Group 15_Kaira Looro Women's House Report by ABPL90277_HumanitarianConstruction

ABPL90277 Humanitarian Construction Construction Project Response

Kaira Looro Women's Centre in Senegal

Coordinator：Dr Hannah Robertson Tutor：Fabian Prideaux

Group 15 Xiyan Zeng 1039877 Tianhao Yang 977029 Hangfeng Zhao 964051 Sanket Jhalavadia 1126581 Yiji Xiao 970213

Content Introduction...................................................................................................................... 3 1.Fundamental Considerations ....................................................................................... 3 1.1 Collaborative design plan .......................................................................................................3 1.2 Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................5 1.3 WASH .............................................................................................................................................6 1.4 Power .............................................................................................................................................9 1-3&4 Funding for WASH &power system .......................................................................... 12 1.5 Gender equality of the Women’s House......................................................................... 12 2. Land tenure consideration ........................................................................................ 14 2.1 Site selection............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Land environment and land tenure arrangements ..................................................... 15 2.3 The act of safeguarding the land tenure ........................................................................ 15 2.4 Land tenure risk ....................................................................................................................... 16 2.5 Land application and approval procedures ................................................................... 16 2.6 Improvement of existing construction and Village Planning Proposal................. 16 3.Architectural Design considerations ......................................................................... 17 3.1 Toilet............................................................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Water tank ................................................................................................................................. 19 3.3 Healthcare room ..................................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Kitchen ........................................................................................................................................ 20 3.5 Administration place .............................................................................................................. 20 3.6 Office ........................................................................................................................................... 21 3.7 Meeting room .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.8 Activity room. ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.9 Roof. ............................................................................................................................................ 22 4. Construction Design considerations:........................................................................ 24 4.1 Construction system used for Women’s house: ........................................................... 24 4.2 Gantt chart including five stages: ...................................................................................... 28 4.3 Costing of the women’s house in Baghere village: ..................................................... 29 5. Landscape Design Consideration ............................................................................. 31 5.1 Introduction of local climate and landscape ................................................................. 31 5.2 Most appropriate plants/food at Women’s House ..................................................... 31 5.3 Food production system in the Women’s House ........................................................ 33 5.4 Water treatment strategy and landscape elements .................................................... 34 5.5 The plan of landscape works .............................................................................................. 35 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 37 Reference ........................................................................................................................ 38 Appendix ......................................................................................................................... 42

Introduction This report giving proposal for the project for the Kaira Looro Women's Centre in Senegal. The design consideration of the project is divided into five parts, fundamental issued, land tenure, architectural design, construction design, and landscape design. Community involvement, further research, systems and facilities installed, crops planted, materials used, and relevant policies will be discussed in the report. Through the cooperation of these five parts, we will try to provide a safe and convenient place for local women to get education, socialisa, raise awareness, get job opportunities and conduct income-generating activities, and in turn promote gender equality and improve life quality.

1.Fundamental Considerations 1.1 Collaborative design plan The project is roughly divided into five phases:

Project stages

1. Involvement of the community in different stages of the project. 1) Pre-construction: Stage 1 perceived needs, conceptual planning and feasibility study & Stage 2: Design and engineering

Community involvement in stages 1 &2

During the first two stages of the project, communities are mainly involved in providing advice, requirements and local customs and policies to the project team. For the land tenure, The community defines the use and scale of the building, defines the nature, ownership and scale of the land, provides relevant laws and policies. For the functions of the building, we need to listen to the local 3

women’s requirements. For construction, we need community support, and community involvement can be very effective as in participatory design. For landscape, researches on local species, local dietary needs and soil conditions need the help from local residents for information.

2) Stage 3: Tendering and procurement & Stage 4: construction

Community involvement in stage 3

During tendering, procurement and construction, power fuel needs local manufacture and supply chain. For the land tenure, the village committee will auction the right to use the land in public, and applicants will submit their applications to the government-affiliated land committee. For construction, local authorities involved in permitting relevant documents, and local contractors will be hired to use some of the local methods in the construction and providing wage and skill to the community. For landscape, we will try to attract local women to participate in the landscape design activities.

3) Post-construction: Stage 5: Handover. & Stage 6: Operation and maintenance.

Community involvement in stage 5& 6

During the handover, operation and maintenance period, employment and income activities will be provided, and life quality improvement will be supported. For the WASH and power system, fresh and portable water will be supplied not only to the women’s house, but also to the local community. And maintenance work will be given to local villagers. For the building itself, it will provide shelters, education space, and socializing and income-generating activities for women. The garden needs to help women improve their framing skills and provides food security and income.

2. Further Researches incorporated in different stages.

Further researches in different stages

In the different project stages, further researches can be incorporated. During pre-construction stage, how to improve municipal connections in rural areas in Senegal, how to benefit from or improve renewable policies, and how to involve local communities in architectural and construction design can be further studied. During the procurement stage, how to better collaborate local and global manufacture and supply chains to conduct projects in African areas, and how to improve communication among global professionals and local contractors can be learned and further studied from this project. During the operation and maintenance periods, the needs and possibilities for building municipal services and facilities, such as sewer plants, solar panels and public toilets can be further studied.

1.2 Stakeholders

Relationships between different stakeholders under D&C contract

We will use design & construct contract in this project. Design and build is a project delivery 5

system used in the construction industry. It is an approach to deliver a project where the design and construction activities are contracted by a single entity under the control of the principal. The relationship of all the different stakeholders are mapped organisationally from the image above. From which, we can see that, five main stakeholders are involved. Contractors, involve global and local organisations for supplying system, such as filtration machine, sub-contractors, such as masonry, rood, landscape and etc, and project managers. Contractors will follow the instruction of the professionals and deliver different trades to the project. Construction material suppliers, Landscape plant suppliers and WASH & Power fuel, machines and materials suppliers are involved in manufacturers. They are provided materials or machines to the project. Professionals and technical experts will be consulted by different subcontractors, to design and provide political advice. Clients will be the local government and community, who will provide regulations and laws for the project and issue relevant permits. Customers will be local women, who will operate the building, activity participators, such as lecturers and children and outside customers, such as crop or filtered water buyers. They will provide maintenance and project feedback.

Process approach for stakeholders in different stages

The map above shows the stakeholders identified diagrammatically over the time. The vertical axis is actors, the horizontal axis are different project stages, and the dots show who has the decision making capability. It clarifies their responsibilities and roles. In the conceptual and feasibility study stage, the professionals will make the final decisions with advice, requirements and permits from local community and government. During design and engineering, contractors and manufactures will be contacted and instructed under professionals. Then contractors will start tendering and the contractors who win the bids will decide manufacturers for supplying material or machines. During construction, contractors will conduct construction under the supervision of the the principal and technical experts. After handover, local women will operate the building and conduct maintenance under the instructions of relevant technical experts.

1.3 WASH 1.3.1 Background of the water system in the project area Since the project area is far form its capital, Sedhiou, the water system is very deficient. The Tanaff Valley lacks access to fresh water, drinking water and efficient sewerage system. Which causes heavy burden and time-consuming tasks for women to carry water. In the village, around 98% of the households dump their grey water to the roadside, leading to unhealthy environment. There is 6

almost no access to filtered water and less than 14% of households have portable water. Drinking unsafe water brings illness to the residents. Considering this deficient situation, to encounter these difficulties, and trying to provide a clean and convenient environment for the Women’s House, we design to implement the following four water systems.

WASH system

1.3.2 Solar well-water access

Solar well function: Retrieved from: https://solarmagazine.com/solar-water-pumps/ Solar well in Senegal: Retrieved from: https://www.createaction.org/blog/solar-energy-in-senegal-brings-water-to-the-desert/

1. Function: In its capital city, Sedhiou, the rainy season only lasts from June to October, and the dry season lasts for 7-10 months. It is reasonable and applicable to utilize the village’s abundant sunshine to bring water. Power of the pump will be the electricity that is generated or stored in the off-grid solar system of the Women’s House. Water will be pumped up from underground, and a 5,000-liter water reservoir will be built besides the solar pump.

2. Benefit analysis: In Baghere, agriculture is the dominant income source for the community. However, the lack of water for irrigation due to the long dry season brings serious challenge to the living of the people. In the past they get water from costing commercial water irrigation system or labor-consuming methods, such as using buckets to draw water from wells by hand. Using labor-based method may bring enough water for daily living, but it will never meet the farming in dry season. Nevertheless, the commercial methods are usually cost-prohibitive for the rural community in Baghere. Trough the solar pump, the well will bring sufficient year-round water to the Women’s House and the whole village. Women can engage in activities like community gardening and tree-planting to gain income-generating opportunities and food security. 7

According to the villagers Ngoné Mar and Fass Kane, in the 2019 solar power projects by the organisation CREATE!’S in Senegal, “We encounter very few limitations now, because there is bountiful water in the village. With water, we can do anything.” The solar well is an easily accessible and sufficient freshwater source not only for the Women’s House, but also for the whole community. It makes it possible for them to engage in year-round cops cultivation without depending on costing fossil fuels. In addition, women here will be freed from the labor-intensive task for fetching water for their families. They will have more time joining social affairs, which will support social cohesion, improve gender equality, and bring job creation and local income development. 1.3.3 Water filtration system

Kiosk Filtration machines from Swiss Fresh Water Retrived from:https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2017/04/article_0004.html

1. Function The filtration machines will be bought from a company named Swiss Fresh Water. We will install two of these machines. Each machine costs around EUR 8,000 (Catherine Jewell, 2017, WIPO MAGAZINE). Swiss Fresh Water has been working with Africa charitably, trying to bring them affordable drinking water for a long time. And the machine and installation fee can be paid by installments periodically through the income of the sold filtered water without initial fee. Filtered water will be sold at the price around EUR 0.014 per litter to the residents of the Tanaff Valley, where the population is around 9000. Two filtration machines will be built in a kiosk, which will be owned and operated by the Women’s House. The income of the sold water will pay the machine installation and maintenance, and also will be the fund for the activities of the Women’s House. All machines are cleaned and serviced every four to six weeks. A local worker will be hired to clean the machine. In addition, a motor bike will be bought and a motor rider will be hired to deliver the filtered water. For the machine function, they extract water from ground water. 40% of the processed liquid will become safe for drinking, and the remainder will return to the ground. The filtration process is reverse osmosis, and the processed water is certificated to meet WHO standards.

2. Benefits analysis The kiosk with filtration machines will enable the Women’s House and the whole community to get access to portable water, as long as will create employment opportunities and improve community development. 8

Moreover, the filtered water sold at an acceptable and affordable price will impact local people’s health conditions immediately. “As soon as they start drinking water from our machines, their ailment clear up. They no longer have diarrhea, headaches, hypertension, or skin problems. Every day we are improving people’s lives”, quoted from Catherine Jewell, the founder of Swiss Fresh Water. 1.3.4 Septic Tank

Septic tank function Retrieved from: https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Biogas_tank_with_latrine_and_septic_tank/7946057/1

Because the village lacks sewer connection, considering cost-efficient and relatively healthy practical application, we will built plastic septic tanks under the toilet, which will be emptied every six months. There are two ways to remove the waste. The first choice is to hired a man with a bucket and shovel, who will dig a large hole in the street nearby and bury the waste. Another is to hire a larger tanker that will transfer the waste to municipal sewerage plant. We will choose the second choice. Although it is more expensive, the first choice is unsanitary and will lead to hazards that will impact the health of families nearby and the shoveler, causing them discomfort and disease. 1.3.5 Sewage treatment package plant

Veolia Sewage Treatment Package Plant (Retrieved from: http://www.veoliawatertechnologies.co.za/municipal-water-treatment/sewage-treatment/sewage-treatmentpackage-plants/)

When it comes to grey water treatment, we will incorporate with Veolia, and built a sewage treatment package plant near the toilet. The plant is a fully containerized treatment solution that is easy to operate and requires very little maintenance (Veolia, Sewage Treatment Package Plant). It is prefabricated and quick for installation and start up, which is ideal for rural area.

1.4 Power 1.4.1 Background The project area lacks power service connections. Hence the Women’s House needs a independent power system that can supply the activities taken place here. At the same time, environment protection, power price, safety and convenience for users, and improvement for gender equality and life quality will be considered. To achieve this goal, three main systems are used. 9

Power & Cooking system

1.4.2 Off-grid solar system

1) Background From the natural perspective it is ideal and practical to have off-grid solar power for the Women’s House. Because Baghere is near the equator and has high solar irradiation level. From the political perspective, Senegal has prioritized the development of its use of the renewable energy, and the solar potential is partly being exploited by the introduction of photovoltaic (PV) technology (Thomas. H, 2019). 2) Solar panel price

20-year life cycle cost comparison between solar-powered system and traditional fuel-driven system.Retrieved from: https://solarmagazine.com/solar-water-pumps/

The main concern of solar panels is that its initial fee is much higher than fuel-driven system. Nevertheless, this disadvantage can be compensated by solar-system’s lower operation and maintenance costs. Moreover, solar power is renewable and has less impact on the ecology and the environment. Moreover, the costs for solar system have decreased significantly in the past few years. According to the research by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), by 2025 compared to 2015, the price for electricity generated by PV panels will be reduced for 59%. (Solar Magazine, 2020). In addition, according to World Bank, in 1996, the average price of electricity from solar power was $76. In 2015, that price had dropped to $0.3. 3) Function

PV panel calculation table

From: https://carbontrack.com.au/blog/number-solar-panels-for-home/ Since the electricity is mainly consumed by lighting, solar well and filtration machine in the kiosk. 2 We assume that 1 light (40 watts) covers 6 m indoor area, and (120/6)×40=800 watts will be 10

needed for lighting system. Assuming 300W solar panels will be chosen, 800/300=3 panels will be needed for lighting. 2 panels for solar well and 2 for the kiosk. In total , roughly 7 solar panels of 300W will be needed. The price of solar panels online is almost similar. For one solar panel of 300W is around 90EUR. For the maintenance, one local technical will be hired and trained for it. And a local cleaner will be hired and trained to clean dust from the panels twice a week, since the dust in the desert can quickly collects on the surface and will decrease their efficiency. Solar power battery The solar panels will be installed with a solar power battery. During the day, when the sunshine is abundant, residual electricity will be collected and stored for the use of he night and seasons when there lacks sunshine. Benefits Solar energy is renewable and environmentally friendly. Through the off-grid solar system, electricity will be brought to the Women’s House. In addition, if it goes well. More solar system can be applied in other similar projects. 1.4.3 Methanol fuel-cell generator

https://www.cnet.com/news/methanol-fuel-cells-how-cost-efficient-are-they/

During the raining season, when there will lack sunshine for a very long time, or during the time when the off-grid solar system breaks down or goes through maintenance, a fuel-based generator will replace the solar power to provide electricity for the Women’s House.

1) Comparison to other kinds of fuel & Function For the fuel of the generator, we considered 3 kinds, gasoline, diesel and methanol. For the diesel generators, they are polluting and noisy to the users of the Women’s House and residents nearby. In comparison, Methanol is much environmentally friendly. It can be produced from natural gas, wood, grass, and agricultural wastes. And its carbon dioxide emissions are reduced by 70% (Peter. G, 2008). Methanol has high energy density of 4.4 kWh per liter, and is a very positive choice. In addition, compared to diesel and gasoline, the fuel of mixture of water and methanol is safer for use in the Women’s House in terms of fire hazard and spillage. For the reason that, it is hard to ignite the fuel and can be pulled out by water, unlike diesel and gasoline that need special CO2, foam or power based fire extinguishers. For the reason above, we will install a methanol generator. 11

2) Benefits analysis By using methanol generator, we can supply electricity to the Women’s House during special time. Meanwhile, the cost-efficient and cleaning fuel can be manufactured locally, increasing employment and income for local residents. 3) Future study The supply chain of manufacturing and selling methanol can be studied and improved in the future. 1.4.4 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

1) Compared to other fuel Traditionally, villagers in Baghere will use biomass, such as wood, dung and charcoal, for cooking. Which can lead to inconvenient and unsafe use with unsustainable manner and inefficient stoves. And using them for cooking will lead to environmental degradation and deforestation. Nevertheless, piped gas is unavailable in this area. And solar-powered electric cooking is still very costly. In addition, the supply chain of ethanol is unavailable. And the use of methanol for cooking is not practical. For the reason above, we choose LPG for cooking.

2) Function For the cooking energy, we will use Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which will be bought from Sedhiou. The same local motor driver who will be hired to deliver the purified water will also be responsible for transporting LPG bottles. 3) Benefits By replacing biomass by LPG, we mitigate the danger of gas intoxication and protect local environment.

1-3&4 Funding for WASH &power system For the budget of the Women’s House is limited. We will apply for loan or funding from the government or global organisations for the initial installation fee of the solar well, sewage treatment tanks, the solar system(solar panels and battery) and the methanol generator, which will be paid off by installments by the income of the Women’s House through selling filtered water and other activities.

1.5 Gender equality of the Women’s House 1.5.1 Current situation of gender equality in Senegal According to the concept of Kaira Looro competition, the gender equality issue will be fully considered in the Women’s House design. This is one of the most important factor to achieve rural development. Although, in the past few years, there has been some fundamental laws of human rights and declarations of local organizations in Senegal, the social status of women is still relatively low and they are disadvantaged in many aspects, including educational attainment, political empowerment and economic participation. For example, girls in Senegal, especially in rural areas, have more challenges in obtaining educations than boys often because of early marriage and pregnancy (Dramani, 2012). 12

1.5.2 Functions of this Women’s House The core tenet of this project is to reduce any forms of gender discrimination and promote rural development. Therefore, some functions are considered for this Women’s House, such as education, administration and health care for local women. Of course, traditional building functions are considered, including accessibility, hygiene, security and landscape. To fulfill these functions, especially achieving the aim of gender equality, some particular rooms are planned to be built, such as a reading room, a meeting room, open activity room, etc. Then, local women can host meetings, seminars, labs and any other activity that could increase their social status in the community. 1.5.3 Local women’s participation of building works Considering the situation of practice and the development of this Women’s House, it is necessary to consider local women’s participation of the project building works, including expectation preparation, and construction. Also, this is the effective method to lay the foundation for their future dominance of the Women’s House. In order to get the support of local women and engage them in project work, the following steps are planned:

In order to attract them to participate in the building work, the promises can include: the use of activity room and kitchen in the future; the opportunity to sell products in the Women’s House, such as their handicrafts; free seats of public lectures. In addition, the Women’s House can be viewed as the place for local women to share skills and communicate. Through this mutual help, local women can improve their skills and increase their ability to earn income, thus improving their social status. 1.5.4 Job opportunities in the Women’s House According to Maxwell (2018), in the past, women in Senegal were responsible for household mainly, such as childcare and cooking. Although the government has enacted laws on women’s rights and non-government organizations have provided economic opportunities for local women, they are only responsible for a large share of agricultural work in recent decades, mainly about rice farming. Therefore, the job opportunities of this Women’s House are meaningful for the local women in Baghere. This means that their work will not be limited to families and agriculture. Except building works at the early stage, the job opportunities in this Women’ House could be administration, reception, sales and regular cleaning and planting works. 1.5.5 Activities in the Women’s House Firstly, aiming to improve local women’s knowledge level, some educational activities will be conducted. For example, regular reading parties and public lecture can be held to motivate their 13

learning and communication skills. In addition, according to the intent of landscape design of this Women’s House, several cash crops are planned to be planted around the site, including peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, tomato, green beans, etc. Therefore, some related planting lessons will be organized in the Women’s House. l Moreover, in order to bring economic benefits to the Women’s House, all the cash crops around the building will be sold as products belonging to the Women’s House. This means that promotional and sales activities need to be carried out by local women. In fact, all the activities in this Women’s House are planned to achieve gender equality in Baghere. As shown in the diagram below:

Figure: Activities in Women’s House to achieve gender equality

1.5.6 Local women organization The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women), as a member of the United Nations Development Group, is good for the Women’s House to obtain some help. A National Strategy for Gender Equality and Equity has been developed with the support of UN Women Senegal Program (UN Women Africa, 2021). The development of this Women’s House could be in line with the guidelines of the relevant authorities to promote the development of Baghere and enhance the rights and interests of local women.

2. Land tenure consideration 2.1 Site selection We chose the 'ideal site' determined by the competition organizer. The site has a flat terrain, convenient transportation, sufficient water resources, complete surrounding service facilities, covering education, medical, administrative, folk, and other living resources, meeting the primary construction conditions of the 15-minute life circle. Simultaneously, according to the population

data, this site can radiate more female residents in the village and surrounding communities. It is a suitable site for construction.

2.2 Land environment and land tenure arrangements Since 2000, with the development of domestic economic activities in Senegal, the demand of Senegalese people, communities, and enterprises for land acquisition has been expanding, especially the centralized acquisition of large-scale land. It also brings new challenges to the government and urban planning departments to clarify the use of land rights and legal responsibilities. Senegal has always been a country focusing on the development of agricultural production. In 1964, the national government promulgated the "land law", which stipulates that the land is owned by the state and modified and used up to now. The state confiscates the landlords' land, which accounts for 15% of the population, and the peasants have the right to use the land they share. Senegal's land is divided into state-owned land, public land, and state land. The state allocates the right to manage state-owned land to local governments. State-owned land registered in rural areas, excluding agricultural land, mainly includes land connected to public buildings or public facilities. The state decides whether to set up projects on public land, but it must first consult the Regional Council. The areas covered by the unique land management plan should be reported by the local government, approved by the Council, and managed by the District, city, or rural community. 95% of the national land is agricultural land. The state holds the state-owned land. The rules of land use are determined at the national level and managed by the Rural Committee. The land type we choose is state-owned land. At present, the relevant land law of the site is the land law issued in 1964. Our building type is the self-built house, which serves the community. Therefore, the more detailed land type is "home territories" used for housing and rural livelihood activities (zones des terroirs); The use rules and construction standards are managed by the village committee. The service life of the application is 60 to 90 years. Moreover, in Africa, gender discrimination in land ownership, rights, and access prevent women and their communities from realizing their full potential and contributing to sustainable development. In Africa, women own less land and usually can only obtain or obtain public use rights through male relatives. Such a phenomenon puts African women in a disadvantageous position in society. The Senegalese government has realized that women's more land-use rights are conducive to the development of social equity, effectively reducing the social crime rate and poverty, and conducive to social education and children's development health care. The government is increasingly motivated to further enhance women's access to land and natural resources. For example, at the land + conference, four countries, including Senegal, set goals for women's greater land distribution rights participation. Among them, Goal 1 points out: end poverty in all its forms everywhere Indicator 1.4.2: Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as safe, by sex and by type of tenure Goal 5: achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Indicator 5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure. Indicator 5.a.2: Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women's equal rights to land ownership and/or control To sum up, our construction land is in line with the government's goal of protecting women and the land development strategy of gender equality in Senegal.

2.3 The act of safeguarding the land tenure 15

The protection of land use right mainly comes from two aspects: the protection of national laws and land management institutions' management. Senegal’s formal law – including the National Domain Law of 1964, the 1972 Rural Community Law, and the Decentralization Law of 1996, and multiple decrees – decentralized land administration functions to a subnational system of regional and local governing bodies (the commune in urban areas and communities in rural areas). Our project's site also needs to comply with the norms and requirements for land in these legal frameworks. The central government has complete power over land planning, and the Ministry of human settlements and construction and the Ministry of water resources are the two departments that exercise power most frequently. Village committees are responsible for implementing the central government's land development plan, including all kinds of residential, commercial, and industrial development and construction. Central-level institutions in charge of registration of private land rights and transactions in land are the Land Operations Control Commission (Commission de Contrôles des Opérations Domanicales – CCOD), the Director of Land (Directeur des Domaines) and the Collector (Receveur des Domaines) (Monkam 2009;World Bank 2002).

2.4 Land tenure risk Previously, we wrote that our buildings are mainly dedicated to providing places for women's activities and promoting gender equality. Therefore, land tenure is in line with the national land development strategy and goals. And the land type is exact. Therefore, land tenure has no high risk during the construction period and at least 60 years of building use.

2.5 Land application and approval procedures The state government should first register the national land, including "homeland," in the state's name and issue laws to distribute the land in the public interest. The condition often takes advantage of this mandatory right to purchase land from areas managed by rural Council/towns and distributes it to private operators through long-term leasing. The project shall apply to the local village committee for the land use right, and the village committee shall report it to the Land Committee under the government. The members of the Land Committee shall discuss, decide the land allocation and announce the resolution.

2.6 Improvement of existing construction and Village Planning Proposal 2.6.1 planning and construction of more public toilets Planning and building more public toilets can not only reflect gender equality but also meet the washing needs of more women. The setting of public toilets is an urban infrastructure construction and a necessary public service. In Baghere village, the current number of public toilets can not meet pedestrians' needs, especially women. Building more public toilets will significantly improve women's health. On the other hand, the construction differences caused by gender differences should also be considered in public toilets. Many people have seen such a situation: the men's toilet is left out in front of the door, but there is a long line in front of the women's toilet. The imbalance of the proportion of male and female toilets has brought great trouble to women. The difference in physiological structure between men and women leads to that it is more difficult for women to go to the toilet than men in time and space. Women usually spend 2-3 times more time in the toilet than men; in terms of space, men's space for urination is relatively small, while women's space is relatively large, resulting in fewer women than men in the same toilet space. Many cities and regions have also faced an imbalance in the proportion of male and female toilet seats to varying degrees, resulting from the mechanized understanding of gender equality. It seems that the superficial 1:1 setting is gender equality, but it ignores the difference between men's and women's physiological 16

structure and needs to truly achieve gender equality. In the planning and construction of more public toilets, the following measures can be adopted: first, according to the local population and the proportion of men and women, the planning and construction of public toilets, according to the ratio of 1:2 space to build men's toilets and women's toilets. Second, more toilets that can be used by both men and women can be built appropriately. Third, in case of emergency, the relevant construction and use units can have the right to transfer the male and female toilets to each other. 2.6.2 planning and improving village night lighting Improving night lighting in villages can help women to be safer at night. According to statistics, not only in Senegal but also in many countries and cities, women are twice as likely to encounter crimes at night as during the day. Although Baghere village has some night lighting devices, it has not fully covered the space for women's activities at night. Therefore, we propose to plan and improve the night lighting system of Baghere village. First of all, the village's main roads and main activity areas should be installed with energy-saving, environment-friendly LED street lights, and the opening time of street lights should be set. Secondly, sound-controlled lighting devices should be installed in areas where population activity is not intensive.

3.Architectural Design considerations This building aims to provide a place for local women to receive education, obtain life skills and even provide some jobs. Unlike ordinary commercial or residential buildings, although Women’s house conducts small commercial activities and provides a little residential function, the main purpose is to protect and educate local women. The style adopted in this building is mainly integrated with the local architecture, taking into account the infrastructure and the space for activities needed to increase the social status of women. Women’s house uses a sloped roof consistent with the local area, using red bricks that are easily available locally as the outer wall, and bamboo partition walls inside. Founder's design facilitates functional partitioning. The sloping roof makes rainwater not conducive to residues and can be collected. The bamboo partition wall blocks the line of sight while ensuring air circulation. The seats symbolizing equality between men and women displayed in the activity center using brick show the purpose of women's house construction. The overall orientation of the building is from the north to the south, combined with the local wind direction in different periods to ensure proper indoor ventilation and temperature. Combined with the exterior design of the building to provide land for local women's agricultural activities. the overall layout of the building is as follows：

Figure 1. Building floor plan

The gates of the Women's Activity Center run through each other, and the passage separates the toilets and other infrastructure from the meeting room and office. Since the Women's Activity Center 17

will hold some activities or conduct some course education, there will often be a large flow of people inside, so the interpenetrating doors can ensure indoor air circulation. The building is divided into 8 parts according to function. The meeting room has an area of 28.14 square meters, and the floor is covered with wooden boards for 15 people to hold meetings. The office area is 21.09 ㎡ enough for administrative management and activity organization. The activity room with an area of more than 50 square meters is not designed with a wall. When meeting the group activity space, the external space can be flexibly expanded. A bench symbolizing gender equality is provided in the middle of the activity room, which can satisfy them for collective and individual activities. Activity needs. In addition to meeting the basic needs of Balou Salo, it also provides separate toilets for men and women, a female-only medical room, an administration room for reception, and a kitchen that can be used for cooking and selling goods.

Figure 2. Building function usage map

Detailed consideration has been given to the space design of different parts:

3.1 Toilet The toilet part is designed according to the local customs and habits of men and women and the needs of women's centers. Since many locals believe in Islam, according to Islamic customs, it is best for men to separate from women during their menstrual period. "They ask you concerning menstruation. Say: that is an Adha (a harmful thing for a husband to have a sexual intercourse with his wife while she is having her menses), therefore, keep away from women during menses and go not unto them till They are purified (from menses and have taken a bath)" (Islam, 2006) Therefore, men and women toilets with back-to-open doors are installed to prevent menstruating women and men from meeting. Similarly, women during menstruation are more sensitive and weak, and need a cleaner bathroom to protect them. However, due to the lack of local water sources, a single flushing toilet was used in women's toilets specifically for menstruating women. Most of the toilets used locally are dry toilets, but the disposal of excrement is a problem. The Senegalese government introduced an SMS manure treatment system: Doulaye Kone from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which invested in developing the new SMS system as well as providing financial support to pit emptiers to buy better vehicles and equipment, says it's not just about making sanitation sexy, but making it profitable (The Guardian, 2015). Therefore, local dry toilets only need to prepare enough storage space and regularly send manure to nearby treatment plants. Use an acacia wood board at the pit of the dry toilet to raise the ground, place storage facilities 18

below, and set up a one-way baffle at the pit to block odors. When disposing of waste, open the side of the raised area and take out the storage equipment below.

Figure 3. Bathroom layout, left male and right female

Figure 4. Open for waste collection in toilet Figure 5. Toilet windows and water tank

For the location of the toilet, the main consideration is the danger of women going to the toilet at night. The male toilets are set outside the building, and the female toilets are inside the building. Women staying at night do not need to leave the building when they enter the toilet, which reduces the possible harm that women may suffer when going out at night. The male toilet and female toilet have a small window above each for ventilation to prevent the smell of the toilet from entering the room. The windows of the bathroom are facing outwards, avoiding the smell of the kitchen opposite the building. Each compartment inside the toilet is completely separated from each other and can be used as a women's changing room. The red brick wall is used to isolate the toilet from the next healthcare room. Mainly because the humidity in the bathroom is heavier than other parts. Secondly, the red brick wall can better isolate the toilet and external noise, reducing the embarrassment of external people hearing the sound of using the toilet inside.

3.2 Water tank A water tank with a built-in storage device with filtering facilities is installed next to the male toilet with a red brick exterior wall to collect rainwater, which can be used for toilet flushing and irrigation water. Laying a recess with a certain slope on the roof makes rainwater fall into the water tank. In addition, the sink is close to the toilet to facilitate the use of water.

3.3 Healthcare room A healthcare room is set up next to the toilet, equipped with a bed and a desk space. A window is opened outward in the Healthcare room to increase indoor lighting. The Healthcare room is mainly set up for women to treat and consult some diseases they are not willing to cure in public hospitals. WHO (2012) has argued that “Women in Africa account for more than half of deaths of women 19

worldwide due to communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies. They bear an even heavier burden of HIV/ AIDS with the related morbidity and mortality accounting for 89% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among women worldwide. The burden of disease and death in the African Region is worst in regard to maternal mortality." Therefore, the women's activity center provides a place for women to check and consult diseases. This can greatly reduce the appearance and aggravation of their illness caused by their lack of cognition and treatment. And while providing services to women, it can also give some women employment opportunities.

Figure 6. The layout of the Healthcare room

3.4 Kitchen The Kitchen is set up next to the gate of the building, and a window is opened in the wall and equipped with a wooden table that can extend outward. The establishment of the Kitchen mainly takes into account that the people involved in the activities may have cooking activities at noon, and the kitchen can be a way for local women to earn income. During non-kitchen cooking time, some instant food or handmade products made by local women can be placed on the wooden board for sale. Although the home is generally considered the best place for a woman, Islam does not prohibit a woman from a career in the outside world (Ho-Ka, 2011). So this approach will not offend local religious customs. Women can also earn a certain income in this way to gain a certain family voice.

Figure 7. The layout of the Kitchen

3.5 Administration place Administration place is mainly used to receive guests who come to give lectures or hold other 20

activities and to register visitors. A window was opened on the wall next to Administration to facilitate the people at the front desk to observe the external situation and provide sufficient outdoor light. A bookshelf is used at the front desk to isolate the space and visually. Some simple picture albums that promote gender equality can be placed on the bookshelf to facilitate the personnel inside to conduct subtle education when reading. Similarly, the administration place also provides a job opportunity for local women.

Figure 8. The layout of the Administration place

3.6 Office The total area of the Office is 21 square meters. After placing two file cabinets, one large and one small, the remaining space can be enough for 10 people for meetings or 3-5 people for permanent office. Office uses sliding doors, which saves space and does not affect visual aesthetics. The Office has opened 3 windows outwards to ensure the lighting and ventilation effect of the room even on cloudy days. Office uses bamboo partition walls to isolate the space while using the toughness of bamboo to reduce the possibility of door frame deformation.

Figure 9. The layout of the Office

3.7 Meeting room The floor of the meeting room is laid with wooden planks and carpets can meet 10-15 people for meetings. There is no window on the right wall. Wooden boards or other materials can be nailed on the wall as writing boards, which can be used for meetings and some courses. Since it is impossible to hold meetings of 10-15 people every day, the meeting room can usually be used as a small classroom for some small skill courses. In addition to some popular speeches, women can also learn some non-universal skills, and then they can use the meeting room. For example, when learning how to use medical skills, due to the need for tool assistance, maybe not all women can learn, then holding in the meeting room can ensure the privacy of medical education (because it is some medical education for gynecological diseases). Another function of the meeting room is to serve as a temporary residence for some women. When domestic violence may occur in the local area, or a woman cannot live with the man due to her menstrual period, she can choose to live in the meeting room. The wooden floor can be used as a 21

bedroom for temporary residence after being covered with a blanket. The meeting room also uses wooden sliding doors to save space. Similarly, three windows are opened outward to ensure indoor ventilation and lighting. The room is equipped with two large cabinets which can be used to store some tools.

Figure 10. The layout of the Meeting Room

3.8 Activity room. The activity room is semi-open. A solid wooden sliding door is used for the door leading to the activity room from the room. When there is no activity in the activity room, it can be fully opened to increase indoor ventilation and lighting. When there is activity, the door can be closed as a board for writing or posting announcements. The entire wall of the Activity Room has no windows and can be used as a blackboard, which can be used as a propaganda wall for large-scale lectures. There are no high walls on the three sides of the Activity room, so that the people in the middle will not worry about space, lighting and ventilation problems because of the large number of activities. The roof is supported by wooden pillars to ensure the use of the activity room during rainy days or excessive sunlight. The three sides of the activity room are distinguished and waterproofed by red brick walls with a height of 500mm, which can also be used as seats during normal use. In the middle of the activity room, red bricks are used to collage to form a symbol of gender equality, which can be used as a seat usually. In the external landscape part, we will design some agricultural land as part of the source of women's income. Some women need to learn agricultural knowledge and processing of agricultural products, and it will be more conducive for them to learn practical operations in the open activity room. At some regular time, the open activity room can also be used as a market for trading second-hand products or hand-made products. Everyone can share a part of the place as a booth for sale.

Figure 11. The layout of the Meeting Room

3.9 Roof. The roof of the building uses a common slope roof, using galvanised iron sheet as the outermost 22

layer, and a wooden frame inside, with a slope of 10°. Lay a single layer of red bricks on the outer wall to fix the roof frame. Solar panels are laid symmetrically above the roof to use sunlight to power indoors. The roof covers the activity room, even if the sun is shining or the wind is heavy and rainy, activities can be carried out in the activity room. Drainage grooves are installed around the roof to draw water to the water tank for recycling.

Figure 12. Overall presentation of the roof

For women who may experience domestic violence, the activity center can be used as a shelter for them, and teach all women how to protect themselves and educate them to face the mistakes of domestic violence. Some men in the local area may therefore reject women's centers. If men in the activity center harm women or insult women, the activity center can protect the injured women and educate men. The women's center can generate income for women through kitchen windows, activity rooms and farmland, and make local men aware of the advantages of women's improved social status, thereby reducing their level of gender discrimination. The functions of the entire building system are integrated, taking into account the special needs of local women and the needs of the building for different functions. In terms of function, it meets the basic needs of Balou Salo and ensures the space size of the meeting room and activity room, so that they can perform activities at the same time without being disturbed. The number and size of windows in the building ensure indoor ventilation and lighting. The bamboo pole partition used can block the view and adjust the indoor temperature. The solar panels on the roof can meet indoor lighting, and the water tank next to it can provide daily and emergency water. In terms of women's health, the healthcare room can conduct medical science popularization for local women and cure and prevent some gynecological diseases. The bathroom also provides a cleaner and sanitary place for women in special periods to protect their safety. When the whole building is in operation during the day, the reception staff at the front desk will register unfamiliar people entering and exiting, and during various activities, the partition wall can well block the line of sight and will not affect each other's activities. When the door is closed at night, women who stay in the house can go to the toilet and eat items stored in the kitchen without having to leave the building, reducing the possibility of women being injured at night. Combining architectural and environmental design can form a whole. Inside the activity center, women can hold meetings or study in the meeting room, women in the activity room can learn farming skills, and teach on-site within the visible range, while other women can cultivate in the farmland. Children can play nearby and receive some education by the way. The building uses water from nearby solar wells and rainwater tank, and the generated wastewater will be transferred to the sewage treatment plant to be filtered into usable water. The entire site can provide local people with a place that integrates activities, education, and income. Influencing the entire community while learning

Figure 13. Viewing the building system from the north-south section

Figure 14. Viewing the building system from the east-west section

4. Construction Design considerations: 4.1 Construction system used for Women’s house: 

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Here we are using Load bearing masonry construction using a ground beam made of mass stone ,sand, cement construction. This type of construction system is very adaptable in that area and some of the knowledge about constructing beams and roofs will be helpful to the community. Construction materials and calculations are provided in the costing table.

4.1.1 Capping beam and two footings in activity room shown in floor plan.

4.1.2 Wall to footing section.    

Termite land treatment using soil applied termicides as a conventional method using liquid before the construction has been done. (Waldvogel & Alder, 2009) Here the capping beam is made of 1:4:8 ratio of cement, sand, aggregate. Capping beam is very big because of unreinforced construction. In the area of baghere village some of the resources such as sand and aggregate are very cheap and available. Providing efficient ground beams makes earthen walls structure disaster resistant and reduce risk of wall overturn or failure in the earthquake disasters.

4.1.2 Detailed wall section including roof and window. 4.1.3 Alternative roof system using shingles or clay roof tiles. 

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Mud bricks are used for the load bearing wall which is available in the baghere village. We can involve some of the local people to make this construction system as it is simple construction. Material is very sustainable and an approach to make green building. In the mud bricks less than 5% of cement is added and contains water, clay , and other alkalis such as asphalt to make it more durable in rainy seasons. Mud brick construction in Africa is around 60-70% accepted and very low cost, low embodied energy and provides high durability with using plaster outside. (Adegun & Adedeji, 2017).Mud bricks can last up to 30 years. Outer wall finishing is done by plastering and painting as it was important to waterproof the masonry system. Some of the considerations from old techniques were mud slurry applied on the inside of the house which contains mud and cow dung.(Mud Brick, YourHome, 2002) Sometimes this slurry can be used as a surface finish for the plaster instead of mortar. 25

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Maintenance of the mud brick walls should be done by rendering the walls from outside and inside where needed. Materials used for rendering are cow dung mixed with water, sand, and river silt. Building maintenance should be done every year as it has no cost and should be done in an appropriate way as before rendering, holes in the wall and gaps should be filled with the paste and then layers of the paste should be applied on the wall. Color coating can be done after this rendering to protect building for more than one year. In the activity room area, we are making bricks made of clay and aluminum waste which is available in Senegal mixing this tuff with 4M NaOH to get maximum results. We will make bricks using wooden moulds. Composition of the material brick was CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 with cementitious material. (Diop & Grutzeck, 2007) Some of the sample tested mixing of alkali concentration 12M NaOH cured at 40° temperature were better than which samples cured at 80°temperature. These bricks are sun dried at 40° temperature and need 28 days to get maximum compressive strength. These bricks have very low carbon emissions and can be a business opportunity for community to generate income. Mud bricks dried out from sun will shrink before placing for walls so the risk of cracking in the walls will be reduced. Brick made with this material is very energy efficient where energy is unavailable. Better for humidity and high temperature villages such as in Senegal. Some of the advantages to build mud brick construction in community were high thermal mass and high fire resistance than other conventional construction systems. One of the alternatives for roofs was to use clay roof tiles as baghere village is very hot in summer the GI sheet is highly conductor of heating and cooling but roof load can be increased due to this material. Costing is done for the GI sheet as it is preferable by community.

4.1.4 Queen Post Truss design for roof 

Roof structural was based on queen post truss as the width of the building was 9m. (Queen Post Truss, 2007)some of the advantages are they are reliable and very low cost. Where in the activity area there is no ceiling provided so it can look attractive from outside. Roof sundries such as screws, u-strap, cleat, nuts, were imported materials as not available in the village.

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Wall plates should be provided for the support of the roof structure. Roof overhangs with eaves gutter to collect the rainwater. Rainwater pipes connect to the downpipes which connects to brick rainwater harvesting tank. Roof overhangs are better as it protects walls from the water. Mineral wool is used as insulation and it will also act as vapor barrier as it absorbs water and material chosen is fire resistant. GI sheets are used for roof covering as it is waterproof, very cost effective and reliable as a long-life span of the material. Bamboo in this construction will be used for outer plaster, paint and making roof. Soffit, battens, and rafters should be made on site via community to have more understanding of the roof structure and to do upskilling of the community.

4.1.5 Bamboo scaffolding diagram

4.1.6 Bamboo scaffolding sectional view.

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Bamboo scaffolding is very common in developing countries and available at a very cheap rate at sh40 per bamboo stick. (Kiarie, 2014) Using bamboo single layer bamboo scaffolding method, the height of the one bamboo connection should be 1.8m and length between two bamboo scaffolds should be 1.2m. (Chung & Chan, 2002) Bamboo is very lightweight material and easy to transport and available in the baghere village. 27

4.1.7 Front elevation for bamboo scaffolding used for working on roofs.

4.2 Gantt chart including five stages:

4.2.1 Gantt chart 

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Collaboration stage includes project briefs done by client and other processes such as conceptual and developed design are done by the core team and technical design are done by the structural engineer. Integration of core team(Architects, structural engineer, landscape designer, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer) and strategic team(Project manager, contractors) is very helpful for the performance of the project. Approval stage of the women’s house will take up to 61 days. which is followed by site establishment. (PIENAAR, 2019) Here we have provided that before working on site we provide some of the safety sessions to labor and community which we are involved in the construction process. Gantt chart includes all the five stages from collaboration stage to post occupancy evaluation. In the Bar chart, we also showed earth compressed blocks made for the activity room area that need to be made in 60 days. We need to dry them for minimum of 30 days to get maximum strength. Activities such as masonry of bricks made with tuff samples were starting late but with other activity as it was finished to start activity in the Gantt chart. Post occupancy evaluations contain some of the reviews from client and design team to evaluate the outcome of the project brief. Analyzing building layouts and functions of the rooms is helpful in the future project considerations. Some of the energy use of the building should be surveyed as here we are using mud brick construction that has low carbon emissions and having insulation provides better thermal comfort to the building. Post occupancy evaluation in some projects is done based on a contract for up to 1 year to get maximum output. (RIBA Architecture,2016) This project should be built in 351 days as per the chart.

4.3 Costing of the women’s house in Baghere village:

4.3.1 Costing excel table.    

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PCC layer of 150mm under the footing and under the ground beam has been provided. Footing will support the steel columns which are located at the end of the building. flooring is made of 1:4 cement, sand ratio. wood framing for doors and windows is almost 2-3 times cheaper than steel framing for the windows. Outdoor gates which used to be made from steel where internal gates are aluminum sliding doors. Lintel we are using steel as it has a better waterproof system which will be covered by particle boards with flashing. Generally mud construction uses wooden lintels but it has to be maintained for long term use of the house. Costing is done based on Senegal country and some of the items were unavailable but shown on the materials list so here we have taken some of the references from east African countries which have very low inflation differences to Senegal.

5. Landscape Design Consideration 5.1 Introduction of local climate and landscape Senegal has a tropical climate, hot and humid. The highest temperature can reach as high as 54℃. According to the location of village of Baghere, although it is the rural area near the coast relatively and the temperature there is lower than it in interior lands, it still belongs to hot area. The low temperature varies from 16℃ in winter to 23℃ in summer, and the high temperature varies from 31℃ to 43℃. Therefore, the overall climate condition in Baghere is hot, with a humidity up to 90% and periodic windy. The local species around the site are acacia and mango trees measuring a maximum of 15 metres tall. Viewed from the angle of landscape design and economy of the project, the surroundings trees can be used as part of landscape design for the Women’s House.

5.2 Most appropriate plants/food at Women’s House 5.2.1 Background of agriculture in Senegal According to Mbalo (2007), agriculture is one of the most important parts of Senegal’s economy 31

and it occupies approximately 75 percent of the workforce. However, the majority of farmers produce only what they need for survival, despite the diversity of local crops production has potential economic development benefits. In addition, according to FEWS NET (2021), Senegal southern area’s agriculture zones are shown in the figure below:

Figure: Agriculture zones of southern Senegal. Source from Fews. Net.com

The Village of Baghere is located at the zones of SN11 and SN12, which means it is suitable for the production of fishing and the crops of peanuts and cotton. 5.2.2 Introduction of plants at Women’s House Based on the soil condition and climate in the village of Baghere, there are five plants planned to be planted around the Women’s House, peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, green beans and tomatoes. l Peanuts. It is one of the most important cash crops in Senegal. According to the figure above, it demonstrated that Baghere is good for producing peanuts. In addition, peanuts, as an important export product, have brought high economic benefits for Senegal. The Straits times (2020) showed that there were 200,000 tonnes peanuts exported to China alone. Besides, peanuts are short crops growing on the ground, so it will not shade the building. 

Sugarcane. It is also an important cash crop in Senegal. The price of sugar has increased in recent years in Senegal, which means that the sugarcane is popular to be planted because of its growing economic benefits. The plants are two to six metres tall, so it is the highest crop around the Women’s House.

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Cotton. Similar with peanuts, cotton is an important cash crop in Senegal and it is suitable to plant in the village of Baghere. As shown in the figure below, cotton has many different appearances during its total growth cycle. That means it can bring variety of views to the Women’s House in a period of five to six months.

Figure: Cotton’s total growth cycle

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Green beans. It produced about 19000 tonnes of green beans in 2019 in Senegal. This kind of 32

short crop is also suitable to be planted in Baghere because of the hot and humid climate there. 

Tomatoes. With green beans, they are main vegetable cash crops in Senegal. To meet the both local economic development needs and dietary needs, they are good to be planted in Baghere.

In fact, mango is also one of the main vegetable cash crops. It is worth to notice that mango trees are original trees in Baghere, so they will not be planted in large areas around the Women’s House. However, it can be planted in pots and also can be transplanted beside the building for landscape design and grafting studies. In addition, the schedule of planting activities is shown in the following flow chart:

Because of the limited budget, the seeds and seedlings are planned to obtain from local community and near communities. Also, their can be obtained from local women organizations.

5.3 Food production system in the Women’s House According to Poulsen (2015), the diet in Senegal is largely based on cereals, including rice, millet and sorghum, and they represent about two-thirds of the national dietary energy supply. Meanwhile, it reflects the main agricultural activities in Senegal. Back into the village of Baghere, it is good for rice farming based on its geography, tropical plateaus formed by small lateritic outcrops and argillaceous valleys along the river. However, rice will not be planted around the Women’s House due to its particular water-needed farming requirements. The five crops planned to be planted around the Women’s House, peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, green beans and tomatoes, have similar planting activities and soil condition requirements, so they are convenient to be managed in group by the local women. 5.3.1 Cash crops and their dietary value Basically, all of those five crops planned to be planted at the Women’s House have their own value on economic development of the Women’s House. Among the five crops, green beans and tomatoes are two vegetables that can provide good dietary needs and nutrients for local community. l Green beans and tomatoes. These two vegetables ripen in a relatively short term, which means they can achieve a high food productions for the community. They can be harvested for local families’ dietary needs and also can be sold to get some income for the Women’s House. Both green beans and tomatoes require around 60 days to reach harvest from transplanting. The Women’s House can issue an announcement inviting local women to help pick the vegetables when they are ripe, and the women who participate in the picking activity can receive a certain amount of beans and tomatoes for free. l Peanuts. It takes around 160 days to reach harvest maturity. The ripe peanuts can consumed by local community but the majority of peanuts are for sell, because it cannot be viewed as a daily common food to get nutrition. l Sugarcane and cotton. They are totally cash crops to be sold to get economic benefit for the Women’s House and the community. In terms of cotton, the total growth cycle of cotton is 5 to 6 months. In addition to its daily use for the locals, it will be sold after some bundle package works. According to the conditions of the Women’s House, sugar producing can not be hold in there, so the 33

sugarcane can only be sold after some simple processing, such as excess branches cut off and bundles. The growth cycle of sugarcane is the longest compared with other crops at the Women’s House, which will take around 9 to 16 months to grow a cane crop. Following table shows the summary of the crops conditions based on the above section 5.2.2 and 5.3.1:

Table: Crops comparison

5.3.2 Food security of the Women’s House In specific, there are some issues about food security need to be considered in the Women’s House.  Food storage. In the kitchen area of the Women’s House, some simple snacks and drinks will be provided. It needs to be noticed that the food temporary storage is one of the most important considerations of food security in the Women’s House. For example, mangoes are local common fruits in Baghere, so it could be provided as snacks in the Women’s House. One of the storage methods is to make dried mangoes, then it can be stored relatively longer. Of course, dried mango making lessons could be organized and viewed as an educational activity for local children. 

Waste treatment. The waste generated during food cooking, such as mango branches and skins, should be treated in time, otherwise they may attract some insects such as flies and mosquitoes.

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Water treatment. Water is necessary to keep hygiene of the Women’s House. Of course, it is also an important consideration of food security issues. The detail of wash issues and water treatment are discussed above under the fundamental considerations section 1.3.

5.4 Water treatment strategy and landscape elements Waste water treatment is one of the most important issues that every community faces. Similarly, it is an issue should be considered for the landscape design of the Women’s House. For the purpose of saving water, the waste water could be considered to use for the landscapes. In terms of this project, the crops planted around the building can be irrigated with waste water generated from the daily use of the Women’s House. In fact, the research regarding to long-term impacts of using grey water on plant and soil health is seriously lacking. Therefore, to avoid potential impacts on the soil conditions, crops growth and even the development of the Women’s House, the sewage treatment plant is designed for the project. Those grey water and black water need to be treated by the sewage treatment plant before it can be 34

used to irrigate the crops. In addition, rain water is harvested to irrigate the crops, however, it will not be treated by the sewage treatment plant. The detail of wash issues and waste water treatment is discussed above under the fundamental considerations section 1.3. As shown in the figure below, water pipes are buried under the ground, treated with the specialized equipment, and reach the crops through several valves and taps.

Figure: irrigating crops by waste water

The flow chart below shows the process from water supply to crops irrigation.

Flow chart: from water supply to irrigation

5.5 The plan of landscape works 5.5.1 Priority considerations According to Beck (2013), there is one main principle should be considered before starting the landscape design for any projects: different plants are adapted to different environment. Therefore, analyzing local climate conditions and selecting proper plants are necessary for the landscape design of the Women’s House. As discussed in the above sections, five crops have been decided to be planted to match the local environment. 5.5.2 Concept of the landscape design of the Women’s House After deciding the crops to plant, the planting sequence and location should to be considered. The figure below shows the original concept of the landscape design of the Women’s House: It shows that the building is the main body of the whole landscape design. Each planting area needs to be sequenced based on the crops features, mainly about their height. For example, the sugarcane is the highest plants compared with other four crops, so it should be planted on the side to avoid shading buildings and other crops. The single trees designed to be planted beside the building are acacia and mango trees transplanted or grafted form local original trees. That is for the analysis of transplanting and grafting technology 35

and also for the landscape design.

5.5.3 Processes of landscape works for the Women’s House The flow chart below shows the processes of landscape works from design to the link of food production system.

5.5.4 Final arrangement of the landscape

Figure: landscape plan and crops

According to the figure above, five planting areas are planned at the north of the building. Different height and colour of the crops and the transplanted mango trees beside the building formed landscape design of the Women’s House.

Conclusion To conclude, this project is focusing on gender equality of the village of Baghere. One of the main purpose is to improve the development of the rural area of Senegal. Viewed from the angle of economy, the Women’s House has the ability to bring ﬁnancial proﬁt to local community. In terms of the gender equality, the activities, such as the reading parties, public lecture and selling products, achieve the improvement of the women’s social status.

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Appendix

Group 15_Kaira Looro Women's House Report

Articles inside

5. Landscape Design Consideration

4. Construction Design considerations

3.Architectural Design considerations

Conclusion

2. Land tenure consideration