen the capacity of This will not necessarily improve Baghere’s Rural Council Baghere’s rural council to provide gender equality, rather provide better allocation of resources and the human resource in dealing protection of the population’s with increased requirements and rights. desires for land. Provide the resources for the rural council to promote women’s access to land to increase productivity and household income.

A male orientated authority may dismiss the rights of women and continue to favour men.

Ensure the local council is familiar with women’s rights to access land. Controlling of inheritances based on Customary Rule

Educate the community on the National Domain Law of 1964, as Customary Law is no longer applicable.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Customary Law will likely prevail in rural areas without allowing the community to understand the current laws, processes and entitlements.

Patriarchal tradition of the male dominance

Implement the rights of women and youth to land through normalising the access based on the Rural Council and Village Chiefs power to grant and allocate use rights. Allow the transfer of land rights to the female inheritor, rather than dismissing her for the male. In addition, allow the women of the household to be involved in the legal administration and decisionmaking, rather than it being the husband. This will require a change in social norms, behaviour and attitude to women inheriting land.

With continued male presence in the Rural Council and predominant figure of the Village Chief, the involvement of women into decision-making roles is needed to give an unbiased and fair allocation and access to land, without the women’s involvement, it is likely access will continue to be granted to males only. May increase conflict with a family home resulting in genderbased violence.

Allow women to not face the social restrictions which require them to become dependent on men. Defining of ‘productive use’

Educate the local authorities in a broader view of what productive use could entail, as it does not entail producing physical goods. Establish local policy on the definition of productive use to ensure fair application of definitions and conditions, as this is not defined by law.

Corruption of local authorities which enable the withdrawal of land based on their own perception of activity and benefit to the community.

Establish modes of enforcement which monitor the local authorities conditioning in relation to female held land. Lack of knowledge and understanding of land rights and access to land

Provide education workshops and seminars to the community at the Women’s Centre to inform women of the Land Tenure system and governing laws in Senegal, to allow for the understanding of their rights and process required to obtain land.

A complete understanding may not be achieved.

Ensure the local authority acknowledges the 2001 Constitution which reinforces the equal rights between men and women for access to land.

Preconceived male perception on women having rights to land may prevail and restrict access to land.

Women may not have the financial resources to acquire the real rights to land through the State.

Educate the males in the community to reduce the misconception and taboo of women holding and having the right to access land.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

The allowance of the sale of land enables women the opportunity to have greater access to land based on their own savings and personal income. By allowing the sale of land it provides economic stimulation whilst providing women security.

The sale of land could enable discrimination against female buyers by favouring male buyers.

The lease of land is prohibited

The allowance of leases of land offers opportunity for women to gain the access to land and its natural resources to utilise as an income and provide financial security whilst contributing to economic development.

The lease of land could enable discrimination against females looking to make productive use of land by favouring males.

Land-grabbing

Educate the local authority on landgrabbing and the consequence it has on the livelihoods of those who land has been taken.

The allowance of land-grabbing entails the displacement of individuals and their families. However, without educating and acknowledging the risks, it will continue to occur in the rural environment.

Land dispute and conflict

Provide restriction on how the local authority defines productive use and create an evaluation system to ensure fair withdrawal of land from occupant.

Bias of the local authority containing only men will likely continue to create conflict and hardship for women trying to access land and land security.

The sale of land is prohibited

Women may not have access to funds required to buy land as only 36% of women are in the labour market.

Recognise the women’s right to access land under the Constitution. Created by Alexandra Weller, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

3.0

Architectural Design Considerations

Leader: Jorja Bourke By: Jorja Bourke Figure 28 Concept Diagram

Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

The Women’s House is centred around a water collecting cistern, that is emblematic of the significant role that women have in collecting water for the home and village community. By recognising this responsibility and using it to help develop education around sanitation and rain water harvesting the project aims to empower women through access to clean water. The inclusion of the Cistern not only helps to combat water scarcity within the community but its construction will act as a prototype for women to learn from and takeaway, to later use at a household level or potentially to develop in an economic setting.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 29 Construction Sequence

Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 30 Context Analysis

Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

3.1

Building Form and Function

By: Jorja Bourke

The Activity Centre of the Women’s House offers multiple configurations of space through pivoting walls that rotate 90 degrees to be closed or open. This enables the Activity centre to be one big space for large community meetings or to become three smaller spaces for focus group workshops. Likewise all three buildings offer adaptability and flexibility over time as the main structure that supports the roof stands alone, as the permanent single skin clay brick walls act as an envelope only, not a primary structural member. Thus the positioning of these permanent clay walls is strategic, so to passively keep the building cool, while leaving opportunity for the community to add or subtract the less permanent hand woven partitions into the envelope. Through this one activity the project strives to engage women in decision making beyond the construction of the Women’s house, providing valuable skills in construction, sanitation and rainwater harvesting.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 31 Activity Centre Spatial Configurations

Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

3.2

Architectural Expression

By: Jorja Bourke

The Architectural expression draws inspiration from local traditional techniques like mud houses, through the use of clay bricks. The clay bricks will be produced onsite by the community, including the women which will provide them with a new skill that can assist them to find work in a workforce that traditionally excludes their gender. Because the brick walls are not structural the clay bricks can be air dried onsite not kiln dried, which makes them more sustainable. The brick’s will contribute significant thermal mass to the architecture, which will absorb harsh heat in summer periods. The hit and miss brick pattern will be adopted from the community to provide important cross ventilation to keep internal spaces cooler. The architecture also draws inspiration from a rich and vibrant skill of the women in the community, which is weaving. The pivoting walls and removable partitions will be handwoven by the women. The colourful woven walls and shutters identify the architecture as the Women’s House and instils a sense of belonging and pride in the women of the community. The woven partitions are symbolic of the female emancipation and through this act of empowerment the architecture becomes symbolic of a Women’s house. Figure 32 Woven Shutters and Partitions

Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 33 Passive Design Strategy

Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

3.3

Typology of the Women’s House

By: Jorja Bourke

The Women’s House will be distinct from other commercial and community facilities in the village through the contemporary way it presents the traditional vernacular techniques. For instance the hand woven coloured shutters expand upon the aqua blue timber shutters seen at the local school. The proposed shutters for the Women’s house engage the women of the community in the design and construction process and reflect their own sense of identity and character through the adoption of the traditional craft. The mechanics of the shutters are adopted in the activity centre for the pivoting walls. The pivoting woven walls apply a traditional architectural expression in a contemporary and innovative form. The Women’s House addresses the pressing concerns of domestic violence by providing a form of passive surveillance from the road into the courtyard and from the buildings into and from the courtyard. By ensuring there are clear sightlines to and from bathroom facilities, the back of the site, and within the central courtyard the design of the Women’s House strives to promote safety and security. The design also addresses cultural sensitivities by separating the female and male bathrooms, while still maintaining sightlines and close proximity to public areas for safety. The Women’s House is a place for inclusion and participation of all community members including men and therefore does not designate any specific areas to one gender other than the bathroom facilities. This is because gender equality is not a women’s issue, it equally affects and involves men and therefore in order to see progression it must engage the whole community.

Collecting Water Workshop

Agriculture Workshop

Human Rights Workshop

Sanitation Workshop

Focus Group Workshops

Farmer’s Market

3.4

Consequence of Design

By: Jorja Bourke

The Women’s House proposal acknowledges that the emancipation of women cannot happen overnight and that many of these changes may cause civil unrest, which could lead to domestic violence or social ostracism. This is why the proposal is centred around the collection of water, which is already a primary role and responsibility of women within the community. By taking this role and developing it, women can grow empowered as they acquire new skills and have a greater role in decision making, while the wider community is being exposed to new channels of communication and dialogue on issues of gender inequality.

Figure 34: Site Plan. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 35: Ground Floor Plan. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 36: Section 1. J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 37: Section 2. J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 38: Northern Elevation. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 39: Eastern Elevation. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 40 Street Frontage. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 41 Central Courtyard. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 42 Focus Groups. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

Figure 43 Activity Centre Workshop. Drawn by J.Bourke, (2021).

4.0

Construction Design Considerations

Leader: Aaron Feng

4.1

Construction System

By: Aaron Feng and Yuzki Wang

4.1.1

General

By: Aaron Feng

As per the architectural design, this Women centre project include the following main components: One activity room; One admin room; One kitchen; One toilet space with four closets; Two cisterns The construction system adopted for each of the components have been carefully considered based on the local resources and building capacity, to ensure this project’s buildability and built within the budget. While this project can achieve the primary goal of the design propose, which is to create a space which promotes and provides a dedicated physical envelope where the associations and members of society will be able to meet and discuss the topics of equality and human rights, guaranteeing involvement and emancipation of the female community in favour of the region’s social, economic, and political development (Kaira Looro, 2021, p.4), this project is also designed to be the ‘prototype’ building by introduce the advanced construction systems to the local community. Associate building skills for the construction systems will be passed to the local community during each construction stage of the project.

Figure 44 Pad footing detailed section

Created by Aaron Feng (2021)

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

4.1.2

Foundation system

By: Aaron Feng

The foundation system proposed for the three main rooms are pad footing with earth floor sealed with drain oil system. Statistics from the table of NCC (2016) Part 3.2.5.2 Pad footings for clad frame indicate that each structural column is load bearing by a 400*400*200 concrete pad footing. The size of the pad footing is determined by the area of the room and load it carrying. The pad footing is buried 1.5 meters into the ground to avoid any earth movements caused by flooding or land degradation which will lead to the damage to the structural frame. Each pad footing is covered by the waterproofing membranes to avoid future corrosion of the concrete. A good footing system is very important to the building, it will increase the durability of the building and reduce the risk of structural defect of the building which will cause huge maintenance cost and safety hazard for the user of the building. The timber column is connected to the pad footing by the ‘T’ blade post support as the Pad Footing Section above is showing. The ‘T’ blade post support is bolted on the pad footing and bolted with the timber column. A 20 mm gap is required between the bottom of the timber column and the groove of the ‘T’ blade. The propose is to prevent the direct contact between the timber column and floor to avoid termite damage and water erosion. Any moisture at the bottom of the timber will be ventilated and evaporated when air pass through the gap. Therefore, the timber column can always be dry and more durable. Table 14 Layer of Earth floor system

Layer description

Layer thickness

7th Drain Oil 5 coats

5mm

6th: Different ratio same material as the 5th

30mm

5th: Mixture of Sand. Clay, Chopped Straw

40mm

4th: Road base

60mm

3rd: Crushed Rock

65mm

2nd: Insulation

0-1mm

1st : Drainage Rock

150mm

Created by Aaron Feng (2021)

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 45 Layer of Earth floor system

Drawn by Aaron Feng (2021)

This Earth Floor Sealed with Oil system is totally a natural flooring system. In the Video, Earth Floor system sealed with oil (Aug, 2019), Sutika describes progress of build an earth floor system. The section of the layers above is showing the elevation of this floor system. A layer of insulation membrane is placed in between the layer of drainage rock and crushed rock to prevent moisture move up through the floor system. Most of the materials needed for this floor system can be sourced locally. This will efficiently reduce the cost budget for the foundation stage. Due to the function of the rooms, there will not be any heavy load release to the floor in the future. Thus, this floor system is providing the same capacity with other more costly floor systems. Moreover, this system is easy to build. It does not require large machine or too many men force. The earth floor system is more suitable to adopt for this project as it is sustainable and vernacular.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 46 Wall Elevation Section

Drawn by Aaron Feng (2021)

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

4.1.3

Wall System

By: Aaron Feng

Air dried mud brick is used as the cladding material. Mudbrick has mixture of clay, mud, and sand. The mudbrick structure is widely used in the local construction. By build this structure system, the local labours do not need any further training and the mudbricks can be made on-site to reduce the cost of the project. As showing in the section drawing above, the brick walls are not bearing any load from the roof, it is only self-supporting. It has a small gap between the timber column for the ventilating purposes to keep the timber dry. The brick wall is not joint with the roof, therefore there is a high opening above each wall which encourage the ventilation for the room. The ventilation will be essential for the kitchen and the activity room when there is lots of people in the room. The height of the brick wall is set as 2.7 meters from the ground floor. In consideration of the safety and workload of brick carrying, 2.7 meters is an acceptable wall height for the mudbrick wall system. The external of the brick wall will be clay-sand rendered for the aesthetic purposes and to increase the durability of the wall system by prevent moisture damage the brick wall.

4.1.4

Roofing System

By: Aaron Feng

The roofing system is designed to be Mono Pitch Roof. The roof truss is made of timber, it can be made on-site by treated structural timber. This roofing system has an incline of 10 degrees. Thus, the rainwater harvest by the roof will gravitationally fall into the front garden and the back garden. According to the 2:1 eave rule, the eaves of the roof are extended 1.35m out on each side, to ensure the brick wall will not get wet during heavy or slopy rain. Timber rafters are installed to support the eaves. Corrugated Metal Panels will be installed above the roof trusses. Corrugated Metal Panel is light weight and easy to install. It is also a cost-efficient and durable roofing system option. If it gets damaged in the future, it is easy and inexpensive to fix or replace the panel.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

4.1.4

Cistern Construction

By: Yuzki Wang

Courtyard cistern construction consists of 8 steps: 1. Excavation Excavate a pit in dimension of 2.7m in height, 5.5m in length and 5.5m in width 2. Floor construction Base construction with plain concrete and a layer of coarse gravel underneath for a firm bottom. Concrete reinforced with mesh reinforcement. Leave concrete 8-12 hours to cure 3. Brick laying Lay bricks on four sides to make solid walls. Leave 100-200mm space between brick walls and the pit for later side reinforcement. Mortar brick in ratio of 1:4 (1 cement : 4 sand) 4. Concrete render Water brick walls before starting concrete rendering to encourage better bind between cement and bricks. Render bricks with concrete mixture in ratio of 1:3 (1 cement : 3 sand) along with 400-500 ml of waterproofing. Double coat brick walls to achieve better durability. Each coat is let to cure for 8-12 hours. 5. Beam construction Set up temporary popping and formwork for beam construction. Pour concrete into formwork and let it cure for 12-16 hours. 6. Top construction Apply recycled timber shuttering on top of beams along with recycled cardboards and mesh reinforcement. Set up formwork for top construction and allow for access points. Bind and tie the shuttering with metal wire. Pour concrete in ratio of 1:2:4 (1 cement: 2 sand :4 coarse gravel). Let concrete set for 10-12 hours then apply pond curing. Remove formwork after a minimum of 10-12 days 7. Side reinforcement Place reinforcement bars in the gap between the pit and brick walls, pour concrete in a ratio of 1:2:4 and let it sit for 8-12 days. 8. Opening construction Lay bricks around the cistern access opening. Use mortar in ratio of 1:4

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 47 Courtyard Cistern Construction Sequence

Drawn by Y.Wang, (2021).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

4.2

Programme

By: Aaron Feng

The overall construction period for this Women Centre Project is scheduled for 24 months. This includes all the required skill trainings for different construction systems, safety knowledge training and special tool or machine operating training. Since this project aims to be the ‘prototype’ project for the local community, one of the key achievements is to let the local community have the ability to build by themselves in the future. Therefore, the overall construction has been breakdown into the following stages: Figure 48 Construction stage sequence

Created by Aaron Feng (2021)

After the groundwork stage, we will begin the construction of cisterns and toilet room first. These are the two main service components for the project. Once they are completed, it can serve the people work on site by provide them water and sanitary. The details of the rain harvesting system and composting toilet system are well explained in the previous sections. The next stage is constructing the activity room. The main consideration for that is from structural aspects, the activity room is more difficult to build than the admin room and kitchen. While construct the activity room, we could have the international volunteers work together with the local community. Hence, the local community can gain the knowledge and skills to build the admin room and kitchen by themselves. Structurally, the admin room and kitchen are the shrink version of the activity room. By adopt this construction sequence, we can reduce the number of international volunteers required at the second half construction period, as we only need a few volunteers stay to monitor and supervise the rest of the construction activities. As shown in figure 48, the relation between each stage is not necessarily finish to start. Some stages can start before the last stage is finished. For example, one of the tasks in the preliminary stage is to ‘Prepare made on-site material’. The made on-site materials are mainly bamboo and mudbrick. Both two materials require time to be dried or to be treated. The next task can start while waiting. The tasks involved with specialist contractors are highlighted in yellow (see appendix 1). Since the specialist contractors are very likely sourced from local, there might be language barrier when communicate between the volunteers and contractor regards of the system requirements. Therefore, these tasks are highlighted as it might cause unexpected delay. The completion date for the project is set at the 1st of Dec 2026. We included one month time allowance for the foreseeable delay such as: extreme weather and local festival celebrations.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

4.2

Cost Proposal

By: Aaron Feng

The estimated construction cost for this project is €16,271.84 Euro, plus 10% variation. The overall total cost is €17,899.03 Euro. All the items are allocated into different categories. The main category includes: General tools &PPE, Safety Kit, Raw materials, Manufactured materials, specialist contractors and delivery charges. All the materials’ quantity are estimated based on the architecture design dimensions. And the unit price of each materials is referenced from local building material supplier website. Some of the raw materials such as: clay, mud, sand, water and stone are marked green (appendix 2) in the cost analysis list which means they are assumed can be sourced naturally with no cost. However, actual site investigation is required to verify this assumption. Some of the manufactured materials and plants such as: mudbrick, bamboo door &fence and safety barrier and scaffolding are marked yellow (appendix 2) which means they are planned to be made on site. Mudbrick can be made with mud and mixture of clay, sand, and water. Raw Bamboo can be made into door and fence after boron treated. Safety barrier and scaffolding can be manually made of timber to prevent potential falling into the cisterns or falling from height. By making these materials and plants on-site can efficiently reduce the material cost. The following assumptions are made for this cost analysis: - The international volunteers are financially self-supported or supported by the local government. - The labour force is sourced from local community with no cost. - Naturally, sourced materials listed in the cost analysis are sufficient and free to use. - Assume the tools and PPE listed are enough to use. - Assume no force majeure damage will be made to the project during the construction period which will incur extra cost. - All the specialist contractors are giving an estimate budget range based on the scope of the work, assume the actual price will not exceed 10% more than the estimate budget. - Assume the delivery charge will not exceed 10% more than the estimate budget. A small budget is included in all categories of item, it is for the accessories that required at each stage of work. 10% variation is given to ensure the cost fits within the proposed budget. The progress cost of the project will be claimed as following: 40% at the beginning of the construction 30% after the completion of the cisterns and toilet Final 30% after the completion of the activity centre As the project requires prepay for many materials and tools in order to start construction, therefore 40% of the overall budget is required at the beginning of the construction. A few specialist contractors are required during the construction of the main rooms, therefore 30% is required to ensure the progress of the construction. Final 30% will be used for the rest of the tasks. All the spending should be carefully record and feedback to the budget control department of this project to ensure the cost fits within the proposed budget.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

5.0

Landscape Design Considerations

Leader: Chenshuo Li By: Chenshuo Li

Landscape architecture is an outdoor area, landmark and structure designed to achieve environmental, social behaviour or aesthetic effects (Jellicoe & Geoffrey,1995). It involves the planning, design, management, and nurturing of the built, natural environments, investigation of existing social and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of other interventions that will produce desired outcomes. In the context of Senegal, there is a high degree of vulnerability to environmental shocks, especially floods and droughts. Due to climate variability, its magnitude and duration are expected to increase. These challenges have exacerbated the current pressure on small farmhouses, which have been under pressure due to land overexploitation, short rainfall periods, and soil degradation. Permaculture, as a holistic approach for the gardening design in the landscape, which was originally developed by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in Australia in the 1970s described as an integrated and advanced production system inspired by natural ecosystems (Mannen, et al, 2012). The best part is that all the work can be done with a minimum of labor without destroying the land. Permanent agriculture is primarily formed on the utilization and promotion of the surrounding and farm biodiversity. Farmers also strive to be as self-sufficient by implementing low energy consumption systems. Therefore, this kind of agriculture is suitable to be adopted for this project. The landscape design of the women’s house is to provide the ability to learn new skills and knowledge based on agriculture as both a social and economic resource. To achieve this, the design incorporates a demonstration farm at the rear of the plot, to provide a sustainable source of nutritious vegetables; the purpose of the farm is to equip women with the skills of food production, nutrition, whilst providing a source of income through marketing the crops. By planting a variety of different main local crops in the demonstration farm, the user of the Women House can be more effective to understand and learn useful agricultural knowledge through farming activities. For example, Mongo trees, as the most common fruit tree in Baghere, are selected to be planted in front of the project. Because they prefer low rainfall, low relative humidity at flowering, fruit set, and harvest, with hot temperatures during fruiting. They also tolerate dry conditions, waterlogging and moderate salinity. Surrounding sections of the building envelope are garden beds where the women can plant trees to act as a cooling and shading device once grown. Finally, a rainwater cistern system will be placed at the middle of the animal pens situated at the rear of the plot, where rainwater will be harvested from the pen roofs to provide a sustainable source of water for the demonstration farm and live animals. It also allows the water sourced from the Women’s House to solely be for the use of the community.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

5.1

Food Security

By: Chenshuo Li

According to the United Nations’ Committee on World Food Summit (1996), Food security is defined as “all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life”. In general, Food security is a measure of food supply and the accessibility of individuals to obtain sufficient and safe food. In the last decades, issues towards food insecurity have been raised to a high level of concern. The reasons causing food insecurity can be many, such as the influences of rapidly increased population, rising food prices, changing climate, environmental impacts, and anthropogenic factors. Recently, the moral and human rights issues of food security have become the focus of the public. The right to food was first brought forward in 1948 in the United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The official adoption of the Right to Adequate Food by World Food Summit delegates in 1996 paved the way for a rights-based approach to food security (WFP, 2021). Currently, more than 40 countries have provided for the right to food in their constitution and the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation (FAO) estimates that the rights to access to food could be legislative in 54 countries (McClain-Nhlapo, 2004). However, according to the research from FAO (2006), there are still 39 countries in the world that were suffering significant food emergencies and required external support in response to severe food insecurity: 25 in Africa and Senegal is one of the countries with critical food insecurity. The table below clearly shows the significance of human factors in stimulating crises, either directly, for example armed conflict, or through interaction with natural hazards that caused food emergencies. Table 15 Food Emergencies Dominant variable

Africa

Asia

Latin America

Human 10 3 1 Natural 8 7 1 Combined 7 1 0 Total 25 11 2 Note. Adapted from FAO GIEWS, (2015). by C.Li (2021).

Europe

Total

1 0 0 1

15 16 8 39

Food shortages are still a public health problem that plagues West Africa. In the past two decades, this has had a major impact on household food insecurity. These crises are mostly induced by armed conflict, and often exacerbated by natural disasters like floods and drought and the influence of the AIDS pandemic. These crises ultimately affect regional or even national food production and food security, resulting in a severe impact on local people (FAO, 2006). They were forced to leave their homes, unable to cultivate, isolated from agricultural markets, isolated from commercial supplies of seeds and fertilizer. Although Senegal has achieved tremendous economic growth and decades of political stability, it still faces severe development challenges. Over 1/3 of the population of Senegal lives below the poverty line, and 75% of households suffer from poverty over many years. Senegal is susceptible to food insecurity due to poor food access and low nutritional food quality (Hathie, 2017). Food insecurity is especially common in rural areas of the country. And most of the agricultural activities are dominated by subsistence agriculture in which the farms grow foods to meet the needs of themselves and their families (WFP, 2021). And there are limited chances to access high-quality seeds and fertilizers, technology, and post-harvest storage technology. Climate change is also a major

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

factor that relevant to the food insecurity in Senegal because 70% of crops rely on rainfall for water (WFP, 2021), and it is extremely vulnerable to shocks associated with climate change, Senegal is expected to be frequently affected by climate changes and fluctuations such as hotter and drier conditions, oscillations in precipitation patterns, extreme events such as floods and droughts, as well as slow-onset and incremental environmental changes such as land degradation and desertification (Hummel, 2016) which severely affects food supply and prices. According to Hathie et al. research (2019), Senegal’s prevalence of malnutrition is 17.6% and the malnutrition prevalence of the West African Economic Community of West Africa, which consists of 15 countries, is 15%. In the case of Senegal, the quality of the diet is considered the main factor in food insecurity and undernourishment prevalence in the country. Also, Diouf’s research (2015) shows that the women's anemia in Senegal resulting from Malnutrition is 79%, which results in Senegal becoming on the top 10 developing countries for anemia prevalence. Due to the lack of employment opportunities in agriculture, people tend to leave the rural areas and emigrate to the urban areas, so those left (women and children and the elderly) in the rural areas are subjected to food insecurity. In Senegal, Women and youth of farming households have limited knowledge of climate-smart agriculture and irrigation practices and limited access to improved inputs, technology, and land. The objective is to improve access to irrigation, training in agricultural research, learning diet and nutrition, and development activities for the local communities through farming activities, thereby improving the lives and livelihoods of the local population.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

5.2

Vegetation

By: Chenshuo Li

Senegal is vulnerable to shocks associated with climate change, particularly floods and droughts. Due to climate variability, its magnitude and duration are expected to increase. These challenges have exacerbated the current pressure on small farmhouses, which have been under pressure due to land overexploitation, short rainfall periods, and soil degradation (Kaira Looro, 2021). Senegal is a net food importer, especially rice, which accounts for nearly 75% of cereal imports (Diagne et al, 2013). Although over 60% of Senegal’s population engaged in agriculture and ninety percent of agricultural land is operated by small-scale, family-based farms engaged in subsistence agriculture, agricultural products account for only 14.79% of GDP (World Bank, 2021). One of the main reasons causing this phenomenon is because farming systems are mostly rain-fed. And Rain-fed farmers are very vulnerable to climate change. The productivity of most agriculture in Senegal is generally low because farming is widely carried out on soils with little rainfall during the dry season and little nutrient input (Diagne et al, 2013). The project is located within Tanaff valley, the Sedhiou region which is commonly agricultural. The valley is characterized by a rural environment. Due to the lack of accessibility to basic public services, the quality of life in Sedhiou is among the lowest in the country(Kaira Looro 2021). To make the right decision on the most suitable plants/crop food to grow in the Women's Centre, it is essential to have sufficient knowledge of the local landscape, climate, and cultural information before the construction phase. The vegetation required for the project landscape can be divided into two categories: vegetation that meets the dietary needs of residents; and vegetation to achieve aesthetic effects. It also requires that the vegetation selected for the landscape must be suitable for the local climate and geological conditions. Senegal is frequently affected by climate changes and fluctuations such as hotter and drier conditions, oscillations in precipitation patterns, extreme events such as floods and droughts, as well as slowonset and incremental environmental changes such as land degradation, salinisation, and desertification (Hummel, 2016). From a geomorphological perspective, the terrain is predominantly clay-sand. The low temperature varies from 16°C in December to 23°C in June, with high temperatures range from 31°C in August to 43°C in May and humidity of up to 90% (Kaira Looro, 2021). From June to October, the average rainfall in a rainy season reaches 1000-1200 mm/year. The dry season lasts from seven months to ten months and alternates with the rainy season (Kaira Looro, 2021). Furthermore, Senegal’s dominant vegetation commodities are groundnuts, including peanuts, grown as a cash crop for export markets, rice, sorghum, and millet, followed by fruits, including watermelons, cashews, and mangoes and vegetables, including tomatoes and onions. These vegetations are also the primary food crops grown for the local market. These vegetations will also be considered to be planted in the demonstrative vegetable garden. Therefore, drought-resistant vegetables are prioritized considered to plant in the vegetable garden for the landscape design, because they meet the requirement of the climate and dietary needs of the local community for the project. And then by planting a variety of different main local crops, we can more effectively help them understand and learn useful agriculture through farming activities.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Table 16 Drought and Heat-tolerant Vegetations to be planted in the Demonstration Farm Identified Vegetation Nutritional Benefit Watermelon has a high water content and a good source of vitamin C and contains vitamin B5, potassium, copper, and vitamin A.

Watermelon. (Barksdale, 2020) Their main fibres, fructans, can feed the friendly bacteria in your gut. Containing the right amount of vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin B6 and potassium, they have many benefits

Brown Onion (Gedrovicha, 2018) A great source of vitamin C, potassium, folate, and vitamin K

Tomato (Hello4Eos, 2019) Provide healthy fats and high-quality protein source of biotin, copper, niacin, folate, manganese, vitamin E, thiamine, phosphorus, and magnesium

Peanuts (Jantra, 2020)

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Good source of vitamin C, mango has many various types of polyphenols which function as antioxidant

Mango Trees (Barksdale, 2019) Good source of vitamins like Vitamin C, A, B6 and also rich in fibre and minerals and high in antioxidant

Sweet Potato (Yotrak, 2014) Great source of vitamins and minerals which includes vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin B6, thiamine, niacin, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, copper, fibre, folic acid, potassium which are benefits to health

African Eggplant (African Farming, 2020) A good source of vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin. Cassava leaves can contain up to 25 percent protein.

Cassava (Tinglee 1631, 2016)

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Okra, (Yotrak, 2017)

Rich in many nutrients and especially high in vitamins C, A and K. It also Contains beneficial antioxidants. And May benefit with lower heart disease risk and lower the blood sugar.

Good source of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Protein Also a good source of minerals, particularly manganese which is good for bone health and wound healing

Green Beans, (Kerr, 2011)

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

Figure 49: Landscape Plan. Drawn by A.Weller & C.Li, (2021).

5.3

Greywater Management

By: Chenshuo Li

Water is the basic requirement of life, and for financial development. In Gleick’s research, estimation shows that about 46% of the population within Africa does not have access to safe drinking water, while 34% of the population lacks adequate sanitary water. In many areas, rainwater is the only source of fresh water for drinking and household use, so collecting rainwater becomes an essential and crucial measure for them during the dry season (Ali et al, 2009). Collecting rainwater can effectively help improve the availability of water in any area. Although the average rainy season in Baghere lasts for 4 months from June to October, The dry season lasts from seven months to ten months and alternates with the rainy season (Kaira Looro, 2021). Therefore, a rainwater cistern is decided to be placed in the courtyard of the project to collect rainwater for irrigation use during the dry season. Rainwater cistern system is critical during the dry season in Baghere, which can help increase livelihood and agricultural development by improving local water supplies. The cistern water system stores the water needed for the Women House. An above-ground cistern that can be filled by rainwater which collects from the roofs of the animal pens. Figure 50 Rainwater Cistern System Schematic

Innovative Water Solution (2020).

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

5.4

Waste Treatment

By: Chenshuo Li

For waste management, an anaerobic digester will be placed near the rear of the animal pens for blackwater, animal waste, and organic solid waste to turn into energy and fuel, and fertilizer (Tilley et al.2014). The biogas reactor can produce biogas that replaces conventional energy sources, reducing reliance on fossil fuel and firewood. And the biogas slurry produced by the reactor can substitute chemical fertilizer for the crop yield, where the human excreta cannot be directly used as fertilizer while reducing N2O emissions. Figure 51 Anaerobic Digestion Generators Schematic

Tilley et al. (2014).

Biogas is a combination of methane, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases, which could be transformed into light, heat, or electricity (MES et al. 2003). The Small-scale biogas reactor is usually designed to produce biogas at the household or community level in rural areas, which is suitable waste management for the Women House in Baghere. The biogas reactor only required a small land space and no electrical energy consumption for the entire mechanism. It combined waste treatment of animal, human and solid organic waste from the kitchen or the garden. Besides, the biogas reactor can be constructed with low capital cost and maintained with low operating costs with materials that can be found at local (Tilley et al. 2014).

5.4

Programme of Works

By: Chenshuo Li

The objective of the landscape design of the women’s house is to provide the ability to learn new skills and knowledge based on agriculture as both a social and economic resource. In addition, knowledge of greywater management and waste management will be introduced to the community. The Landscape Design Plan is shown in the figure below. To achieve this, the design incorporates a demonstration farm at the rear of the plot, to provide a sustainable source of nutritious vegetables; the purpose of the farm is to equip women with the skills of food production, nutrition, whilst providing a source of income through marketing the crops. The vegetations can be traded as commodities locally while providing stable revenues to cover the cost of running the women house, such as building maintenance. Surrounding sections of the building envelope are garden beds where the women can plant trees to act as a cooling and shading device once grown. Furthermore, a rainwater cistern system will be placed at the middle of the animal pens situated at the rear of the plot, where rainwater will be harvested from the pen roofs to provide a sustainable source of water for the demonstration farm and live animals, allowing the water sourced from the Women’s House to solely be for the use of the community. Finally, a biogas reactor will be placed near the rear of the animal pens for blackwater, animal waste, and organic solid waste to turn into the digested slurry that can be utilized as a rich fertilizer for crop yields and biogas that can be utilized for energy for cooking.

ABPL2077 Humanitarian Construction 2021

6.0

Conclusion

By Yuzki Wang

Along with appropriate exploration and analysis of the five design considerations, this report illustrates a set of architecture, construction and landscape solutions for the Baghere Women's House project. The design proposal prioritises local community engagement, communication and collaboration. As the building systems enables female participation in decision-making processes, the Women's House is the substantial-practical solution towards gender equality issues in Baghere and surrounding villages. The proposed land arrangement responses to the community capability of preserving the land and environment. The architecture expression endorses local female identity, as well as generates gender equality awareness and knowledge. The construction choice of materials and technologies are consistent with the principles of sustainability and self-construction. And beyond, the landscape arrangement consolidates female empowerment and acknowledgement. In short, the overall design integrates with the socio-cultural context of Baghere, reinterprets and respects the traditions and social norms and the Women's House represents the integration of Baghere female power.

7.0

References

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Karak, T., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2011). Human urine as a source of alternative natural fertilizer in agriculture: A flight of fancy or an achievable reality. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55(4), 400–408. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921344910002636 Kerr, B. (2011). History of the green bean crop. Farmer’s Weekly https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/farm-basics/how-to-crop/history-of-the-green-bean-crop/ Kubba, S. (2017). Handbook of Green Building Design and Construction. (2nd Revised Ed.) Elsevier. Lee, K.T., Lee, C., Yang, M., & Yu, C. (2000). Soil and Water: Probabilistic Design of Storage Capacity for Rainwater Cistern Systems. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 77(3), 343-348. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021863400905973 Look, A. (2010). In Senegal, Educators Fight to Keep girls in school. Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/africa/senegal-educators-fight-keep-girls-school Look, A. (2010). In Senegal, Educators Fight to Keep girls in school. Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/africa/senegal-educators-fight-keep-girls-school Lorentz, S., Wickham B., & Still, D. (2015). Investigation into Pollution from on-site dry sanitation systems. Report No. 2115/1/15. Water Research Commission.https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-andpublications/library/details/2482 Malkki, S. (n.d). Human faeces as a resource in agriculture. TTS-Institute. Mannen, D., Hinton, S., Kuijper, T., & Porter, T. (2012). Sustainable Organizing: A Multiparadigm Perspective of Organizational Development and Permaculture Gardening. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies - J Leader Organ Stud. 19. 355368. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812442967. Mes, T.Z.D., de Stams, A.J.M., & Zeeman, G. (2003): Chapter 4. Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes. In: Reith, J.H., Wijffels, R.H., & Barten, H. (2003): Biomethane and Biohydrogen. Status and perspectives of biological methane and hydrogen production. Dutch Biological Hydrogen Foundation. MyClimate. (n.d.). Animal Manure Produces Clean Biogas. https://www.myclimate.org/information/carbon-offset-projects/detail-carbon-offsetprojects/indonesia-biogas-7200/ NCC. (2016). Part 3.2.5.2 Pad footings for clad frame. https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/ncc-online/NCC/2016A1/NCC-2016-Volume-Two/Part-32-Footings-And-Slabs/Part-325-Footing-And-SlabConstruction/Part-325-Footing-And-Slab-Construction?inlineLink=%7BE60990D9-73E8-43C095A69D324C316B23%7D&fbclid=IwAR2R2C0GFDjB_zOKHL6RVSW69sF3QeQhQEGUuYW5c1NojXV WBs_TKstA7k4 Ndour, K. (2020). Tackling the “shadow Pandemic” of Domestic violence During COVID-19. Akina Mama wa Afrika. https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/the-dramatic-increase-of-domesticviolence-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/

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Niang, A., Sarr, N., Hathie, I., Diouf, N.C., Ba, C.O., Ka, I., & Gagne, M. (2017). Understanding changing land access and use by the rural poor in Senegal. International Institute for Environment and Development. Oketch, M. (2005, November). Ecological Alternatives in Sanitation: Systems for Enhancing Ventilation for Improved Control of Odour and Fly Nuisance in Dry urine Diverting Ecological Sanitation Toilets. Directorate of Water Development. https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/OKETCH%202005%20Systems% 20for%20Enhancing%20Ventilation%20for%20Improved%20Control%20of%20Odour%20and %20Fly%20Nuisance%20in%20Dry%20Urine%20Diverting%20Ecological%20Sanitation%20Toi lets.pdf Palallo, F., Ardi M., & Yusuf, G. (2018). The Potency Of Livestock Waste Into Renewable Energy (Biogas) In Palipu District Tana Toraja Regency. Journal of Physics: Conference, Series 1028, 16. Doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1028/1/012010 Paper. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNFPA). https://esaro.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pubpdf/UNFPA%20Review%20Menstrual%20Health%20Management%20Final%2004%20June%2 02018.pdf Peasey, A. (2000). Health aspects of dry sanitation with waste reuse. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/sante-hygienemedecine/Toilettes-Seches-ecosans/task0324.pdf Pelak, N., & Porporato, A. (2016). Sizing a rainwater harvesting cistern by minimising costs. Journal of Hydrology, 541, 1340-1347. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.036 Ragman, S., Kham, M.T.R., Akib, S., Biswas, S.K., & Shirazi, S.M. (2014). Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting System in terms of Water Quality. The Scientific World Journal, 1-10. Doi:10.1155/2014/721357 Redlinger, T., Graham, J., Corella-Barud, V., & Avitia, R. (2011). Survival of Fecal Coliforms in DryComposting Toilets. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(9), 4036-4040. Doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.9.4036-4040.2001 Robertson, H. (2018). Regional Woven Distribution: A resource and needs based building strategy forthe remote Northeast Arnhem Land Region of Australia. PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne. Rubin, D. (2010). Gender Assessment USAID/Senegal. United States Agency for International Development Samoita, D., Nzila, C., Ostergaard, P.A., & Remmen, A. (2020). Barriers and Solutions for Increasing the Sobsey, M., Stauber, C., Casanova, L., Brown, J., Elliott, M. (2008). Point of Use Household Drinking Water Filtration: A Practical Effective Solution for Providing Sustained Access to Safe Drinking Water in the Developing World. Environ. Sci. Technol, 42 (12), 4261-4267 Sphere Association. (2018). Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Systems and Technologies. (2nd Revised Ed). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and

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Technology. https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/TILLEY%20et%20al%202014%20 Compndium%20of%20Sanitation%20Systems%20and%20Technologies%20%202nd%20Revised%20Edition.pdf Taylor, Tegan. (2018). Tank water: How to proect yourself from gastro, toxic metals and more. ABC NEWS. https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2017-11-30/rainwater-tanksafety/9157240#:~:text=Well%2C%20not%20quite.,from%20drinking%20rainwater%20is%20l ow. Tellier, S., & Hyttel, M. (2017). Menstrual Health Management in East and Southern Africa: A Review The World Bank. (2016). World Development Indicators 2016. The World Bank Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Luethi, C., Reymond, P., & Zurbruegg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Tinglee1631. (2016). Cassava Plant Care – Information On How To Grow Cassavas. Gardening Know How. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cassava/growing-cassavayuca.htm Toraasen, M. (2017). Gender parity in Senegal: A continuing struggle. https://www.cmi.no/publications/6230-gender-parity-in-senegal-a-continuing-struggle Toure, O., & Seck, S.M. (2005). Family and commercial farming in the Niayes area of Senegal. Issue Paper 133. International Institute for Environment and Development. https://pubs.iied.org/9548IIED Treacy, J. (April 3rd 2019). Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries. The Relevance of Hygiene to health in Developing Countries, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.80780. https://www.intechopen.com/books/the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developingcountries/drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries UN water. (n.d). Water and Gender. United Nations https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/senegal_26018.html UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre. (1997). Source Book of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean. UNICET. (2005). From a vicious to a positive cycle: Girls’ education in Senegal. Voice of America. https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/senegal_26018.html United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2019, May). Guidance on Menstrual Health and Hygiene. https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF-Guidance-menstrual-health-hygiene-2019.pdf United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). (2014). The Human Right to Water and Sanitation. https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/human_right_to_water.shtml United Nations Department of Global Communications. (2020). Sustainable Development Goals. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%2 0Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf

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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2017). UNESCO and Gender Equality in Sub-Saharan Africa. UNESCO http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/AFR/images/3781_15_E_web.pdf United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNFPA). (2020). Giving Special Attention to Girls and Adolescents. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/giving-special-attention-girls-and-adolescents United Nations World Food Program. (2021). Senegal. https://www.wfp.org/countries/senegal USAID. (2010). Property Rights and Resources Governance. https://www.land-links.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/09/USAID_Land_Tenure_Niger_Profile.pdf Van Ryneveld, M.B., & Fourie, A.B. (1997). A strategy for evaluating the environmentalimpact of onsite sanitation systems. Water SA, 23(4): 279-291. http://www.wrc.org.za/wpcontent/uploads/mdocs/WaterSA_1997_04_1018.PDF Vishwanathan, P. (n.d). WaterAid Girls and Women. WaterAid https://www.wateraid.org/uk/thecrisis/tackling-inequality/girls-and-women Wang, H., Omosa, i., Li, F., Monem, M., (August 2014).Water and Wastewater Treatment in AfricaCurrent Pactices and Challenges. Clean – Soil Air Water, DOI: 10.1002/clen.201300208 https://www.intechopen.com/books/the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developingcountries/drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries Warner, W.S. (2004). Cultural Influences that Affect the Acceptance of Compost Toilets: Psychology, Religion and Gender. Jordforsk, 1-6. https://www.waterfund.go.ke/watersource/Downloads/001.%20Cultural%20Influence%20an d%20Acceptance.pdf Wopereis, M., Johnson, D., Ahmadi, N., Tollens, E., & Jalloh, A., (2013). Realizing Africa's Rice Promise. Wallingford: CABI, pp.35-45. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845938123.0035. World Bank. (2019, March 19). Senegal Rural Land Policy: Modernising the Rural Land Sector. Report No. AUS0000690. World Bank. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/642981556794326058/pdf/Senegal-Supportto-Senegal-Rural-Land-Policy-ASA-Modernizing-the-Rural-Land-Sector.pdf World Health Organisation. (2018). Guidelines on Sanitation and Health. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274939/9789241514705-eng.pdf?ua=1 World Health Organization. (2015). Senegal. UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water World Health Organization. (2018). GUIDELINES ON SANITATION AND HEATLH. World Health Organization Yotrak. (2014). Information On How To Grow And Harvest Sweet Potatoes. Yotrak. (2017) Best Vegetables To Grow In The Heat. The Old Farmer’s Almanac.https://www.almanac.com/some-it-hot-best-vegetables-grow-heat

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Zamudio, A.N., & Terton, A. (2016). Review of current and planned adaption action in Senegal. Collaborative Adaption Research Initiative in Africa and Asia. https://idl-bncidrc.dspacedirect.org/bitstream/handle/10625/55877/IDL55877.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

List of Drawings

Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Concept Diagram. [drawing] Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Construction Sequence. [drawing]. Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Context Analysis. [drawing]. Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Activity Centre Spatial Configurations. [drawing]. Bourke, J. (2022, February 25). Woven Shutters and Partitions.[drawing] Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Passive Design Strategy. [drawing] Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Living Pattern Diagrams. [drawing] Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Site Plan. [drawing] Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Ground Floor Plan. [drawing]. Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Sections. [drawing]. Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Elevations. [drawing]. Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Street Frontage.[image] Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Central Courtyard. [image]. Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Focus Groups. [image]. Bourke, J. (2021, February 25). Activity Centre Workshops. [image]. Feng. A. Pad footing detailed section. (2021, 25 February). [drawing] Feng. A Wall Elevation Section. (2021, 25 February). [drawing] Weller, A., & Li, C. (2021, February 24). Landscape Plan. [drawing]. List of Figures

Figure 1: Stakeholder Mapping of the Baghere Women’s House. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 2: Duccio Turin’s model for Stakeholders management of the Baghere Women’s House. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 3: Geographical location of stakeholders of the Baghere Women’s House. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 4:Involvement of stakeholders at each project stage of the Baghere Women’s House Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 5: WASH requirements diagram in the context of Baghere, Senegal. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 6: Water Access Key Actions. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 7: Water Access via the underground cistern. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 8: Sanitation and Drinking-water practice from equity in governance perspective in Senegal. UN Water, (2014). Figure 9: Population with access to improved sanitation facilities in Senegal. UN Water, (2014). Figure 10: Hazardous events for permeable and impermeable contamination by pit latrine. World Health Organisation, (2018). Figure 11: Biosolid Filtration Unit used at Baghere Women’s House and its filtration process. Y.Wang, (2021).

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Figure 12: Rainwater supply system at the Baghere Women’s House. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 13: Dry compost toilet waste management plan. World Health Organisation, (2018). Figure 14: Wastewater management system concept at the Baghere Women’s House. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 15: Excreta Management Key Actions. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 16: Sanitation Service Chain. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 17: Pit latrine contaminant movement being a considerable risk. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 18: Process diagram of composting toilet. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 19: Composting toilet utilising natural ventilation. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 20: Menstrual Hygiene Management Key Actions. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 21: Renewable Power System Key Actions. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 22: Anaerobic Digestion Process. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 23: Renewable energy usage at the Baghere Women’s House. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 24: Baghere Women’s House weekly Schedule. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 25: Context Map of Baghere and Surroundings. A.Weller, (2021). Figure 26: Proposed site of the Women’s Centre in Baghere. Kaira Looro, (2021). Figure 27: Proposed site of the Women’s Centre in Baghere. Kaira Looro, (2021). Figure 45: Layer of Earth floor system. A.Feng, (2021). Figure 47: Courtyard Cistern Construction Sequence. Y.Wang, (2021). Figure 48: Construction stage sequence. A.Feng, (2021). Figure 50: Rainwater Cistern System Schematic. Innovative Water Solution, (2020). Figure 51: Anaerobic Digestion Generators Schematic. Tilley et al., (2014).

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APPENDIX 1 By Aaron Feng

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Appendix 2 By Aaron Feng Project name: Company Name: Project Estimator: Last Updated:

Kaira Looro Women Centre2021 Group 5 Construction Pty Ltd Aaron 25/02/2021

Source naturally

Made on site Budget: 18,000 Euro = 11,838,474 CFA (West African franc)

Description General Tools & PPE

Items Shovel Wheelbarrow Hammar Hand saw Glove Tape measure Work knife Screwdriver Level Formwork for air dry mud brick Others

Safety kit

Timber Safety barrier Timber Scaffolding Accessaries

Raw Materials

Clay Sand Mud Water Bamboo (50‐60mm 3meters) Boron Salt

Ground Work Materials

Cement (50kg) Steel Mesh (6000*2400*8mm) Formwork Material (use off‐cut timber) Stone 100‐150mm Drainage Rock Plastic Membrane Crush Rock Roadbase Clay Sand Chopped Straw Drain Oil Accessaries

Frame Stage Materals

Qty

Unit 8 4 6 4 8 2 2 2 1 1 1

Unit Matrl Unit Labor Item 12993.76 Item 7425 Item 5568.75 Item 22275.01 Item 3712.5 Item 14850.01 Item 7425 Item 2970 Item 22275.01 Item 167062.57 Item 185625.08

Unit Sub

Total Matrl Total Labor 103950.08 29700 33412.5 89100.04 29700 29700.02 14850 5940 22275.01 167062.57 185625.08

6 30 1

Piece m Item

10 10 50 200 450 100

m3 m3 m3 L length kg

0 0 37125.02 . 0 0 0 0 1113.75 2227.5

80 9

bag sheet

3712.5 14850.01

0 0 0 0 501187.5 222750 0 297000 133650.09

1 450 8 100 8 4 4 4 10 10 1

Item Piece m3 m2 m3 m3 m3 m3 kg L Item

0 0 14850.01 2970 22275.01 14850.01 0 0 0 5568.75 74250.03

0 0 118800.08 297000 178200.08 59400.04 0 0 0 55687.5 74250.03

Total Sub

Total

0 0 37125.02

Structural Timber (100*50*6000) Timber Column (200*120*4000) "T" Blade Post Support (120mm 1.6meters) Bolt 10mm Brick 222*106*73 Mortar (50kg) Render Steel Lintel Accessaries

25 40

Length Length

6682.5 13365.01

167062.5 534600.4

16 60 250 10 250 10 1

Piece Piece m2 bag m2 m Item

16706.26 5568.75 0 3712.5 2970 200 74250.03

267300.16 334125 0 37125 742500 2000 74250.03

Roof Materials

Roof sheet Accessaries

175 1

m2 Item

7425 37125.02

1299375 37125.02

Fixing Stage

Bamboo door &Openings Timber Foldding Door Furnitures Accessaries

40 4 1 1

m2 0 Piece 37125.02 Item 1113268.2 Item 74250.03

0 148500.08 1113268.21 74250.03

Item 1188000.5

1188000.5

1 1 1

Item 1299375.6 Item 185625.08 Item 37125.02

1299375.6 185625.08 37125.02

m2 m Item Each Item

3712.5 0 0 22275.01 74250.03

928125 0 0 44550.02 74250.03

Each 185625.08

742500.32

Specialist Contractor Composting toilet system Electrician (lighting & solar panel system) Biogas contractor Accessaries Landscaping stage

Others Subtotal

Pavings Bamboo Fence Vegetation Animal Pans Accessaries

250 180 1 2 1

Delivery charge

9344397.46

0 1373625.6

10718023.06

10% Variation

1071802.306

Grand Total

11789825.37

16,271.84 Euro

17,899.03 Euro

Assignment 1: Kaira Looro Women’s House Project Percentage Allocation Agreement Please fill in the table below with the percentage to which each group member contributed to Assignment 1 and submit it with your video submission. Update the agreement again when you get to your final report. For the video submission please just fill in the estimated percentage of work completed so far. For the final report update the percentages for each line so that they all add up to 100. For groups with 5 people the average contribution overall should be 20%, for those with 4 the average contribution should be 25% and for those with 3 the average contribution should be 33%. For groups with 3 or 4 people please cross out the sections your group did not complete. All group members must agree to and sign the bottom of the agreement with their initials. Section Group Group Member Member (name) % (name) % i Fundamental Considerations Yuzki Alexandra Team Leader: Yuzki Wang Wang Weller i.i Introduction 100% i.ii Plan of action for collaborative design and 100% construction with the women of Baghere and the broader community i.iii plan showing all the stakeholders, agencies and 100% technical experts involved in the project i.iv WASH: water access, water treatment, potable 50% 50% water, toilet systems, grey/wastewater treatment options, women's health considerations. i.v POWER: renewable, low-cost, appropriate 50% 50% power systems, cooking solutions. i.vi Gender Equality: A strategic set of priorities 100% and actions for how your construction project response of the Women's House will further gender equality outcomes. i.vii Cohesion of ii. Land Tenure, iii. Architectural 20% 20% Design, iv. Construction Design and v. Landscape Design considerations into the one proposal; and i.viii A conclusion 100% ii. Land Tenure Considerations

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ii.ii ii.iii ii.iv ii.v ii.vi ii.vii

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Team Leader: Alexandra Weller Which site will the project be developed on? Will the 'ideal site' identified by the competition organisers be chosen or is an alternative suggested. In either instance justify. What are the land tenure arrangements? What actions are required to secure the land tenure? Are there any risks associated with the tenure? Are there any existing designated purposes of the site that may require alteration? What approvals processes are needed? Are there any further planning amendment suggestions for the the village of Baghere that could support improved gender equality outcomes? Architectural Design Considerations Team Leader: Jorja Bourke How will the functions suggested by Balouo Salo be combined into the design? Will one or a

Group Member (name) % Jorja Bourke

Group Member (name) % Chenschuo Li

Group Member (name) % Aaron Feng

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100%

100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

100%

iii.ii iii.iii

iii.iv

iii.v

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iv.i

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few of the functions be prioritised over others? Justify. How will the design be flexible and adaptive to changing functions and needs? How will the architectural expression of the building contribute to the vernacular architectural fabric of the Baghere village? Will it draw on traditional techniques/ tectonics/ forms of expression or will it deliberately be differentiated? How will the typology of a 'women's house' be distinct from the other commercial, residential and community facility types of the village? How will local customs and cultural practices be considered in the building? (such as separate men/women spaces, sensitivities around bathroom design and other considerations) Are there any unintended negative consequences that might arise from the design (such as vulnerability for domestic violence or social ostracism in the village) that you need to consider?; and Produce plans, sections and 3D perspectives to communicate the design (show materials and living pattern diagrams in all drawings). Construction Design Considerations Team Leader: Design a construction system that utilises locally available resources. Show the system using construction details, process diagrams and a detailed wall section. Using a Gantt chart outline a construction programme for the proposed women's centre. Break the project into stages including: collaborative design, approvals, site establishment, construction sub-stages and post-occupancy evaluation; and Based on the architectural design and the materials and systems used cost the Women's Centre proposal. Include allowances for materials and labour such as specialist contractors (if needed). Ensure the cost fits within the proposed budget of 18,000 Euros. Landscape Design Considerations

100% 100%

100%

20%

Team Leader: How can the women's centre promote food security? Design an onsite food production system to be incorporated into the design. v.ii What plants/foods are most appropriate for planting at the women's centre? Design a scheme and justify with research. v.iii How can landscaping elements assist to treat grey and/or waste water on site. Develop a scheme and integrate with the design; and v.iv Provide a plan for how the landscaping work will be undertaken. Signatures I agree that I have made the contributions listed above to the assignment. Signature: JB Name: Jorja Bourke I agree that I have made the contributions listed above to the assignment. Signature: AW Name: Alexandra Weller I agree that I have made the contributions listed above to the assignment. v.i

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Signature: YW Name: Yuzki Wang I agree that I have made the contributions listed above to the assignment. Signature: AF Name: Aaron Feng I agree that I have made the contributions listed above to the assignment. Signature:CL Name: Chenshuo Li

Assignment 1: Kaira Looro Women’s House Project Name: ______Jorja Bourke 911636 ____________________________________ Group Number: 5 In the section below please outline the contributions you believe you have made to the assignment in terms of the sections completed, the methods of collaboration you have used and the level at which you rate your own contribution: Self-Assessment: I have contributed significantly to the design considerations where I have developed architectural design moves like adaptive pivoting walls to meet the Balouo Salo suggestions of flexibility. I have also researched many traditional local customs like weaving, clay brick and the local architectural vernacular to determine a suitable building system and materials that can engage the community from the design to build process. I have conducted site analysis to determine a suitable position for the building within the site to meet passive design strategies like shading and cross ventilation. I have also conducted research into the possible cultural sensitivities surrounding going to the toilet and have developed a toilet block that separates genders for privacy while still maintaining site lines to the main building for safety. I have completed multiple living pattern diagrams, concept diagrams,plans , sections and renders. Self-rating: (circle one) Excellent Very Good Good Okay Poor Unsatisfactory In the section below please outline the contributions you believe your fellow group members have made to the assignment in terms of the sections they completed, the methods of collaboration they used and the level at which you rate their overall contribution: Group Member Name:__alex weller Peer-Assessment:

Alex was in charge of land tenure and has done some research surrounding all of the site procurement considerations. She has also contributed to wash, by researching a dry toilet system. She has also contributed to drawing the landscape design drawings. Peer-rating: (circle one) Excellent Very Good Good Okay Poor Unsatisfactory

Group Member Name:__aaron Peer-Assessment: Aaron has been researching the construction costing and timeline and has contributed diagrams and tables relating to this. He has also researched some of the structural systems relating to the structure and has drawn some structural section details Peer-rating: (circle one) Excellent Very Good Good Okay Poor Unsatisfactory Group Member Name:__Yuzki_________________________________________________________________________________________ Peer-Assessment: Yuzki is in charge of the fundamental considerations and has been researching WASH systems. She has written an introduction and a plan of action for collaborative design and construction and has identified stakeholders. She has also contributed some sectional diagrams and formatted the video presentation

Peer-rating: (circle one) Excellent Very Good

Good

Okay

Poor

Unsatisfactory

Group Member Name:____chenshuo______________________________________________________________________________________ Peer-Assessment: Chenshuo is in charge of landscape design and has done research in local planting and vegetation. He has also helped with the landscape plan drawing.

Peer-rating: (circle one) Excellent Very Good

Good

Okay

Poor

Unsatisfactory

Group 5_Kaira Looro Women's House Project

Articles inside

5.4 Waste Treatment

5.2 Vegetation

7.0 References

5.1 Food Security

5.0 Landscape Design Considerations

4.2 Programme

4.3 Cost Proposal

4.1.5 Cistern Construction

3.4 Consequence of Design

3.1 Building Form and Function

2.4 Conflict in Use

2.5 Land Tenure, Women and Future Suggestions

2.2 Land Tenure Context and Arrangements

2.1 Site Location

2.3 Land Tenure Risks

2.0 Land Tenure Considerations

1.4.6 Women’s Health Considerations

1.4.4 Wastewater Treatment

1.4.2 Water Treatment

1.3 Stakeholder Involvement

1.4 WASH

1.6 Gender Equality Priorities and Actions

1.4.1 Water Access

1.2 Community Engagement Plan