Group 8_Kaira Looro Women's House Report by ABPL90277_HumanitarianConstruction

Construction Project Response Report ABPL90277 Humanitarian Construction Summer Intensive

Fundamental (Livia Wang) Landscape (Ruiling Guan) Construction (Dandan He) Architecture(Jason)

Table of Contents I. Fundamental Considerations .......................................................................................... 2 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 2

i. Geographic Context................................................................................................................................... 2 ii. Socio-cultural Context ............................................................................................................................. 2 iii. Socio-political Context ........................................................................................................................... 2

Collaborative Design and Construction ...................................................................................... 2 Stakeholder Mapping................................................................................................................. 5 WASH ........................................................................................................................................ 6

The existing WASH conditions .................................................................................................................... 6 Women’s health Considerations ................................................................................................................... 6 WASH solutions ........................................................................................................................................... 6

Power ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Gender Equality ......................................................................................................................... 9

Strategic priorities ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Actions ....................................................................................................................................................... 10

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 11 Reference ................................................................................................................................ 12

I. Fundamental Considerations (Mengxue Wang 1024786) Introduction Gender equality is essential to the construction for rural development in which everyone can fundamentally make contribution to the establishment of a sustainable society. In collaboration with WGDD Africa Union, UN Women Africa, Ministry of Women Senegal, Municipality of Baghere, Balouo Salo commits to construct a Women’s House to develop gender equality in Baghere village, Senegal, where is featured by a rural environment with a quality of life that is among the lowest in the region due to the absence of and inaccessibility to primary public services. This scenario poses significant threat to women’s basic needs regarding hygiene, violence and equal rights. Therefore, this report is about designing the Women’s House, and the principal objective of the construction project is to promote gender equality and fight against human rights by means of empowerment, in which get local women involved in the making and maintenance of the building. The concept of the design is being inclusive and offering women a sense of security. i. Geographic Context The Baghere village endures seven to ten months dry season and alternates with the rainy season. It has mild and changeable weather in June and hot humid summer in August. The village undergoes desertification and salinisation due to climate change and is subject to flooding and drought. Saltwater intrusion also has led to the loss of arable land and the contamination of aquifers. Therefore, the geographic context in Baghere may challenge the procurement of construction materials and expand the construction timeframe. ii. Socio-cultural Context The population in the Baghere village is almost 2,200 people, of which 53% are women and 58% are minors. Most people there are Islamic, a small amount of people embrace Christianity and nearly 1% animists. Currently, women assume the responsibility to take care of the family. Despite women have the same legal rights as men, outdated and incorrect perceptions of Sharia Law still enjoy a higher profile. Many people believe women cannot own property or inherit land from their fathers and husbands (Kimani, 2008). Many women also have the problem of being denied access to the labor market (Mutume, 2005). The woman is more likely to stay at home and not to provide for a second income in the household. iii. Socio-political Context The Senegalese women's movement in 2010 succeeded in pushing for the adoption of the Senegalese Law on parity, promoting the gender quotas and claiming their rightful place (Tøraasen, 2017). The law enables political parties to have equal female-male ratio. Meanwhile, the National Strategy for Equity and Gender Equality has implemented in 2016, enabling both female and male have the same opportunities to benefit equally advancement (Data Hub, 2019).

Collaborative Design and Construction

While the empowerment of women requires long-term effort, the involvement of the construction process from the very beginning may allow women to achieve their realization of self-value. In doing so, implementing collaborative design and construction would be a practical interactive process to embrace opinions from women. During the initial phase of the construction project, the project team may identify the principal needs for women in terms of water services, health, hygiene and food production. The needs assessment may be carried out among women via eight-people focus group to investigate their hierarchy of needs, so as to optimize the allocation of available resources in the local context. Following that, the research on Islamic value and local custom via the communication with the community allows the design team to incorporate their culture value into the design, ultimately providing a functional self-sustain shelter for women. The procurement and construction stage encourage local labor, especially women workforce, to participate in building the women’s house. Skill trainings are provided, such as bamboo weaving, enabling them to have sufficient ability to making the facility. With limited resources, the local contractor obtains indigenous building materials from the local community, yet to achieve a stable and sustainable built asset. After the completion of the women’s house, it will be fully operated and maintained by local women, which is expected to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. Below table explains a detailed action plan for collaborative design and construction.

Table 1: An action plan for collaborative design and construction Project Stage

Action Description

Objective

Accountable

Responsible

Conceptual Planning and Feasibility Study

Conduct needs assessment for local women by means of focus groups

Project Manager

Design and Engineering

Conduct community consultation on cultural /religious custom and data collection; Consult local authorities and representative about amenity facilities networks and local traditions; Desktop research on similar projects and brainstorm feasible design plans and draft; Circulate questionnaire among local women for design preference selection. The contractor appoints local community as the subcontractors to obtain local building materials, labor and equipment; Train women construction skills and enable them to make the building, including weaving, bricklaying

To effectively allocate scarce resources for the woman house in humanitarian and development contexts; To identify and prioritize the basic needs for women. To practically design the women’s house based on the vernacular of local context and meet the demands of women, specifically addressing the hygiene issues.

Project Manager

Architects and Engineers

To empower women skills and raise their awareness on gender equality through involving them into construction process at the beginning; To utilize local materials to achieve a sustainable building. To provide local women a sense of security and fulfillment; To eliminate the local gender issues.

Project Manager

The Contractor

Local Women

Procurement and Construction

Operation and Maintenance

Enable local women to operate and maintain the facility with autonomy

Stakeholder Mapping Table 2: Stakeholder Analysis

Village Women

The above Duccio Turin’s model accounts for different stakeholder roles and engagement throughout the lifecycle of a construction project (Robertson, 2021). In terms of defining the user’s requirement, the client is typically the one that does that, while in community-led approaches, the users define the requirements. Therefore, the Baghere community have been involved with that Balouo Salo, the NGO, to define what the user’s requirements are and they have written a brief, however they have dropped off at this stage when we are thinking about the building design. The community also acts as a professional role to participate in the project, offering local socio-economic contexts, especially the influences on our targeted group, while local authorities commit to sharing the approved ESAP and amenity networking condition. We would like to bring the local contractor in early as in brief stage for labor upskilling, which helps build capacity with the local people to understand and help train them. The contractor works with manufacturers, the design team, the engineering team along the construction process. In this self-build project, the user is also involving in the production stage, which correlates to being construction, whereas the local contractor is able to supervise the work, as the disciplinary responsibility still lies with the contractor and they can actually help with the ability issue as we go through that early design process. After the final assembly by users, the built asset undergoes operation by local women with self-autonomy. The NOG and local service companies help with local women to have maintenance of the facility.

WASH The existing WASH conditions Water resources are essential sources of life in Baghere community, as Casamance region only have three months rain season every year. Consequently, the population in Casamance region live with 10 liters per person, which is collected from well, rainwater and river, but limited access to drinkable water (Kaira Looro, n.d.). The Baghere community is also known as one of the least developed regions in the country, insufficient access to primary public services, especially being absent from clean water, which is contaminated due to changing climate and environmental pollution. The current waste management is missing, as 88% of the residents of the region discard household waste on the street, in nature and in illegal landfills. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing clean drinkable water to address the general health and hygiene issues to avoid infections and diseases (Balouo Salo, n.d.). Women’s health Considerations In a global context, women and girls are experiencing inequalities in access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene services, despite having a considerable role relative to men in these activities. The disproportionate access to clean water makes women vulnerable to infection around their periods. This phenomenon implies that promoting gender equality and women empowerment in decision-making control are critical in rural areas to achieve sustainable development (Kayser, Rao, Jose & Raj, 2019). WASH solutions Due to the inaccessibility in clean water in Baghere community, Warka Water could be the solution to addressing the difficulties regarding portable water. It is considered as an alternative water source in developing countries, especially in regions where pipelines are not reachable for water supply, and it features to be operated by the villagers. The Warka Water tower is a vertical structure which collects water from the atmosphere, such as fog, dew and

rain, to harvest drinking water. It does not require power supply and can self-function by gravity, condensation and evaporation (Warka Water Inc, 2017). Figure 1 illustrates how the water tower function. Then the collected water can be stored in a nearby water tank; therefore, portable water can be accessible from both Warka Water and water tank. The canal may trade water into the farmland for irrigation. Detailed illustration is integrated into landscape design.

Fig.1 How Warka Water works The rainfall may also be collected for farmland irrigation by means of roof collecting. The house's gable thatched roof is made of bamboo using local weaving technique. The rainwater can be collected by the canal besides the house boundary line and stored in reservoirs, which allows them to be used for farming. As a result, local women are free from collecting and store water, thus enabling them to investing time in education and other social activities. In terms of toilet systems, waterless pit system without sludge production may be proposed to the project. This system is suitable for regions where water resources are in scarcity. A dry toilet would be the user interface for this system and requires no flush of water, and it connects to a Fossa Alterna, which is a waterless double pit technology designed to make an earth-like material, for humic product treatment. The double pits allow the material to degrade and transform into a nutrient-rich soil conditioner, which is hygienical to excavate. When one of the pits is full, it is covered and temporarily moved out. Till another pit is filling with excreta, it is allowed to degrade the content of the first full pit. After both pits are full, the first pit is required to be emptied and put back into service, and the cycle is continually repeated (Tilley, Ulrich, Lüthi, Reymond & Zurbrügg, n.d.). As a result, this waterless pit system can be a permanent solution for local women to have access to toilet, meanwhile, the humic product can be manually fertilized for farmland, promoting the capacity to self-sustain the built asset. Figure 2 shows how the waterless pit system works and can be fit in the Baghere community.

Dry Toilet

Alternating Fossa Alterna technology

Fertilize the farmland

Fig.2 Waterless pit system

Power Due to the lack of infrastructure and resources, the quality of life in Baghere village is the lowest in the country, where 70% of the inhabitants remain off-grid. Solar energy offered by PayGo companies may be the ideal solution to address this challenge. In partnership with Lighting Global and World Bank Group, PayGo solar companies have enhanced the quality of life of millions of rural and low-income populations, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, by means of having clean energy access and bringing financing, thus addressing the energy access gap. They integrate modern electric utilities, retailers and financial institutions that makes solar system affordable for low-income populations (Lighting Global, 2021). Considering the women’s house is not entirely open for public during the nighttime, only lighting in meeting areas, corridors and toilets are designed to be available for any temporary and urgent conventions. Therefore, the procurement of the solar system may be within the budget and feasible for the project. However, the most fundamental rationale using solar energy is that it is one of the renewable and green energy, and it is known for reducing carbon emissions and saving electricity bills. Solar panels are to be installed on the canopy of the Warka Water tower, which faces South and gets sufficient exposure to sunlight, whereas the batteries of the solar system will be put on in the tool storage room near the main building. These batteries will store energy the sun and other renewable sources, and supply

power to the facility and feed the energy into the local grid. Figure 3 illustrates the working principle of the solar system.

Fig 3. Solar system working principle

As for fuels for kitchen, we choose to use natural gas for cooking solution, as Senegal is one of the largest gas producers in Africa and the Senegalese government is leading a gas revolution to efficiently monetize the resource, as well as to provide stable and reliable gas for residents (Africa Oil & Power, 2020). Apart from that, natural gas is often recognized as a low-cost, low carbon and easily accessible fuel. Despite that natural gas is not renewable, it generates less greenhouse gases emissions than other fossil fuels do (Brinson, 2012). The installation of natural gas for the women’s house involves the local gas network and connects to the kitchen onsite.

Gender Equality The women’s house is intended to be an inclusive space for women to share their insights on advancing gender equality, as well as acts as a shelter to protect their equal rights against discrimination and violence, thus, accomplishing women empowerment and female emancipation, which is a critical factor for sustainable and stable development in rural area, whereas at the same time, it is necessary to raise awareness of the male community so as to further gender equality as a whole. In order to facilitate gender equality outcomes, following set of priorities and actions is required to consolidate. Strategic priorities • Deliver the women’s house to the female community as an iconic architecture, in which equip with self-sustain and technological capacity; • Foster and train a group of women as a female committee to manage and operate the women’s house; • Deliver and spread the significant charter of human rights;

• • •

Disseminate the fundamental significance of gender equality to decrease gender gap for women emancipation; Eliminate discrimination and violence against women and children; Organize and coordinate all sorts of conventions, such as seminars, workshops to raise awareness of the local community on gender equality.

Actions • • • • • • • • • • •

Develop a webpage or create accounts on social media to establish the social profiles for the buildup of activities and events on gender equality; Set up a team to raise awareness for door-to-door, press releases and diplomatic conversations; In partnership with local authorities and institutions to advance the operational process of the women’s house from the perspectives of health, hygiene, legal and administration; Establish a mechanism for emergency services and urgent assistance for local women, in case of domestic abuse and sexual harassments; Provide as a shelter for protection and first-aid; Organize thematic seminars on international Women’s Days to fight against discrimination and violence; Organize parade to demonstrate the significance of equal rights, in order to convey the perceptions to the entire local community Provide training courses of common foreign language Provide multidisciplinary courses of sciences and arts (mathematics, physics, chemistry, geography, history and literature) In partnership with UN Women and African Union, provide universal perceptions and knowledge on gender equality, human rights for sustainable development; Encourage conversations with local associations to develop gender mainstream strategy in the local context

Conclusion The overall design is based on the vernacular of local contexts, procuring local building materials and constructing in innovative and technological techniques. As a result, the women’s house could be the symbolic and sustainable architecture. The main concept of the design is to address the basic needs of women and help them gain social esteem and selfactualization, further, to promote gender equality. In terms of landscape design, the idea comes from the west African symbol which means hope and is using local common crops to develop a farmland so as to enable them to self-sustain. From architectural perspective, the layout of the women’s house is integrated with local religious factor and environmental context, so the main building block is equipped with a medication room that are towards Mecca, a meeting room for communications and sharing insights, a multifunction hall, a consultation room, a childcare room, a production workshop and an office. As for construction, the materials selected are exclusively from local area, recycled and low-cost with self-help construction techniques that are easy to acquire for women. To summarize, the self-built construction project involves women at the very beginning of the project, and the creation of a women committee to run the built asset has enduring positive impacts on awareness raising in the name of equality.

Reference Africa Oil & Power. (2020). Gas-to-Power, Fuel for Senegal’s Transition. https://www.africaoilandpower.com/2020/12/29/gas-to-power-fuel-for-senegalstransition/#:~:text=Senegal%20is%20one%20of%20Africa's,thanks%20to%20major%20disc overies%20offshore Balouo Salo. (n.d.). Solar well with depurating system in Baghere. https://www.balouosalo.com/project/bagherewell.html Brinson, L. (2012). Is natural gas a good source of energy? https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/natural-gas-energy.htm Data Hub. (2019). Gender Equality Context in Senegal. https://data.em2030.org/countries/senegal/#:~:text=Senegal%20has%20adopted%20the%20 National,gender%20budgeting%20at%20national%20level Kaira Looro. (n.d.). Assembly Centre and Distribution of Water “Balouo Jioo”. http://www.kairalooro.com/workshop/theme3.html Kayser, G., Rao, N., Jose, R., & Raj, A. (2019). Water, sanitation and hygiene: measuring gender equality and empowerment. https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/97/6/18223305/en/ Kimani, M. (2008). Women struggle to secure land rights. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2008/women-struggle-secure-land-rights Lighting Global. (2021). Pay-As-You-Go (PAYGo). https://www.lightingglobal.org/paygo/ Mutume, G. (2005). African women battle for equality. https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/july-2005/african-women-battle-equality Robertson, H. (2021). Humanitarian Construction ABPL90277 Lecture 3 Summer Intensive 2021 [Lecture notes]. https://canvas.lms.unimelb.edu.au/courses/111748/pages/d3 Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph. & Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (2nd Revised Edition). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Dübendorf, Switzerland. Tøraasen, M. (2017). Gender parity in Senegal – A continuing struggle. https://www.cmi.no/publications/6230-gender-parity-in-senegal-a-continuing-struggle Warka Water Inc. (2017). Warka Water presentation. https://issuu.com/warkawaterinc/docs/ww_pr_a3_pd_00-0_book_170926_wp_35

Construction Project Response Report

ABPL90277 Humanitarian Construction Summer Intensive

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Architectural Design Consideration Humanitarian Construction Summer Intensive 2021

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A.1

Context Research

Local Vernacular Architecture

The local traditional buildings widely adopted natural material and masonry as the primary construction components. Some passive design approaches are observed in the material selection and their unique construction methodology in order to resist excessive heat and enhance cross ventilation across buildings.

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A.2

Context Research

Local Architectural Expression

Most of the local public buildings are expressively crafted by vibrant colours, in particular on the fenestration details embedded with paintings. The horizontal reading are emphasised, and expresses the vertical facade elevation rhyme by the exposed columns and in-filled walls.

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A.3

Context Research Site Condition

The site is on a undeveloped greenfield, located at a junction of the main car road and secondary pedestrian mud path. The main access points of the site are along the main road. Secondary entry may be considered at the back of the site.

Satellite Map from Google

Potential Site Main Entrance

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Existing Site Condition

Secondary Road

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A.4

Context Research Site Analysis

These drawings explores the possibility of circulation strategy, programmatic zoning and building orientation, in response to the site surrounding

Site Dimension

Existing Trees

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Road Network and Access

Local Climate

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A.5

Context Research Masterplanning Option

With referring to the research and analysis done in those previous section, a set of four masterplanning options are produced as follow, testing out different formation and maximising all the benefits of site condition.

Option A

Option B

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Option C

Option D

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A.6

Context Research Program Zoning

Base on the information provide from the competition brief and the subject instruction, our design brief and corresponding program area requirement was deduced from those daily exercises and understand the project in depth. The following sketches explore their interrelated spatial relationship and their response to the building envelope. It helps the program arrangement on the actual site and facilitate appropriate activity atmosphere.

Program Zoning Sketches

Area Requirement Key Section Sketches Humanitarian Construction Summer Intensive 2021

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B Drawings B.1

Site Plan // 1:250 @ A3

The building is strategically positioned at the northeast side of the site and stays away form the main road and maintains its silence and privacy. Such siting arrangement optimises the southern solar exposure to the site, which is a good advantage for the on-site food production system and passive design implementation. The circulation network performs as a inner ring of the site, connecting the building to other outdoor programs. Three site access points are linked to the existing road network and enhance the visitor arrival experience. The internal courtyard is placed at the site centre. Visitors from different area of the site can enter into this big open space conveniently. This helps to build up the sense of community in particular to the local village women. For the details of the landscape design, please refer to the landscape chapter for further explanation.

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B Drawings B.2

Floor Plan // 1:100 @ A3

Developed from the exercises and sketches from previous sections, the building form was derived into a linear layout, with two bends in response to the site characteristics. Toilet is detached from the main building in the consideration of hygiene and privacy issues. Collective Hall is arranged at the middle part of the building and acts as the core of this project. It has a direct linkage to the outdoor courtyard space, forms a smooth transition for different group activities between indoor and outdoor. The Production Workshop is placed at the north wing. Working mother can take care and watch over their kids in Childcare room or playground, which address their actual needs in daily life. The south wing functions as a general administrative space, including office and meeting space. Staff can manage the site and hold meeting for organizing activities there with different user group size. Food processing and stage room is at the end of the wing, which support the food production system outside. The plan is formulated by a standard 3-meter grid as the basis. To maximize the flexibility and adaptability for future user needs, the post and beam system with in-filled wall approach is adopted in the spatial planning. Phased development and future extension can effectively be achieved by replicating the same planning system. The construction process is significantly simplified by the standardized work and dimension and optimizes the use of material and labour force.

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B Drawings B.3

Section A // 1:75 @ A3

In order to reduce the required energy consumption due to local resource scarcity, passive design strategy and use of natural resource are taken into serious consideration in the spatial formation. The elevated roof and optimised window openings enables a better cross ventilation performance by the seasonal wind along east-west direction. The indoor thermal comfort will be moderated and enhance the health and productivity of the occupants. The asymmetrical gable roof buffers the unwanted harsh sunlight by the eave design. It diffuses the natural light intensity and suits for indoor activities. The roof also performs as a rainwater harvesting system. Water will be diverted to the rainwater tank via the canal along the building perimeter and reuse for irrigation.

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B Drawings B.4

Section B // 1:75 @ A3

This section illustrates an overview of the occupants’ living pattern within the building itself. To enhance the accessibility of the site, the building block is broken down into two parts by a internal corridor, connecting the backyard and courtyard area seamlessly. This creates an opportunity to provide more usable program space by extending beyond the given site boundary. Relevant programmatic spaces are intimately arranged together for a better synergies and user experience. The administrative office has a direct access to two individual meeting spaces for different scale dialogue. The space are partitioned by operable screen and can be opened up for more flexible arrangement. The biomass-powered kitchen is placed in between the food process area and the farmland. Such composition facilitates the food logistic chain.

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B Drawings B.5

Courtyard Perspective

The internal courtyard is shaped by the building footprint and the circulation loop. This semi-opened space creates a sense of community and sense of space for the local women. Occupants can enjoy their gathering on this comfortable open field.

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B Drawings B.6

Outdoor Corridor Perspective

The local artwork and craftsmanship area honourably expressed in the details of this building. The bottom part of the stalked wall is rendered by recycled ceramic mosaic and composes a homogeneous wall painting. All the screens and window panels are made by local weaving technique. The vernacular patterns on top promote a sense of belongings and community to the women occupants. An array of bamboo strip is erected along the edge of outdoor corridor at the north wing. It creates another layer for sunlight diffusion. Occupants can walk along this weatherproofed passage to access the toilet from this side.

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B Drawings B.7

Collective Hall Perspective

The collective hall is designed as a flexible space and the main event venue for promoting gender equality. The space can be subdivided into small cell groups which suits for different activity purposes. The Brise soleil approach is adopted in the production of the self-made red mud block, which is inspired and developed from the local vernacular construction technique. The perforated wall treatment optimises the ventilation and daylight intake and save the material use and loading support.

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B Drawings B.8

Production Workshop Perspective

The arched interior feature is taken inspiration from traditional Muslim architecture and embeds their religious spirit into the building itself. This echoes to the locals’ strong religious belief and unity. From spatial understanding perspective, the arched roof optimises the floor-to-roof height and promote a better occupant experience and ventilated space. The partition screens can be opened up for future program shuffle, to maintain the layout design with high flexibility and adaptability.

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Construction design (Dandan He/1016184)

Construction materials

All materials used are from local resources and low cost.

• Bamboo As bamboo is natural and easily accessible in Senegal, as well as extremely strong, tough, flexible, and lightweight with many constructional applications, it can be utilized in Women’s house project. The bamboo materials selected are with treatment by soaking in salt water to avoid rotting and borer attacking. Therefore, they can serve as a long-lasting material for light framing, and even wall structure with binding bamboos together to increase the compressive strength.

Fig. Bamboo posts

• Stone Stone is a natural material. As the materials of foundation, it can provide a fairly strong, durable base for construction of footings. Besides, in order to improve the usability of stone materials, the stone will be random faced stone laid in sand-cement mortar.

Fig. natual stone used for foundation

• In-situ adobe (Clay, sand, straw, cement, and water) T mould In-situ adobe is the perfect material for this project due to its characteristics of low cost, time efficiency and low skill required. Compared with regular adobe and cob walls, it can be constructed faster because the less drying and setup times. The ratio of mud is 4 parts clay, 4 parts sand, 2 parts straw, 1 part cement and 4 parts water. As the main local soil is clay and a lot of straw grows in Baghere, this type of adobe is environmental-friendly and will be smoothly integrated with local traditions and landscapes.

Fig. T-mould in-situ adobe

• Thatch For decades, a weed known locally as typha has plagued communities along the Senegal River in West Africa. But now locals are clearing the waterways and turning the pest into thatched roofs and cooking fuel. The reason using thatched roof is that typha is everywhere in Baghere and is a low-cost local vegetation. Besides, in order to better integrate the Women’s house with the local architecture, a more ecologically friendly thatched roof will 46

Fig. Thatched coverings of roof

Construction design be the solution.

• Earthbags The local raw soil which is clay, sand, gravel, and cement mixed together are used as filler, filled in sacks or feed bags. In addition, barbed wire between courses keeps earthbags from slipping and increases tensile strength.

Recycled materials: Fig. earthbags

• Tires As tire recycling is the process of recycling waste tires that are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due to wear or irreparable damage, this project will utilize recycled tires as the window framing and decorations to decrease waste of resources.

•

Ceramic mosaic

There is ceramic wasted and used tiles in the local market and this project will utilize them as the recycled materials to do some parts of wall finishes, as well as improve beauty of this Women’s house.

•

Plastic bottles

Fig. recycled tires

As 80 percent of plastic water bottles end up in landfills and it takes up to 1,000 years for every single bottle to decompose. (https://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/ Bottled_Water_Waste_Facts#:~:text=Plastic%20water%20 bottles%20are%20petroleum,in%20the%20ocean%20 every%20second.) Recycling of plastic bottles will be sustainable and ecofriendly. The bottles filled with raw soil will be utilized as one component in earthbags wall system.

Fig. ceramic mosaic finishes

Fig. Recycled plastic bottles with fillingsused as eco bricks 47

Construction design 2.

Construction systems

This women’s house in Senegal will be constructed using exclusively local and sustainable materials and techniques. The house’s gable thatched roof provides shelter to enclosed multifunctional spaces, with the use of bamboo and local weaving technique for the roof framing. The thatched roof also helps to collect rainwater, which will be collected by the canal besides the house boundary line and stored in reservoirs and used by local women for farming as well as drinking water. In addition, the overhanging roof sections will help the wall avoid contacting with rainwaters. The main structure will be constructed using the cast in situ T-bricks wall system which is made of sand, clay, straw, and water with stone and earthbags foundation. The adobe wall helps to absorb heat and keep the indoor spaces cool, while the suspended roof encourages air and natural light flow through the interior. To maximize the flexibility and adaptability for future user needs, the post and beam system with adobe wall approach is adopted in the spatial planning. The recycled ceramic mosaic tiles are used for wall finishes. Besides, climatic conditions also inform the house’s layout, with the workshop and medication rooms oriented to avoid the hardest Sun come from the west. The whole construction process will be implemented by local people and it will be a group self-build process. This project will assemble crew mostly from among local residents, which will provide jobs, train people to learn “do it yourself” techniques and created an atmosphere of participation responsibility. This project does encourage the young men who will work on the project are, for the most part, the sons of the women in the target group, which is important to increase the awareness of gender equality.

Roof systems

The house’s gable thatched roof provides shelter to enclosed multifunctional spaces, with the use of bamboo and local bamboo connection techniques for the roof framing and local weaving handicraft techniques which local women are quite familiar with for the roof coverings. Regarding the waterproofing of the roof, the thatchers’ art consists of carefully laying of reeds atop one another so that an impenetrable shell of waterproofing covers a roof. Therefore, the solution for this project will be laying two layers of totally dried thatch within one layer of plastic film between as the basic membrane.

Fig. thatch in the local area

Fig. waterproof roof membrane 48

Construction design

Fig. The roof details of Women’s house The thatched roof also helps to collect rainwater, which will be collected by the canal besides the house’s boundary line and stored in reservoirs and used by local women for farming as well as drinking water. In addition, the overhanging roof sections will help the wall avoid contacting with rainwaters. Maintenance recommendations: i) As there is rainy season, keep the roof dry sufficiently, remove trees and plants that may obstruct the sun, and dry it with wind or disperse rainwater will be necessary. If it is wet, it will also increase the possibility of moss and algae growth, which will make the roof damp. ii) It should be prohibited from using ladders or walking on thatched roofs to damage the roof. Any turf produced may accelerate the wear of thatch, and damage to fixtures on the ridge may be particularly detrimental to roof life.

Wall systems

Construction method - Load-bearing wall: To improve the construction process efficiency and simplify the construction methods, the load-bearing walls are made of adobe cast in-situ using T-moulds using clay, cement, sand, and straw. This type of wall provides a good thermal capacity to prevent heat from entering the interior. Construction method - Non load-bearing wall: The North-east outer façade features bricks with gaps made using simple metal moulds. The façade interplays solid material thickness with the lightness produced by the gaps within the bricks, letting in sun while ensuring steady ventilation.

Fig. the simple metal mould

Fig. the load-bearing wall section details of Women’s house 49

Fig. Drying process of bricks

Fig. The renderings of this type

The process of making bricks from mud is very simple. Topsoil is good for farming and full of plant matter but is not good for making bricks. Instead, the red soil underneath is preferred as it binds together better. The soil is mixed with cement and water. The mud then needs to be shaped into blocks, which is done by filling a metal mould. The mud must be pressed hard into the mould to make sure that no air is trapped inside the brick. The bricks are then arranged on the ground to dry in the sun for two to three days.

Floor systems

In Women’s house project, on-ground floors system is utilized within a base of crushed rocks and a sand bed underneath the slab to provide a stable and flat layer of ground. To make the process of floors systems easily constructed as well as taking advantages of local materials as much as possible, a method learned from a natural building expert Michael G. Smith will be used. The floor system has three layers floors in total. The first layer is a 6cm thickness earthen floor that is made of clay soil, sand, chopped straw and crushed rock, and the second layer that will be layered after the previous one is dry has the same components and thickness as the first layer. The third layer is a 3cm thickness fine and polished layer made of sand and straw. For a finished floor, it has been treated with 4 to 6 coats of linseed oil and is water resistant and completely mop friendly.

Fig. The floor details 50

Construction design

Foundation and Footing systems

The earthbags foundation along the boundary of the house filled with clay, gravel, sand, and cement is proposed to obtain an optimal transfer of loads to the stone footings at the base of the foundation. Between sacks, plastic bottles recycled from waste and filled with raw soil and mud are laid to form the tightness and stability of earthbags. Besides, utilizing wires between the earthbags courses to help stabilize the area. The bamboo posts are erected between sacks, assuming the function of structures of this house. To avoid rotting of bamboo posts, a plastic protection mould is needed in which posts and flooring touch.

Fig. The earthbags foundation

Construction of toilets:

Fig. The bamboo posts footing

Fig. The foundation and footing details

Regarding the privacy of toilets, they are planned to be constructed separately with the main house, providing a more private space for women to use. Utilizing earthbags as the main structure as well as wall for the toilets will be easily constructed to save cost, reduce the difficulty of whole process of construction, and reduce labour force use.

Façade and decorations

Ceramic mosaic used for wall: To increase the beauty and add more colours to Women’s house, ceramic mosaic tiles will be used 51

Construction design as the façade of the bottom part of some walls. To install ceramic mosaic tiles, there is a need to use cement board applied over the wall. Then, use mortar-based adhesive to install small pieces of recycled ceramic mosaic tiles.

Weaving doors, screens, and decorations: As the local women are famous for their weaving techniques, and the Wolof weavers of Senegal are great artisans around the world, the women in Senegal are proud of their crafts in weaving. Use weaving element as the main feature of the appearance of doors, windows, and other decorations will emphasize the traits of local women. Besides, Local craftmanship and religious sprit is expressively integrated in every architectural feature, embracing their vernacular tradition and woman identity.

Fig. A pattern of ceramic mosaic wall finishes

Fig. Recycled tires used for window framing

Fig. Weaving handicrafts used for window covering

Fig. Weaving handicrafts used for doors

Construction design The whole process of construction:

3. Stakeholders

Fig. The process diagram of construction

The so-called ‘one-off’ approach what Drucker calls the ‘unique-product’ production is utilized to help to analyse the relationships among stakeholders in different stages of this project. As the mapping shows, the client Balouo Salo has a dominant role in interpreting and quantifying the requirements of users who are local women in this case. In the stage of brief, Balouo Salo still plays a vital role, however, its professional advisers such as non-profit organization, local groups, design team, consultation team, and volunteers will take part in establishing the brief. The preliminary design function is mainly performed by professionals. However, it should be pointed out that although the responsibility for building design is clearly in the hands of professionals, the responsibilities for materials and components are split between professionals and the manufacturing industry itself. In this case, a volunteer who are typically specialized in manufacturing will be pointed out. 53

Construction design At production information stage, the contractor role which is played by manufacturing volunteers and the local people is brought in different capacities depending on the complexity of the construction methods. Another consideration is that for the construction methods used in this project will be easily to learn, and the training of construction will be implemented before the stage of production. At the end of the stages, the project will be transferred to the local women and the maintenance work will be primarily carried out by the local women.

Fig. the mapping stakeholders The Gantt chart of project’s time schedule and Cost estimation for this project are listed in the following pages.

Construction programme - Women's house in Senegal

March-2021 April-2021 ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

Project Lead: Balouo Salo

Project Budget: Estimated: 18,000 Euros WBS

Task Name

Collaborative Design

Priority

Person in charge

Start

Finish

Duration

Percent Complete

HIGH

Mon 01-Mar-21

Sun 18-Apr-21

HIGH

1/03/2021

5/03/2021

1.1

Discussions with stakeholders

1.2

Create draft of architecture

NORMAL

6/03/2021

8/03/2021

1.3

Prepare construction documents

NORMAL

9/03/2021

11/03/2021

1.4

Agreement to architectural plan

HIGH

9/03/2021

10/03/2021

HIGH

12/03/2021

17/03/2021

NORMAL

18/03/2021

19/03/2021

NORMAL

18/03/2021

NORMAL

19/03/2021

NORMAL

20/03/2021

12/01/1900

NORMAL

20/03/2021

28/01/1900

Approvals

3 3.1

Site establishement

3.2

Protection and retention of existing trees and facilitiessub-stages Construction

4 4.1

Site clearance

Foundation

4.1.1

Excavation

NORMAL

20/03/2021

22/03/2021

4.1.2

Stone foundation

NORMAL

23/03/2021

25/03/2021

4.1.3

Earthbags placing

NORMAL

26/03/2021

28/03/2021

4.2

Column

NORMAL

29/03/2021

30/03/2021

4.2.1

Bamboo column binding

NORMAL

29/03/2021

4.2.2

Bamboo column erection

NORMAL

30/03/2021

NORMAL

31/03/2021

12/01/1900

HIGH

31/03/2021

5/04/2021

4.3

Ground Floor

4.3.1

Build brick wall

4.3.2

Windows/ Doors

NORMAL

3/04/2021

5/04/2021

4.3.3

Roof structure

NORMAL

6/04/2021

8/04/2021

4.3.4

Roof covering

NORMAL

9/04/2021

4.3.5

Pour compacted earth flooring

NORMAL

10/04/2021

12/04/2021

NORMAL

10/04/2021

15/01/1900

NORMAL

10/04/2021

12/04/2021

LOW

13/04/2021

15/04/2021

Decoration Phase

5.1

Walls rendering and finishes

5.2

Interiors/ Furniture

Final touches

NORMAL

16/04/2021

17/04/2021

post-occupancy evaluation

NORMAL

18/04/2021

Total duration (days)

Project:

Women's house in Senegal

Date:

24/02/2021 QUANTITIES PRODUCED BY ESTIMATOR

Infrastructure

Materials

ITEM Solar system (include batteries) Biomass

UNIT Set Kw

QUANTITY RATE 1 € 4,935 € 3,000

TOTAL € 4,935 0

/ 160

0 € 2.30

0 € 368.00 € 68.40 € 0.00 € 230.00 € 0.00 € 1.22

Specifications Small‐scale biomass electric plants have installed costs of $3,000 to $4,000 per kW, and 6KW is applicable for this project.

Foundation trade: Crushed rocks m3 Cement bag

1 bag = 50 kg

Earthbag trade: Sacks Clay Cement Gravel Binding wire

No. m3 bag m3 kg

570 / 100 2

€ 0.12 0 € 2.30 0 € 0.61

Clay Sand Straw Water Cement

m3 m3 kg m3 bag

/ 100 / / 400

0 € 15.46 0 0 € 2.30

0 € 1,546.00 0 0 € 920.00

bamboo column No. bamboo roof framing No. Binding wire kg

80 100 5

€ 2.45 € 2.45 € 0.61

€ 196.00 € 245.00 € 3.05

Bamboo framing No. Recycled tires No. Thatch kg Roof membrane: m3 Material For Mud Plaster & Floor:

5 / / 500

€ 2.45 0 0 € 2.12

€ 12.25 0 0 € 1,060.00 € 1,000 0 € 1,000 € 1,000 € 1,000 € 13,585 € 1,358.49 € 14,943 Within the budget of 18,000 Euros

Bricks trade:

Bamboo trade:

Windows and doors:

Labour Landscaping Professional fees Total Contigency

Training fees Travel expenses for volunteers 10% of total The total cost of Women's house

References: Images sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9ZEGhIUCx0 https://www.dw.com/en/turning-a-weed-into-a-valuable-commodity-insenegal/av-49952912 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09613210302002 http://www.earthbagbuilding.com/articles/openings/openings.htm#rebar https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/manufacturing_process_equipment/ stock_fabricated_materials_components/waterproofing_membranes

https://www.amazuluinc.com/2014/02/28/5-popular-faqs-about-thatchunderstanding-the-differences/ http://www.earthbagbuilding.com/articles/openings/openings.htm#rebar https://www.archstorming.com/lbms-shm2.html https://www.thiscobhouse.com/building-a-stone-foundation/ http://www.naturalbuildingblog.com/wp-content/uploads/Tbrick2.jpg

Landscape farmland is planned on the South to receive the maximun sunshine.

Based on the needs of women, the design is to create a space dedicated to holding women’s activities to maximize the functions of women’s education, raise gender awareness and safeguard women’s rights meanwhile equipped with sports equipment, showrooms, and labor services such as food and agriculture production. The design aims at a solution that combines the modern established principles of architecture with local context from the perspective of ecology, self-sufficient and sustainable ideology.

The plot covers an area of approximately 2500 sqm surrounded by a mix of mango and cashewnut trees. A bamboo fence and a trench around the site is planned for the sake of safety and drainage. Two entrances are designated on the west and the south of the site. The construction materials in the park are mainly made of natural materials available in the surrounding area. The land is composed of laterite clay and sand tinted with a vibrant vermilion. The main walkways would have a dense coating of pebbles and shells adding a bit of shiny luster to the ground meanwhile allowing for drainage.

The concept of the design is influenced by the shape of Antinka symbols - the western African totems. It symbolizes that a seed of hope takes root in the women’s house. A baobab tree treasured as a sacred tree of life is added to the middle of the activity square representing the expectation and wisdom of African women and conveys the notion of the birth and growth of the house. The tree is located at the junction between the ground and the sky, connecting the god’s sanctuary and the earth. A playground is situated underneath the baobab tree. Its location is selected considering the tree shade and the distance from the main building providing the opportunity for both women and their children to participate in activities. In addition, cultural activities and performances can be held in the open area around the tree. A

WOMEN’S HOUSE

BAOBAB TREE

HOPE

FOOD PRODUCTION ZONE

WARKA TOWER

ACTIVITY SQUARE

FARMLAND

GREEN AREA

HENHOUSE

SHOWROOM

KITCHEN

BAOBAB TREE PLAYGROUND

TOILET

RUILING GUAN 1002737

RESER VED GATE

GAT

WOMEN’S HOUSE LANDSCAPE PLAN 1:300

CHICKEN FARM

CASHEWNUT TREE

GATE B

MANGO TREE WATER TOWER VEGETATION ZONE

WATER TANK

SPORTS GROUND TOOLS & STORAGE59

WOMEN’S HOUSE

ecosystem

baobab • A tree of great symbolic meaning in local culture • Suitable for various types of soil, from clay soil, sandy soil to various soils. Extremely resistant to drought and fire.

• The fruits of baobab trees, called “super food” by the local, are high in trace metals, vitamins, and nutrients.

LAWN W ar

WASHING

• The trunk of a baobab tree can store 1 ton water which can be digged and drank directly. This can be a supplement for the existing potable water system.

CHICKEN Fertilise

EXCRETE

RAIN / DEW Co lle

a rk

rti

a W

The whole tree is to be transplanted. Water and fertilizer management of baobabs is determined according to the weather conditions of the planting place and the land conditions. Regular irrigation is needed for seedlings and saplings. Mature baobabs do not need to be irrigated. However, adequate water is beneficial to the better growth and shortens its nutritional dormancy period. A certain amount of root fertilizer should be applied in advance after planting.

ise

AGRICULTURE

DRINKING BAOBAB

poultry

The site consists of three ecological loop, i.e., rainwater collection, chicken breeding and farmland fertilisation. The system not only increases soil productivity, but also plays a very significant part in preserving the environment, biodiversity as well as to create economic benefits.

Chicken • Chicken yassa is a traditional and popular local cuisine • Fast raising and can produce eggs daily.

1. The cycle of chickens, insects, grasses and manure Chickens are raised in the orchard so that the grass and small insects can used as natural feed. Chickens eat grass and small insects, decrease the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides.

• Rich in nutrition such as Vitamin A and protein that is beneficial to women’s health. • Free natural fertilizer from accumulated chicken manure to be used in the nearby farmland.

2. The cycle of rainwater harvesting and irrigation Rainwater collected by water towers and roofs is used to irrigate the farmland. The water in the Warka tower can be used for direct drinking and hand-washing.

• Good for weed and pest control. No more need for chemical pesticides.

3. The cycle of manure, agricultural waste and the orchard Agricultural waste, animal waste and human waste is used as the organic fertiliser which not only solves the disposal problem but also reduces the cost of farming.

Free-range breeding. Feed can be insects, tender grass, leaves, seeds and humus and other natural sources. Strictly limit the use of chemicals and feed additives, and prohibit any hormones and artificial synthesis to promote growth.

agriculture Mango tree

• Senegal traditional crops, easy to grow, suitable for local eating habits

• Highly adaptable to the environment. Strong drought tolerance. A hot climate with adequate sunlight in Africa is suitable for planting.

• Highly adaptable, drought tolerant and wind resistant, suitable for planting in the local hot environment.

SAPLING

MILK

Cashew tree

BUTTER

Plant in Feb or Oct. Flower in 2 years and bear fruit in 3 years

• High nutritious value. Cashew nuts promote lactation which is beneficial to women with insufficient milk secretion after delivery.

• Elegant umbrella-looking shape. Can provide shades for women workers. Colourful flowers can offer a good view for the site.

• Simple to plant and maintain. Women friendly.

• A source of income. Numbers of processed Mango products to be sold on the market.

• A source of income. Numbers of processed products to be sold on the market.

OIL

• Easy to plant, easy to sprout, easy to manage. Women friendly.

SAPLING

Trim

Disease control

JAM

Stored in an airtight jar, placed in a cool, ventilated place, avoid direct sunlight

Plant in Nov to Dec. Bear fruit in 2-3 years.

DRIED

Fertilizing

• Senegal traditional crops, easy to grow, suitable for local eating habits

OIL

FLOUR

Cultivate soil after Dec

MAPUTI

Plant in summer. Harvest in 4 to 5 mth

Adequate sunlight

Sufficient water

Stored in a dark, cool and ventilated place

Peanut

Corn

SEED

• A great demand in mango export market.

• Senegal traditional crops, easy to grow, suitable for local eating habits

SEED

• Highly adaptable, drought tolerant and wind resistant, suitable for planting in the local environment.

• Highly adaptable, drought tolerant, suitable for planting in the local hot environment with sufficient sunshine.

• Corn embryo is beneficial to health.

• Rich in nutrition and suitable for cooking

• Simple to plant and maintain. Women friendly.

• A source of income. Numbers of processed products to be sold on the market.

Fertilising, seeding, sowing and horrowing

Disease control

PEANUT BUTTER

Placed in a cool, ventilated place, avoid direct sunlight

Plant between 15°C to 20° C

OIL

Harvest in 3 to 4 mth

• A source of income. Numbers of processed products to be sold on the market

Fertilizing

Disease control

Stored in a dry, cool and ventilated place

food security tion is the key to provide practical and sustainable food security solutions. The promotion of agricultural technology, focusing on breeding can help cultivate a batch of high-yield, high-quality, new seed varieties.

The food security strategy is made based on local skills and planting processes. For example, use suitable plants, such as baobabs, mango trees, cashew trees, corn, peanuts, as well as the ecological cycle of chicken raising, good waste water treatment methods to improve environmental and personal hygiene to ensure food safety and security. The strategy can consider the following aspects:

4. Ecosystem strategies, for example, chicken manure can be used as organic fertilizer for plants, and corn products can be used as the feed for chickens, etc. These changes in the ecosystem cycle have allowed the soil to have enough organic fertilizer that have an impact on food availability.

1. Protect the agricultural ecological environment. Implement land quality protection, and restrict the use of fertilizers and pesticides.

5. Climate change and unexpected extreme weather will have a negative impact on agriculture, especially where soil degradation, water shortages and desertification are prone to occur. A plan should be determined to cope with the unpredictable nature and manage production meanwhile preventing crop loss or pest outbreaks.

2. The diversified cultivation of crops enhances the function of the ecosystem. It is a simple and cost-effective method that can be used to ensure sustainability and increase agricultural production. For example, alternate planting of corn and peanuts can ensure the fertility of the planting soil and further increase the harvest. It can make a positive contribution to improving health, family nutrition and food security.

6. Strengthen the construction and improve the management and protection mechanism of farmland water conservancy system as well as the operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage.

3. Work out food production capacity that is suitable for women's agricultural scale operations. Also, the improvement of women’s awareness in farming and food produc-

waste disposal & reuse Human waste

Land waste

The waterless dry toilet is an economic and ecological solution to solve the black water disposal problem meanwhile the reuse of faeces as natural fertiliser.

The fallen leaves can be collected and mowed then to be used as the fertiliser.

Ventilation pipe and incoming air ducts make the operation odorless Fertiliser can be take out and helps

* The image is remade based on the resources retrieved from Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management by TåILLEY et al. (2014) on https://sswm.info/

Cover the toilet when faeces are full and leave for a period of time

Spread chopped tree leaves evenly on the ground as the fertiliser

Human waste can be mixed with kitchen waste and land waste. This mixture will slowly turn into organic fertilizer

wash

The baobab tree can store 1 ton water for drinking and can be reached when necessay

Warka tower collects water from rain, fog and dew

Water collected from Warka tower can be stored in a nearby tank

WARKA WATER TOWER

The trench can guide the water run from water tank to the farmland

Rain water collected from the house roof is used for irrigation

WATER TANK FARMLAND

WOMEN’S HOUSE

BAOBAB

* The image is remade based on the concept and resources retrieved from Warka Water on www.warkawater.org.

The design of site’s wash system takes safety as the first priority along with the feasibility in construction considering the maximum use of local materials and traditional techniques that can be achieved by women.

provide an average of 100 litres of potable water per day so as to free women and children from manual water collecting work. The operation and construction of the tower utilises only the natural forces of gravity, condensation, evaporation, and doesn't require mechanical power. It can be built by using local weaving techniques, and the materials used such as the bamboo framing, fibre ropes and stones are sustainble, low cost and easily gathered. Women can either access the Warka tower or from the baobab tree by digging holes on its trunk for safe drinking.

The employment of Warka tower with on-site physical water purification technology can eliminate health risks meanwhile maintaining water quality. The tower can

The dry composing toilet is employed to treat toilet waste to prevent black water contaminating the farmland and other areas.

The source of potable water and personal hygiene are two serious problems for the wellbeing of local women. Also, the quality and storage of water is one important factor that determines food security.

Warka Water is a non-profit project offers a healthy substitute to drinkable water to rural people that do not reach regular water supplies.

landscaping workplan The site is located in southern Senegal, a country in Northwest Africa. It has a savannah climate with long and hot summers and large amounts of rains. The average annual temperature is 29°C, and the average temperature from February to March is 20°C to 26°C which is the appropriate season for planting.

3. Digging planting holes and applying base fertilizer Tree planting holes should be about 30cm larger than the root ball diameter of trees. The basal fertilizer is applied in accordance with the operation instructions.

Specific steps are demonstrated as follows:

Seedlings should be selected according to the design specifications. The soil holes of trees and shrubs are packed with straw ropes and calf bales, and branches and leaves should be properly trimmed to prevent excessive evaporation of water from affecting the survival rate.

1. Site leveling & clearing In strict accordance with design standards and landscape requirements, the earthwork shall be backfilled and leveled to the design elevation, and the site shall be excavated. The thickness of the turf planting soil layer shall not be less than 30cm, the flower bed planting soil layer thickness shall not be less than 40cm, and the tree planting soil layer thickness shall not be less than 70cm. The broken topsoil is sorted into a plane or curved surface that meets the requirements, and the slope correction is carried out according to the design requirements of the drawings. Completely clean up all garbage, weeds and sundries in the construction site.

5. Seedling planting Seedling planting is constructed in the order of large trees - medium - small trees shrubs - ground cover - lawn. 6. Planting and watering Regardless of the weather, all seedlings need to be watered with sufficient root water after planting. And spray branches and leaves to moisturize. 7. Cleaning up after construction The garbage formed after the construction shall be cleaned and transported in time to ensure the cleanliness of the green space and nearby ground.

According to the scale of the design drawing, reflect the position layout of various trees in the design drawing to the actual site to ensure that the seedling layout meets the actual requirements.

Plant (odd year)

Harvest

Plant (even year)

Harvest

CORN PEANUT

Yearly Plant Plan

Flower & fruit period (each year)

BAOBAB Plant

MANGO

Plant

Flower

Harvest

Flower

Harvest

CASHEW Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec