WOMEN’S HOUSE IN SENEGAL GROUP 4
IAN ALCAZAR SU GU RUI WANG RUOYU JIANG
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - PROJECT + CONTEXT RESEARCH SENEGAL The Women’s House project is initiated by Balouo Salo, a Non-
Cultural practices mainly focused on religious groups which are
Governmental Organisation (NGO) aiming at solving humanitarian
Islam. Religious practices would play vital roles in the design and
issues and improve the life conditions of disadvantaged people in developing countries, in this case, to promote gender equality and the women empowerment for the sake of human rights protection
of around 2200 people, of which 53% are female (UN, 2021) .
including irrigated crop and vegetable, and a range of hedging
2021; Balouo Salo, 2021) . On the basis of the fact that gender
dead wood resell. The duties of women to solely manage
inequality has been a severe social issue in Senegal, The
household related matters, give birth to and bring up children, and
Women’s House is designed to have multiple functions with a
accept polygamy as evitable occurrence are fairly common and
In terms of gender inequality issues, the top two of the largest impediments in Senegal include violence against women and forced marriage especially child marriage. Violence includes domestic violence, rape, the criminalisation of abortion, and
able to provide communal spaces for local women to gather and
discriminatory practices in access to economic resources and
dialogue with a purpose of either receiving training programs or
decision-making process (Senegal Gov, 2020). Forced marriage,
actively engaging in local, national or international communities.
literally the violation of human rights, has been outlawed by the constitution and prohibited by Convention on the Elimination of All
This project is located in southern Senegal, a country in west Africa. The climate is the typical tropical weather, high
Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979 and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa of 2003, however it is still prevalent in
temperature all year long with rainy seasons and dry seasons
local society (Senegal Gov, 2020). Therefore, The Women’s
respectively dominated by southwestern winds and hot harmattan
House is designed and proposed to offer a safe and clean space
winds. Extreme drought has been largely impacting agriculture
for local female groups to obtain more social and economic
and threatening the food production system. Likewise,
opportunities with higher levels of living conditions.
Degree of how difficult to achieve
services. The most important function is that this centre will be
Easier/Short-term
conventional in local context.
which are considered as the major causes of gender disparity in
interchangeable based on the internal design and domestic
BAGHERE VILLAGE
Local female groups have been dominant in agricultural production
activities such as livestock purchase, wild fruits collection, and
African context. Different functional spaces could be
CASAMANCE REGION
construction of local infrastructures. The village has a population
for local female groups at Baghere village in Senegal (Kaira Looro,
main focus on health care facilities and education purposes, two of
SÉDHIOU,
Physical Environment 86% 70% 92%
Live in homes without a source of potable water Without electricity access Living in poverty
desertification resulting from land degradation and seasonal flood have caused food insecurity, which are also threatening the job
great issue to cause coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion, which would impact coastal infrastructure and facilities where most of the population is located.
Hard/Long-term
security for local female groups. Sea level rise has also been a
Social Circumstances 13% 78% 68/100
Seats in regional councils (women) Prevalence of domestic violence against women Gender Gap
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - ASSESSMENTS
Design Assessment
Basic needs assessment
Risk assessment
In order to condense the specific design targets of this building, deeper assessments should be conducted further and should throughout the whole project. Thus, a simplified assessment approach can be developed below:
According to Max-Neef et al. (1992), basic needs could be categorized into 11 aspects shown below:
To figure out the top issues that could be addressed by this building design, risk assessment is conducted by evaluating and prioritizing existing and potential risks. In figure below, the basic needs are subdivided into tangible and intangible needs, which are respectively corresponding to physical environment influenced risks and social circumstance related risks. Underpinned by this typology, figure below shows the evaluation of risks.
Under this assessment approach, basic needs assessment and risk assessment would be emphasized during the pre-design period. The risk assessment will synthesize the broad basic needs and finally condense specific top risks, which reflect the most crucial issues suffered by the vulnerable groups. Our design is pursuit to at least mitigate the negative effects derived from these issues.
To achieve the basic needs, three satisfaction levels including personal, family and wider community-region-nation scales are also proposed by Max-Neef et al. (1992). Moreover, not only the basic needs but also the interconnections and potential conflicts between needs fulfillment and development rights should be further clarified in basic need assessment (Stewart, 1989). Therefore, combined with previous contextual research, six basic needs’ aspects are highlighted for further analysis, which includes water, food, protection, participation, understanding and identity. Especially for water-related analysis, great emphasis will be placed on local WASH services. Concrete assessment contents are shown in figure below.
In figure above, the top environmental risk and top social risk are condensed as defective water management and genderbased issues. The analysis results can also be supported by contextual research and detailed WASH and gender gap assessment reflection in the later section of the report.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - RETURN BRIEF The design principles believes that the Women Centre, as it is proposing something that is breaking the status quo, would need to be anchored in local practices in order to get its message across effectively. This will also in-turn be more likely to be adopted by the locals. The functional briefing identifies certain traditional and norms that has impact on how the house is designed. The list below is not exhaustive, careful consultation with community leaders and religious leaders are needed to capture the wider scope of the village’s practices:
Selected Islamic Values and Practices Admonitions from Quran entails its practitioners of Islam to adhere to certain hygienical jurisprudence.
∙ ∙ ∙
Importance of water in cleanliness and purification, in the absence of water, purified sand is permissible Sensitivity in handling of human waste Facing away from the Qiblah when relieving oneself
Furthermore, there are other Islamic practices that influences social pattern and the built environment (Mortada, 2011):
Group 4 have prepared a Strategic Functional Brief (SFB) as a Return Brief exercise in response to the project brief set by the client, Baluou Salo. The purpose of the SFB defines the functions to be accommodated and the inter-relationships of rooms within the facility. This takes into the account the group desktop study of the village’s needs and risk assessment, precedent studies, as well tailor fitting the brief to cultural norms and practices of the locals. The original project brief stipulates the need for:
1. 2. 3.
Management and Organisation – Administrative Spaces Dialogue – Space to hold meetings between different organisations Collective Activities – Flexible Space to hold various activities
Further to this, the activities listed in the project brief, in a highlevel regard, revolves around emancipating the women and young people of Baghere through education. Concurrent to this is an awareness effort for the men of Baghere so that it is part of a development process that affects the entire community. For the full list of activities to be done in the women’s house, refer to link: https://www.balouosalo.com/project/womenhouse.html Through the need's assessment (refer to section 1), the team has identified top issues and gaps that are needed to be mitigated and addressed in order to improve gender parity.
These reveals that certain measures need to be applied for the women’s house to achieve their goal. Gender-based issues:
∙
∙ ∙
High Mortality Risk in giving birth – provide a safe place for birth. Lack of Women’s education Insufficient Violence support
Defective Water Management
∙ ∙ ∙
Insufficient and unsafe water access Lack knowledge is sanitation especially in female menstrual waste issues Lack of proper hygiene practices
These issues are identified as part of larger issue of having a lack of health and wellbeing supports and initiative. Thereby, the umbrella term “health and wellbeing” needs to be addressed for the women’s house as they are the top gaps identified. As such, the Return Brief through the SFB adds a layer of health and wellbeing to the women house’s functional agenda and be a focus of the Centre’s ethos. It is important to note that the original brief set by Baluou Salo is not disregarded, rather this functions and activities will still be performed as part of the holistic approach in addressing the issues.
∙ ∙ ∙
Daily Obligatory Prayers Visual privacy of women from the view of male strangers Deep rooted Sufi tradition. Sufi is an Islamic sect which focuses on personal relationship with Allah and a general rejection to strict adherence to Sharia or the Islamic law
The Power of Storytelling. Traditionally, story telling (Commisceo Global, n.d.) has been a very important part of oral communication in the community. When exchanging greetings, people are expected to have lengthy discussion on how their day has been and usually goes to further inquiries about one’s health and wellbeing. This practice is used by the Senegalese strengthen rapport in the community and achieve a sense of group harmony.
The Socio-Cultural Practices
∙
∙
The notion of àndal ak sa sago, ‘stay cold‐blooded’ or ‘control yourself’ (Kringelbach, 2007) - Display of emotion for women is a sign of losing control and deemed a trait of the lower class. Restraint is practiced if one wants to uphold her high moral and social status. This notion, however, is not applicable when the cultural practice, “sabar”, is being performed. A circle of people is formed and women may enact wider range of emotions through dance. This circle forms a safe space for women. The notion of teranga, or being hospitable and tolerance, stemming from the deep Sufi tradition. .
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - RETURN BRIEF
As gender inequality being a severe and prevalent issue in Senegal, The Women’s House will be providing numerous functional spaces including educational hall, healthcare hub, etc. to overcome some major issues that have been identified as the most important impediments. Specifically, water management and
healthcare education will be the main focus of the functional spaces. The private functions within the enclosed areas are exclusive for local women in Baghere, whereas the public spaces for the wider community to gather are open to involve adjoining communities. The WASH facilities will strictly follow the religious traditions and make the best use of local resources. The hygiene and sanitation aspects are emphasised through the WASH facilities and the broader landscaping considerations. The construction phase will be a high engagement for local women and men to participate in various tasks equally and cooperatively. Throughout the whole process, gender-based conflicts, which is also the main cause of the plight faced by local women, would ideally be eased and remitted.
The engagement of different key stakeholder groups along different stages indicates that the women are protected, given a high degree of ownership not only from the local female group but to also the wider community and therefore it will give a better chance of adoption by local people.
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - STAKEHOLDERS
During the project lifecycle, a diverse group of key stakeholders would be involved. Upon different levels of power influencing the project and their interests in the project, key stakeholder groups play various roles in each phases of the whole project. Key groups include
users,
clients,
community
leaders,
professions,
contractors, and manufacturers. In user requirement stage, end users, who are mainly local women in Baghere and also potential future users such as children and village elderly, together with the project initiators, the clients Balouo Salo are the main stakeholder groups engaged in this stage (see figure beside). Since Balouo Salo is an NGO working on the humanitarian developments in rural regions in developing countries, and one of the ways to achieve their visions is to through building projects, their requirements on the project are clearly illustrated through the previous
project
brief,
trying
to
boost
local
women’s
empowerment. As gender inequality issues faced by local women, female groups are regarded as the vulnerable and disadvantaged
groups in the poor living conditions. Therefore, ideally the project would offer them an optimal place to potential opportunities. Moreover, throughout the whole lifecycle, local community leaders and religious leaders would be the parties with the highest levels of interests in the project. Women’s Association plays a critical role in creating awareness and appreciation of various problems and issues women are facing, and campaigning against harmful traditional practices that will undermine women’s health and wellbeing. In this case, The Women’s House is designed to serve
local women as the backup and opportunity for them to stand strong and healthy.
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS - STAKEHOLDERS
In brief stage, the professions, especially the design team, would be of the essential importance. The design team, working with the external consultants or engineers, would prepare a design brief and proposal based on user and client requirements. The construction team and manufacturers will cooperate in the construction phase, with the aim of avoiding any potential delays
Some of the NGOs and international organisations work actively towards the promotion of gender equality and rural development, for instance, UNDP and The World Good Programme would be the direct stakeholders or potential donors to the project, who are able to provide any essential resources and funding to The Women’s House as the proposed food production system and forest garden would be a creative and effective way for local women to achieve
and controlling the total actual costs within budget.
self-sufficiency in food and shelter, which would also provide Onsite services providers and sources will mainly be local and nearby, taken from the nature (Figure below). Power source would be the fuel from simple combustion system to generate power for basic needs. Water sources would be from the Casamance river and adjoining villages, through simple filtration system for the daily use of water. Other essential facilities such as small tools and fitments, are proposed to be provided by local manufacturers or handmade by the villagers. Import would be the least efficient option but is the only way when no other options available or accessible
for
essential
resources.
Once
the
building
is
constructed, it will be handed over to the occupants, who would be local women in Baghere and also the wider adjoining communities. Therefore, in post occupancy stages, future stakeholders could be
the influencing parties in the future development of the Baghere village.
opportunities and space for these organisations to encourage and implement their campaigns in Baghere. Likewise, NGOs similar to Balouo Salo, such as Tostan and World Vision Africa, also partner with various agencies and external bodies as international organisations. Tostan works to empower African communities focusing
on
human
rights-based
women’s
empowerment
education targeting at the positive social transformation (Tostan, 2021 ). World Vision Africa, as a world-wide development NGO, has a wider range of programs committed to achieve well-being of
the vulnerable communities from health, sanitisation, to education and social aspects
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY – WORKING WITH NGO
As the project runs over its whole lifecycle, it would definitely cost
The Women’s House can provide space and gathering opportunity
much more money than expected to maintain the building as a
for them to host events, programs or other marketing campaigns to
whole and replace some key elements as required. Therefore,
gain more access to local and wider communities. On the other
given that the scarcity of local resources and development in
hand, funding sought from NGOs would be the optimal financial
Baghere, the future funding sources would be of vital importance,
source
of which the most accessible and available should be NGOs. For
Millennium Drinking Water and Sanitation Programme is focusing
instance, as in The Women’s House, the proposed onsite food
more on water resources and sanitation system in rural areas for
forest garden and the fortnightly farmer’s market have been
the health and wellbeing of those disadvantaged groups (USAID,
considered as the main food security strategy. In terms of relevant
2021 ). The sanitation and irrigation system, together with water
NGOs, The World Bank in Senegal aims for human development
collection and filtration technology all based on local materials and
and shared growth, and rural and urban synergies (The World
resources in The Women’s House would be the optimal choice for
Bank in Senegal, 2021 ). The World Food Programme (WFP)
these relevant NGOs to expand further and advocate any
distributes food and nutritional ingredients in areas where it is
educational or training purposes for local women and children to
scarce and encourages the vulnerable groups by means of cash
deal with hygiene issues, so as to lower the fatality rate.
or vouchers to protect them for financial exploitation and support the local economy (WFP, 2021 ).
for
future
maintenance
and
expansion.
Likewise,
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATION – ENGAGEMENT
Engagement strategy – local women and community part. Based on the stakeholder mapping and construction process illustration, the engagement strategy applied in this project will be developed as shown in figure above. The ‘External’ and ‘Internal’ are defined by whether the engagement actions derived and conducted mainly by local people. In terms of the engagement of internal participants, key discussion objects are local community and local women groups. Whether in the design phase or in the construction phase, the local community is always the most important facilitator. Thus, specific actions could be: During Design Phase: the local community is recommended to 1. Raise awareness of local women to build for themselves a) Community leaders, local prestigious elders and women group representatives publicize the importance and future influence about Women’s House at the beginning of design phase. b) As a crucial stakeholder, local women groups must be invited into direct onsite design meetings. 1. Create an atmosphere to encourage local women attend into building design: local males’ understanding support: Release local women from childbearing and agricultural work, share corresponding responsibilities and encourage females to express their urgent needs and function’s requirements which this building should be satisfied. During Construction: the local community helps to: 1. Assistance from existing public resources: a) Transportation vehicles and production equipment which can be used in construction b) Staffs employed by nearby community facilities 1. Establish confirmed engagement security including: a) Working conditions, labor grievance and protection mechanism b) Necessary funding and subsidy plans for mitigating potential domestic income losses 1. Refine the construction labor and work allocation 2. Inspect the conduction of construction schedule To further clarify the construction actions between local males and females, concrete work details in each construction phase is provided in figure beside. To conclude, the core of collaborative plan between local women and community is pivotal to enhance the awareness of females’ engagement, while the key in construction phase is practical material and conduction guarantees for local women to engage in the construction.
LANDSCAPE CONSIDERATIONS - INTRODUCTION
The FAO defined food security as “When all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (AO Policy Brief Food Security, 2006). While in the Begherevillage, the food security remains a major issue. Thus, the proposed mini food forest garden aim to build a food security system within the community. With carefully considered planting scheme, this sustainable food forest garden will be feasible, and appropriate for the local conditions. It will develop gradually over the years with very low maintenance. It could provide livelihood, (including food consuming, product selling, cooking), greenery for better well-being and productivity, as well as long-term skillful training (including agriculture, WASH system, Solar power system, leadership and business management ). The food forest gardenwill be integrated closely with the constructed project infrastructure and services (water treatment system, sanitation and hygiene improvisation). Some funding and supports will be reached by collaborations with NGOs and the community.
COLLABORATIONS The food forest garden in women centre will work closely with NGO especially Trees for the Future. This is an organization that started from 1989, aimingto end hunger and poverty through training farmers. It has already created 19 successful projects in Senegal since 2003 (Tree s f or the Future, 2020)This four year training programs will not only provide food security of people, which will be great the health and well being of the women and wider community alike.
IMPROVING THE WELL-BEING & HEALTH FOR WOMEN REDUCING THE GENDER INEQUALITY
Food Forrest Garden
Rainwater Harvesting Greywater Treatment
Urine Diverting Dry Toilet
Solar Power System
Design Principles
LANDSCAPE CONSIDERATIONS - FOOD FOREST GARDEN LONG-TERM PLAN
FOOD FOREST GARDEN YEARLY PLAN
FOOD FOREST GARDEN LONG TERM PLAN 1 year prior ~ 0 years: Focus on training and preparation. Training programs will be arranged in the meeting place in Beghere village. Local trainers and experts (mainly from NGOs including Trees for the Future or volunteers) will teach and train farmers with basic knowledge of a vegetable and fruit tree portfolio. After the completion of the women centre in February of the following year, farmers will move to the women centre for training, combining with in situ preparation and practice. The marking of fields, creation of walking paths, foundation of Reed bed filtration system will be firstly introduced from January during the late stage of the construction.
Years
-1 0
1 0~2 years: Training programs and field practice will be arranged regularly. With the help of NGOs and volunteers, farmers will learn to optimize the foundation of soil, planting trees and fruit, starting to have yearly harvesting from roselle, peanuts and sweet potatoes after 1 year. 2~4 years: Farmers learn about advanced management techniques and maintenance for optimizing the long-term health and productivity of this field. More farmers will join the training programs. After 5 ~8 years: Farmers start to make good profit and expand the skills and knowledge to others. Women farmers become leaders that have their ownership and group. Those who started early become experts and could possibly have the foundations (financially + skilly) to open their own business. This will build a self sufficient chain within the community or even larger urban contexts.
Funding and supports from NGOs and Volunteers (mainly by Trees for the Future) Filtration system (Grow of reeds)
Planting of the 6 species of food and fruit trees
2
3
Mango trees begin fruit production and are ready for harvesting yearly. Reed Bed filtration system will be developed fully Bamboo are ready to harvest Mango trees reach their peak harvesting period
5 10 Gum trees become mature
LANDSCAPE CONSIDERATIONS - LANDSCAPE PLAN
6 Layers 7 Indigenous species Canopy: Kent mangoes (Mangifera indica) Tree Spacing: 4 ~ 5 m Height: 15 ~ 30 m Extreme Drought tolerance Moderate flood tolerance Gum Acacia (Acacia senegal) Spacing: 5 ~ 8m Height: 8~ 15 m Extreme Drought / flood tolerance Shrub: Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Spacing: 0.9 ~ 1.5 m Height: about 2 m Good Drought / flood tolerance Rhizosphere Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) Spacing in row: 1.5 m Good Drought / flood tolerance
Soil Surface Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) Spacing: 0.15 ~ 0.20 m apart Height: 0.45 m Moderate Drought/ flood tolerance Others: African lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera) Spacing: 1 m Height: 15 ~ 20 m Good Drought tolerance Moderate flood tolerance
Reed bed grey water filtration system
Food storage
Site boundaries
Solar power system
LANDSCAPE CONSIDERATIONS - WASH SERVICE ASSESSMENT
Assessment Aspect
Current Situation
Supply
Issues： 1. Casamance River: the saltwater intrusion from ocean in droughts (Mikhailov & Isupova, 2008) 2. Defective operation and maintenance of current water bore piping systems 3. Insufficient and unbalanced funding programme between urban and rural area (Water and Sanitation Program, 2011)
● Water Quality
Treatment
● 1. 2.
● 1. 2.
WASH
● 1. 2. ● Management
Hygiene
⮚ ⮚ ⮚
● Material
Excreta Management
● 1. 2. 3.
Issue: Current physic-chemical quality of portable water is below the WHO’s standards: high salt and fluorine contents are existed in the groundwater and more than 1 million people are affected in Senegal (Diallo, 2018). Opportunity: The prevalence of motorized pumps: the average rate of functionality for rural boreholes with motorized pumps could be reached to 90% in Senegal (Water and Sanitation Program, 2011). Steady investment programs in the rural water supply: the access rate to safe drinking water has been achieved 88% in 2015 in rural areas, exceeding the initial target of 82% set out for the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Diallo, 2018).
Issues: Difficulties to access safety filtered water: nearly 0 access filtered water in the project site village (BALOUO SALO, 2021). Insufficient knowledge and water purification equipment Issues: Disinfected household water storage containers Insufficient menstrual knowledge Opportunity: National-wide raised awareness of hygiene habit: Handwashing rates with soap were quite low in the survey conducted by Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW) in 2004: 25% after going to toilet 18% after cleaning a child 18% before handling food Based on study conducted in 2009, over 80% of total responses reflected that people knew the importance of soap. And close to 80% of total responses showed common recognition in the link between soap usage and germ removal (Water and Sanitation Program, 2010). Issues: Insufficient hand hygiene materials: the rural population data about people with basic hand-washing facilities including soap and water was reported at 8.63% (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2017). Issues: Insufficient household excreta disposal facilities Lack of water supply to established toilets Failure in the maintenance and operation of toilets
Sanitation (The Water Supply ● Apart from the defective excreta management and solid waste management, plus Drainage issues: and Sanitation Disease Vector Difficulties in stagnant water prevention Collaborative Eventful flooding damage Council, 2016) ● Issues: Solid Waste 1. Community scale: Random solid waste accumulation and landfill Management 2. Household scale: Unavailability of solid waste classification 3. Menstrual waste management
LANDSCAPE CONSIDERATION – WASH SOLUTION
Access to water, sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) is one of the most basic human rights. While in the project area in Sediouregion, people live in very extreme conditions that around 86% of the population in domestic settings have zero access to potable water, and 98% of the family dispose waste water directly outdoors (KairaLooro. 2020). Furthermore, women are the main labor force of agriculture and housework in Africa, which requires such high WASH needs that push their life significantly harder than men. Thus, an efficient and localized WASH system is required. This newly proposed system consists of rainwater harvesting, greywater management and Urine-diverting dry toilet (double vaults). It will integrate with architecture, landscape, construction and the community, aiming to improve the basic needs especially for women. Hence, women will be empowered by improved health and well-being. They could have the ability to pursue other needs and self-development, reducing the severe gender inequality gap. (key words: large scope/ recycled/ minimum waste/could be self sustained/culture considerations/cheap/local accessible/system integration)
TWO SYSTEMS
Drip Irrigation for sweet potatoes Rainwater tank
Pump
Pump
Drip Irrigation for sweet potatoes Rainwater overflow/direct use for irrigation
Pump
Rainwater harvesting for drinking Rainwater harvesting for Hygiene
Bad site conditions for WASH Greywater collection and filtration for irrigation
https://canvas.lms.unimelb.edu.au/courses/111748/pages/case-study-kaira-loorowomens-house-project-area-baghere-village
Drinking Harvesting
Rain Hygiene: Hand washing Menstrual health and hygiene
Hydraid BioSand water filters
Hygiene
Rainwater tank
Sanitation: Waste containment
Irrigation Wasted Water Collected back to the Primary Filtration System
Water: Accessible (safe, obtainable and affordable) Safety (source, storage and use) Sustainable (low maintenance, storage and behavioral practices)
Greywater Collecting From Hygiene
Basin/ Reed Bed
Reed Bed filtration system
Irrigation
LANDSCAPE CONSIDERATION – WASH SOLUTION
• Thatched Roof Total area of roof: 371 m² Roof catchment area: 288 m² Thatched roof run-off: 20% - 70%
• Climate conditions (World Data Info, 2020): Wet season: June to October 4 months Dry season: ranges from seven to ten Annual rainfall between wet season: 1,095.7 mm
Minimum rainwater collection: 288x10.957x 20%= 631.12 m² = 63,112 L
• Catchment: concrete water tank Stored and being used for especially dry seasons
Maximum rainwater collection: 288x10.957x 70%= 2,208.93 m² = 220, 893 L
• Drains and channels Dry water collecting system for healthier safter water storage Gutter: 300 mm dia Bamboo gutter PVC downpipe Length: 3 m Rain head: sloped screen divers debris
Pump
https://www.afdb.org/en/senegal-drinking-water-andsanitation-improvingthelivesofafricans
Filtered Water used for Drink & Hygiene • Hydraid BioSand Water Filters
Trees for the future. (2020). Our Approach. https://trees.org/approach/
http://tcpermaculture.com/site/category/forestgardening/aquatic-wetland-layer/
• Reed Bed Filtration system Reed bed filtration system are proposed to treat greywater on site. It utilizes only natural ecological process that requires very low technology and maintenance (Sathyapriya & Chinnusamy, 2019 ). Waster water will be turn to good source for irrigation. It will also reduce the risk of contamination of deposit water in the region, creating a recyclable and sustainable chain. This environmentalfriendly system would also be low cost while providing high psychological values for people (Sathyapriya & Chinnusamy, 2019 ).
Greywater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting
Overflow of the water tank & collected rainwater directly used for irrigation in the food forest garden
Hydraid biosand water filters is a simple but effective filtration system. It combines biological and mechanical process to purify water (Tiwari, 2009). This system is low cost, easy to use and sustainable which will be an efficient solution for purifying water in the woman centre.
https://www.engineeringforchange.org/news /how-to-make-a-wooden-mold-for-biosandwater-filters/
Wasted Water Collected to the Second Filtration System As rainy season in Senegal typically lasts from May to November, rainwater is relatively excessive in humid seasons, whereas the country is conditioned by drought and hotness in the rest half of the year. According to the study by Owusu & Asante (2020) , rainwater is largely used by local people in rural villages in most African countries for drinking and non-drinking purposes. Most users reported that rainwater harvesting practice has a positive impact on their daily lives, and the reliability of rainwater is highly valued. The physical and chemical properties of rainwater are good, but research has emphasised the need for better management of technology to ensure the best quality. It is highly recommended and encouraged to wider rainwater use, especially in areas where there is no public water supply or limited public water supply. Therefore, in the case of Senegal, rainwater should be considered as the optimal water source for daily use. The other option would be underground water. As the underground water extraction being complicated and expensive, it would not be easily accessible and readily available to use underground water for daily use. In Senegal, if the exploitation of underground water resources is excessive all year round during the dry seasons, the rock and soil layers in areas where underground water is over-exploited will be dense, which will potentially cause ground subsidence and collapse. As the excessive amounts of rainwater in rainy seasons, it would be cost-effective to adopt rainwater harvesting technology and store rainwater into water tanks for future use in dry seasons, together with filtration systems, drinking water will be secured and guaranteed to be self-sufficient.
LANDSCAPE CONSIDERATION – WASH SOLUTION
Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet Design
Power
Use/Lighting/Cooking:
In the women centre, three urine-diverting dry toilets (two vaults) are proposed. This is a toilet system which practice best in places where human waste are treated as fertilizer (Morgan, 2007). It is a lift-up foundation so fits perfectly in the project site, as there will be risk of flood occasionally.
It is noticed that in the rural region of the project site, there are ongrid electricity systems operating. However, only 30% of the population live with electricity (OOLU, 2017). The utilization of this mains power is low. Thus, a off-grid power system based on solar energy would be proposed for this project.
This toilet system use no water except for some hand wash afterwards. There is no need for any centralized institutional infrastructure (Morgan, 2007). It is cost-effective which also have great local control and quick development.
There are several reasons for installing a solar-based energy system: Access to electricity is a basic human need. It reduces poverty, improves health, economic productivity, safety and security （ Steward, 1989). Our project which focuses on reducing gender inequality by improving health and well-being for women, the electrical access is essential. Off-grid electrification is cost effective, requiring less equipment and fees for transporting diesel and gas. Senegal enjoys almost 2,000 hours of sunshine per year, which will be a great local resource (IEA, 2019). The Senegal national government has announced new plans in 2008 that aimed for 30% generating capacity for renewables by 2030(IEA, 2019).
The Electricity generated on site will be mainly used for domestic lighting at night (when there are training and occasional events for people who are busy during the day), charging for electrical products, and street lighting (especially for women going out at night). Cooking or dining in the women centre is not what our project proposing. While it is still easily adaptive. In the future, if electric stoves are introduced into the region, the generated electricity could also be used for a more efficient and environmentally friendly cooking method.
Privacy: a sheltered area which are constructed by simple techniques and local materials. Safety: the location of the toilet is strategic. It will be located near the house but keep in a certain distance. The design with lighting will prevent women from sexual violence when they are using it. Cleanliness: water taps with basin for handwash afterwards is constructed close to the toilet. People ( both women and men) will share the task of cleaning. Respect: Squad toilet are proposed as a respect for the Islamic culture in the village. Handrails, ramp and bells are proposed within the toilet for people with disability
Urine-diverting dry toilet is a system that reuse and treat human waste as the fertilizer for landscape one site. There are existing successful project in Yoff, Senegal using the same technique (Conant, & Fadem, 2008). However, there could be disagreement on this proposal as Muslim (which is the belief of the majority of the region) have very strict Etiquettes about human waste and water. Desk meeting will be held to clear out doubts or concerns. The ease of construction and installation of Urine-diverting dry toilet can be easily changed according to needs.
There are reachable products and expertise in the local area. Senegal-based companies including Oolu Solar provide professional and low-cost services for solar-powered electricity has been practiced for years (OOLU, 2017).
Collaborations: Collaborating with German companies Gauff and GIZ, new job opportunities and business could be developed. Those companies have promoted training programmed for solar technicians since 2017 (Rachel, 2018). This project could become a starting center like “Teranga Hubs” in the Tanaff region, which support people, especially women, with business start-ups and higher levels of income (Rachel, 2018). This will boost self-esteem and improve women's living standard in a sustainable way, thus reducing gender inequality.
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION - FUNCTIONAL BRIEFING
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Considering the findings of the desktop analysis of factors that will affect function during the Strategic Functional Briefing / Return Brief Excercise. Group 4 proposes a set of over arching design principles that would govern the building design, functionality and operation: ∙ ∙
∙
∙ ∙
•
Operable walls with increased flexibility of room size and functionality
•
Global Pandemic has made us rethink how space is designed. Provision for monodirectional or one way flow of people is to be provided to respond to this. The provision would minimize contact between people and will help in turning the building into a facility that can address the crisis
•
A central agora is to be utilized as a central gathering point. Programs are revolved around the agora, creating a hub of activity in the centre. It also aims to create opportunities for sabar.
Inward looking – Provide Safe Space for women, protecting their privacy and dignity Outward looking – Provide a Space for dialogue between the women and the wider community with a goal to close the gender parity. Local and Connected – Usage of familiarity as anchor in expressing ideals. Usage of local material in community building Health and Wellbeing Hub – Provide provision to improve health and wellbeing Flexible and Adaptable – Provide provisions ensure maximum flexibility in spatial usage, provide opportunities for future expansion
A set of functional elements were then developed in order to imbue the design principles to the brief. These elements can be treated as “kit of parts” or a checklist when engaging with the user groups (UG) in early workshop session. This in turn will help the UG’s codesign the space without comprising the functional needs of the house. These elements, however, is not prescriptive, rather needs to be challenged in order to get the best and localized outcomes needed.
•
Taking inspiration from the Orange Door Family Violence Support Hub and design of Drug and Alcohol Consultation Rooms, individual room should provide double egress for protection of the user. This would allow a person to evacuate the room from another aggravated person without traversing across the room.
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION - SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION
SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
Based on the SFB, a schedule of accommodation (SoA) was formed. The SoA will be used as the basis of what rooms will be needed to fulfil service function of the proposed women’s centre.
The different room functions are explored and placed in diagrammatic manner to illustrate key adjacencies and flow between spaces
Qty 1
Briefed Area (sqm) 10
Total Area (sqm) 10
Semi-Private Room (12sqm) Multipurpose Room (30sqm)
2 1
10 30
20 30
Quiet Room with ablution Toilets Storage Plant (inc Engineering) GDA Travel (Circulation) %20 GBA
1 3 4 1
10 3 8 5
10 9 32 5 111 21.2 132.2
Qty 1
Briefed Area 30
INTERNAL ROOMS Admin
EXTERNAL SPACES Agora
Total Area 30
Comment Also acts as aWelcome point for visitors and users dual egress for orange door (Family violence) consult rooms provision flexible internal partition to consolidate to one big space acoustic provision / act as prayer room aswell, provision as a sanctuary bed space for violence victim Storage to facilitate flexible usage
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION – PRECEDENT STUDY
New Artist Residency In Senegal Toshiko Mori Familiarity as Placemaking and as catalyst for community engagement New Artist Residency In Senegal by Toshiko Mori is a communityhub and a place for artist and residents alike to enjoy and commune in creative pursuits and cultivation of their skills. The project uses local community practices and tradition such as the sabar in anchoring the architecture within the community. The influences of the practice is evident on how the floorplan and roof plane is organized. The circular form of the roof void reference the sabar and provides a backdrop for such activity to happen. The notion of circle and idea of safety and security is also evident on how the architecture shelters and its users. The usage of local materiality further anchors the building as something local but it is evidently something very contemporary. It is different enough to not blend in its local vernacular but familiar enough for the community to engage with the space without much effort. The cultivation of familiarity and architecture exuding this ,albeit subtly, provides a great example on how architecture of familiarity as a placemaking tool and catalyst for community engagement. This idea will be taken onboard the design of the women’s centre. https://www.archdaily.com/608096/new-artist-residency-insenegal-toshiko-mori
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION – SITING OPPORTUNITIES The initial “ideal” lot , as stipulated by the Baluou Salo project brief, sites the project, north of the Casamance River. This flat lot is located at the edge of the road surrounded by acacia and mango trees. It is in proximity of the municipal offices, schools, mosque and the on-call medical services. A desktop study was undertaken as due diligence in terms of viability of this site as a women centre. Key findings were as follows: Ideal Lot: •The village can be divided into two geographical areas, north bank and south bank. North bank although hosting some civic functions, is sparsely populated. South Bank, in the other hand is the hub of economic activity with a regional market at its heart. A few civic functions are also hosted here such as the Grand Mosque, and a Christian Church. Services such a pharmacy, post office, and a radio station. The south bank also host majority of the Baghere’s village population. •Possibility of collocating or synergy between the educational institutions and the women’s centre
•North and South bank is connected via approx. 500m bridge, spanning across Casamance River. •Located away from the centre of activity of the village •The approximate time taken to reach the ideal lot to the edge of south bank is 40min which equates to a 3km walk •Women of Baghere typically work during the day and out to the agriculture fields. Considering all these, the idealness of the initial “proposed location” is questioned. Various sites were considered and studies. And are as follows:
•The “Water tower” Site – the water tower site is characterize by immediate adjacency to the tallest structure in the village. The water tower acts as a wayfinding tool for people and would give a sense of “beacon” for those seeking the services of the women’s house. The site however in the southern part of the southbank portion of the village. There are issues such as it not being central. •The “Mosque back lot” Site – This site is centrally located and provides good adjacencies to key public and civic space of the village. However, concerns about privacy is evident. •The “Retreat” Site - This site is centrally located and provides good adjacencies to key public and civic space of the village. The site itself has close adjunct with the market, a great colocation strategy with the landscape plan. The site is also along the edge and can provide a respite from the village without being too far. Ultimately, the “Retreat” Site was chosen as preferred site
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION – DESIGN OUTCOME
Similar to the case study, the design is very contemporary, but the usage of local materiality anchors the building as something local. It is different enough to not blend in its local vernacular but familiar enough for the community to engage with the space without much effort. The cultivation of familiarity and architecture exuding this ,albeit subtly, provides base to use architecture and familiarity as a placemaking tool and catalyst for community engagement.
This in turn would allow the status quo-challenging messages to be easier received as the vessel in which it delivered is design and informed by the local practices and tradition. Thus, the architecture design itself aims to facilitate the closing of the gender parity gap. Further to this, the usage of different planning and spatial arrangements allows for the earlier design principles and the considerations set in the return brief to be addressed.
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION – FLOORPLAN AND SECTION The floor plan is arranged from private to public space, with a dialogue or a meeting space in the middle. this reflects the nature of the functions to be done in the women’s house, where the private functions are exclusive for the women and the public function aim to involve to wider community. The house both aims to look inwardly sheltering, embracing and protecting women and also look outwardly to be open, educate and enlighten the wider community.Health planning, Family Violence Planning measures are adopted in the design through the dual egress of the individual rooms and the whole building. Simply put, the design applies the design principles and functional elements set in the earlier pages of the report.
9-F
9-M
4
12 4
9-F
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
11 11 3 4
6 4
7
7
5
1
2
8
0
10 11
11
PRIVATE
DIALOGUE
11
PUBLIC
Multipurpose Hall (Public) The Meeting Place Water Catchment Storage Ablution Quiet Space Flexible Rooms Office/ Greet Point Amenities Overflow room Breakout Spaces Secure Semi-Courtyard
1.5
3
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION – FLEXIBILITY + STAGING
As diverse as the issues faced by local women in Baghere, the functions of the women’s house can be manipulated in many
PLACE FOR SABAR REGULARLY
PLACE FOR MEETINGS FOR TRAINING AND ACTIVITIES
different ways, therefore, The Women’s House is a place for consultation, for learning and training, for dialogue, for reflection, for refuge, a holistic and practical way to address health and wellbeing.
STAGING The likelihood of installment based funding and/or funding drought
PLACE FOR MARKET ONCE A FORTNIGHT
posses serious risk to the viability of the project. To mitigate this,
PLACE FOR TREATMENT/CONSULT DURING MEDICAL MISSIONS AND VILLAGE DOCTOR VISITS
the architecture program has enough flexibility to instill a staged based construction without compromising the functionality of each
stages. STAGE 1: PROTOTYPING This stage provides a key prototype for future funding. The multi purpose room/hall gives an opportunity and space for the users and other stakeholders to work collaboratively in development of the future stages. STAGE 2: ADMIN AND COMMUNITY
PLACE FOR CONVERSATION AND PEER COUNSEL REGULARLY
PLACE FOR LEARNING NIGHTLY AND DURING THE WEEKENDS
PLACE FOR LEARNING WITH THE COMMUNITY NIGHTLY AND DURING THE WEEKENDS
PLACE FOR SECURED LEARNING NIGHTLY AND DURING THE WEEKENDS
The additional facilities provided in this stage further expands the service capacity of the women’s centre. Storage facilities allow for flexibility of room usages. STAGE 3: COMPLETION The final stage is when the women’s house is complete and can serve full service capacity
PLACE FOR REFLECTION AS NEEDED
PLACE FOR REFUGE FOR VICTIMS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE AS NEEDED (COMPARTMENTED BEDROOM UNIT)
ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATION – POTENTIAL RISK
As extensively outlined in the earlier parts of the report, especially
Various engagement strategies has been put in places to mitigate
the engagement strategy, there are serious risk posted by the
the risk. Furthermore, the application of different social practices,
project especially since the project aims are challenging the
norms and cultures in the architecture design of the building aims
dominant status quo. Potential risk are:
to anchor down the centre in the community to prevent rejection from it.
•
Ostracization of women in the community
•
Gender based conflict due to balance disruption
•
Potential misuse or it being unused by the community
It is important to note that the design presented are a result of a desktop study and it is ,until a proper engagement process is done, not final and subject to change.
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS – CONSTRUCTION PROCESS One principle in onsite construction is that use as much existed equipment as possible. Thus, the most common wooden devices and transportation vehicles which are usually used in local agricultural production and livestock activities are considered in the construction machinery. Another principle is treating most of the labor resources as unskilled local people. In particular work such as plumbing and electrical installation, volunteer or prepaid plumbers and electrical engineers are still needed for on-site training and consultation. Reinforced concrete (RC) strip footing construction
Dig footing trench
Underground works: service and drainage piping
Formwork and reinforcement placement
Cast in-situ concrete pouring and spread
Trowel finish off the concrete footing
• Material: none • Machinery: shovel, wheelbarrow Note: Excavated soil can be used in the production of compressed earth bricks or mortar after consultants’ evaluation. Nearly 30 cm manual excavation working space should also be dug out.
•
Material: PVC pipes, electrical wires, metal fixings, waterproof tape • Machinery: shovel, spade, driller, hammer, trolley, flatbed tricycle, wrench Note: On-site service consultants are needed.
• •
Reinforcement
placement
• Material: concrete • Machinery: finishing trowel Note: The top surface of strip footing should be carefully toweled and leveled for further slab construction.
Preparation
Material: timber formwork, steel bars Machinery: shovel, spade, hammer, driller, sew, flatbed tricycle, steel forming devices Note: Similar considerations as concerned in the RC strip footing construction
Slab concrete pouring
Finishing the slab
Note: Bricklaying sub-stages: 1. Measure the height of wall with wooden board or sticks which are less non-deformable 2. Setting up a level line: Feed the string line behind the piece of wood. Use plumb bob or something heavy tied to a string to check whether the string line is still horizontal. Always keep the string line tight and up to where the top of the next course of bricks. 3. Laying the first course of bricks with mortar: S Before bricklaying, wet the CEB for better connection between CEB and mortar. Start from the wall corner. The first layer of CEB should be connected to the strip footing directly for wall load-bearing. 4. Cutting a brick to size 5. Laying the next courses of bricks
Material: concrete Machinery: wheelbarrow, shovel, wooden slab trowel, wooden stick
Material: shell, aggregate, mud, cement Machinery: wooden slab trowel, wheelbarrow, shovel, bucket, grinder machine
Note: Shell terazzo finishing sub-stages: 1. Thoroughly Clean the slab surface 2. Dark-gray mud and cement pouring 3. Trowel the surface 4. Scatter the shell aggregate mix 5. Shovel the dirt from mud and cement mix 6. Grind the hardened surface Negative impacts brought by high temperature in dry seasons should be avoided and mitigated by surface cover or water spray during concrete curing. The gloss of slab surface would be gone during the curing. Finishing grinder machine should be conducted by onsite professional worker.
trowel, hammer, wheelbarrow, plumb bob with a string, squirt bottle, ladder, buckets
Bricklaying
Note: Particularly notice the glossy surface of slab, which indicates the condition of water distribution in poured concrete. Excessive evaporation of water should be prevented during concrete pouring.
• •
• Material: lime, cement, clay-sand, fiber, water • Machinery: shovel, spade, wheelbarrow Note: Onsite mortar production should be along with the bricklaying process.
• Material: CEB, wood pieces, mortar • Machinery: shovel, spade, machete, brick
• •
• •
• •
Material: concrete Machinery: shovel, wheelbarrow, trowel, wooden stick Note: Concrete is vibrated manually by wooden sticks. Concrete leveling and screeding should be conducted during concrete pouring.
Material: none Machinery: shovel, whisk broom
Site cleaning
• •
Material: timber boards, screws, steel bars Machinery: shovel, spade, hammer, driller, sew, flatbed tricycle, steel forming devices Note: Formwork formed onsite with timber boards and fixings such as screws. Some steel forming devices may be provided by external supporters.
External wall – Compressed Earth Brick (CEB) construction
RC slab construction:
Door installation and opening construction
Plastering and rendering
• Material: bamboo mat, segmented bamboo • Machinery: ladder, machete Note: Bamboo mat can be weaved and produced off-site by local women. All the frames of doors and openings are made by segmented bamboo.
• •
Material: cement, lime, plant fibres Machinery: bucket trowel, hawk, bucket, ladder Note: Mix lime into cement render to enhance the strength of external wall rendering.
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION - CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM (DETAILED CONNECTION/SECTIONS)
In terms of the building materiality, the building is mainly built from
In this scenario, local people will have great opportunities to gain
local materials such as bamboo, timber, brick, sand, concrete,
basic knowledge of construction and materiality, especially local
steel rebars for major building elements, and rubber, shell, stones
women, who will be equipped with essential skills to perform any
for connections and finishes. The construction system and
assembly or unloading tasks in the future.
technology basically follow the methodology of a lightweight structure, while still maintain concrete slab as to strengthen the
The column to slab connection details is shown in Figure.2. Each
foundation and extend the building life. The treatment to raw
column is made up of 4 bamboo branches with 152mm diameter to
materials will also be the simplest using natural resources. For
ensure enough rigidity to resist the lateral loads and axial loads. The
instance, bamboo branches would be treated by natural toxicants
process to make this connection is simple and easy to learn, also no
made by boiling the silvers of fresh leaves and stem from
heavy machinery would be involved. Local women and men can be
Milkweed, with the time of treatment being within one day, and the
able to build on their own once receive essential trainings from NGO
proved effectiveness to prevent decay and insect’s attack.
volunteers, which will engage them to form a production line for
prefabrication of building materials offsite.
With regards to the substructure, the footing (Figure.1) is designed to be the reinforced concrete strip footings around the perimeter of external brick wall to bear the load of façade and upper structures. The trench will be 1000mm deep and 450mm wide, with concrete to trench having a depth of 250mm. The ground slab is 300mm thick made of reinforced concrete, with a 5mm sand screed on the top. External walls sit on the strip footing, while internal non-load bearing walls which is bamboo board partitions sit directly on the concrete slab, with the bottom plate on the slab for connection. Similarly, bamboo columns sit directly on the concrete slab, with steel bottom plate and steel wire binding to ensure the rigid and stable column to slab connection.
The excavation work will be performed by hand mainly by local male groups. Also, the concrete will be mixed onsite using raw materials readily available in the adjoining villages, with young men being the main manager of this task once trained by volunteers or expertise.
Figure.1 Footing Details (Drawing not to scale)
Figure.2 Column to slab connection details (Drawing not to scale)
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION - CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM (DETAILED CONNECTION/SECTIONS)
In terms of superstructure, the overall wall and roof section is shown in Figure.3. The wall structure consists of external wall, internal partition, columns, and internal sliding door as part of partitions. The external wall is the traditional brick veneer system with external face being compressed brickwork and internal face being timber stud wall. Perforated brickwork would be placed between external face to roof, with the aim of maximising natural ventilation and transmission of natural lighting. Internal partitions are using bamboo board as it does not bear any loads, thus the
lightweight lining wall would be the choice. Both internal and external columns are made of bamboo branches, with steel binding connection to other elements. Likewise, the sliding doors
Figure.3 Wall to roof section details
designed to interchange the spaces functions are also bamboo
(Drawing not to scale)
weaving mat board, with good shading and thermal performance. Upper structure is the lightweight bamboo roofing system. Roof rafters are bamboo branches wired together, with a mid-point connection to add extra strength since each rafter is of approximately 10m long. The first layer of roof is bamboo mat board corrugated for shading and waterproofing purposes. The top
layer is thatching that will act as a thermal mass for the roof structure. As the roof area is relatively immense, the cladding will be placed and constructed in 6 modules. The assembly process of roof cladding is merely manual joint which can be performed by local people and even village elderly.
The connection details for key roof elements are illustrated in the drawings below. Similar to the columns, each bamboo rafter is made from 4 bamboo branches bonded together using steel wire and bolt connection. As mentioned earlier, the bamboo rafter
would be of 10m length, therefore mid-point connection is built on
Figure.4 Column to rafter connection details
Figure.5 Mid-point connection details
for extra strength and stability. The components for connection
(Drawing not to scale)
(Drawing not to scale)
parts are all from local materials, which can also be manufactured manually by local people under necessary training on bolt connection and hand tool use.
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION – DETAILED COLLABORATIVE DESIGN TIMELINE
Group 4 proposes the below detailed collaborative design timeline to ensure all relevant stakeholders are engaged and included in the process. We acknowledge that their inclusion enables full public acceptance of the project and therefore, mitigate the risk of rejection and ostracization of the women in the context of the village and the house itself.
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION – GANTT CHART
Please refer to appendix for addition Gantt Chart information
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION – COST PLAN
Description MAIN SUMMARY In terms of the cost plan, the total estimated construction cost derived from the cost plan covers the costs related to user requirements, brief, and construction stages. The use and also post-occupancy stages along the building lifecycle has not yet been covered by the cost
estimation. The building’s gross floor area is 343.20m2 including the outdoor veranda and open-air spaces in the middle, with the enclosed area under 200m2. The unit rate referred in the cost plan as a BOQ
%BC
Cost/m2
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Subtotal
Factor
Total
Buidlings and Related External Works and Services 79% € 39.50 343.2 m2 € 13,555.95
Building External Works and Services Design and Development Contingency Escalation Market Condition Total Anticipated Construction Cost
8%
€ 3.85
343.2
m2
€ 1,320.00
5%
€ 2.17
343.2
m2
€ 743.80
0% 0%
€ 0.00 € 0.00
343.2 343.2
m2 m2
€ 0.00 € 0.00
91%
€ 45.51
343.2
m2
€ 15,619.75
Other Costs Contract Contingency
0%
€ 0.00
343.2
m2
€ 0.00
Professional Fees - Briefing
3%
€ 1.46
343.2
m2
€ 500.00
Professional Fees - Design
6%
€ 2.91
343.2
m2
€ 1,000.00
GST Total Estimated Construction Cost
0%
€ 0.00
343.2
m2
€ 0.00
unit rate is consisted of materials including small components in connections, labour and machinery costs, if there’s any involved. As is clear in the cost plan, the total estimated construction cost is nearly reaching the budget limit. Therefore, in future stages as postoccupancy and maintenance along the lifecycle, it would be necessary and critical to seek further funding from NGOs or other potential
€ 17,119.75
donors such as funding partners, government agencies or similar EXCLUSIONS
organisations. The Women’s House provides numerous functional spaces for local communities and even wider communities for women’s empowerment. Private companies are also the potential donors for the project since the landscaping consideration with creative technologies would be a great investment opportunity for them. As the construction process has mainly been conducted by local people, the construction costs would mainly be material costs and machinery. Labour costs only occupy a tiny proportion since the average wage level in Senegal is very low. In order to save more costs, if the initial design has proposed a smaller building with less space for outdoor veranda, the major construction costs would shrink significantly. However, when these proposed spaces are designed by local villagers to gather in for a farmer’s market, and receive any training or healthcare programs, the local economy will definitely be boosted in some way, whereas potential donors would also regard this project as promising, future funding would be sought for the later
The following items have been excluded from this estimate: Additional costs related to poor ground conditions Additional costs related to heavily contaminated ground Any other site latent conditions Solar Panel (PV system) Delay costs Costs related to changing market conditions Description EXTERNAL WORKS AND SERVICES Site Preparation Site cleaning and removing existing vegetation LANDSCAPING Paved area - rocky stones Pipes for irrigation
%BC
Cost/m2
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Subtotal
303
m2
€ 1.00
€ 303.00
m2
€ 249.00
m
€ 3.66
250
Factor
Total
€ 303.00
€ 915.00 € 915.00
stages. EXTERNAL WATER SERVICES Drip irrigation system Water pump
1 3 TOTAL
no no
€ 12.00 € 30.00
€ 12.00 € 90.00 € 102.00 € 1,320.00
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION – DETAIL COST PLAN
Description BUILDING SUBSTRUCTURE Excavation to trench Reinforcement to trench Concrete to trench Plywood Formwork to sides of ground slab Reninforcement to ground slab Concrete to 200mm thk ground slab Screed with 5mm thk sand bed to concrete slab
%BC
Cost/m2
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Subtotal
Factor
Total
%BC
Cost/m2
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Subtotal
73
m2
€ 1.50
€ 109.50
Bamboo board partition
27
m3
€ 1.99
€ 53.73
0.41
t
€ 564.02
€ 231.25
27
m3
€ 65.70
€ 1,773.90
INTERNAL DOORS
0.13
m3
€ 441.58
€ 57.41
Bamboo mat board sliding door
1.1
t
€ 564.02
€ 620.42
58.6
m3
€ 65.70
€ 3,850.02
1.46
m3
€ 8.76
168
no
€ 0.61
11.2
m2
€ 1.50
€ 16.80 € 16.80
CEILING FINISHES
Straw mats to the whole ceiling area
295.9
m2
€ 2.46
€ 727.91
€ 12.79
€ 727.91 WALL FINISHES
Cement render to both sides of the external timber wall
€ 102.48
98
m2
€ 4.20
€ 411.60 € 411.60
€ 102.48 88
m
€ 1.98
€ 174.24
101.9
m
€ 0.21
€ 21.40
Bamboo mat corrugated board as roof cladding
371
m2
€ 2.40
€ 890.40
Thatches as external roof cladding
371
m2
€ 0.60
€ 222.60
300mm dia. Bamboo eaves gutter to the circular void
35.4
Bamboo rafter
m
€ 0.30
FLOOR FINISHES 25mm thk Shell terazzo tiling to concrete ground slab
120mm thk Timber stud wall with timber board
5.88
250mm Perforated Compressed earth brick to ceiling height
27
m2
m3
m2
€ 9.49
€ 10.62
€ 465.01
€ 441.58 € 2,596.49
€ 4.75
no
€ 0.30
€ 0.30
Urine diverting dry toilets
3
no
€ 32.80
€ 98.40
Plastic water tank
1
no
€ 327.20
€ 327.20
PVC downpipe
3
m
€ 3.66
€ 10.98
Overflow pipe with louvred outlet
1
m
€ 3.66
€ 3.66
Filtration system
2
no
€ 30.00
€ 60.00
Basin
1
no
€ 35.00
€ 35.00
Lighting
20
no
€ 1.00
€ 20.00 € 555.54
EXTERNAL DOORS
m2
€ 1.50
€ 490.14
1
TOTAL
22.3
€ 4.20
Bamboo handrail on the side of ramp
€ 128.25 € 3,189.75
Full Height bamboo framed sliding doors with bamboo mat board
m2
FITMENTS
EXTERNAL WALLS 49
116.7
€ 490.14
€ 1,319.26 250mm Compressed earth face brick to internal building height
Total
€ 109.50
ROOF Timber roof top plate
Factor
INTERNAL WALLS
€ 6,599.52
COLUMNS 152mm dia. Bamboo columns
Description
€ 33.45 € 33.45
€ 13,555.95
CONCLUSION - REFLECTION
The women’s house project in Senegal, wishing to create is a selfbuilt sustainable centre, that raise the concern and help reduce the gender inequality. It responds closely to the local context and climate, studying basic needs of people in Beghere village. With the belief that it is those fundamental needs build a solid base for self-esteem and the ego, this project tackled down well-being and health as the main focal point. This project integrated landscape, architecture and construction into a sustainable system which could be flexible and adaptable for the future changes. However, as this is still a proposal that have no meeting with the local in person, there could be some gap between this remote design. This will be improved after s real site visit. In terms of construction system, reinforced concrete strip footing is applied for the load-bearing of compressed earth brick wall. Reinforced concrete slab is used to strengthen and distribute the load from superstructure. Both the buried wall-footing connection and wall thickness of 250mm provide the capacity of load-bearing in both the vertical and horizontal direction. From the perspective of construction management, the broad bamboo use in roof rafter and column would bring potential negative risks both on the building structural system and construction process. In this design, roof system defects would be defined by rafters’ load capacity and column supporting. For the rafters’ structural performance, the reduction of rafters’ spans and the addition of purlins can enhance not only the horizontal stability but also both the resistance of compression or uplifting force in vertical direction. Thus, also as key elements for decrease of rafters span, column supporting should also be stable. An optimization design to rafter and column is show as below:
Apart from the issue of bamboo column’s configuration, the pretreatment of bamboo elements would be another focal point to be considered in construction process. On the one hand, onsite treatment such as heating and burning training for local men (practitioners) should be easy and less time-consuming to conduct. On the other hand, offsite treatment such as bundle bamboo columns with ropes and fixings’ assembly should also consider the timeframe conflicts between construction schedule and spare time that local women and men could attend into this self-building part. The roof system using thatching and bamboo simultaneously is controversial in the construction system. The maintenance plan in the 5 to 10 years would be critical. Thatching needs to be replaced every 2 years, with the routine inspection and maintenance every half year. Bamboo mat board corrugated will also be not as strong and solid as metal sheet, thus further replacement and maintenance need to be considered. In terms of cost, further funding is still required to be raised from various relevant parties. Also, more cost saving measures should be proposed to go in line with the initial design. The reasonable allocation of the cost during different stages along the project lifecycle should be achieved in real practices.
Use/Lighting/Cooking: The Electricity generated on site will be mainly used for domestic lighting at night (when there are training and occasional events for people who are busy during the day), charging for electrical products, and street lighting (especially for women going out at night). Cooking or dining in the women centre is not what our project proposing. While it is still easily adaptive. In the future, if electric stoves are introduced into the region, the generated electricity could also be used for a more efficient and environmentally friendly cooking method. Collaborations: Collaborating with German companies Gauff and GIZ, new job opportunities and business could be developed. Those companies have promoted training programmed for solar technicians since 2017 (Rachel, 2018). This project could become a starting center like “Teranga Hubs” in the Tanaff region, which support people, especially women, with business start-ups and higher levels of income (Rachel, 2018). This will boost self-esteem and improve women's living standard in a sustainable way, thus reducing gender inequality.
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APPENDIX
Construction Labor Design
WORK SHIFT 2 shifts per calendar day, 4h per group work per shift
WORK GROUP Stage 1: Site Preparation Sub-satge 1-1. Soil investigation: 2-3 external consultants 1 group in total, finish within 1 week
Sub-satge 1-2. Clear the site, site setout and leveling: 8-10 people per group Stage 2: Mass Construction
Sub-satge 2-1. Underground works: service and drainage pipe setting: 7-8 people per group plus 2-3 external plumber , 2 groups in total Sub-satge 2-2. Reinforced concrete strip footing: 1.Dig trench for strip footing 15-20 people per group, 3 groups at least
2.Formwork and reinforcement placement 3.Concrete pouring and spread 4.Trowel finish off the concrete footing
10-15, people per group, 2 groups in total
Sub-satge 2-3. Reinforced concrete slab: 10 people per group, one group
1.Preparation
2.Formwork and reinforcement placement
15-20 people per group, 3 groups at least
3.Concrete pouring
10-15, people per group, 2 groups in total
4.Slab finishing Stage 3: Framing Construction Sub-satge 3-1.Bamboo posts setting: 8-15 people per group, 3 groups at least
Sub-satge 3-2.Compressed earth brick wall framing: 1.Soil excavation from the site 2.Brick production
8-15 people per group, 3 groups at least, 1 & 2 can be conducted at the same time
3.Bricklaying and connection 4.Door installation and opening construction Sub-satge 3-3. Roofing framing: 1.Bamboo rafter framing 2.Roof Thatching module installation
15-20 people per group, 2 groups at least
5-6 people per group, plus 2-3 external plumber, 1 group in total
3.Gutter installation and rainwater piping Sub-satge 3-4. Wall fininshing and rendering: 1.Internal wall - bsmboo mat 2.External wall - cement
8-15 people per group, 4 groups in total, conduct at the same time
Stage 4: Services Sub-satge 4-1.Electrical rough-in 1.Rough-in wiring: i.Main electrical reticulation cables placement ii.Leaving enough wire for final circuits' fixing 2.Electrical fittings installation: i.Light fittings ii.Power point
7-8 people per group, plus 5-6 external consultants, 2 groups in total
iii.Light switches Sub-satge 4-2. Plumbing rough-in 1.Pipe placement 2.Fittings and fixtures: the installation of Vanity basins Water closets Taps and sprouts Stage 5: Finishing and Landscaping Sub-satge 5-1. Internal finishing and Joinery: 8-15 people per group, 3 groups at least Sub-satge 5-2. Plumbing and electrical fix-off 1.Plumbing fix-off: The installation of vents and traps 2.Electrical fit-off: the connection of
7-8 people per group, plus 5-6 external consultants, 2 groups in total
Lighting outlets Power points Sub-satge 5-3. Landscaping 1.Outdoor water treatment reticulation system installation and landscaping irrigation: 10-15 people per group plus 3-4 external consultants, 2 group in total 2.Standalone solar panel installation: 7-8 people per group plus 3-4 external consultants, 2 group in total 3.Plant and corps growing: 15-20 people per group plus 3-4 external consultants, 3 group in total
Conduct at the same time
Project name: Women's House Commencement date: 30/08/2021 Completion date: 09/02/2022 No.
START DATE
DUE DATE
DURATION
1
Collaborative design
TASK TITLE
30/08/2021
24/09/2021
20 days
2
Approval and preliminary
27/09/2021
28/09/2021
2 days
3
Surveying, test drilling, road condition surveys
29/10/2021
01/10/2021
3 day
4
Clear the site, site setout and leveling
04/10/2021
08/10/2021
5 days
5
Site excavation
13/10/2021
19/10/2021
5 days
6
Service and drainage pipe setting
20/10/2021
21/10/2021
2 days
7
Footing reinforcement placement
22/10/2021
26/10/2021
3 days
8
Footing concrete pouring and trowel finish off
27/11/2021
02/11/2021
5 days
9
Slab pouring preparation
03/11/2021
03/11/2021
1 day
10
Slab reinforcement placement
04/11/2021
9/11/2021
4 days
11
Slab concrete pouring
10/11/2021
16/11/2021
5 days
12
Slab troweling and finishing
19/11/2021
22/11/2021
2 days
13
Ground floor: bamboo posts setting
23/11/2021
26/11/2021
4 days
14
Wall framing preparation
29/11/2021
29/11/2021
1 day
15
External wall: CEB Bricklaying
9/11/2021
15/12/2021
10 days
16
Internal wall: timber studs framing
01/12/2021
8/12/2021
6 days
17
Door installation and opening construction
10/12/2021
14/12/2021
3 days
18
Bamboo roof rafter framing
10/12/2021
21/12/2021
8 days
19
Roof thatching module installation
03/01/2022
07/01/2022
5 days
20
Gutter installation and rainwater piping
04/01/2022
07/01/2022
4 days
21
External wall lining and rendering
16/12/2021
22/12/2021
5 days
22
Intrenal wall lining
16/12/2021
21/12/2021
4 days
23
Plumbing rough-in
16/12/2021
05/01/2022
8 days
24
Electrical rough-in
16/12/2021
05/01/2022
8 days
25
Internal finishing
03/01/2022
07/01/2022
5 days
26
Plumbing fit-off
06/01/2022
13/01/2022
6 days
27
Electrical fit-off
06/01/2022
13/01/2022
6 days
28
Landscaping and standalone solar panel installation
19/01/2022
01/02/2022
10 days
29
Final inspection / handover
08/02/2022
08/02/2022
1 day
30
Completion
09/02/2022
09/02/2022
1 day
31
Post-occupancy evaluation
10/02/2022
25/02/2022
14 days
WEEK 1-4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10 WEEK 11 WEEK 12 WEEK 13 WEEK 14 WEEK 15 WEEK 16 WEEK 17 WEEK 18 WEEK 19 WEEK 20 WEEK 21 WEEK 22 WEEK 23 WEEK 24 WEEK 25 WEEK 26 M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F M T W R F
Note： 1. Days are calender days, 2. Both the collaborative and surveying work in site establishment started at the end of local monsoon season. The reason is to figure out what negative impacts could be bought by local extreme weather, especially to test the soil stability under eventful rainy or flooding conditions. 3. Yellow color indicates delay, delay cause assumptions in this gantt chart: No.2: Differing site conditions found in site investigation report, 2 days' delay for the start time of activity No.3. No.10: Extreme hot weather, 2 days' delay for the start time of activity No.11. No.13: Wall design changes, 1 day's delay for the due time of activity No.14. No.14: Temporary labor shortage and later CEB transportation, 2 days' delay for due time of activity No.14 and 2 days' delay for the start time of activity No.16 and activity No.17. No.25 & No.26: Late service consultants direct engagement, 3 days' delay in total for the start time of activity No.27. No.27: Later transportation of solar panels, 4 days' delay for the start time of activity No.28. 4. Blue color indicates local new year's holiday. 5. The first course CEB should be touched the top surface of strip footing for load-bearing, thus the CEB bricking start time is much earlier than the finish time of activity No.13.