Group 1_Kaira Looro Women's House Report by ABPL90277_HumanitarianConstruction

KAIRA LOORO WOMEN’S CENTRE REPORT Baghere Village - Senegal

Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning University of Melbourne ABPL 90277 Humanitarian Construction Rida Chaudhri - 1016720 Hang Lui Bud Lo - 723261 Ning Cao - 900356 Juan Mora - 1043437 26th February 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3

Background Situation appraisal Project parameters

2. HUMAN COLLABORATION STRATEGIES 2.1 2.2 2.3

Environmental social safeguards Plan for stakeholder collaboration Identified NEEDS

3. TECHNICAL COLLABORATION STRATEGIES 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Approach Gender Equality Approach Land Tenure Architectural Design WASH and Power Construction methods Landscaping strategies Potential social returns on investment (SROI’s)

4. CONCLUSION 5. REFERENCES 6. APPENDIX

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1

Background The site to be developed is located within Casamance in the far south region of Senegal. Historically, through the 1960s,

the backbone of Senegal’s thriving economy was its rain-fed agriculture with the Peanut Basin located south of The Gambia with a monopoly on global peanut exports and producing other cash crops such as cotton, ocean fisheries and mining and export of phosphates.

However through the years till the 1990s, the region suffered due to a number of factors. 58% of the population is rural

and one third of the population live below the poverty line (WFP, 2020).

Global shifts in the international peanut trade led to a loss of competitiveness; ill-developed government initiatives such

as the irrigation development of the Casamance River Basin which resulted in the disruption of crop-livestock relationships; lack of hydrological knowledge lead to ill-designed agricultural strategies and civil conflict between local rebels and government forces have all contributed to the decline of a prosperous economy over time. According to the Global IDP Database, since the year 1982, thousands of displaced persons and human casualties have occurred due to the conflict resulting in an environment ill-primed for development.

Global warming has affected the region adversely, subjecting it to devastating droughts resulting in high temperatures

and a reduction in rain water. Soil fertility has depleted due to unsustainable farming practices and saltwater intrusion resulting in

Source: https://www.kairalooro.com/

the loss of 10,000 hectares of arable land and the contamination of freshwater aquifers which has made access to clean water scarce. The proposed irrigation development in the Casamance River Basin has not been pursued as vigorously as expected. Deforestation resulting from shifting policies with regard to land and forest management and lack of policies targeting grazing land have also been contributing factors to the deteriorating geology of the area. These factors have reduced the prospects of reaping results from rain-fed agriculture and livestock in general. Although over 60% of the population is involved in the agricultural sector, it only contributes to 15% to the total GDP with 62% from services and 23% comprising Industry (World bank).

The closest major town to the site is Sedhiou which was created in 2008. 75% percent of arable land is in the central

western region and the Casamance region south of The Gambia (UNSD, 2009). Although other parts of the country are urbanising at a rapid pace Sedhiou and its neighbouring municipalities are amongst the least developed areas in the country with an average rate of urbanisation equal to ten percent and a poverty rate of ninety two percent (Senegal Data Portal, 2020). The policy making and decentralised approach to land ownership has weakened local councils implementation of land rights leaving rural communities unmotivated to cultivate land.

There has been developmental hope through the years with upward trends in growth such as the 2005 signing of a peace

accord to end the civil war providing for reconstruction, de-mining as well as support for IDPs and refugees. The latest strategy to improve exploitation of mineral reserves with foreign expertise and investment is promising however requires transportation infrastructure and governance reforms. Furthermore, there is great potential for intensification of agriculture, however, mounting demographic pressures, large infrastructural gaps, unsustainable land tenure policies, soil degradation, global warming causing climatic variations and uninformed water management have left rural farmers facing challenges.

1.2

Situation appraisal Geographical Context

The site to be developed is within the Baghere village, identified in Figure 1, which is one of twenty-three villages located

within a municipality across the river Casamance from the town of Sedhiou. The municipality occupies a total area of 134 square kilometers and has an approximate population of 22,000 individuals.

The village of Baghere is located at a critical frontier with Guinea-Bissau increasing its importance within the region. The

construction of a national highway within proximity to the village provides greater connectivity and opportunity to other regions. Baghere overlooks the valley of Tanaf Bolong where the sides of the riverbed are almost flat and are accessed by tides from the Atlantic Ocean that run through the Casamance river. Before the adverse effects of climate change and saltwater intrusion, the valley was home with rice fields amongst other cultivations, however, the salt concentration of the water is now five times that of the ocean leaving the groundwater infected as well.

Figure 1: Designated delivery area

As shown in Figure 2, even though there is significant rainfall throughout the rainy season, lack of water management

systems, storage facilities and education regarding water management waste this important resource.

The suggested ideal lot for the development of the project is positioned along one of the primary axes through the village

to give it visibility and encourage more activity along the main infrastructure. The road that the ideal lot is situated upon is the main road that connects Baghere to Sandinieri which is a small port that could provide connectivity to the capital Sedhiou located across the Casamance river.

Figure 2: Rainfall throughout the rainy season

The ideal lot has a flat terrain with sandy-lateritic soil. Existing acacia and mango trees have been identified on-site,

however are not visible within recent photographs. Within a radius of 600 meters, there are the Baghere municipal offices, a town hall, a French school, an Arabic school, the mosque, and on-call medical service.

Cultural Context

The village of Baghere gains cultural importance within the region as it houses the most

renowned Griot in Sedhiou. The Griot is respected as a community leader with a repository of oral tradition carrying important indications of local history and relaying them through storytelling, singing, poetry and music.

On the occasion of important religious holidays that collect people from throughout

the country, the Griot passes on generational knowledge and is seen as a beacon of the social definition of the community’s heritage.

Baghere village is home to 2,200 people which demographically contains 53% women

and 58% are minors. The social fabric of the community is woven from heavy reliance upon a close-knit family system with co-living and sharing housing quarters between extended family. Respect for elders and hospitality are seen as pillars of good mannerism within the community. The children in the community are seen as neighbourhood responsibility with adults within the community taking responsibility for their wellbeing as their own children. A person’s social rating

is determined by how well they embody community values such as ‘ham-as-bop’ which means ‘to have self-knowledge or awareness’ and ‘jom’ which means ‘having self-respect and dignity’.

The elder men in the community are seen as tribal leaders to guide the community in

important decision making. Younger men in the community often travel to larger towns nearby or cities that are more distant in search of job opportunities making seldom trips back home. This leaves the women to perform the daily domestic duties and child-rearing activities often cladding a ‘mbotu’ to carry an infant child. Often the amount of income available to a family is not enough to sustain the household leading the women to seek additional sources of income in agro-pastoral activities.

Women’s associations that organise village development activities are actively working

in the project area to overcome issues of gender-based and family violence.

WASH and Power considerations

Currently, the basic human right to access water and sanitation are not recognised within the legislation in Senegal. 51%

of the country’s population has access to safely managed sanitation (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2019) and 81% of the population has access to drinking water. However, there is a significant disparity between access to a water supply between urban and rural areas with 35% of rural areas with access. Large infrastructural gaps make everyday life difficult with open defection still practised in rural areas as per figure XX. Access to water is from remote sources such as the river or a communal well with 17% of rural areas with access to water house connections (WASH watch 2015). There is no filtered water within the Baghere community for human consumption.

1.3

Project parameters Project Objective

The objective of the women’s house project is to promote gender equality through holistic societal investment, by men

and women, in bettering the social, economic and political paradigms that currently exist. Gender inequality is the consequence of cultural or religious norms unevenly assigning responsibilities, employment opportunities, access to education or resources, rights to ownership or control over decision making which affects the basic human rights of the compromised gender. For example, women make up to 60% of the agricultural workforce, however, are not provided with the same access to economic resources, logistics and work equipment as their male counterpart. Furthermore, inequality can also fuel patriarchal societies to extreme occurrences such as family violence. Weak implementation of laws and a lack of opportunity for self-sustenance leaves women with few choices to escape the situation. The space is to encourage the breaking down of these stereotypes formed of social constructs that define opportunities available to people on the basis of their gender.

Therefore, the project is to explore possibilities for providing opportunity to women by employing the Kaira Loroo’s phi-

losophy meaning ‘architecture for peace’ with links between culture and interiority. This is to be achieved through encouraging collective education, spreading awareness and creating a safe space to operate within.

Technical brief

The women’s house is to be located in any orientation and location on Ideal site with a total area measuring 2500 square

meters, as shown in Figure 3. The architectural design is to be inspired by local ways of living and responsive to the cultural and geographic context. According to the site photos, there are existing power lines that run on the public interface with the site, however, the capacity to supply power adequately to the site is unknown. There is also a water tower that is located within the vicinity of the village, however, its storage capacity, availability of water supply pipes and proximity to the site are unknown. There is assumed to be no formal widespread infrastructure for solid waste disposal and grey and black water handling on the site.

The structure itself is to contain a minimum programme of; an administrative space for the management of activities; a

meeting space to house 10 - 15 individuals to encourage dialogue between local associations; flexible spaces and facilities to host seminars, labs, exhibitions to promote gender equality initiatives. The design is to be conducive to conducting multiple activities

simultaneously. The building is to be a single storey with a maximum ground cover of 200 square metres.

The construction process is to promote sustainable, technologically simple, self-build construction methodologies. Con-

struction materials used should be sustainable, natural, local, scrap or possibly recycled with the cost of construction materials not exceeding €18,000.

Figure 3: Ideal site location

2. HUMAN COLLABORATION STRATEGIES 2.1

Environmental social safeguards At the project planning stage, before commencing work on the project to assess the possible negative effects of the pro-

posed development on the people and the environment and to generate strategies to address these risks a risk assessment matrix is utilised in Appendix A. DFAT’s policy guidelines are built on the principles of doing no harm, assessing and managing project impacts, engaging effectively with stakeholders and focusing on improving the environmental and social conditions, can be used to provide the framework for establishing safeguards. The risk register contains an assessment of the risks affecting the Women’s House project that could be utilised as the project progresses to delegate treatment responsibility to individuals involved.

2.2

Plan for stakeholder collaboration The apotheosis of the philosophy to be employed throughout the project is to respond to the needs of the community

and address larger social issues impacting them by having a human-centred approach focusing entirely on the communities impacted by the work rather than emphasising the design quality of the space. This is achieved by elevating community members to be able to better themselves through self initiatives and implementing their own solutions utilising the knowledge imparted to them throughout the process. For example, civic engagement and employing local labour ensures beings from less privileged backgrounds have access to up-skilling and increased leadership opportunities. A plan to realise the project is developed upon the assumption that funding through a foreign organisation has been assigned, as shown in Figure 4. The organisation has limited input into the use, programming and design specifics of the building but rather act as a silent donor.

Figure 4: Stakeholders participation

STEP 1

Based on the exercises completed to assess environmental and social risks, explore safeguard interventions and enact

them throughout the collaborative lifecycle of the project. Create a reliable mediator in the organisations working locally to learn basic local etiquette from and to act as a communicative bridge with the community at large. Along with local counterparts, approach the elders of the tribe within the Baghere village with the idea of creating a Women’s house to tackle women’s issues. The aim is to create acceptability amongst the elder men which would in turn increase acceptability of space for women amongst the younger men in the community. This may be achieved by incentivising the community at large with the promise of new infrastructure such as filtered water supply to ensure their support.

STEP 2

Create an informal collective space to have conversations within the community to understand the culture on a deeper

level as well as to establish a repertoire. This process will ensure that the project delivery team is seen by the community as problem-solving their specified issues as opposed to acting upon vested interests. Conduct gender exercises to inform the protection measures and overt uses of the building and catalyse conversation regarding gender equality amongst the community to advocate the need for the women’s house.

STEP 3

Visit similar initiatives in other parts of the region such as the women’s house in Rufisque to present a precedent to the

women in the community and encourage their feedback and critique on existing precedents. Through the process, we will invite the women’s own definition of what the women’s centre needs to be. Finalise the use of the space and flexibly arrange programming by conducting drawing exercises with the women. Ensure the design is adaptable to changing circumstances, availability of labour, materials and equipment. Hold public meetings and present the various self-build construction methods that could be employed, educating and learning what could be completed practically by the community themselves.

STEP 4

With a greater clarity around the spacial distribution, materiality and construction method, assemble a team of individuals

that could suitably realise the project. Facilitate delegation of responsibility to elder local women who are able and available to rally the women who are to use the women’s house. The majority of them may be untrained in the specified construction technique, however, they can be trained to provide them with alternate career pathways and skills by engaging them in the simpler construction tasks whilst encouraging them to observe and monitor the overall construction process to retain the knowledge of the process to be applied in other circumstances. For labour-intensive work such as the erection of the columns, roof and walls engage local labour with previous experience in a similar construction methodology. This will ensure building upon the existing expertise held by skilled workers within the community. Invite local volunteer graduates of design and engineering from larger cities such as Dakar to act as site managers as well as to communicate the construction strategy with the women more effectively. International volunteer consultants are involved in specific engineering feats to ensure the structural viability of the suggested building.

STEP 5

Ensure the construction methodology is sustainable and uses low-cost local material that can be acquired easily. Arrange

local permits, construction material and equipment on site. Conduct occupational health and safety meetings with the project team to educate them regarding the high-risk construction tasks that could result in an injury such as manual digging or a well. Create a system for these tasks whereby the high-risk task is completed with constant supervision of a site manager and with intensified labour to undertake the task. Test any innovative building techniques, WASH or power systems on-site to ensure they can function within the context.

STEP 6

Teach the building techniques through a simplified manual of sketches broken down into step by step processes to

ensure the method is learned correctly by the labour. Include building detailing as shown in Figure 5, such as woven fencing or facades and woven furniture for the building as initiatives that the women could undertake on-site whilst labour-intensive construction tasks are completed by skilled labour. Construct the building with a roughly documented preplanned schedule to ensure the construction process is completed within the dry season. Build in stages based on need and practicality such as providing a simple toilet on-site first, then the foundation and roof structure to provide shade to the labour to work under and finish with the enclosure to make the building lockable. This process ensures comfortable working conditions and divides the project expenditure to be made in sections prioritised on need and importance. Complete construction and check the systems built into the building for functionality.

Figure 5: Women weaving furniture Source: http://www.auhf.co.za/wordpress/assets/YutakaShosm.pdf

STEP 7

Upon completion of the project, encourage the larger local community to interact with the building and claim ownership

of it. Initiate and invite culturally appropriate practices that can be performed to celebrate the successful completion of the project such as inviting tribal elders to inaugurate the project by blessing the soil with ‘soum-soum’ (cane wine), sacrificing a rooster and playing a concert with the ‘kora’ (harp flute played by the people of the Gambia river).

Ensure equal participation and strong communication with the community throughout the building lifecycle. This can be

accomplished through the tiered system of international volunteers supervisors liaising with local volunteer trainers well equipped with communicating in-depth with the local labour. Offer assistance with land tenure issues with the assistance of the local women’s organisations operating within the community to secure the land.

Expect that a number of mistakes may be made due to the self-build nature of the project and the time taken to learn new

building techniques. These need to be worked through with immense patience throughout the project lifecycle. It is also vital to show moral support for the women in the community who may experience retaliation as a result of conversations around gender equality, women’s rights and protection.

2.3

Identified needs The needs assessment is based upon Max- Neef’s model for basic human rights that acknowledges all human beings

require 11 fundamental needs fulfilled to a varying degree within the context that they live in. Through extensive participatory exercises, the top priority needs of the women that are to use the building are identified in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Identification of needs

The women’s needs for opportunity, identity and participation are assessed as a high priority for the project whereas the

need for shelter, protection, food, fuel, water, understanding, affection and transcendence are seen as the result of or facilitated through achieving the high priority needs.

Furthermore, a detailed investigation of the daily life of the women of Baghere reveals water accessibility as being a criti-

cal hindrance in achieving a good quality of life. Women often carry heavy loads of water on their heads and travel long distances to gather water from existing water sources such as the river or public wells. These water sources are seldom adequate for human consumption with some being depleted, diseased or shared with livestock. The public activity of fetching water also increases women’s exposure to incidents of sex crimes and harassment.

Therefore, the key issue to focus upon is identified as providing the women of Baghere with a sustainable and sufficient

water source close to home to create a safe daily routine.

3. TECHNICAL COLLABORATION STRATEGIES 3.1

Design approach It is critical to note that tribal life has existed in the region since the 9th and 10th centuries and sustained itself with the

natural resources reaped from the land. This idea sparked further research into indigenous methods of living that were considered climatically appropriate for living in the region and provide an authentic point of reference for human-centric design. As shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8, the indigenous housing technology of Impluvium is native to the people in the Casamance region. The enclosure consists of circular mud walls that house the circle of habitable spaces and amenities. The cylindrical hollow at the core is lined with walkways for access. At the centre of the structure is a shallow well to store harvested rainwater. A domed roof with a conical depression in the centre allows rainwater to fall through the aperture. Thatch roofing insulates the interior against warm weather and is supported on a bamboo understructure is supported on timber columns insulate against warm weather.

Figure 7: Architectural drawings of Impluvium House

Figure 8: Internal view of Impluvium house

source: https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/16466354872574626/

source: https://www.au-senegal.com/campement-villageois-d-enampore,1475.html?lang=fr

Therefore, the basis of the architectural concept is formed on the previously identified high priority needs and reinventing

living strategies by observing the past. The key inspiration for our approach is derived from the simple arrangement of spaces and program entirely defined based on needs, use of natural materials and rainwater harvesting.

3.2

Gender equality approach Our approach to achieving gender equality acknowledges women’s fundamental role in the community of performing

domestic duties. These duties form part of their identity and include tasks such as accessing water and caring for the family. Furthermore, due to their agricultural work contribution, there is an extensive embedded body of knowledge regarding indigenous plants and agricultural skills. If the steps required to fulfil their duties can be completed with greater ease, the women can enjoy a much better quality of life and have surplus time and energy to invest in up-skilling and self-development. Therefore, it is our strategy to provide greater visibility and to celebrate women’s role while creating opportunities for women to grow.

The first initiative to enable greater opportunity is providing the women with training in modernised versions of vernacular

building techniques through which they can attain additional skills within the construction domain, as shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10..

Figure 9: New possibilities for womens to participate in the construction process

Figure 10: Womens involved in the construction process

Secondly, by utilising the site landscape to develop prototypes of market gardening, the women can be provided addition-

al knowledge in soil rejuvenation, alternative sustainable farming practices as well as effective water management. This initiative can serve as a learning platform after which women can develop their own gardens to reap enough produce to sustain their families or invest in large market gardens to supply produce to local trade markets.

Thirdly, the building will have a sustainable water access system incorporating rainwater harvesting, water filtering and

freshwater aquifer rehabilitation. The programme will include storage spaces and flexible spaces that can be transformed into working spaces for women to manufacture sanitary supplies. Easily constructed toilets will be incorporated on-site. Solar energy is harvested through photovoltaic panels storing power in a simple battery mechanism to charge portable lighting. These initiatives will significantly improve the daily quality of life of the women through access to potable and non-potable water, sanitary products and a simple toilet that can be easily replicated elsewhere.

The final initiative undertaken is to use the flexible meeting space to conduct workshops regarding female hygiene, san-

itation and sustainable water use practices. Additionally, serving as a facility for local institutions to educate the women on their human rights relating to gender equality, developing sanitary and hygiene practices, water distillation methods as well as providing support to the victims of domestic violence.

3.3

Land Tenure considerations The project of ‘Women’s House” will be located along the village’s primary axes, the national road N6, makes it widely

accessible to the communities along, as shown in Figure 11. It will be positioned on a flat terrain where the construction process and living patterns are rather more manageable to be adopted. Upon the location selection, we also consider the accessibility to river, which it is easier for the river to wash away the human feces. Since one of the project’s aims is women empowerment, we will have a crop farming area for women in the community to grow crops to achieve self-sustainability and self-reliance, the soil quality is thus taken into account. Based on the research, the Casamance area, where the project will be developed on, the heavily leached clay solid with a high iron-oxide content is suitable for cultivation regardless of their depth (“Senegal - Land”, 2021). More, the reachability of the river helps dredge the flood from the “Women’s House” as well as the crop farming area during monsoon season.

Figure 11: Site accessibility

Land Tenure arrangement

According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the definition of land tenure refers to the way the

land is owned or held by individuals and groups, or the legal set of relationships such as contract leases, or customarily defined by people with respect to land. The land tenure system is often complex, not only formed by legal rights but also compromised with informal or social relationships (“Implementing the Tenure Guidelines for Women and Small-scale Food Producers: an analysis of Mozambique, Tanzania, Senegal, and Haiti”, 2021). In 1964, the government passed National Domain Law, classified about 97% of the land in Senegal was state owned, whereas the remaining 2 to 3% was under private ownership (“Senegal | LandLinks”, 2021). In 2013, the new government implemented decentralised measures over land. However, because of the decentralisation of government bodies, the elected rural councils are entitled to allocate the land using rights (“Senegal | LandLinks”, 2021). The coexistence of different tenure systems operate simultaneity creates uncertainty. Despite there is formal law framework to control the land tenure, most of the land rights in Senegal rural area are actually governed by customary. And yet the land tenure system is lack of transparency as the local council is often embedded with corruption, which tends to favour the religious and political figures (“Senegal | LandLinks”, 2021), the rights over land have become highly individualised over time. Given the local context of Senegal, the most common religion is Islam, with a small population of Christians and 1% animists. Also, the village of Baghere has a spiritual-religious orientation to the tomb of the famous marabout Younouss AÏDARA, who made a lasting contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity in the region. Upon this characteristic of religion, we underline the assumption that the tenure system belongs to religious tenure system, specifically, ‘musha/mushtarak’, meaning tribal ownership (UN-Habitat, 2018). As in the ownership is vested in the tribe, the land is often allocated by customary authority, as represented by the chiefs. This, then, is further socially embedded into the character of customary tenure system. The role of customary authorities, which is exclusive of women, serves to the land using right, and by the same token, the strengthening of chiefly control over communal land also allows to extract revenue from land-based production. Here comes the risks associated with land tenure.

Figure 12: Current conditions

Risks

Under the customary land tenure system, the boundaries of the community/tribe over the land are being more exclusively

defined, creating social differentiation regarding elders against youth, men against women, ethnic and religious confrontations, and intensifying the conflicts over land (Capps, 2016).

Land grab

Under Nation Domain Law, the definition of ‘public utility’ and ‘general interest’ is ambiguous, which appears to be the

main reason of land grabbing in Senegal. In the case of public utility, it allows the state to expropriate the traditionally held land for public use, whilst in the context of general interest, the chief has the authority to reallocate the land in the interest of general community. Such ambiguity causes great concern and insecurity to the local communities. Without properly conducted due process or prior consultations with land use planning, the land has been grabbed into agricultural production not for the farmers themselves, rather, for those ‘invaders’, from local senior politicians to foreign investors (“Implementing the Tenure Guidelines for Women and Small-scale Food Producers: an analysis of Mozambique, Tanzania, Senegal, and Haiti”, 2021).

Overlapping statutory and customary law

Under National Domain Law, farmers do have the access to land, but only on the basis of non-transferable user rights

(“Implementing the Tenure Guidelines for Women and Small-scale Food Producers: an analysis of Mozambique, Tanzania, Senegal, and Haiti”, 2021). Decentralisation certainly increased the insecurity of land tenure. The access to farm land depends upon the customary authorities’, i.e. chiefs’ decision of whether it is productively used. There is no certain law to define the concept of productive use of land, in which the allocation and withdrawal of land is merely based on judgement. The rural council has the right to retake the land which is regarded as not productively used and reallocate to other users. As mentioned in ‘land tenure arrangement’ section, though there is legislation adopted on land tenure and, customary rules are widely applied in rural areas. (Cotula, Toulmin & Ahiadeke, 2004). In governing and transferring land rights, it seems to be common for council members to manipulate land rights, and to circumvent legislation.

Gender discrimination against women

Despite the National Land Policy has established equal rights for men and women in regard to land rights in terms of the

right to access, own, use, and control of land, in practice, women’s rights to land are still governed by customary norms which they are remain excluded and marginalised in land access and land tenure security (“Implementing the Tenure Guidelines for Women and Small-scale Food Producers: an analysis of Mozambique, Tanzania, Senegal, and Haiti”, 2021). Under customary system, the inheritor of land is the eldest male, the land rights are often transmitted from father to his son, whilst women are traditionally not allowed to inherit land either from their fathers or their husbands (Kaag, Gaye & Kruis, 2011). Further, if women get divorced or become widowed, they usually lose their secondary rights to their husband’s land and thus they can only return to their parents’ home in order to access the land for farming. Also, they are often allocated to lower quality of land due to the fact of being divorced, widowed or abandoned.

Women in Senegal are seen as inferior, especially women who are young, single or less educated are the most disad-

vantaged. The influence of Islam and the provision of land in lamaic law has influenced Africa for centuries (“WOMEN AND LAND IN THE MUSLIM WORLD”, 2018).

In African Muslim communities, various forms of gender discrimination can be observed. The men are usually the head

of household and have greater access to the agricultural inputs, land and other resources (“WOMEN AND LAND IN THE MUSLIM

WORLD”, 2018). And the default martial property regime for civil marriages is the separation of property in Muslim context (Family Code, Art. 368), stating that it is the original owner, which in the most of cases, man, administer the property legally during marriage. Moreover, any property and saving given to women under dowry system of marriage will be handed over to her husband. Women are generally more vulnerable regards to retain their ownership and control over the land and their properties once left marriage.

In terms of social exclusion, allocation of land favours men over women. Only 15% of women inherit land, based on

that there is no more other male inheritor in several generations, they cannot pass the land to their heirs, not even to their sons (Creevey, 1996). However, they are allocated to smaller and less fertile land is considering owning the land. Even if the land is more productive than that of men, women are more likely to be evicted (“WOMEN AND LAND IN THE MUSLIM WORLD”, 2018). Although women do most of the labour work in agriculture, they are not getting the equal benefit in terms of access to tools and credits. The women’s productivity is often lagged behind than that of men since they got the least or they are the last to receive training and equipment in agricultural planning and implementation (Creevey, 1996).

Lack of strong women voice and representatives in decision-making bodies seems to be a key contributor in such in-

equalities in customary settings. According to the statistics given in the brief (Kaira Looro 2021 Women’s House, 2021), Senegal has its very low index of 33% in women’s equality in politics and decision-making opportunities. In general, female in Senegal does not occupy higher status in any profession. Though Senegal is a democratic republic with multiparty system where women also have the right to hold position in national or local level, they are rarely elected to political positions (Creevey, 1996). In 2010 Senegal passed through the adoption of Parity Law aiming to increase the number of women in councillors, where the figure rose up to 39% (“Implementing the Tenure Guidelines for Women and Small-scale Food Producers: an analysis of Mozambique, Tanzania, Senegal, and Haiti”, 2021). This is certainly a progress however it still can be improved a lot. Such lack of female representatives in rural councils results in male bias in determining the land rights as male are deemed to be responsible for land planning and organizing. It is therefore certain actions need to be implemented to secure women’s rights of land.

Land tenure security protection and plans for gender equality Participatory process

Prior to establish policy regards to land rights, call for consultations with local government/customary chief, and engage

in women participants in decision making process, which women can have their voice in determining their basic land rights fairly. Such that, the government body give the same legal recognition held both formal official land policy and informal customary rules with respect to women’s land rights.

Improve transparency of tenure system

At local level, land transactions are usually poorly negotiated, hence the farmers suffer from the lack of accountability

which raises concern about equitability (Cotula, Vermeulen, Leonard & Keeley, 2009) and causes potential dispute over land. Nevertheless, the official information on land transactions is not available (Cotula, Vermeulen, Leonard & Keeley, 2009). As such, unofficial data sources such as from NGO assessments and rare official data present to be not reliable, and usually subject to discrepancies. Government should create a transparent forum within a diverse of members, ensuring the involvement of women, youth, small-scaled food producers to have equal voice. A collaborative research process is suggested to provide a dynamic and accurate geospatial information regarding land acquisitions. With the assembled accessible information on land transactions provided by different NGOs, society organisations, and local government, it is expected to be useful in decision making and land

use planning. From press release to personal contracts with local communities, a wide range of information is collected at an international scale, which included foreign investment, referring to ‘land grabbing’ (Cotula, Vermeulen, Leonard & Keeley, 2009). Through pooling and verifying data gathered from inventories in farms, differentiating information from civil society and validating information through satellite imagery and fieldwork, and further develop into compare, analyse to set up a provisional list of agricultural projects regarding to land transactions (Cotula, Vermeulen, Leonard & Keeley, 2009). The database is then updated and crosschecked with the Land Matrix and GRAIN land grab inventories (Anseeuw et al., 2013), excluding the overlapping farm, and update them to create a dynamic and transparent database of tenure system.

Micro-finance

As many women in Senegal are not only endowed with lower formal employment rates, which most of them work as

invisible labours in informal section, they also lack financial means to access the land. Government, cooperatives and international donors are thus needed to the local women’s accessibility as well as land ownership via funding. The micro finance approach acts as a protection which help women in securing the land tenure and ensure their land rights. Through funding, women can rent money at minimal interest rate or no interest at all, to invest and manage land for productive agricultural farming. Associated issues such as poverty, food security, and women empowerment can be thus solved along with the micro finance approach in some level. Therefore, the government should introduce such financial services to provide local women access to funds without gender bias, encourage them to soft loans.

Education and employment

One of the factors constraining women’s access to land falls into the women’s education and empowerment, and thus

their ability to claim their rights. Awareness with regard to land rights and knowledge about legal practices should be raised and educated to the women. Apart from the education towards women, the importance of women’s needs of land should be addressed to the public, especially decision-making bodies, otherwise this will not make big difference since there is no change of attitudes towards women’s rights to land in the leadership party. Hence, our project aims to have collective activities in the “Women’s House” regularly, works as educational program, to hold seminars and exhibitions about gender equality, legal training, and mock employment interviews, which helps women in the community empower themselves, encourage them to increase self-awareness and confidence. Through paralegal training and employment mock interviews, women have greater opportunity to take part in the representation in the local council, where achieving gender equality by providing them visualised role in the community as well as in leadership role. Under state setting, the government should establish land tenure policy against gender discrimination, ensuring equal land tenure rights for both men and women, including the right to inherit land, regardless their civil and marital status.

3.4 Architectural Design Orientation and access

The building is located on the edge close to the main road in a corner of the site to provide ample space for the land-

scaping initiatives and to provide quick access to the site if women need to visit it after dark. The building form turns away from the street to provide discreetness for entry and exit since the site can be accessed through a side road. The building can be accessed primarily through the facade facing the landscape with the well-located closer to the facade facing the road for easy access to water to carry home directly through the road. The public interface can be cut-off by the flexible use of the non-sheer woven bamboo blinds fixtures to provide privacy and protection to the inhabitants. The sheltered toilet structure located nearby and is oriented to face the building with passive surveillance from the majority of internal open spaces to ensure safe passage to and from the toilets. The last stage of the building process will include bamboo site fencing which will control access to the site providing additional safety.

Architectural expression

The architectural design is divided into two circular spaces drawing from traditional vernacular connected in the centre

with a water storage catchment. This spacial arrangement allows the traditional inverted roof form to be reinvented and maximised. The catchment area of the roof is increased as it spreads out across two spaces for ample rainwater to be harvested. The design of the building takes cues from residential buildings in the surrounding vicinity and yet it is distinct in the application of the inverted roof with double ‘wave-like’ domes. Cut-aways from the interior of the circular spaces create circulation and passive surveillance of the site and the closest public interface. The enclosure comprises juxtaposed hard and soft facade sections providing thermal mass and breathability. The building mass sits upon an earthen foundation plinth to protect it from the elements, as shown in figure 13.

Figure 13: Building elements

Workshops, meetings are helped in the open space, All programmes are formed within the geometry of the

when enclosure is required, the woven curtain will en-

three circles

close the architecture and provides privacy.

The administrative and store room are enclosed and

An inner room is introduced for personal cleaning

embracing the centre of the Women’s House.

where more privacy is needed

Wind and natural light permeate the building due to

The orientation of the architecture maximises the ex-

the wall free space and uplifted roof structure.

posure to natural sunlight from the South.

Water is collected from the inverted roof and the Humidified Moisture Tower.

Programme

The building is segmented into dry spaces and wet spaces. The dry spaces include a lockable admin room; a power

room that can be accessed through the admin room and a storage room for workshop equipment and supplies for manufacturing sanitary products. The semi-permeable space in the dry segment serves as the main hall that can have a flexible sitting arrangement. The main hall can be provided power for presentations through the power room and projections can also be made on the interior of the curved wall. The hall space can be transformed into a sheltered workspace with stored foldable furniture. It can also be enclosed on the public facade for additional privacy.

The wet segment of the building houses the WASH facilities including a washroom for cleansing hands and feet and a

bathroom facility. It also contains a crop shed to store surplus produce and a tool shed to store landscaping materials. It further incorporates a kitchen overlooking the tyre playground for children with an earthen firewood stove for cooking larger quantities of food for special occasions. The children’s playground can also be utilised as a breakout area for larger community gatherings and events. There is a smaller tiered sitting or meeting space that can be used to socialise or retire during the day.

The toilet facility is detached from the building but located within proximity for easy access and passive surveillance. It

utilises two chambers with a simple long drop system that is easy to build, replicate and use.

Materiality

The foundation of the building is made of site soil con-

tained with a rock and cement periphery wall. The floor finish is earthen with layers of substrate below. The walls are simple, self-built earthbag construction with a plaster finish. The earthbags will utilise site soil as the filling and the bags themselves will be sourced from the local markets. The roof is designed with a tin roof supported upon timber and bamboo structure with thatch insulation underlining. To achieve the curvature of the roof other natural materials such as thatch were also considered. However, through the precedent study of the women’s house in Rufisque, it can be deduced that the local community consider thatch roofing as weak, high maintenance and unappealing aesthetically. Therefore a compromise was made to use tin instead which would provide longer life to the roof which is the main shelter to the spaces under and would require no maintenance, saving time and the cost of constant repairs. The warka tower is constructed of bamboo with an internal mesh woven of banana tree fibers. The flexible blinds to enclose the main hall are constructed with woven bamboo with a non-sheer lining for the facade facing the road. These can be rolled up and stowed away to allow sunlight in and cross ventilation. The blinds on the facade looking on to the site are semi-sheer to allow visual access to the site.

3.5

WASH and Power

Water Management

In order to harness the power of torrential rains during the rainy season to dress the issue of water scarcity, the roof has

been optimally designed with sloping forms for rainwater run off and a large catchment area. The sloping sides of the roof align with the channels below and to allow runoff water to be collected in the channels. The entire roof is sloped towards the rear of the building to direct water away from the entry side. Rainwater is collected through an aperture in the roof into the central ground level catchment. The catchment is attached to an underground water storage tank with an opening to collect the water from above. The tank is connected with flexible piping to two mechanical hand pump fixed in two locations, the wash spaces and the kitchen.

Sloped channels are dug into the ground around the perimeter of the walkway to divert grey water and excess stormwater

away from the building. The wash facilities are fitted with PVC piping from where outlet water flow into the channel as well. The channel acts as a transportation mechanism as well as a filtering mechanism. Shallow percolation ponds are created close to the external well in the landscaping. The centre of the ponds are fitted with perforated PVC pipes that are at least 5 meters under ground level. The PVC pipes carry the filtered grey water to be dispersed under ground, undergo the natural ground filtration and feed into the well again. This process is not only reuses stormwater but also mitigates the issue of saltwater intrusion into fresh water aquifiers. Water injection creates a pressure gradient that forms a barrier against the intruding salt water.

The channel is lined with coarse aggregate rock, finer rock and planted with water plant species to filter the greywater

before it reaches the percolation pond. This technique ensures that the shallow water collected in the pond is free of soap from the wash facilities and debris that could stagnate and cause disease.

The roof-mounted warka tower forms part of the architecture and will supplement the supply of water through moisture

harvesting during the dry season. Moisture is collected in the waterproof internal mesh and funnelled into a flexible, inflatable and detachable water tank. The tank can be removed during the rainy season to allow rainwater easier access to the storage tank below ground.

Additionally, a standalone water filtration unit is to be installed in the kitchen utilising existing nano filter technology that

has been used in similar contexts for the provision of filtered water. The unit comprises three compartments, a supply container to fill with water to be filtered, a slow sand filter that removes bacteria and microorganisms and a nano filter filled with nanomaterials for the removal of heavy metals. The water is then passed through a micron hollow fibre membrane and is safe to drink.

Sanitation

Since open defecation is assumed to be a widespread practice in the area, the next simplest option is employed to grad-

ually educate the community regarding better sanitary practices.

The design of the toilet is a long drop system that contains two chambers. Each chamber contains a hole in the ground

to allow excreta to drop to the bottom of a deep pit. The hole is fitted with a squatting pan for comfort and to be safely used by children. Once the hole in one chamber is full, it is covered and the substance is left to decompose while using the other chamber. The shelter surrounding the toilet is constructed of timber columns and earthbag walls similar to the main building. The enclosure is made out of permanent construction to ensure it is a safe, lockable and completely private structure. However, if the soil does not decompose the excreta fast enough the hole needs to be covered and the shelter relocated. A lightweight, moveable shelter was weighed against a secure one and the decision to provide a permanent shelter and using catalyzing substances to decompose the excreta faster were seen as the more viable option. The toilet is on an elevated earth foundation to discourage rainwater intrusion and excess pooling around the toilet.

Other systems such as dry compost toilets were explored as an option, however, their dependence on the handling of

human faeces which is a high-risk activity and could pose a public health hazard was deemed unacceptable by the local Muslim community.

As the majority population is Muslim, the practice of self-cleansing with water is assumed to be preferred. The installation

of portable water canisters with a tap are located in the toilet that as refilled on a daily basis from the harvested rainwater. The amount of water contained in the water canister is deemed satisfactory for the purpose of self-cleansing as the toilet system is dry and does not require water. To ensure water does not run out in the canister, its refilling can be scheduled within the daily tasks performed throughout the day on-site with responsibility assigned on a rotating basis to a group of women.

The toilets require minimal maintenance and cleaning with the annual swap from one chamber to the other being the

primary task that needs to be undertaken. The toilet mechanism is simple and therefore avoids the risk of breakdowns and expert maintenance.

Solid waste management on site is done by firstly limiting the use of non-recyclable and non-biodegradable materials.

Compostable materials are placed in a pit located on the side of the site away from the building to compost naturally overtime. A landfill can be created for non-compostable materials to be buried. The pits are fenced to avoid access by children.

Hygiene

There are two mechanically pumped water outlets in the kitchen and washing spaces that can be used to fill containers

for use in other locations of the site. Multiple handwashing locations are provided to encourage the practice of good hygiene. Bathing facilities are provided within the main building for added privacy and protection with greywater channelled to percolation ponds. The washroom facilities can be used for laundering and air-drying clothes by hanging.

Workshops are conducted where the women are trained in manufacturing soap for use within the women’s house as

well as to sell at a nominal price to the larger community. Basic materials for the production of soap and female hygiene products are stored in the building with a dedicated time for manufacturing them. People can be more motivated to incorporate the act of handwashing as a part of their daily religious rituals.

Power

Although power lines exist on the periphery of the site, sustainable power solutions are incorporated to make the building

self-sufficient. The power storage room houses the battery which is connected to roof-mounted solar panels. Power outlets and a recharging station for portable lighting fixtures are also provided. Portable lighting is provided in lieu of fixed lighting as there is an ample supply of sunlight through the building facade for use during the day. The portable lighting can provide sufficient lighting during the evening and can be carried anywhere on the site such as to walk safely to the toilet.

Cooking

A firewood powered kitchen moulded with lime mud construction is provided for cooking large community meals for an

event. The system consists of a triple chamber stove each with an aperture on top to hold the cooking vessel. The chambers are connected within the system attaining heat from cooking from the same source. An aperture on the side is filled with agricultural waste product that is burned to light a fire that provides the energy for cooking. An inlet pipe is fitted on the side of the system that allows airflow in for circulation to push the smoke out through the smoke chimney. This system was considered to be an improvement upon the existing practice of open fire cooking. The women involved in its construction can offer to train others to build a similar system within their homes for a nominal fee.

3.6 Construction Methods

The construction methodology is based upon the prin-

ciple of being able to save time and money whilst building upon work force capacity. The selection of materials used liberally are locally and abundantly available within the context such as bamboo, thatch underlining, structural timber, earth bags etc. The quantity of materials such as concrete that have a higher cost of purchase and are unsustainable has been minimised to use in column footings and stone retaining walls.

The performance of the construction technology does

not rely heavily upon highly skilled craftsmanship but can rather be completed through simplified techniques. This is to enable the use of unskilled or cross market labour available locally. For example, the roofing system can be broken down into rafters, trusses and beams, each sketched out in the ground to cut timber to size and assemble, to be erected easily with simple connections.

The construction systems are designed in a way

that they are independent of one another to be upgraded or replaced with was with enhanced technology as it becomes available. Separating the roof, foundations and walls serves the purpose of three independent systems working together rather

than a wholistic, labour and material intensive build. This strategy prevents the triggering of a chain of failures as a result of one element of the system failing.

Simple construction technologies such as a plywood

stand with a wire mesh is assembled to easily screen the site soil for use throughout the construction. An earth bag filling stand can also be constructed where earth bags can be filled through a funnel with greater ease.

High tolerance of human error and anticipated lack of

precision is allowed for in the design with the design of the rigid timber column system.

Lastly, the construction strategy will bridge the gap be-

tween informal and formal skills by translating detailed knowledge of the design into practically learned knowledge. The women of the Baghere community can serve as cross-pollinating links between industries with newly acquired design and construction skills in addition to their agricultural background.

Construction Process

The processes to compose the structure are not labour-intensive and can be broken down into individual stages with

sub-systems consisting of tasks for an ease of construction. The scheduling and organisation of the construction process is outlined within Appendix C.

The base and roofing is constructed first to allow the labour to work under shade to construct the walls during the drought

season. The design is made adaptable to varying social circumstances by isolating the roof and floor structure from the enclosing walls as this allows both systems to be built independent of one another. For example, if the women’s project suffers budget cuts or delays, the steps completed earlier on in the project can still provide basic access to water and a safe shelter.

STEP 1 - Site clearing and set out The topsoil is cleared and surplus shrubs and debris is removed. The are is made level and the building is set out on site using bamboo pegs and string for demarkation. The set out areas include the main building, toilet structure, well and outdoor breakout space. Temporary power is set up by accessing the power lines existing on site.

STEP 2 - Deep site excavation Deep manual excavation is completed of the long drop toilets, well and underground water storage tank located within the building. 5 metre deep holes are also dug using a manual method involving the use of different sized PVC pipes that will inject stormwater back into the ground to address the issue of saltwater intrusion. The site soil excavation is stored in piles to be used at a later stage for the earth bag walls.

STEP 3 - Trench and foundation excavation Trenches are dug for perimeter retaining wall surrounding the main building and toilet. Excavation for permanent tyres formwork for the columns is completed in accordance with column locations.

STEP 4 - Retaining walls and formwork Retaining walls made of large salvaged rock are assembled using concrete as a binding agent around the periphery of the trenches to stabilise the earth. Rock walls are also constructed surrounding the well. Permanent tyre formwork is assembled in the location of the columns for concrete to be poured in.

STEP 5 - Build foundation The sublayers for the flooring are constructed by laying a layer of drainage rocks, a layer of gravel insulation, followed by site soil which is manually compacted by hand. The fourth layer consist of a mixture of screened sit soil to remove larger rocks, sand and chopped straw mixed with water to a thick consistency. This is layered on and troweled to level.

STEP 6 - Attach steel connections Steel connections are bolted to the concrete foundations. The size and design of the steel connection and timber columns is adaptable to technologies available locally to manufacture them. The steel footing prevent the timber from making contact with the floor to prevent rot and termites from reducing the longevity of the structure.

STEP 7 - Erect columns The columns are erected in the steel connection attached to the concrete footing. Each column consists of 4 individual timber posts with a tolerance of 20 mm between them. The tolerance allows for human errors of design, manufacture, assembly and use.

STEP 8 - Assemble beams Timbers for beams are placed between columns to measure sizes and cut manually. The dimensions of the frame are liberal to allow for human error.

STEP 9 - Assemble trusses The trusses are made of bamboo tied together at joints with rope. They can be mapped and assembled on ground in a similar manner to other roof members. The largest spanning truss is 12 metres but can be divided into segments, hoisted onto the roof beams using ropes and bolted to the roof framing individually.

STEP 10 - Attach rafters The rafter system consists of bamboo members tied together with rope. They are closely spaced to allow sufficient support for the tin roof above and to allows for discrepancies in the rafter grid due to human error.

STEP 11 - Roof finish and lining The roof finish is tin roof panels that are overlapped to create the curvature of the roof. The curvature is organic but maintains build ability with individual parts of the curve being made up of relatively straight components. Thatch lining is attached to the roof above the rafters in order to provide insulation to the building and a softer interior. Since the thatch is not exposed to the elements it will require a lesser degree of maintenance. With this step completed the building can be made useable as a shelter with the independent walls added for enclosure in a second phase.

STEP 12 - Wall construction phase 1 The dry section of the building housing the admin, power room and storage space for work shops is completed first to allow a lockable room to exist in the building as well as to fit the required solar panels on site to remove dependance upon the temporary power connections.The walls are constructed of earth bags for which jute or plastic bags are salvaged from the local market. A mixture of site soil, lime and admixtures fills the bags for which preparation is previously completed. The earth bags are laid upon the elevated plinth flooring in double courses that are provided structural stability through bamboo pegs, barbed wire and concrete. Walls are constructed to a height reaching the underside of the beams and are plastered by hand to finish.

STEP 13 - Wall construction phase 2 The wet segment of the building is constructed in a similar manner which concludes the construction of the walls. The final layer of flooring is laid after all internal construction is complete with a mix of cement, screened soil, sand, chopped straw and water which is troweled and allowed to dry. Four to size layers of linseed oil are brushed onto the earthen floors to seal them. Certain walls handwoven loosely woven meshes in timber frames for a greater environmental control over spaces.

STEP 14 - External works Trenches are dug around the external pathway for the grey water discharge channels. Filteration rocks and plants are added to the channel to treat the water before it is percolated in the pond for deep soil injection.

STEP 15 - Warka tower The structure of the warka tower is constructed at a later stage when the bamboo planted in the landscape can be harvested. The mesh for the tower is woven by the women themselves out of a byproduct of the planted banana trees that are water resistant. The warka tower is assembled and attached to timber beams supporting it. This stage is deliberately excluded from the building of the roof to allow it to be completed after the building and landscape is functional. With a functional space it will be easier to train the women in the techniques required to assemble the warka tower. Water for drinking will still be available through the well and stand along filtration unit. The sheer and non-sheer blinds are attached along with the mechanical fixtures and PV panels. The final step in the community building process is to salvage bamboo grown on site to form a bamboo fencing around the perimeter of the site. This measure will allow greater control to the site for privacy and security.

Source: https://challenge.whatdesigncando.com/projects/warka-tower/

3.7 Landscape Consideration The purpose is to empower women in the community, giving them independence through developing and managing a space (and tools) to diversify agricultural production. Based on their traditional knowledge and vernacular techniques, making them visible and contributing to food security, the economy and union/solidarity within their community demonstrate a fundamental role outside the socially assigned care role.

Context The Casamance region communities have the ancestral knowledge of the oldest ethnic groups in the region, such as the Jola, from whom it is inherited the rice cultivation techniques. In addition to being millenary, this practice is essential, especially for the women’s community, since it does not relegate them solely to care and household tasks. However, this practice has been affected by the current conditions of the context. Factors such as climate change, (which affects seasonality by lengthening the dry season), deforestation and contamination of water sources, has led communities to depend of imports, including rice, whose imports are equivalent to 75% of all cereal imports In order to generate a sustainable proposal over time, three following stages must be implemented:

Water Management As an essential element of agriculture and considering that there are extended periods of drought, the first step is the construction of water extraction systems with wells 10 m deep, the collection of rainwater and the subsequent treatment for its use in crop irrigation. These systems will have assisted mechanisms in facilitating water extraction by women, independently and without the need to include non-renewable energies, also generating savings for the community.

Improvement of the Soil The fertilisation of the soil is essential to have crops throughout the year. Consequently, in phase two, the soil’s improvement is proposed from the sowing of Acacia Senegal or Acacia gomífera, a fast-growing native tree that helps fertilise the soil and does not generate negative impacts on the ecosystem. Being native, it grows very well in dry climates (8-11 months of drought) and with little annual rainfall (even 200mm), so much so that it is more likely that it will not survive in stagnant water conditions. Being a fast-growing tree, it can grow up to 70 cm in a year to reach its maximum height (around 7m, although sometimes it can reach 15m) and although its trunk is thin and twisted once anchored to the ground it is one of the most robust existing. Its sowing can be direct, placing between 5 and 8 seeds in holes of 30x30x30 cm and with a minimum space of 4 m between one and the other. However, it is proposed to leave a distance of 10m between rows. Direct planting in holes requires “intensive weeding” for the first two years, and although it can live for about 25 years, it reaches its productive life at five years.

Market Garden Once the soil is suitable and the water management system for irrigation is built, it is possible to start growing other types of vegetables that allow: - Maintain food crops throughout the year, contributing to the food security goals of the community - Regionally commercialise products other than rice - Rotation of crops according to seasonality and the needs of the community Therefore, plants such as bamboo, banana, walnut, peanut, tomato, beans, onion, sweet potato and okra are proposed since they are already harvested in the region. Consequently, women will start to manage the crop, not only from the technical point of view (ability they already have) but also from the strategic point of view, understanding the impact they generate, assuming their work autonomously and making relevant decisions for the entire community (here it goes the lady’s article)

STEP 1 - CONSTRUCTION OF WELL

STEP 2 - PLANTING ACACIAS

STEP 3 - MARKET GARDEN PROTOTYPE

STEP 4 - PLANTING BAMBOO AND BANANA TREES

STEP 5 - MARKET GARDEN FULLY OPERATIONAL

STEP 6 - PLANTING OF CASHEW TREES COMMUNITY MANAGED FOR PROFIT

3.8 Potential social returns on investment (SROIs) We have considered the fact that a budget of 18,000 euros can only deliver on a certain quality of building type, however, some the return in the form of positive social impact is expected to be considerable. Social impacts that occur as a result of the investment are listed below. Greater job opportunities for women with skills at managerial, design and technical levels within the construction industry Improved WASH conditions and training in better WASH practices lead to better quality life Up-skilling and self-employment opportunities for local skilled labour Providing a safe space for local institutions leads to improved support and political activism for victims of domestic violence Cross-industry skill development increases women’s earning capacity and importance within community Increased pride, self-confidence and sense of self comes with self-sustenance

4. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have established that humanitarian solutions need to inherently be a bottom up process derived from human need with the development of a technological system based on local conditions, material availability and limitations. The design definition is to be based upon functional parameters with quality of life at the onus as opposed to aesthetic qualities often prioritised by design for the privileged.

6. REFERENCES Ching, F. D. K., Onouye, B., & Zuberbuhler, D. (2014). Building structures illustrated (Second edition.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Griffith A., Watson P. (2004) Site Establishment. In: Construction Management. Palgrave, London Mandatory notification stages and inspection of building work. Victorian Building Authority. Retrieved from http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_reg/br2018200/s169.html Cole, G., 2002. Residential passive solar design. Environment design guide, GEN 12. Australian Institute of Architects, Melbourne. Lawson, B., 1996. Building materials, energy and the environment: towards ecologically sustainable development. Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Red Hill, ACT. Rawlinson’s Australian construction handbook. (2020). Rawlhouse Publishing. Anseeuw, W., Boche, M., Breu, T., Giger, M., Lay, J., Messerli, P., & Nolte, K. (2013). Transnational land deals for agriculture in the global south: Analytical report based on the land matrix database. In Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), Centre. (2018). Retrieved 25 February 2021, from https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/07/indicator_1.4.2_training_module_secure_tenure_rights_to_land.pdf Capps, G. (2016). Tribal-Landed Property: The Value of the Chieftaincy in Contemporary Africa. Journal Of Agrarian Change, 16(3), 452-477. doi: 10.1111/joac.12179 Cotula, L., Toulmin, C., & Ahiadeke, C. (2004). Till to tiller. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. Cotula, L., Vermeulen, S., Leonard, R., & Keeley, J. (2009). Land grab or development opportunity?. Rome: FAO. Creevey, L. (1996). Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal. Journal Of Religion In Africa, 26(3), 268-307. doi: 10.1163/157006696x00299 Implementing the Tenure Guidelines for Women and Small-scale Food Producers: an analysis of Mozambique, Tanzania, Senegal, and Haiti. (2021). Actionaid. Kaag, M., Gaye, Y., & Kruis, M. (2011). Land conflicts in Senegal revisited: Continuities and emerging dynamics. Landgovernance. Org. Retrieved from http://www.landgovernance.org/assets/Kaag-Land-Conflicts-in-Senegal-Revisited1.pdf Senegal - Land. (2021). Retrieved 25 February 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal/Land Senegal | LandLinks. (2021). Retrieved 25 February 2021, from https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/senegal/#land WOMEN AND LAND IN THE MUSLIM WORLD. (2018). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Profile of internal displacement: Senegal. (2005) Retreieved from: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3f4913864.pdf WHO, JMP data (2020) Retreieved from:https://washdata.org/data/household#!/ World Food Program, Senegal (2020) Retreieved from: https://www.wfp.org/countries/senegal Water aid, Wash watch (2020) Retreieved from: https://washmatters.wateraid.org/washwatch-has-ended US Aid in Senegal (2020) Retreieved from: https://www.globalwaters.org/wherewework/africa/senegal

Women's House, BAGHERE Construction Schedule W1 TASKS

1 2 3 4 5 6

Day no.

PRELIMINARY WORKS 0.1 Participatory workshops with community 0.2 Organizing any required permits for welling / building 0.3 Geotechnical investigation for welling 0.4 Volunteer ESD Consultancy 0.5 Architectural and construction detailed drawings 0.6 Mobilizing workforce

SITE ESTABLISHMENT 1.1 First Aid Equipment 1.2 Site workspace 1.3 Designation of Material storage Area 1.4 Designation of Rubbish Disposal Area 1.5 Temporary connection to existing power supply

BASE CONSTRUCTION 2.1 Tree/shrub removal / protection of existing trees 2.2 Site clearing 2.3 Site Set-out 2.4 Manual excavation of water injection holes 2.5 Manual excavation of underground water storage 2.6 Manual excavation of long drop toilets 2.7 Manual excavation of well 2.8 Site excavation for slab perimeter rocks 2.9 Site excavation for column footings 2.10 Laying perimeter rock formwork with concrete 2.11 Permanent tyre formwork for columns 2.12 Lay first slab layer - drainage rocks 2.13 Lay second slab layer - gravel insulation 2.14 Lay third layer - site soil compacted 2.15 Lay fourth layer 2.16 Lay flexible pipework to mechanical pump outlet

ENCLOSURE CONSTRUCTION 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17

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Attach steel connection to concrete foundation Attach timber columns to steel connection Attach beams to timber columns Attach roof trusses to timber beams Attach rafters to timber trusses Attach zinc sheets to rafters Attach thatch underlining to rafters under roof Set out internal walls on site Prepare materials and equipment for earth bags Place door frames in position Fill earth bags and lay 2 courses and tie down Complete earth bag walls to beams Last layer of floor Apply plaster to walls Apply linseed oil 4-6 coats to all floors Door installation Attach loosely woven lattice in timber frames

FIXING AND FITTING 4.1 Woven retractable blinds installation 4.2 Installation of PVC pipes for grey water disposal 4.3 Kitchen construction out of lime mud 4.4 Installation of mechanical hand pumps 4.5 Installation of filtering system in kitchen 4.6 Installation of PV panels system

LANDSCAPING AND EXTERNAL WORKS 5.1 Excavate channel for water disposal 5.2 Create rock walls for channel 5.3 Lay gravel bed for channel 5.4 Drip irrigation system for landscaping 5.5 Stage 1 landscaping 5.6 Stage 2 landscaping 5.7 Stage 3 landscaping 5.8 Stage 4 landscaping 5.9 Drip irrigation

COMPLETION 6.1 Dismounting site - establishment stuff 6.2 Site - cleanup

POST 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4

OCCUPANCY WORK Tyre garden for children's outdoor activities Bamboo perimeter fencing Woven furniture Warka tower constuction and installation

Day off Wet season Dry season Note: * This Gantt Chart representation does not take into account personal holidays/scheduled days off/site delays and is used to understand schedule sequencing and general duration of tasks only. * Week 1 starts in the month of September for much of the spadework leading up to construction to occur. Construction begins and ends within the dry season. * Rainfed harvest begins towards the end of the monsoon therefore the crops planted can be sown well in advance of the next cycle with planting completed prior to the monsoon.

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DFAT RISK REGISTER TEMPLATE

Investment Name:

AidWorks Number:

Date of Last Review:

Date of Next Review:

Country:

Investment Manager:

Delegate:

Sector/s:

Objective/s: Inherent Risk Rating Risk Category

Environment and social safeguards

Risk Event What could happen?

Risk Sources

Risk Impacts

What could cause the event to happen?

What would happen if the event occurs?

Contamination of water bodies

Construction materials disgarded in river or in close proximity to wells Greenhouse emmissions Use of unsustainable construction materials Noise pollution Use of heavy plant and machinery Imrpoper solid waste Improper disposal disposal infrastructure in place/lack of knowledge Improper greywater Improper disposal handling infrastructure in place/lack of knowledge Exploitation of natural Building with limited and resources protected sources of raw material Damage to cultural heritage Distruction of heritage buildings/ vernaculars

Ocean fisheries infected with disease, ecosystems destroyed Climatic changes Distrub natural habitats and ecosystem Diseases such as diarrhea affecting human and livestock population could spread Water could pool and collect causing disease Distrub ecosystem / deforestation Community loses symbolic buildings / sense of identity

Use of heavy machinery / Food insecurity development on agriculturally rich land/ destruction of crops Reduce incentives to adapt Unsustainable environmental Departure from sustainable to environmental conditions control systems built lifestyle leading to destruction of the environment Foreign disease Use of large quantities of Community unable to manage international volunteers or or cope with unknown disease/ labour panic / loss of life Distrubing social Disrespecting local traditions Conflict with the community cultural/religious norms could give rise to differences within the community

Current (Residual) Risk Rating

Risk Owner The person responsible for ensuring this risk is managed?

Target Risk Rating

Existing Controls Likelihood

Consequence

Risk Rating

Refer to matrix

Low

What's currently in place?

Likelihood

Consequence

Risk Rating

Refer to matrix

Medium

Low

High

Medium

Proposed Treatments If no further treatment required or available, please explain why.

Construction waste management plan outlining routes for waste disposal Limited use of unsustainable materials such as concrete/ use recydled materials Limited use of heavy machinery / elimminate entirely

Treatment Owner Person Responsible for Implementing Treatment/s

Treatments Implementation Date

Likelihood Refer to matrix

Consequence Refer to matrix

Risk Rating Refer to matrix

Create solid waste disposal land fill

Harvest grey water and reuse

Very High

Use sustainable building materials of wood species that are fast growing etc.

Low

Protect heritage buildings / design with cultural relevance

Low

Soil / agricultural land protection

Low

Environmentally sustainable programming to limit use of artificial systems

Medium

Limit international volunteers / screen prior to entry

Very High

Provide cultural training through meetings and workshops to consultants from outside the community/ provide support to members affected within community

Low

Strong penalty / severance of work / legal action to be taken

Low

Hire local labour for all levels of participation from unskilled labour to skilled to management

Low

Development should be appropriate for the community to discourage migration

Medium

Place land tenure in the name of the local community

Medium

Penalise child labour / report to authorities

Create upskilling ladder accessible to locals for progressive job pathways

Medium

Ensure direct handling of money and permits with government / report government corruption

High

PPE equipment / OHS training / construction protocols

Medium

Break construction process down to simplify and train unskilled labour

Medium

Employ local design consultant for project management

Low

Design with simpler construction methodlogies

Design using indigenous, inexpensive and abundantly available material

Damage to biodiversity

Sexual misconduct/exploitation of locals Discrimination against locals

Mental health issues in the local community for which lack of support exists No development of local skill / provision of opportunity to earn income for locals Incentivising migration Inappropriate selection of site Displacement / resettlement / significant increase in job opportunity Reduce indigineous access to Political corruption leading to Local communities unable to land misallocation of land tenure have owndership or maintain autonomy Child labour Lack of monitoring through Parents see greater monetary construction / ensuring skills value in child working / loss of can not be completed by child education Disrupt local job / business Attracting rural dwellers to Mass urbanization with pathways migrate to city unplanned settlements on the periphery of city Local corruption The use of third parties that Public resources wasted / could unintentionally fuel mishandled corruption Injury Construction incident Bodily harm / loss of life

Shortage of skilled labour

Communication barriers

Limited prefabricated materials Lack of variety of materials

International volunteers interact with the local community International expertise is hired instead of local

Work on another site / untrained community / new construction techniques Different language

Limited funding / local construction industry development Lack of infrastructure / site remoteness

Inconsistency of quality in Lack of access / appropriate natural/ handmade materials equipment for homogenising material Site maintenance No allication of spaces for material, equipment storage Limited / faulty machinery available

Site remoteness

Project delays / site injuries

Miscommunication / delays / frustration Delays in construction time / alternate materials must be used Need to create infrastructure as part of project

Low

Building to suffer aesthetically / structurally

Medium

Provide training in the production of handmade material to improve output consistency

Injury / loss of material / damage to equipment

Medium

Provide training and have strict site protocols in place that are monitered regularly

High

Limit need for complex machinery and equipment in design

Low

Look at alternate sites / create infrastructure to site / limit need for large quantities of material and equipment to be transported

Innovative building techniques Building construction not not used in the region possible previously that require advanced machinery No roads to access site

Low

Required materials / equipment not available to site

Does this risk need to be escalated?

Women's House, BAGHERE Construction Material Cost Item

/ 32 /

/ sqm /

/ 67.90 /

/ 2172.80 /

Earth bag Plaster Finish (Earth)

/ 490

/ sqm

/ /

Timber (Beam) Steel Truss Tin Roof Bamboo (Roof Support) Thatch insulation

124 117 294 294

m sqm sqm sqm sqm

35.30 109.00 / / /

4377.20 12753.00 / / /

Structural timber column Steel connection of timber columns

99 0.42

m t

23.50 6550.00

2326.50 2751.00

4 2 1 1

no. no. no. no.

229.00 259.00 1700.00 167.80

916.00 518.00 1700.00 167.80

40 21

sqm sqm

/ /

AUD

27682.30

EURO

17716.67

146

SERVICES 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Rock Wall Cement Sand

FRAMES 3.1 3.2

Total ($)

ROOF 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5

Rate

WALL 1.1 1.5

Unit

Floor 0.1 0.2 0.3

Quantity

PV panel Handpump Underground water tank 10000L Drip irrigation

WARKA TOWER 5.1 5.2

Bamboo Structure Internal mesh woven of banana tree fibres

* unrated items are assumed to be assembled/ produced/donated locally at no cost