Construction Project ReportKaira Looro Women's Centre in Senegal ABPL 90277 Humanitarian Construction
Group 11: Yandan Luo 933692 Wen Jie Lee 705009 Jiaqi Xue 1003256 Qingyi Zhang 860291
Table of Contents 1.
FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................................... 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................. 2 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................................................... 5 DESIGN STRATEGIES ................................................................................................................... 8
2.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ...........................................................................14
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
CONCEPT PROPOSAL .................................................................................................................14 FORM FINDING DIAGRAM .........................................................................................................15 BASIC PROGRAM DIAGRAM ........................................................................................................16 SITE PLAN ...............................................................................................................................17 CIRCULATION/MOVEMENT DIAGRAM ..........................................................................................18 EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM ...........................................................................................19 ARCHITECTURE SECTION ............................................................................................................20 CONSTRUCTION – DETAIL SECTION ..............................................................................................21 RENDER .................................................................................................................................22
3.
CONSTRUCTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................23
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
MATERIAL SELECTION ................................................................................................................23 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ...........................................................................................................26 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE .........................................................................................................31 BOQ .....................................................................................................................................32
4.
LANDSCAPE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS...................................................................................40
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
DESIGN IDEAS ..........................................................................................................................40 COMMUNICATION PATH-MEETING ROOM LINKAGE.........................................................................42 BUSINESS PATH-MARKETPLACE ...................................................................................................42 TECHNOLOGY PATH-FARMLAND, RAINWATER & BIOGAS PLANT ..........................................................43 LANDSCAPE PLAN ....................................................................................................................46 SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................49
5.
CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................50
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................51
1. Fundamental Considerations 1.1 Introduction With population growth and rural development happening in Sengal, a West African country, it draws attention to both the nation and the international communities on the gender equality and human rights. To address these social issues and safeguard women’s rights, Senegalese not-for-profit organisation Balouo Salo initiates a project to develop a ‘Women’s House’ in Senegal, in partnership with national government and international aids network. This report is to propose design strategies for the Women’s House developed on the given site in Baghere Village as recommended. The site is flat and closes to road links, which benefits construction that may need to cast on site and material transport. Local construction materials are available such as sandy-lateritic soil, acacia, wood and bamboo, giving sustainable design ideas and decreasing construction costs. Community services are convenient as well, for mosques and municipal offices are located nearby, providing opportunities to engage the local community. Most importantly, the site is close to the village habitants, making it accessible for our targeted users. However, convenient geography is not the only reason to have the project located. Baghere Village is the rural area in a southern region called Fig.1 Ideal lot site plan Sedhiou, which is a part of the Casamance region where there was a civil conflict against the Government of Senegal during 1980-2014. The long-time ongoing conflict resulted in the poor social and economic development in the area and a low male-to-female gender ratio. This means that women are not only in lack of educational and job opportunities, but also social respect and recognition on their contribution despite there are more than 50% of the population are female playing a main role in agriculture which is the pillar industry in the Sedhiou region. Therefore, it is necessary and meaningful to promote women’s rights in the area, acting as a breakthrough in social development. The proposed design includes architecture, landscape and construction, where WASH, power and gender equity issues are addressed, and the requirements of project design are trying to be achieved. 1
1.2 Stakeholder Analysis The project is run by Balouo Salo in partnership with multiple national and international organisations aiming at providing services and promoting women’s rights for the community. As of this writing, some stakeholders have been involved in the project, yet some organisations and communities are proposed to be engaged. Stakeholders are identified in both domestic and international levels, varied from international aid networks to local communities and individuals. All expected roles in the project are proposed based on official introduction and previous program experiences. No. Type of Stakeholder 1 Beneficiary
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Organiser
Donor
International aid network (IGO)
International aid network (IGO)
Stakeholder
Stakeholder Description
Expected Roles in the Project
16906 inhabitants
Including male community and adjacent villages (Balouo Salo, 2011)
•
Balouo Salo
Kaira Looro
WGDD Africa Union
UN Women Africa
Senegalese Non-Profit Organisation https://www.balouosalo.co m/ Non-Profit Initiative organised by Balouo Salo https://www.kairalooro.co m/ Women, Gender and Development Directorate from African continental body https://au.int/en/directorat es/women-gender-anddevelopment-wgdd UN entities in Africa dedicated to gender equality and female empowerment https://africa.unwomen.org /en
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • •
•
Being interviewed and engaged in pilot tests Being involved or employed in construction Being trained for maintenance Being final users Reach out and build partnership Initiate project Commitment on construction, training and supervision Incorporate with all stakeholders Funding Hold and organise the architecture competition Discover and decide design of the project Design and oversee the project and programmes Define strategies based on AU policies and framework Provide training on gender policies and instruments to improve project capacity Design and oversee the project and programmes Design services for the project Support or help establish local women’s group to promote women’s leadership and participation Support project set-up by having national and global support 2
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International aid network (NGO)
UNICEF Senegal
Non-government organisation in Senegal https://www.unicef.org/inf obycountry/senegal.html
• • • • • • •
7
Media & Fundraising (NGO)
GlobalGiving
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Partner Designer
KENGO KUMA
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Partner Designer
Partner Designer
EMBT
SEX & The City
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Private sector
Competition applicants/ participating institutions
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Government body
Government of Senegal
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Government body
Sedhiou Regional Government
Non-government organisation that connects donors with global charitable projects https://www.globalgiving.o rg/ International architecture firm https://kkaa.co.jp/
• • •
International architecture firm http://www.mirallestagliab ue.com/ A research and reading initiative of urban spaces focused on gender equality https://sexandthecity.space / Individuals or institutions joining architectural competitions or design process e.g. University of Melbourne National government of the country https://www.sec.gouv.sn/
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Regional Government
• •
• • •
Volunteer recruitment Works with UN Women Africa Volunteer recruitment Provide and use statistics and information as well as connections from previous programs in Senegal Procurement and send out first aids kits and other supplements. Procurement and send out reading or educational materials. Provide consultancy in water access issues and gender equality strategies. Fundraising Promotion on the project Attract donors and potential volunteers Involved in the architectural competition for design selection Provide design consultancy for the project Involved in the architectural competition for design selection Provide design consultancy for the project Involved in the architectural competition for design selection Provide design consultancy for the project
•
Provide design for the Women’s house
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Provide supportive legislative and regulatory environment Communicate with international aid networks Approval and oversee on the project Communicate with international aid networks Approve planning and building permit
• • • •
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• • • 14
Government body
Goudoump Department
Department Government
• •
15
Government body
Municipality of Baghere
Municipality of Baghere Village
• • •
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Government body
Senegalese Government Ministry for Women, Families & Child protection
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Local NGO
Usoforal
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Local NGO
Local community
Kabonketoor
Mosques in the Baghere Village
• • National ministry dedicated • to women, families and child • http://www.femme.gouv.sn / • Local NGO led by women dedicated to female empowerment and conflict resolutions services in Casamance area. https://www.facebook.com /usoforal/ An apolitical association supporting socioeconomic development and women empowerment in Casamance area http://www.kabonketoor.or g/ Two mosques in the Baghere village close to the project location
• •
• • • • •
Provide background and community information Connect the project with existing infrastructure programs for experiences and resources Reach out resources from nearby villages and other regions. Approve planning and building permit Provide local information e.g. capacity and labour force Approve planning and building permit Provide local information e.g. capacity and labour force Engage community in the project design and construction Organise women’s group Provide conflict resolution Involved in the architectural competition Communication and coordination with international aid networks as well as design partners. Provide policy and regulatory support for the project Organise women leadership and management team Help to identify potential social risks in the project and provide solution strategies Help to reach out local builders, contractors and manufacturers in Casamance Encourage female participation in construction process Bring together women from all ages in the area Provide information on local community Bring attention on religious side of consideration
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Local community
Women’s group in Baghere Village
Existing women’s group gathering local households
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Local community
Local Local builder/contractors builder/contractors and labour crews and labour crews
•
• • • •
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Supplier & Suppliers and Manufacturer manufacturer
Global and domestic • suppliers and manufacturer •
Being involved in design and construction process e.g. brickmaking, interior weaving Consultation and discussion for construction techniques Project construction Provide quote and programme on the project Training on use of equipment and safe work method Provide quote and delivery for construction Communicate with local contractors or international aid networks who are providing supplies for the project
1.3 Stakeholder Engagement Plan Based on the stakeholder analysis above, stakeholders of the project are summarised as following groups: • Beneficiaries/End users • Organiser • Donor • International aid network (IGO & NGO) • Media & Fundraising • Partner designers • Government bodies • Local NGO • Local community • Suppliers & manufacturers Different stakeholders are engaged across all stages of the project, in which seven project phases are considered: • User’s requirement • Brief • Building design • Procurement • Construction • Use/Service • Maintenance 1.3.1 Users’ requirements disclosure phase The objective of the first phase is to disclose and identify end users’ requirements on the building. Not only direct and indirect beneficiaries shall be identified but also local context, conflicts and background on the country and area shall be informed. Engagement activities 5
include interviews with Baghere Village inhabitants especially women and children, obtain information from organisations including government bodies, local communities and local NGOs. Needs assessment shall be conducted at this stage which quantifies and prioritises end users’ requirements. The organiser may also build up partnership as well in order to accumulate resources and improve capacity. It also expands knowledge from previous project experiences by involving international aid networks. 1.3.2 Brief phase Instead of professional briefing the design concepts and strategies, this phase is more a collaborative and information exchange process where the organiser provides all the relevant local information including geographic, political, economic and social context as well as targeted beneficiaries’ real needs. All of the design professionals, international aid networks, while being informed, provides suggestions and programme and strategies for the project. Government bodies are engaged who are responsible to be provide policy and regulatory knowledge and suggestions in order to make future process smooth without violating laws or culture values. It also raises governments’ attention on the project and encourages inputs. The Government of Senegal have been making efforts to achieve gender equality, from the 2001 Constitution that guarantees gender equality to the 2016 National Strategy for Gender Equality and Equity (SNEEG) that claims men and women have the same opportunities to participate in national development and enjoy the benefits, showing a positive attitude on gender equality achievement as well as supportive cooperation with international aid networks (UN Women Africa, 2017). It’s expected that national government will be one of the major supports in the project. 1.3.3 Building design phase Kaira Looro Architecture Competition is an initiative and the main way to design the project. All of organisers, international aid networks, government bodies and partner designers are part of the jury of the competition who are dedicated to find the most suitable design for the project. Partner designers are responsible for providing consultancy and improvement to finalise design. Besides, local community and suppliers are encouraged to be engaged through consultation and discussion which increases feasibility of the project. In addition, end users shall be invited in some pilot projects so as to improve the adaptiveness of the design. 1.3.4 Procurement phase Materials, equipment and labour procurement for construction happens in this phase. While government bodies, international aid network and organiser could provide equipment and supplement for the building, local NGO and community could be the main source of labour and materials. End users are also encouraged to be employed in the project, for instance, women’s weaving and painting works could be procured as interior decorations. Procurement from the women’s group would bring attention and interest to use, and more importantly increase users’ desire for maintenance. 6
Recycle and donation from suppliers and manufacturers are encouraged in order to decrease construction cost. 1.3.5 Construction phase Local contractor and labour crews are consisted of the construction team under supervision from organiser. Volunteers from international aid networks join on site. Consultation and training proceed before construction starts held by experienced builder and foreman. Local community and Baghere municipality assist to organise women’s group and encourage women’s participation in construction. Local NGO such as Usoforal who has experiences in female leadership and the power to gather women in Casamance area would contribute to the process of engagement. 1.3.6 Use/Services phase As the service phase there are activities such as celebrating international women’s days, training courses, art workshop and reading expected in the Women’s House. End users and local community like mosques may cooperate and share resources for services. Local NGOs could provide training and establish teams of leadership and management during the service phase. 1.3.7 Maintenance phase Maintenance is important and necessary for the project where end users are expected to practice established rules and protect the building from damage. End users shall have a group responsible for maintenance or management of the building in order to have a sustainable and functional building that guarantees services and safety for the users, about which local NGOs are able to help the establishment of the group. Baghere municipality is also responsible for the maintenance as the building being a public service. Long-term supervision and monitor are encouraged that raises awareness on women’s rights.
Involvement Decision maker Information flow
Fig.2 Stakeholder engagement timeline
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1.4 Design Strategies With consideration on local operation and management, design strategies focus on WASH and power services solutions as well as promoting gender equality with a respect on local context including social values and existing infrastructure condition. The objective of design strategies here is to improve women’s life quality by having more convenient and safe access to necessity and education, in a way that is consistent with local knowledge and culture. Details and explanation of design would be elaborated in latter chapters. 1.4.1 WASH service solutions In rural area like Baghere Village, water is distributed to wells by private water companies; people access water through the closest well where the water is not treated and shared within the community. People also collect water from nature, such as river, pond and rain, which are used for both agricultural production and daily wash. Women have to use bucket to obtain water from the well and carry them on shoulder or head from the well to their home, causing back pains and shoulder strains easily. Water quality is poor which is the main reason of high infant mortality due to diarrhea. Sanitation in rural areas in Senegal is lagging behind where squat toilet is commonly used that is just a little more than a deep hole in the ground with some loose boards on top, shared with the neighbourhood and no internal light, which is smelly and unsafe. Women are afraid to go at night and even during daytime if they have to leave children out of the toilet alone (Hollmén Reuter Sandman Fig.3 Bucket and pulley system on a well Architects, 2021). To provide safe water supply and sanitation services in the building, rainwater collection and biogas plant are introduced. - Rainwater collection system Rainwater collection is familiar with local people; design of the building would help women collect water more easily and with consideration on hygiene. Tilted roof would help rainwater captured where gutters and downpipes direct water flow into rainwater tanks placed outside of the building filtered with bamboo strings or leaves, protecting water from flies and bugs. The main uses of the rainwater are for toilet washing and irrigation.
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Fig.4 Rainwater collection system
- Biogas plant Biogas plant is proposed in landscape design trying to achieve low energy consumption and address the sanitation issue in toilets. ‘Connecting’ to the toilet, human waste is transported to the biogas plant with a sloped underground design. Generated fertiliser then flows into a collection bucket on the ground ready for use in agriculture. This proposal is beneficial for local development and actually in line with the national energy development strategy. In 2017, the government t’s National Domestic Biogas Programme in Senegal (PNB-SN) set goals of installing 10,000 domestic biodigesters by 2019, with a capacity for 9500 rural households across the country (Ba & Medoc, 2017). This project is expected to benefit from related supportive policies and existing knowledge and experiences across the country.
Fig.5 Biogas plant illustration
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1.4.2 Power service solutions Due to a lack of development 70% of population in Sedhiou region still has no access to electricity. What’s worse, with population growth and urban development, the demand of electricity in the country is growing a lot faster than supply that causes frequent blackouts even in the capital and largest city of Senegal – Dakar (Energypedia, 2020; The New Humanitarian, 2006). As national energy plan on electricity programs, not until 2025 shall a full coverage of electricity including rural areas be expected (USAID, 2020). From a local view, as electricity is not easily accessible, rechargeable lamp (39.7%) instead of electricity (24.2%) is the major source of artificial lighting for Sedhiou rural households. Electricity is not even available or used for cooking in the area whereas people mainly (86%) burn wood for energy for cooking.
Fig.6 Energy source for artificial lighting in Sedhiou rural area Source: Senegal Data http://senegal.opendataforafrica.org/gallery/Census-Data/Popularity
Fig.7 Energy source for cooking in Sedhiou rural area Source: Senegal Data http://senegal.opendataforafrica.org/gallery/Census-Data/Popularity 10
Therefore, solar power is proposed for sustainability of the project while electricity is also considered due to future infrastructure development. - Electricity From actual site photo power post and electricity wires are existing in the area, for which it is assumed that electricity is available. Electricity services is provided in the building for mainly lighting use, for example, dimmed light in toilet for evening use. Power switches and plugs are included for activities or management use. However, knowing the unreliable local power capacity, passive design for efficient sunlight getting into building is significantly important that architectural design is trying to achieve.
Fig.8 Site photo
- Solar panels As a low latitude country like Senegal (14°N), solar energy is abundant and shall be used as it is renewable and clean. In addition, it has a high market potential indicated in an increasing power consumption per capita in Senegal, which is doubled during the last decade (ESMAP, 2020). More importantly, it is also the Government of Senegal’s interests in developing solar energy application in rural areas. In recent years, the government has launched programs to electrify villages using solar panels as a main strategy to achieve the goal of full electricity coverage by 2025 (Takouleu, 2021; Feukeng, 2018). Therefore, proposing solar panel application in the project is consistent with the nation’s development strategy and expected to be supported by the government. However, there are not existing local precedents of using off-grid solar panels in rural areas, which means that localisation shall be noticed from design to maintenance in order to use in a correct way. Some of the risks of the application are: o Ineffective design of solar panel system due to lack of knowledge o Increase costs of construction due to delivery o Injuries during installation of solar panel o Incorrect installation of solar panel system due to lack of experiences o Incorrect operation causing damages to human and property o Poor maintenance decreasing services lifespan Mitigations on the risks could be: o Consultation on local community’s opinion on introducing new energy system 11
o Education on the knowledge of solar energy – make users feel it is an asset to them, that needs protection instead of damage o Training on installation and operation before construction o Sufficient consultation with Senegalese solar panels suppliers on construction methods o Sufficient consultation with experienced environmental system designer o Reach out government for help e.g. financial support o Complete a safe work method statement (SWMS) beforehand to increase buildability and safety at work o Have an operation illustration and warning notice if necessary in the building o Establish and monitor a maintenance plan throughout the lifespan. 1.4.3 Gender equity strategy About 70% of women in the project area spend 80% of the time on domestic activities. They are also playing an important role in agriculture such as rick growing. However, women have the least educational opportunities and ‘formal’ jobs in the labour force market, in addition to a cultural background that gender equality for women being discounted. It is unfortunate that women are being the pillar of society whereas not getting enough social recognition and support. Early pregnancy and polygamy are two major issues that women in the project area would encounter in relationships – More than 30% of women in the area are in reproductive age of which 30% give birth in teenage time and 47% of women are in polygamous relationship (CESIE, 2010). It suggests that women have to bear lots of responsibilities since young age but in lack of enough skills, knowledge and resources as well as a mature mindset. A cruel fact is that they not only suffer from the scarcity of material resources but also phycological trauma. In order to improve the situation of the women, the design of the project aims to promote gender equity via social recognition, education provision and humanistic care. - Women’s participation in throughout the project Women’s participation is considered across all stages in the project (Refer to Fig.2) from identification of user’s requirements to long-term maintenance plan. This project is targeted as Women’s house that supposed to service and support women’s lives; women’s participation is vital to guarantee the output matches needs. More importantly, it is believed that women get chances to upskill and gain knowledges where women’s contributions are recognised at work. - Appreciation and respect to women’s works An exhibition wall displaying women and children’s art works including weaving and painting is designed for the building, through which expressing appreciation and respect to women’s work. It would improve women’s engagement and use after built, giving women’s satisfaction and a way to relieve pressure. Besides, it brings attention to the community on beauty and female’s contributions. Gender equity is not only about female empowerment but also shall raise the awareness in the male 12
community so that gender equity development can affect and benefit the entire community. By presenting women’s works it is believed to remind the community of a respect to women. - Educational-purposed design To provide educational functions in the building reading room and educational landscape stones are considered. Reading room provides space and materials for education, and the landscape stones are carved with some basics such as numbers and short phrases in French. - Customised toilet design for women In order to provide a clean and safe toilet that women are comfortable to use, internal dimmed lights are provided as well as a child seat. Screens around the toilets are provided which guarantee the privacy.
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2. Architectural Design Considerations 2.1 Concept Proposal
With the fundamental research done, the group has narrowed down three objectives that we plan to enforce in our design. First off, we plan to create an interactive and integrated learning hub with a fluid and open spatial configuration that encourages for cross activity participation, and spatial division for multi-functional programs such as workshops, meeting rooms, education, recreational art and etc specifically targeted for the women in Senegal. Education is a vital part of societal positions in most societies and by giving growth opportunities for knowledge and skills, aligns with step 2 of our focus, which is the nurturement and empowerment the community’s women. By doing so, our pivotal focus is on both current and future generations of women and this will essentially improve the large gender inequality gap in Senegal. The last principle of our design is a concurrent effort of preparation and application that embodies the principle of sustainability. With the adoption of interdisciplinary passive strategies, we aim to create a low-energy consumption and sustainable building proposal.
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2.2 Form Finding Diagram
By adopting the design into a hexagonal plan, there is 30% better spatial efficiency as compared to a normal rectangular plan. Also, the efficiency of a hexagonal design, removes the need for disruptive structural columns between spaces, allowing and open and adaptive circulation flow. The hexagonal shape also allows for compartmentalization of the spatial function within the building, giving each program equal access to the open-air centralized courtyard space that is bathed in natural light. This courtyard is another opportunity for congregational activities such as seminars, art exhibitions, campfire and other traditional festivities held to encourage large community participation. With research on the environmental conditions, the building is also orientated toward the northeast and southwest to best utilize summer winds for cross ventilation. The roof is elevated vertically for better thermal performance and to diffuse more natural light into the spaces. Its sloping angle allows for rainwater collection and opportunities for the usage of solar panels. And finally, the spaces are designed to be visually and physically connected to the external environment to widen opportunities for community engagement such as a marketplace, self-grown farm, and landscape designs. 15
2.3 Basic Program Diagram
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2.4 Site Plan
This open and adaptive design also offers a vast range of functional programs that encourages the local community’s involvement. Given that the targeted users are mostly women within the community, a maternity and nursing room is also provided with proper WASH facilities and inductions that will be introduced to the community.
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2.5 Circulation/Movement Diagram
The Circulation/Movement diagram showcases the design intent toward an open and adaptive principle. There is a considerate balance of indoor and outdoor activities of both high and low intensity for users. With perforated brickwork, internal walls express a subtle transparency that sustains visual connectivity between users in and out of the building. Furthermore, by linking spaces to the outside landscape, we can activate the private and public realm to encourage community involvement and participation. These spaces internally can be used as storage area during festivities such as the proposed marketplace conducted beneath the external verandah roof design that provides passive shading.
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2.6 Exploded Axonometric Diagram
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2.7 Architecture Section
The long section highlights the transitional experience between each layer from within the hub, to the external environment. The design is catered to maintain a strong visual network between spaces around the building as a sense of security and sustaining an active visual connection that could encourage community members to engage.
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2.8 Construction – Detail Section
Participatory design is the one of the key principle intent in our design proposal. The modern construction methodologies like roof trusses, metal reinforcements, water proofing can be used as a case study in participatory design for the community’s people to learn and re-apply in future local construction processes. Furthermore, passive design strategies such as orientation, cross ventilation and design intent will be briefed accordingly to the local community to include them in the decision-making process and knowledge sharing. Local methodologies applied to craft these local earth bricks or woven bamboo can also be taught amongst international builders involved in the project. This cross-knowledge sharing will benefit both parties in the long term. Risk assessments will also be conducted prior to each stage of construction for preparation and prevention. Each of these stages in the process will be supervised by a party of our own organization, as well as a local community member of Senegal to ensure participatory involvement.
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2.9 Render
The exterior render showcases an overall frontal perspective from the street to the community hub. The areas surrounding the building depicts some of its functions and programs i.e., Market Place.
This Interior Render depicts the centralized courtyard with a campfire as one of the possible cultural activity functions that can be conducted. Also, the structural earth brick wall acts as an exhibition platform for viewing the creative work done within the community.
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3. Construction Design Considerations Construction design is an important process which can realize the architectural design of a project. Proper construction material selection and method selection based on environmental and social conditions are determining factors to a successful project. Rational construction schedule and cost control are also necessary. Because of the limitation of information on the internet, although the architect of our group provided a perfect architectural design, we cannot fully determine that whether some details can be realized in local. In order to finish this project, this construction design shall use resources we can find for now so there might be some substitution in detail comparing with architectural design. We would like to do more research and verify the feasibility of this design plan further after class. This construction design shall be divided into four parts: Material selection, construction method, construction schedule and cost control.
3.1 Material Selection Material selection of any construction project needs to base on local natural environment, local construction custom and economic condition. The women house in this project is built in Baghere, Senegal, which located in west Africa. Although winds are periodic in this area, temperature is still relatively high all year. Therefore, ventilation performance is of vital importance for buildings in this area. Foundation materials In terms of foundation selection, strip footings are one of the most common foundation types in local especially for detached house. Strip footings are easy to construct. Workers need to dig trenches and fill the trenches with concrete, and then lay bricks and iron ground beams on the top of concrete layer. Necessary material in this process is concrete, brick and iron rods. Selfmade concrete is common in local. Ingredients of concrete includes cement, pebbles, pebbles dust, sand and water. Cement and pebbles dust are used as adhesive, pebbles and sand can increase strength of concrete. After mixing these materials, the mixture is used for filling trenches. Concrete layers can provide a stable foundation and flat surface for brick works above.
Fig.9 Trench filling 23
In order to provide flat and stable planes for the foundation, sand layers and waterproof materials such as filter fabric are set as base layers and be poured by concrete on top.
Fig.10 Foundation detail
In foundation construction process, another important structure is column reinforcement. Columns of the purposed building in this project are embedded in the walls and the height of columns is higher than walls’ height in order to support roofs. These columns are made of iron reinforcements and poured by concrete. As foundation of the columns, steel reinforcement bars need to be placed and fixed in the foundation trench before concrete pouring. Specific construction details shall be explained in construction process part.
Fig.11 Column reinforcement
In brief, components that constitutes foundation includes concrete, bricks and steel reinforcement bars. Cement, pebbles, sand, clay, agricultural waste,iron rods and water are raw materials which used for making these components. Most of these raw materials can be sourced from local site. Cement and steel rods are the main factors that spend the budget in this stage. 24
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Wall materials The bricks used for walls are made of cement, clay, agricultural waste and water. The raw materials are formed into bricks by pressure of brick making machine and bounded by cement to build walls. Bricks are the most common construction material in rural Senegal because bricks are easily obtainable and has good performance on ventilation. Comparing with other materials, bricks are easy in making so that many people can make bricks by themselves. Materials for brick making include cement, slay, water and agricultural waste such as rice husks and saw dusts. Cement are used as coagulant, clay and agricultural waste can prevent the bricks from being too soft or too stiff. As Fig. 12 below, workers fill the mixture into brick-makers, forming bricks by pressure. This brick-making method is relatively economical and convenient for our project. The omission of brick transportation process reduces cost and damage. Besides, clay and agricultural waste used in this method can be sourced from local instead of purchase. The utilization of natural raw materials and agricultural waste make this method be environmental-friendly.
Fig.11 Brick making
The most significant advantage of self-made bricks is ventilation performance. Comparing with other materials such as concrete, density of bricks is lower so wind and cool air outside can enter the inside space and hot air can get out of rooms. Although the brick we use is economic and good at ventilation, some disadvantages should not be ignored such as load-bearing capacity. Self-made bricks are formed by pressure instead of firing. The difference of manufacturing method determines that the strength and load-bearing capacity of this kind of bricks are weaker than fired bricks. In order to reduce influence caused by these disadvantages, we choose roof materials with relatively light weight and designed columns embedded inside the walls and have higher height than walls for supporting roof. It shall be illustrated specifically in construction method part. In conclusion, the main material we choose for walls is bricks. The raw material for making bricks includes cement, clay, agricultural waste and water. 25
- Roof materials Selection of roof materials based on the structure and materials’ characteristic of walls and foundation, also needs to follow the climatic and temperature conditions in local. The purposed building located in tropical zone, the most important consideration in design stage is heat dissipation and ventilation. Besides, due to the material selected for walls is brick, we would like to reduce the weight of roof as much as possible for matching up the load-bearing capacity of brick walls. Timber structure covered by aluminium sheets is the combination we select for roof. The timber type for the structure is pine. Although pine is not the main species of plants in local, it is common on local timber market and the price is lower than precious timber produced in local. Besides, lumber is another available option. Lumber is the timber recycled from old building, furniture or other woodwork. Effective utilization of lumber can reduce deforestation and control desertification . In terms of roof sheet, our choice is aluminium. Aluminium is a lightweight material with good ductility and heat dissipation performance. Under the same volume, weight of aluminium is only one-third of iron or steel. In addition, good ductility makes it easier to satisfy the requirements of different kinds of construction project. Therefore, it is popular in Senegal and many other African regions.
3.2 Construction Process Construction process of the women house is similar to the detached houses in local. It can be divided into five main steps: site clearing, foundation construction, wall&column construction, roof construction and landscape construction. -
Site clearing: The site needs to be cleaned up in order to eliminate obstructions that might affect construction process before construction works start. According to the Standard Method of Measuring Building Work in Africa, Site clearance work includes Digging up and removal of rubbish, debris, hedges, shrubs and trees not exceeding 200mm girth. -
Foundation construction: The foundation type we selected for the purposed building is concrete strip footing. The concrete strip footing consists of three components: concrete casting layer, brickwork and ground beams. The first step is trench excavation. For a single-storey building, the depth of foundation trenches needs to reach 0.8m at least. Position of trenches shall be coincident with walls on the architectural drawings because the footings are used for supporting walls and transferring load from walls to the ground. According to the regulation of construction standard method in Africa, excavated material should be set within 100m from the perimeter of the excavations for use as filling and landscape construction.
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During trench excavation, workers can make column reinforcement. The column reinforcements are assembled by iron rods and shall be fixed at the bottom of trenches. They are the skeleton structure of columns and used for increasing strength of columns. The next step is concrete making. Raw materials include cement, pebbles, sand and water. These materials shall be mixed into concrete proportionally. After concrete making finished, we can start to pour the concrete into trenches. Concrete needs about 4-5 days to reach 100% stress after pouring. Subsequently, sand layers and concrete slab shall be set up. Filter fabric attaches to the concrete slab and provides waterproof for the foundation.
Fig.12 Foundation preparation (L) & Filter fabric laying (R)
Lastly, the whole foundation should be cast by concrete in order to form a flat surface for walls and other structures above the ground. The foundation work shall be finished after the 27
concrete set.
Fig.13 Concrete foundation
- Walls After finishing foundation construction, the next crucial step is walls’ construction. The construction process of single brick wall is relatively simple, and it is a fairly quick process. The supervisor needs to pay close attention in the whole process for ensuring that the walls are straight and the angles are correct. It is the most important point in this stage. Once the walls’ brickwork is finished, casting of columns shall continue. The iron skeleton of columns has been fixed with the concrete layers of foundation and the casting work means encasing the iron structure of columns with concrete. Finished columns shall become one flesh with brick walls so that columns can provide strength and reinforce walls, also support the roof structure.
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In addition, lintels for windows and doors need to be set following the building process of walls for supporting the load from structure above.
Fig.14 Brick walk
- Roof We designed a sloped roof in order to drain water away and collect rain water. Timber columns is necessary outside the external walls for supporting the roof and the construction of the pillars shall be finished before roof construction. Therefore, the construction process of roof shall be as follow: First, excavate holes for fixing pillars Second, raise and anchor pillars on the ground outside the external walls.
Third, raise short timber pillars on the top of inside external walls and connect these short pillars with columns inside the internal walls.
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Subsequently, build longitudinal beams spanning the internal and external pillars.
The next step is installing transverse beams spanning between each two adjacent beams. Finally, cover aluminium sheets on the top of roof skeleton structure and fix it.
The connection method we select for roof timber components is dovetail connection. Dovetail connection is a traditional wood connection which is commonly used in timber structure construction. A series of 'pins' cut to extend from the end of one rafter/strut interlock with a series of 'tails' cut into the end of another timber component. Dovetail connection method is one of the strongest timber connection method.
Fig.16 Structure connection detail
The connection method for roof sheets is welding joint. Welding joint means using spot welding technology to connect adjacent elements. Workers shall reserve several solder joints on aluminum sheets and melt the sheet material to complete connection. Welding joint is a relatively simple method and does not need any pre-process. Therefore, it is a proper method for the purposed building. 30
3.3 Construction Schedule
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3.4 BoQ Detail information: Depth of concrete footings underground: 800mm Width of footings: 530mm Thickness of walls: 150mm Length of external wall (outside): 12m Length of external wall (inside): 8m Length of internal wall: 4m Height of walls/columns inside the walls: 2.4m Height of roof supporting curb (on the top of inside external wall): 0.4m Height of external roof supporting pillar: 2.4m Thickness of aluminum sheet used on the roof: 3mm Assumption list： 1. Assume that there are 128 pieces of bricks are used per square meter of walls, weight of each brick is 2kg. Assume that each brick needs 10% cement in raw materials. →25.6kg cement is necessary for walls per square meter. 2. Assume that 300kg cement is required for one cubic meter concrete 3. Assume that the timber type used in this project is SA Pine SABS 38*38mm 4. Assume that the only raw material we need to buy from local market for concrete and brick is cement. Other materials such as sand, clay and pebbles can get from local without costing. 5. Assume that there are 12 columns in the inside external wall, and each column needs 15m steel reinforcement bars as skeleton structure 6. The hourly wage of workers used in this subject is higher than the actual condition in local for as a part of benefits for local labors.
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Price list: Cement: US＄8.93/t=€7.31/t= €18/m3(ICR Newsroom, 2018) Timber: (SA Pine SABS 25*25mm) €0.6/m Aluminum sheet (3mm thickness): €24/m2 Steel reinforcing bars (10mm thickness): €0.53/m Concrete: Cement cost+labor cost=€7.31*0.3+€3/m3=€5.2/m3 Brick walls: 25.6kg*7.31/1000=€0.2/m2
*The price data comes from Senegal government website, local company website or refering the same materials in other area of Africa. *A part of description in BoQ list comes from the STANDARD METHOD OF MEASURING BUILDING WORK FOR AFRICA 2015 FIRST EDITION
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BUILDSOFT EDUCATIONAL EDITION Groundworks A
Unit
Amount
m2
312
Price rate
Total
Surface clearance B
0.2
62.4
Site excavation C Trench excavation for foundation Setting aside excavated material within 100m from the perimeter of the excavations for use as filling, forming excavated surfaces to falls, slopes, contours and ramming bottoms D
E
Assembling and fixing column reinforcement into trenches Filling of concrete for backfilling to trenches
F 80mm sand layer
G 150mm concrete slab BOQ Info
12.3
m3
41
0.3
m
180
0.53
m3
41
5.2
m2
192
0.2
38.4
m3
28.8
5.2
149.76
95.4
213.2
BUILDSOFT EDUCATIONAL EDITION H
Filter fabric waterproof (3mm thickness)
I Casting the surface of whole foundation with concrete (100mm thickness)
m2
m3
192
2.5
480
19.2
5.2
99.84
Summary
€1151.3
Masonry work Brick walls and linings construction(inside/ Outside external walls; internal walls)
m2
345.6
Cement used as adhesive
m2
Filter fabric provides waterproof for the junction between walls and foundation (20mm width) Waterproofing in turn-ups and turn-downs exceeding 300mm girth Casting columns inside the walls with consrete (25mm*25mm)
Summary
BOQ Info
0.2
69.12
345.6
0.26
88.42
m2
129.6
2.5
324
m3
1.8
5.2
4.5
€486.04
BUILDSOFT EDUCATIONAL EDITION
Roof preparation A
Excavation holes for fixing the roof supporting pillars timberwork Raising and fixing timber pillars outside the external walls
12
2
24
12
4
48
item
12
3
36
m
42
0.6
25.2
360
0.6
216
192
24
4608
item
B Fixing
C
Fixing timberwork Raising short timber pillars on the top of interior walls
item
Roof structure Structural timbers (Lengths exceeding 6,6m) Installing longitudinal beams spanning the internal and external beams
Structural timbers (Lengths exceeding 6,6m) m Installing transverse beams spanning between each two adjacent longitudinal beams.
Roof sheets Roof coverings with pitches not exceeding 25 degrees
Summary
m2
€4957.2
BUILDSOFT EDUCATIONAL EDITION Carpenter 10-15mm bamboo floor as insulation
Summary
BOQ Info
m2
192
5
960
€960
BUILDSOFT EDUCATIONAL EDITION
Landscape
25-35 feet/12 to 20 feet Palm tree (Phoenix reclinate)
item
10
16–82 feet/33-46 feet Baobab (Adansonia digitata)
Item
10
60cm Leydour (Cassia italica)
item
50
*Because the landscape considered a flexibility in its proposal and the actual amount of money spend on landscape will be depended on local people's will in practice.
€2068
Summary (estimated)
BOQ Info
7/2
BUILDSOFT EDUCATIONAL EDITION Labor Foundation construction workers
7*19days*8hurs
1.2
Brickwork workers
8*11days*8hurs
1.2
Roof workers
8*12days*8hurs
1.6
Summary
844.8
1228.8
€3350.4
€12972.94
Total:
BOQ Info
1276.8
To Collection $
€12972.94
4. Landscape Design Considerations 4.1 Design Ideas In order to be consistent with the overall design idea of offering a learning hub for local women, landscape idea starts with the educational purpose path which response to the inner area division of the building to create an interactive linkage between inside learning and outside learning. The path will not only consist of a road and local trees nearby but with stones recycled from excavation process of the building with knowledge or information for instance, basic communication languages, mathematic formulas. According to the problems discussed in 1. Fundamental that Senegal women faced as shown in the diagrams below, the path has been divided into three different aspects. The communication path offered an outside learning atmosphere to let people speak up and communicate. The carved stones not only can be a reminder of what language skills they learned from inner classroom but also a board for them to share their knowledge such as experience from the elderly etc.
caused food scarcity. Diagram 1: Problems, causes and solutions.
Diagram 2: Each path’s function 40
The business path will offer an outdoor learning atmosphere that let people to discuss trade skills and review the calculations carved on stones that are mostly used during selling. The technology path will offer an instruction of how to grow crops and how to treat human waste into fertilizer. There will be small stones carved with information that people want to share but mainly will the large stones with instructions for people to review while doing practice. Since learning is not only acquiring knowledge but also practice them. The communication path is a practice place for communication. For business path, there is a marketplace settled next to the path where they can sell products from the farmland and experiment what they learned in trade. There is also biogas plant, rainwater collection and farmland near the technology path to offer them opportunities to practice skills. The division on site can be seen from the chart below:
Diagram 3: Landscape functions division on site
Diagram 4 just shows the circulation and linkage between each function:
Diagram 4: Circulation diagram 41
4.2 Communication Path-Meeting Room Linkage Communication path is right outside the meeting room in the building which provides direct interaction between the meeting room and outdoor chatting area. The communication path connected with meeting room’s simple sketch image as shown below:
4.3 Business Path-Marketplace The business path just around the corner of the entrance since it is a more open atmosphere design. The marketplace just located between the business path and communication path since communication is really important in trading. People can sell goods, exchange of goods and have more interaction at this playground. Simple sketch of the view of marketplace as shown in below.
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There are several famous markets in Senegal such as the Marche Kermel, Marche Sandaga, Marche de Ouakam in Dakar (Culture Trip, N.A.). As shown in the photos below, the markets are really simple to set up and free to trade. People just put their goods on piece of cloth or table or even on their own head for sell. It will be more familiar with the local people since the proposal will only be an empty playground with suggested information of setting up a market. Moreover, at the market, they can not only sell the products harvest from the farm but also from the handcraft lessons of transform recyclable waste into decorations to enhance the skills of women and increase their sense of value of different goods.
Fig.9 Markets in Dakar, Senegal
4.4 Technology Path-farmland, Rainwater & Biogas Plant The technology path connects the biogas plant, rainwater collection point and farmland. This path offers a tour through all the technical issues that can solve practice problems such as food security, access of water source, low energy or green energy strategies. There is a fence that proposed along the north west boundary of the site to ensure the safety of the activities happen in this community house. The food insecurity in local area that caused mostly due to lack of clean water source, climate change that caused crops decrease in production. Clean water source is really hard to ensure in local area. The only option that this project can proposed is to ask for local or national government and non-government organization’s help to offer portable filtration taps to local area, but this is not a long-term solution and the reason why our team could not offer this option is due to the cost limit of budget. Instead, there has been a proposed rainwater collection tank that connects directly to the downpipe which connects with the gutter to harvest the rainfall and store it as another water source. And for climate change, it is not something that could be changed by human beings. But according to Borgen Magazine (2017), growing ledyour, onions and rice seeds can let local people survive through the food insecurity led by climate change. Moreover, there are people who could not afford buying fertilizer for their farming. So, a simple biogas plant is provided to the local area which can transform human waste into fertilizer. This does not only save the money buying fertilizer but also provide a more clean-living environment for local area since they only bury their human waste underground which can cause damage to the soil type and unpleasant smell. The simple sketch below shows the biogas plant, rainwater tank and farmland. 43
4.4.1 Rainwater System The rainwater system is really simple to illustrate. Since the roof of community house is tilted roof, the rainwater will be easily directing into the gutter and get down through downpipe to the water tank storage. The rainfall in Senegal always starts from June and ceases in October. The average amount of annual rainfall is approximately 500mm (Britannica, N.A.). It is not much but it can definitely be a water source of watering the farm and flushing the toilet. 4.4.2 Biogas Plant System The biogas plant will directly connect to the toilet pit through a sloped tunnel underground. The entire biogas plant will be approximately 500 centimeter lower than the ground surface of the toilet in order to use the gravity to lead human waste into the plant and transform into fertilizer. The lower ground can also provide a barrier that if there is a chance of leakage of the plant, it will not affect normal activities happen on site. The entire plant will be protected by bamboo fences to keep children out of it and reduce the possibility of spreading disease caused by bacteria. There will be a barrier door that controls the open and close of the plant for collecting fertilizer to avoid direct exposure of human waste and people. The diagram below 44
shows the simple workflow of biogas plant. Moreover, the government in Senegal has initiated a clean city plan in urban area of Senegal to transform human waste into clean energy which mainly consists of two parts (GGGI, 2016). The first part is to ask people selling their poops and collected by uber poop service in order to reduce the waste dump in streets to create a better living environment. The second part is to deliver all these human waste into the government supported biogas plant to generate into clean energy for second use. There are also more projects that in progress of setting up more biogas plant in urban area in Senegal. Moreover, articles have been suggested that there is an essential need of installing biogas plant in rural area. For instance, according to Ba & Médoc (2017), suggested that biogas is a renewable energy and should be adopted by the local area not only as a place to decomposing into fertilizer but also a large portion of electricity usage to local area. But for this project, the proposal we only offered is the fertilizer one and the electricity could be a long-term goal if the previous steps works well since it requires more complex system and knowledge.
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4.5 Landscape Plan Rocks from construction excavation
Clay soil
Biogas plant diagram
This is the landscape plan for indication of the overall layout of each functions and pictures that showing specific species of plants used in this project which will be discussed later as well as other design details.
Palm Tree
Leydour
Baoboo tree
Simple marketplace
Farmland
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4.5.1 Educational Path Shape Development shape of the educational path evolved from the idea of responding to the shape of community building as shown in the diagram below:
Offset the boundary of the building in order to get the basic shape for the path.
The curvy path is created but too consistent and does allow many self-exploring ideas in the landscape.
Moving different pieces of the previous shape to connect through all the functions.
Straight lines are just too stiff and does not offer any flexibility or exploring idea. So, change it to curves.
So, cut off the two paths and transform it into five independent paths but with consistency which can offer people a sense of exploring and guiding in the landscape to discover all the knowledge stones.
The path will be shaped directly through the location of trees and shrubs that planted. The entire shape is only a proposal and offer flexibility to local people to decide what shape they prefer. 4.5.2 Carved Stones The carved stones will be mostly consisted of two types. One is the direct access of recycle the excavation stones and carve on that. The only problem is that there are no large stones but small ones that can only provide as a free set up or little information on them. The second type is using the clay soil (since our site is mainly clay soil as discussed in 1 Fundamental) from the excavation and transform them into clay stones which is really easy and carving on them.
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4.5.3 Plants Scheme on Site
Height/Spread
Soil Tolerances
Reason why it is picked
Native to Africa
25-35 feet/12 to 20 feet
Clay, sand, loam, acidic
Can create large shade to the landscape
Native to Africa
16–82 feet/3346 feet
Sandy
Traditional food plant in Africa
60 cm
Medical plant to ensure food Clay, sand, security and well-drained local disease treatment
Plant name
Origin
Palm tree (Phoenix reclinate)
Baobab (Adansonia digitata)
Leydour (Cassia italica)
Native to Africa
Picture
Palm tree data resource: Gilman, Watson, Klein, Koeser, Hilbert & Mclean, N.A. Baobab tree data resource: Siyabona Africa, 2015; Encyclopedia of Life, 2015. Leydour data resource: National Resource Conservation Service, N.A. The Palm tree is selected to avoid large sun in local area to ensure that the landscape function can be used during the day. The baobab tree is selected as a traditional food plant in Africa and used to people’s normal life. Leydour shrub is selected as a medical plant that can be a treatment to local disease. According to Cissokho Lassana (2017), leydour’s leaves, mature seeds, leaves are used as a medical treatment to many types of diseases for instance, stomach complaints, venereal diseases and intestinal worms. Moreover, he also invested and suggested by local women that due to the food security caused by climate change, growing leydour make the money back and booming 48
the village’s economics. Furthermore, as food security is defined as at all times, have access to safe, nutrient food (U.N. World Food Programme), food maybe available in rural area but local people do not have access to it such as limited by insufficient income. According to Lassana (2017), by growing Leydour, it can improve food security as well as producing onion and rice seeds to survive through this tough time. This is the reason why this shrub is selected And all three types of plants can be planted on site due to the soil tolerance similar to the site soil type.
4.6 Summary The overall landscape is to offer practical practices and learning atmosphere as an assistance to the inner building learning through three focuses educational paths while at the same time dealing with some local issues such as food security and lack of water source. For solving the food security, landscape proposed growing Ledyour instead because it can not only make income to local area but also provide a local medical treatment to people. For lack of water source, landscape proposed a rainwater harvesting system to gain the most natural resource of water. For dealing with grey water and human waste, landscape proposed a simple biogas plant to generate human waste into fertilizer as another saving money or nutritious the plants’ method. By offering these three practical solutions together with the learning atmosphere to assist local women gain basic knowledge towards gender equality, the landscape becomes a self-circulatory system mode in local area and could be beneficial in the long run. Moreover, there are certain flexibility offered in the landscape as well. As mentioned before, the paths will be shaped only by the way of planting the trees and putting the stones by local people themselves and all the material will be from local source. Even for the farm, it is also an suggestion that growing onions or rice seeds or leydour will be more profitable but it totally depend on the local people. If they want to grow some flowers in the farm, it could also be possible. This design is more of a system proposal to encourage local women to be more selfindependent, self-awareness and have access to certain economical skills to at least ensure their economic status. And by ensure the basic economic status and knowledge, women can slowly move towards breaking the gender inequality in the local area and have more power.
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5. Conclusion With aims to improve gender equality and women’s lives in the project area, stakeholder engagement, especially women’s participation, is considered thoroughly across all stages of the project, and it is extremely vital for the sustainability and future development of the building. Design strategies in regard to architecture, construction and landscape are explained and elaborated in the proposal as well, where WASH services, power services and gender equity solutions are addressed. Details on building functions, construction process and costing as well as landscape proposals are discussed, with considerations on local capability.
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References Ba, M. & Medoc, J-M. (2017). WABEF Support to Renewable Energy Development in Senegal. Urban Agriculture Magazine (32): 24-25. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/585831/1/RUAFUAM%2032_WEB-1_24-25.pdf Balouo Salo. (2021). Construction of the Women’s House. https://www.balouosalo.com/project/womenhouse.html Borgen Magazine. (2017). Attaining Food Security in Senegal with a Shrub and Seed. https://www.borgenmagazine.com/attaining-food-security-in-senegal/ Britannica. (N.A.) Senegal. https://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal/Languages Caroline, M. (2010). Inside-Out Houses: Urban Belonging and Imagined Futures in Dakar, Senegal. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 52(1), 37–65. CESIE. (2010). Guide of Sedhiou. https://cesie.org/media/guide_sedhiou_EN.pdf Culture trip (N.A.). Explore the Best Markets in Dakar. https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/explore-dakars-best-markets/ Edward F. Gilman, Dennis G. Watson, Ryan W. Klein, Andrew K. Koeser, Deborah R. Hilbert, & Drew C. McLean. (N.A.) Phoenix reclinata: Senegal Date Palm. UFAS Extension, Enh599. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ST/ST44000.pdf Encyclopedia of Life. (2015). African Baobab. https://eol.org/pages/584789 Energypedia. (2020). Senegal Energy Situation. https://energypedia.info/wiki/Senegal_Energy_Situation#Electricity ESMAP. (2020). Global Photovoltaic Power Potential by Country. World Bank. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/466331592817725242/pdf/GlobalPhotovoltaic-Power-Potential-by-Country.pdf Feukeng, L. (2018). Senegal: Electrification of 300 villages with solar energy, launched. Afrik 21. https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-electrification-of-300-villages-with-solarenergy-launched/ GGGI. (2016). Biogas Cogeneration Project Senegal. https://gggi.org/project/biogascogeneration-project-senegal/ Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects. (2021). Women’s Centre. https://urbannext.net/womens-centre/ How to building a solid foundation on a Wetland in Accra-Ghana West Africa | Time Lapse Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3owP94mP4g Lassana Cissokho. (2017). The little shrub making a big difference in rural Senegal. The New Humanitarian.https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2017/06/05/little-shrubmaking-big-difference-rural-senegal National Resources Conservation Service. (N.A.). Senna italica Mill Port Royal senna. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SEIT2 Pinard, E. (2016). From Compound Houses to Villas: The Incremental Transformation of Dakar’s Urban Landscape. Open House International, 41(2), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-02-2016-B0003 Pre-contract cost planning and control https://kctang.com.hk/web/pre-contract-cost-planning-and-controlshigongheyueqiandechengbenjihuajikongzhi STANDARD METHOD OF MEASURING BUILDING WORK FOR AFRICA 2015 FIRST EDITION https://aaqs.org/standard-method/ Structural timber: know your standard dimensions, truss types and profiles 51
http://itc-sa.org/structural-timber-know-your-standard-dimensions-truss-types-and-profiles/ Siyabona Africa. (2015) Baobab. http://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_baobab.html Takouleu, J. M. (2021). Senegal: ASER launches a call for tenders for 133 solar mini grids in rural areas. Afrik 21. https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-aser-launches-a-call-fortenders-for-133-solar-mini-grids-in-rural-areas/ Taylor, K. (2020). Basic, Sturdy Wood Joints and When To Use Them. https://www.craftsy.com/post/types-of-wood-joints/# The New Humanitarian. (2006). Lights out in Dakar. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/225764 UN Women Africa. (2017). Senegal. https://www.balouosalo.com/project/womenhouse.html USAID. (2020). Senegal: Power Africa fact sheet. https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/senegal
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