Group 6_Kaira Looro Women's House Report by ABPL90277_HumanitarianConstruction

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Introduction This report presents the vision and delivery of “Women’s Health & Education Centre” for the people of Baghere in the rural region of Senegal. The aim of the report is to describe the theoretical framework behind the project as well as the technical delivery of the project consisting of not only building a community centre but providing educational framework and assuring long term operation. Even though the centre will serve the community in multiple ways the main immediate focus of the project is to tackle the problem of poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) which causes major health and economic problems making the community vulnerable. Special consideration is paid to women of Baghere who suffer the most from poor female sanitation and hygiene. The outcome of the project would be a stronger community through improved WASH and increased gender equality through tackling female sanitary issues. To accomplish the above goals, a theoretical framework on improved WASH delivery is established followed by technical and educational solutions. Next, all stakeholders are considered to allow community engagement and land tenure analysed to secure the land. Architectural design is proposed to give an aesthetically appealing structure serving the specific focus of the project as well as allowing for other communal purposes. Architectural considerations are backed by construction means and methods suitable for the design as well as utilizing local building materials and techniques with aim to educate the community on better building. Finally, budget and programming analysis is provided to assure delivering the project within the budget and reasonable time. Summarizing, the approach and design of the centre is not the one that aims to impress the external viewer or fix every single problem of the community. The belief behind the project is to focus on one major problem of the community in a realistic and pragmatic way and produce an achievable plan within a constrained budget and difficult local socio-cultural and economic context. Therefore, as the design might seem simple, it is a thoroughly planned path to improve conditions of living in Baghere.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

i. Fundamental Considerations Introduction Following section aims to present the overall aim of the “Women’s Health & Education Centre”. In the long run, the centre will serve the community in multiple ways, but the immediate aim is to improve local water access, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for the whole community with special consideration to female sanitary needs. The outcome will be improved standard of living and gender equality. To strengthen the community and achieve the aim of the improved WASH, our building provides adequate facilities and education. Moreover, as usage of resources like water, electricity, food and building materials is necessary, this project takes a holistic approach and incorporates knowledge and technical solutions about renewable energy and building solutions which are accessible to the community but create less impact on the environment while stimulating local economy. In the long run, what is learned during construction and usage of the centre, will spread among the community, and increase standard of living while making the people independent and resilient. To show the aim and objectives of the project, this section will provide a problem statement related to the poor sanitation in the region followed by the solution including theoretical approach and technical solutions combined with sketches of educational programs. Next, focus will shift towards project delivery starting with stakeholder map and their management.

1. Problem Statement a.

Poor sanitation as a health and economic problem.

Access to water, sanitation and adequate hygiene is still a serious international problem affecting economic development and standard of living. According to the report from 2017, 4.5 billion people required safe sanitation services, 2.3 billion had no access to sanitation services and 892 million practiced open defecation (World Health Organization & UNICEF, 2017). One of the most affected groups are low income people in Sub-Saharan countries (World Health Organization & UNICEF, 2017) including Senegal and the population of the municipality of Baghere with one of the poorest WASH conditions in the country (Kaira Looro Architecture Competition, 2021). Below graphs (World Health Organization & UNICEF, 2017) show that sanitation and hygiene in Senegal are poor and water access is average.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

FIGURE 1: USAGE OF DRINKABLE WATER

FIGURE 2: USING BASIC SANITATION

FIGURE 3: USAGE OF HANDWASHING FACILITIES

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

According to the research, poor WASH conditions lead to serious health issues like diarrhea-related illnesses, infections (Bartram & Cairncross, 2010) and increased child mortality (Bampoky, 2013). Moreover, health problems caused by inappropriate hygiene and sanitation practices as well as no access to drinkable water translate to economic problems causing poverty and negatively impacting economic development (Bartram & Cairncross, 2010) of communities that are already vulnerable. Health-care problems cause loss of resources and energy that normally would be contributed to work and education. Within the WASH problem, women suffer the most due to gender inequality.

b. WASH and gender inequality Gender inequality is significant in relation to women sanitation due to poor menstrual hygiene. According to the study on rural areas in Senegal similar to Baghere, female menstruation is negatively perceived, stigmatized and taboo which results in lack of knowledge (Water Supply and Sanitation & UN Women, 2015). An example of such negative perception is a belief that female blood is used for black magic (Water Supply and Sanitation & UN Women, 2015) and general perception of menstrual blood as filth and evil substance (Tsanni, 2020). Following, socio-cultural factors negatively impact access to sanitary facilities and items that can accommodate menstruation period.

FIGURE 4:(TSANNI, 2020) In regions like Baghere, there is no access to private places where females can wash and change (Water Supply and Sanitation & UN Women, 2015) while the majority of women use unofficial reusable clothes that must be cleaned and dried in secrecy due to social stigma (Tsanni, 2020). Finally, women have no decision making in terms of sanitary solutions (Water Supply and Sanitation & UN Women, 5

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

2015). As a result, women are a social group that suffers more and addressing menstrual management through education and provision of facilities can bring increased gender equality.

Diagram below shows the overall developmental problem related to inadequate WASH in Baghere village.

FIGURE 5: PROBLEM STATEMENT. SOURCES: (WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION & UN WOMEN, 2015) (KAIRA LOORO ARCHITECTURE COMPETITION, 2021) (SENEGAL - A HANDWASHING BEHAVIOR CHANGE JOURNEY, 2010) (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION & UNICEF, 2017)

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

2. Problem Solution: A Theoretical Framework According to the problem statement, the focus of our project is to improve WASH within the community with special consideration for female menstruation sanitation. Even though the centre will serve the community in many ways, the main aim of the project is providing suitable sanitary facilities, drinkable water and education on hygiene and related issues. Considering budget, timeframe, and local context with specific culture, limited resources, and labour, it has been decided that the project cannot tackle every single problem in the village. Thus, the project is a realistic response according to available resources. WASH has been chosen as a critical problem related to basic human needs (Frances Stewart, 1989). The centre will be a hub where people can experience and learn adequate WASH conditions and knowledge, but the key is for the local people to replicate those solutions with available resources. Following, our project is designed to provide that opportunity and the diagram below presents that framework.

FIGURE 6: IMPROVED WASH FRAMEWORK As seen above, project approach is holistic in nature and assumes that WASH is strongly correlated to resources management and their scarcity. The local conditions are characterized by agriculture, scarce resources and unsafe disposal of waste (Kaira Looro Architecture Competition, 2021) ,thus, our WASH framework must address those issues. Following, this framework will also provide knowledge and technical solutions on using renewables, safe disposal of waste and reusing some waste for farming purposes. Therefore, the project's holistic approach will allow improved WASH while enabling the community to be independent and resilient. This framework led to choosing specific solutions which will be discussed next.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

3. Socio-cultural Considerations When planning a project that is an external intervention aiming to impact a specific community and produce sustainable results, it is essential to consider local sociocultural characteristics like traditions, religions, or socio-political system (Okurut et al., 2015). Not addressing those factors might result in complete failure as local people might find solutions irrelevant, offensive, or not permissible. Furthermore, WASH relates to intimate aspects of human life and requires special consideration of the local context. Thus, this project assesses local context to provide most suitable WASH solutions which might not be ideal but effective. Key factors have been determined. Key factors: ● Religion Local dominant religion is Islam which has specific relation to human excreta where Koran deems fresh faeces untouchable but soil like composted dry waste is acceptable as well as urine and grey water (World Health Organization, 2006). Therefore, excreta handling must be limited to minimum and composted material is preferred. ● Agriculture As the local community is mainly dominated by the agricultural lifestyle (Kaira Looro Architecture Competition, 2021), reuse of excreta for farming might be acceptable or already known (World Health Organization, 2006). Thus, composting toilets can be a suitable option. ● Social acceptance Smell and visual appearance of excreta can be an issue in many more traditional cultures (World Health Organization, 2006), therefore proper ventilation and privacy must be provided to guarantee dignity. ● Gender inequality o Menstrual management As mentioned in the previous section, female menstruation is highly stigmatized, thus, maximum privacy and safety must be provided. For example, drying facilities for reusable pads must be sheltered and burner can be provided for non-reusable items.

FIGURE 7: DRYING OF REUSABLE PADS (WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION & UN WOMEN, 2015)

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Decision making It is often men that are decision makers and locate toilets outside the house while women keep defecating or urinating inside the house due to safety and privacy issues (World Health Organization, 2006). So, female and male toilets location should be considered separately providing detached male toilets outside and female toilets attached but arranging for maximum privacy and safety.

In summary, socio-cultural factors listed above play a crucial role in determining the design and technical solutions of the centre’s WASH facilities and education. Toilets must be sensible to religion to assure respect as well as help to find support among religious leaders and overall community. Other factors prove that reuse of excreta is possible and can provide economic incentive for farmers. Finally, female WASH must provide safety and privacy but educational campaigns will be crucial to break the social stigma and taboo. Consideration of local factors considered in the last two sections allows us to determine technical choices. 4. Technical Solutions This part considers major technical solutions for sanitary services, energy supply for those services and waste management related to them. The main approach is to utilize what is locally available and derive our solutions from “what locals would do” inspiration as architect Ricardo Vanucci explained (2021). Following, the centre’s design contains solutions, materials and building techniques that are already locally known but reinvented and applied to provide adequate and safe sanitary conditions. Also, due to rural context and scarcity of resources usage of renewable energy is critical. Following, this project will allow the community to apply utilized ideas in their households or public buildings at affordable cost and strengthen the community. Therefore, the solution selection process is aligned with the overall WASH approach as the graph below shows.

FIGURE 8: SOLUTION SELECTION PROCESS

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Following solutions will be applied:

Composting Dry Pit Latrine

FIGURE 9: COMPOSTING LATRINE SYSTEM (TILLEY ET AL., 2014) This system is easy and quick to build with low initial and maintenance cost and offers 10-20 life span (Monvois et al., 2010) but pits can be used for ever (Tilley et al., 2014). Also, the system minimizes smell and fly breeding while it is easy to maintain by periodical addition of soil and organic waste. Still, the system requires education since it requires addition of soil after every use plus periodical addition (Tilley et al., 2014). Also, the system requires moving the shed or building two toilets to swap when one pit fills up as composting takes a minimum of 1 year and must be located 20 m from a water source (Fact Sheets on Environmental Sanitation., 1996). Overall, the system was deemed as most suitable due to cultural acceptance, low cost and easy adaptability by locals. Future improvement might be diverting urine for production of urine fertilizer and quicker composting. System treats: • Faeces • Urine • Dry and Wet cleansing material 10

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

•

Organic Waste

Grey Water Treatment To minimize the cost and provide the easiest solution for the community, water pits and grease traps are provided to treat the grey water. Both solutions are built with local materials, offer low cost and long-life span. Water pits don’t require specialized skill while grease traps can be built by the local craftsman (Monvois et al., 2010). Those solutions are not perfect as the grey water is not saved but they offer an immediate and easy solution to safe grey water treatment. Female sanitary products that can't be washed in a sink can be burned using a provided house burner. Future improvement is recommended to save grey water through a filtration system.

FIGURE 10: WATER PIT (TILLEY ET AL., 2014) AND SHOWER SYSTEM (MONVOIS ET AL., 2010)

FIGURE 11: GREASE TRAP (TILLEY ET AL., 2014)

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Other Systems: Sink

Shower

FIGURE 12: SINK AND SHOWER

b. Renewables: Water Water supplies are provided via the rainwater harvesting system utilizing the roof structure. The roof design overs two extended roofs which will maximize collection area. Following, two water tanks will be provided on each side of the building to collect water from both roofs. Tanks are constructed with steel reinforcement for the bottom slab and top cover (Jain, 2020) and solid burned brick masonry walls (rainwaterharvesting.org, n.d.) with 2 layers of cement and sand screed (Jain, 2020). This design allows lower cost and easier buildability with local materials and skills. Below is an example of a water harvesting system with all key elements our design contains.

FIGURE 13: WATER HARVESTING (FACT SHEETS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION., 1996) An improved removable on ground gutter system is implemented to accommodate rapid rains of the wet season. System is composed of wide timber gutters installed 12

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

on stands. System can be assembled together and placed under the roof during wet season for the overflow of the water.

Figure 14: Tackling Water Overflow Drinkable water The centre will contain a drinkable water supply presented below. It is a simple system but buildable and manageable by the local community.

Biosand filter uses gravity and can provide 12-18 litres of filtered water per hour and kills up to 100% of helminths (worms), 100% of protozoa, 98.5% of bacteria 70-99% of viruses (CAWST, 2020). Key attributes for our context is no need for power, low cost and simplicity. Also, the design is provided by an NGO called Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology which can collaborate with our project and provide educational and technical support.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Figure 15: Biosand Filter Details (CAWST, 2020) To guarantee 100% safe water, chlorination, boiling or 6h solar disinfection in a plastic bottle is required (CAWST, 2020). Overall, this water system is designed to be easy to learn and duplicated with minimal resources but it will require an adequate educational program that can be provided by a specialized collaborating institution. Solar energy Poor access to electricity (Kaira Looro Architecture Competition, 2021) demands an independent solar system. Due to restricting budget, high cost of a large solar system and maintenance costs, the centre will be supplied only with a minimal affordable system which will be supported by passive designs allowing maximum light inside and providing external shaded communal space. Following, solar system Nopalu has been developed in Senegal for the purpose of providing renewable energy at low cost and minimal required maintenance (Diouf et al., 2013)

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Figure 16: Nopalu Solar Kit (Pode & Diouf, 2011) One kit can supply 5-6 hours for 2 lights, multiple phones or other devices including a laptop (Pode & Diouf, 2011) or 16 hours of only 2 LED lights (Diouf et al., 2013) which is sufficient for the centre considering night only usage and occasional day usage for toilets. Moreover, the system is cheaper than conventional supply in the region and has already been tested via pilot programs in Senegal (Diouf et al., 2013).

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Figure 17: Nopalu Cost in Comparison to Conventional Supply (Diouf et al., 2013) In summary, this system is minimal but sufficient and offers low initial and maintenance cost while being simple. Moreover, monthly service is provided by the local company which is another benefit. A collaboration program can be run with Nopalu to educate on solar energy and distribute those systems within the community. WASH Technical Solutions Summary Provided solutions have been selected to fit the budget and offer locally adaptable technologies. There is much more room for development, especially grey water treatment and solar energy and potentially harvesting wind as well. The benefit of minimal low-cost approach is that it imposes less financial burden during operational stage, thus, the whole project is less prone to failure. Maintenance and operation is another key consideration. 5.. Maintenance/Operation The centre will be operated by a group of women selected from the community. Rotational leader will be distributing tasks and managing operation and maintenance. Overall maintenance will be taught during the training and educational period while specialized tasks will be contracted to local trades. It is easy to build the initial project with given funds but the success of the project depends on its long-term impact on the community; thus, the success depends on efficient operation of the centre. As the overall framework strives to make the community independent and resilient, it is necessary for the centre to be self-sufficient. Thus, financing will be essential for the success and the adequate system will be enterprise led approach allowing the centre to create revenue. Similar approach has been taken by Sanergy company in Nairobi which provides technology, support and non-interest loans to local operators who gain profit from building and operating latrines in poor informal urban settlements (London & Esper, 2014). Overall, despite certain financial issues, initiative was successful and there was a positive impact on community health and well-being (London & Esper, 2014) and Sanergy is extending 16

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

their operations. Lesson learned is that even the poorest are willing to pay for adequate sanitation as they see long term health and financial benefits. Therefore, the centre can obtain funds from following sources: ·

Toilet fees

Organized events

Hosting local clubs

Soap Production (World Connect, 2016)

Reusable Menstrual Pads Production (O’Hara-Glaspie, 2020)

Fertilizer Production

Regular fees will bring profit to cover maintenance and allow small profit for operators. Also, a development fund will be established to improve the centre. 6. Education To achieve all previously described goals, educational program must be holistic by design to address multiple aspects which will include: ● ●

Building processes and applied technologies have educational purpose. Education on WASH with help of SpeakUpAfrica (https://www.speakupafrica.org/) and emphasize on: o Facilities usage o Hand Washing (Senegal - A Handwashing Behavior Change Journey, 2010) o Effects of good hygiene including economic benefits (World Health Organization, 2006) o Soap production o Children Programs

Figure 18: Handwashing Board Game for Children Developed in Senegal (Senegal A Handwashing Behavior Change Journey, 2010)

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Education on renewables: o Involve Nopalu for solar power. o Involve CAWST on water filtration. ● Education on usage of composted excreta. o Small gardening section within the centre provides educational grounds and proves fertilizer efficient. ● Gender Equality: o Educating women is essential as they are in charge of household sanitation and hygiene and passing the knowledge to children (World Health Organization, 2006). o Education on the usage of the female washroom designed for menstrual management. o Educational campaign to break the social stigma and promote female hygiene in collaboration with SpeakUpAfrica and distribute reusable pads with help of Kitambaa. Both organizations are Senegalese and have experience in this field with Kitambaa specializing in empowering women. ●

Figure 19: Menstruation Workshops Run by SpeakUpAfrica in Senegal (Tsanni, 2020)

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Figure 20: SpeakUpAfrica involves Men which is crucial element (Tsanni, 2020)

Figure 21: Kitambaa distributes sanitary kits with reusable pads, panties and pouches for storing pads

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Summarizing, the educational framework will offer improved building techniques, technical knowledge in using WASH facilities and education on better hygiene and menstrual management. Overall, in combination with technical solutions, education will allow to achieve better community health and gender equality. Project Delivery Previous sections described the “Women’s Health & Education Centre” approach framework while next parts of the report will focus on project delivery. First, consideration focuses on stakeholder’s management. Stakeholders To develop a sustainable design, it is necessary to involve the local community through all the stages of the project with the emphasis on design stage and construction stage. In addition to consultation, local community groups must be involved in the decision making process. Community involvement aims to gain: ● ● ● ● ● ●

Knowledge on the local context. Acceptance for different aspects of the project. Support of major leaders, especially religious. Sense of ownership by the community. Educating the community through construction. Generate income for the local business.

Stakeholders’ management approach is shown by the map below.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Figure 22: Stakeholders Map (Turin, 2010)

In the map, height of squares indicates the level of involvement while the circle nominates the leader. Arrows describe communication where one arrow describes reporting or supply of information while two arrows mean exchange of information and collaboration. As seen above, collaboration is promoted in multiple stages. Beside involving the community, our approach promotes early contractor and supplier’s involvement to gain knowledge on materials, building techniques and logistics. Next key factor is community and user’s involvement during the construction stage for educational purposes and sense of ownership. As stakeholder strategy is established, the next important aspect is securing the land for the project and making sure that land will belong to the community.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

References Bampoky, C. (2013). Can clean drinking water and sanitation reduce child mortality in Senegal. Bartram, J., & Cairncross, S. (2010). Hygiene, sanitation, and water: Forgotten foundations of health. PLoS Medicine, 7(11). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000367 CAWST. (2020). What is a Biosand Filter? (Services) [Expertise]. Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology. https://www.cawst.org/services/expertise/biosandfilter/more-information Diouf, B., Pode, R., & Osei, R. (2013). Initiative for 100% rural electrification in developing countries: Case study of Senegal. Energy Policy, 59, 926–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.012 Fact Sheets on Environmental Sanitation. (1996). Robens Institute, University of Surrey, UK. http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Js13461e/ Frances Stewart. (1989). Basic Needs Strategies, Human Rights, and the Right to Development. Human Rights Quarterly, 11(3), 347–374. JSTOR Journals. https://doi.org/10.2307/762098 Jain, S. (2020, July 4). How to make an Underground Water Tank | Detailed Explanation [Film]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euTkr-j1Fvo Kaira Looro Architecture Competition 2021 WOMEN’S HOUSE to eliminate all forms of discrimination to promote gender equality and female empowerment in Africa. (2021). www.kairalooro.com. www.kairalooro.com London, T., & Esper, H. (2014). Assessing poverty-alleviation outcomes of an enterprise-led approach to sanitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1331(1), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12345 Monvois, J., Gabert, J., Frenoux, C., & Guillaume, M. (2010). WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL. Methodological Guide No. 4. How to select appropriate technical solutions for sanitation. Concerted Municipal Strategies. https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/pdm_ps_eau_cms_guide_n_4_how_to_select _appropriate_technical_solutions_for_sanitation_2010.pdf O’Hara-Glaspie, K. J. (2020). How’d they do that: Make a reusable menstrual pad. World Vision. https://www.worldvision.org/gender-equality-news-stories/how-makereusable-menstrual-pad Okurut, K., Kulabako, R. N., Chenoweth, J., & Charles, K. (2015). Assessing demand for improved sustainable sanitation in low-income informal settlements of urban areas: A critical review. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 25(1), 81– 95. CINAHL Complete. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2014.893570

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Pode, R., & Diouf, B. (2011). Solar lighting. [Electronic resource] (UniM INTERNET resource). Springer; UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE’s Catalogue. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=cat00006a &AN=melb.b4317454&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=s2775460 rainwaterharvesting.org. (n.d.). Construction. Masonry Tanks. Centre for Science and Environment. Retrieved February 16, 2021, from http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/urban/Construction.htm Senegal—A Handwashing Behavior Change Journey. (2010). AGRIS. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=edsagr&A N=edsagr.US2014601032&site=eds-live&scope=site&custid=s2775460 Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Luthi, C., Reymond, P., & Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. (2nd ed.). Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/TILLEY%20et%20al%202 014%20Compendium%20of%20Sanitation%20Systems%20and%20Technologies% 20-%202nd%20Revised%20Edition.pdf Tsanni, A. (2020, August 12). Say No to Period Taboo: The Senegalese organisations speaking up for African women and girls. Nigeria Health Watch. https://nigeriahealthwatch.medium.com/say-no-to-period-taboo-the-senegaleseorganisations-speaking-up-for-african-women-and-girls3e0eadecb279#:~:text=In%20many%20Senegalese%20communities%2C%20peopl e,subjected%20to%20stigma%20and%20shamed Turin, D. (2010). Building as a process. Building Research & Information, 31, 180– 187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210302002 Vanucci, R. (2021, February 9). Design for Scarcity & WASH. [Lecture]. Day 2. Basic Needs/WASH., The University of Melbourne Online Lecture. https://canvas.lms.unimelb.edu.au/courses/111748/pages/d2 Water Supply and Sanitation, & UN Women. (2015). MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT: BEHAVIOUR AND PRACTICES IN THE Kedougou REGION, SENEGAL [Humanitarian Report]. UN Women. World Connect. (2016). Promoting sanitation and hygiene in rural Senegal [Documentary]. World Connect. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6U78XOR7KJU&list=PLTtZDIwwPsknbQaLc1Rx njy9-u_JryFuO&index=4 World Health Organization. (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater—Volume 4 Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. (Vol. 4). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg4/en/ World Health Organization & UNICEF. (2017). Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

iv. Land Tenure Considerations Introduction Land tenure is a legal system in which land is owned by individuals in a country. It determines who can use the land, when and under what conditions, which is very important in this project. This section focuses on the project location choosing, land tenure authorization and problems that might face during the land tenure authorization. WHY we choose this land to build the building The 'ideal site' identified by the competition organizers is really a good spot in building the project. The given spot has flat terrain and is not far from offices, schools, mosques and the on-call medical service. Grown acacia and mango trees also provide shades and privacy for the building. Also this spot is on the main road leading from Baghere to the small port of Sandinieri and is along one of the village’s primary axes, which makes the villagers easy to reach and encourages them to use the “Women’s House” more. Senegal has a typical savannah climate, which means that the whole year is high temperature with obvious dry season and wet season. In Baghere, the low temperature varies from 16°C in December to 23°C in June, with high temperatures varying from 31°C in August to 43°C in May and a humidity of up to 90%. Winds are periodic with hot dry air blowing from east to west from November to March, and with trade winds blowing from west to east from March to May. The monsoon is present from June to October. The municipality has an average annual rainfall of 1,095.7 mm spread between June and October. The dry season ranges from seven to ten months and alternates with the rainy season. According to climate data in Dakar, the capital of Senegal and is about the same dimension with Baghere, monthly hours of sunshine are all above 200 hours which provides abundant solar energy which can be used on solar panels and solar-energy stoves.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

The wettest few months on average is July, August and September. Even in these months it usually rains about 20 days per month, the average rainfall is still below 300mm per month, which makes the chance of flooding in the site area not a main problem. Like many other developing countries, the land tenure in Senegal is pretty complex. Under the customary land tenure system, the acquisition of agricultural land depends on the allocation of land by the relevant customary authorities. Once the land is effectively used, these rights can usually be inherited according to the paternity system. Land can also be obtained through loans and leases. During the colonial period, there were attempts to change this system and replace customary law with legislation based on individual land rights and written ownership. However, these attempts did not have much impact on rural residents' access to land. The 1964 law on the "domaine national" abolished traditional land tenure and nationalized most of the land. The state is the sole trustee of the land and is responsible for its management. And was divided into four categories: Urban zones (zones urbaines), Zones for special use (zones classées), Zones used for agricultural production (zones de terroir) and Development zones (zones pionnières). In Senegal, land administration is closely related to decentralization. In rural areas, rural councils are responsible for the management of land and natural resources within their territory. They can allocate land to those who can prove that they develop and use land effectively ("mise en Valeur"). Farmers who use land productively have the right to use the land protected by law. Despite a large amount of legislation on land tenure and decentralization, customary rules on land are still widely applied in rural areas. Rural councils rarely allocate land without the approval of customary chiefs. In Moudéry, for example, access to land remains largely customary, with the exception of land provided for irrigation by the SAED. These areas used to be dominated by village oligarchs but are now allocated by the rural council to the families applying. Aside from the Women’s Centre, we plan to use part of the land as soccer pitch, garden, farming area, children’s playground, male compostable toilet.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

HOW to get authorization for the land In rural areas of Senegal, the rural council is responsible for the management of land and natural resources in its territory, and they are the main governmental agency that the project will have most contact with. The rural council can distribute the land to those who can prove that they develop and use the land effectively. Farmers who use land productively have the right to use the land protected by law. To get approvals, the organization should consult relevant departments of local government and ask local government for further usage management. Due to the salinization in this area, asking for part of non-agricultural land for building this project is not very hard. What is better is that Senegal just has an election in 2019, with the term of office is 5 years, meaning that there is no election until 2024. This provides a low risk associated with having changes in policy due to the tenure.

The problems that we might face when trying to get authorization for the land The first main risk is the local traditional leaders. Even in a lot of places state-led investments have already replaced customary tenure with new systems, but security of rights still remains a problem. The customary rules about land are still widely applied in rural areas and rural committees rarely allocate land without the approval of customary chiefs. In Mudley, for example, access to land remains largely customary, with the exception of land provided for irrigation by the national agricultural development agency. These areas used to be dominated by village oligarchs but are now allocated by the rural council to the families applying. The second possible risk is corruption. The Food and Agricultural Organization (2009) summarizes the consequences of not addressing this problem and why it matters: ‘Weak (land) governance has adverse consequences for society. Weak governance in land tenure tends to flourish where the law is complex, inconsistent or obsolete, where people who work in land agencies lack motivation and are poorly trained and paid, or where decision-making processes are opaque and civil society is weak. Left unaddressed, land-related grievances can degenerate into violence and conflict’ What is more, according to Land and decentralization in Senegal (Jacques Faye, 2008), farmers in Senegal had never taken much notice of the legislation on national land, so they still saw themselves as its ‘owners’ and continued to manage it according to customary rules. The rural councils have neither the powers nor resources to manage their lands with no land register, technical staff or income from taxes on allocated lands. These methods of evading or accommodating the legislation open the door for all kinds of misconduct, and there are often accusations of corrupt transactions involving village councillors and administrative authorities. To prevent these two problems, we can have closer communication with the government. By associating with the government by telling the benefit of our buildings, we can get more support from the government. The improved health in community which means more production and more energy efficiency building makes the village less impoverished. Decorate the prayers and telling the local religious leader this can make people more religious may make the local leaders support our project.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Ownership of the land after the project In Senegal, women do have the right to use the land, but the local tradition may hinder them from getting the right of using the project. After the project we plan to organise a lease with the women, so that they can have full use of the building. Conclusion According to analysis above, the 'ideal site' can be used for the project. The risk of building the project is not high. Approvals processes are known and problems that the project may face are foreseeable and can be solved. Local women are the ones who will own the project after built.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Reference List – Land Tenure Land and decentralisation in Senegal, Jacques Faye (2008) “Average Monthly Rainfall and Snow in Dakar, Senegal (Millimeter).” World Weather & Climate Information. https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitationRainfall,Dakar,Senegal (February 17, 2021). “Climate and Average Monthly Weather in Dakar, Senegal.” https://weather-andclimate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Dakar,Senegal (February 24, 2021). “Land – Sectors – Curbing Corruption.” https://curbingcorruption.com/sector/land/ (February 17, 2021). “Senegal.” LandLinks. https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/senegal/ (February 17, 2021). “Till to Tiller: Linkages between International Remittances and Access to Land in West Africa.” http://www.fao.org/3/j2815e/j2815e04.htm (February 17, 2021). “USAID_Land_Tenure_Senegal_Profile.Pdf.” https://www.land-links.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/09/USAID_Land_Tenure_Senegal_Profile.pdf (February 18, 2021).

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

iii. Architectural Design Considerations The community of Baghere is one of the poorest and least equipped areas in Senegal (Balouo Salo, 2021), and therefore, identifying priorities in a design can be difficult. As designers who are approaching this brief from a western perspective, we must acknowledge and appreciate the differences in our understanding of needs and wants. Given the limited scope and funds, we chose to focus our design intention on three fundamental needs – water, sanitation and education.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Project Priorities in Design

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Water Clean, potable water is essential for the health and hygiene of the community of Baghere. According to a UN study, Senegal does not recognise the right to clean water and sanitation in its legislation, highlighting the lack of resolve when it comes to this crucial issue (WHO, 2015). Currently, Non-Profit Organisation Balouo Salou are investing in a solar well project for the town, as they identified the urgent need for clean and available water supply. Research suggests that at present, the majority of the community rely on contaminated water sources, deriving largely from the lack of proper disposal of waste (Balouo Salou, 2021). However, the laborious and timeconsuming process of collecting water from the well can often be placed on women, limiting their time for other activities during the day. In a building of this nature, forms of water can be harvested naturally, decreasing the reliance on the public well, and thus increasing self-sufficiency. Given the climate, and the monsoon season that falls between June and October, it was essential that we designed large rooves to collect and harvest this water in the form of masonry water tanks. The water is collected from the roof into drainpipes that store the water in the underground tanks. During the monsoon season where there can be large downpours, additional gutters can be placed on the ground below the rooves. These are used to catch the overflow and to prevent flash flooding in the building. This harvested water can be used for cleaning, washing, and use on the agricultural crops that exist to the rear of the building. Sanitation Good sanitary practices are essential to the health, wellbeing, and ongoing morale of the community of Baghere. Poor hygiene disproportionately affects the vulnerable in the community, given the social stigma of excretion, faeces, and indeed menstruation. Undeniably, it is imperative that this community are educated and modernised surrounding this issue, however, it is important as designers, to respectfully consider their current traditions and work through social and environmental safeguards (DFAT, 2019). This responds to the ‘do no harm’ approach, which acknowledges the unforeseen social consequences of volunteer work in NGOs and how actions of others may negatively affect a community. As a design solution, the male and female latrines are located in separate areas.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

A UN Women and WSSCC (2015, p. 6) study suggests that Senegalese women are often the de facto managers of sanitation and hygiene practices, however, are excluded from any decision-making processes in terms of design. As men dislike the odour of the toilets, traditionally these facilities have been located away from the main building. Yet, there is a lack of safety when it comes to women using these facilities, particularly during the night hours. Many women will therefore deposit their waste in a bucket and dispose of this the following the day. Without hygienic areas to wash, particularly during menstruation, women have an “increased likelihood of infection, infertility, and the worsening of diseases” (UN Women and WSSCC, 2015). The female latrines are therefore attached to the main women’s centre, to provide a safe and well-lit area for women at any time of the day. Sanitation (Menstrual Hygiene) The Kaira Looro Women’s House brief focussed on the idea of gender equality and the empowerment of women. Menstrual health specifically affects the women in the community, and therefore became the target of our design aspirations. According to a UN study conducted in Senegal, none of the toilet facilities visited had provisions for “menstruating women to wash, clean themselves and change with privacy and dignity” (UN Women and WSSCC, 2015, p. 7). Within Senegal, menstruation is still considered a shameful and taboo topic of conversation. 40% of girls and women interviewed missed school or work on a monthly basis as a result of their menstrual cycle (UN Women and WSSCC, 2015, p. 7). Reusable pads are the most common solution to this issue, however, given the social stigma, it can be difficult for women and girls to wash and dry these discretely. In an ideal setting, it would be imperative to consult the Baghere women about their feelings towards menstruation and the difficulties and opportunities within this sphere. It is difficult and presumptuous of western designers to pretend that they can achieve a solution to a problem that is handled so differently amongst communities worldwide. However, this concept design aims to provide a safe and discrete area for women to wash and dry their reusable pads, in the hope that this will increase their attendance in school, work and presence in society. The design contains a discrete area for women to wash their pads in a large trough and hang them out to dry in a connecting ventilated room. The translucent plastic roof ensures that the sun can dry the cloths without the shame of displaying them in a public area. This guarantees that women can hygienically wash their reusable products without shame.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Conceptual Section

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Education Indeed, education is the key to the eradication of female disempowerment and the social stigma of menstruation. A UN study reported that most Senegalese women and girls “could not explain why periods occur and had no knowledge of the links between menstrual cycle and sexual and reproductive health” (UN Women and WSSCC, 2015, P. 7). Women seem to understand the cyclical nature of the event; however, the bleeding is often associated with negative social and religious beliefs. Given that women are subordinate to males in this community, it can be difficult to receive education or even sanitary products as men have no knowledge of their specific needs (UN Women and WSSCC, 2015, p.15). In the design, we propose that elected female leaders will take seminars and meetings about the basics of the WASH principles, in reference to general hygiene, as well as menstrual hygiene. Although the process must be gentle, it is vital that the wider community are educated about the realities of menstruation in an effort to eradicate the myths that are currently subjugating women. The Women’s Centre will also hold small workshops where women can come together to produce reusable pads. The products can be distributed to community members and consequently sold to establish revenue and ongoing income for the centre. In addition, the centre will invite school groups to visit, who will be taught how to wash their hands properly with soap, in the hope that this will filter through into their households.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Flexibility of Space for Function and Needs The design is broken up into two main sections – private/lockable and public/open. The private area has been created in order to provide the women of the community with safety, privacy and security. When dealing with the uncomfortable and socially taboo concepts of excretion, faeces, and menstruation, it is important that women feel comfortable and protected within this space. The design aims to separate this area for women to decrease the likelihood of violence or harassment that women may typically face when conducting these activities (UN, 2011).

Nevertheless, it is vital that the design incorporates men into the process of education given their influence in society. Therefore, the centre boasts a large semi open space that encourages public interaction of all ages and genders. Moveable walls made of woven reeds will help to delineate the space when necessary but provide the flexibility when the entirety of the space is needed. Given the monsoon season, and the hot, dry climate, large eaves extend far beyond the walls of the building, creating expansive spaces that shield visitors from the harsh elements. These areas could be used for informal group discussions, or as an undercover area for dance or other cultural gatherings.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Flexible Space A.

Flexible Space B.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Flexible Space C.

Flexible Space D.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Women’s House Distinction Although we aim to draw on the traditional aesthetic of the surrounding architecture, the Women’s Centre will differ from the surrounding architecture in three main areas.

LIGHT

As the centre will generate electricity through solar panels, there will always be lit up areas to ensure the safety of all women who may need to use the facilities at any time of the day.

SEMI OPEN PLAN

This building aims to be seen as a community project, and therefore will act as a place of shelter, engagement, and refuge for all who would like to visit. It aims to encourage discussion through shared facilities whilst acknowledging traditional values.

PUBLIC /PRIVATE AREAS

The separation of space between public and private acts to engage with the wider community while targeting this aspect of safety and security.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Possibilities for Unintended Social Consequences The lack of community engagement and consultation opportunities negatively impacts on the appropriateness and suitability of this project for the women of Senegal. As designers, we are forced to rely on desk-based research and assumptions, however, it is important to acknowledge that these resources may fall short in reality. Given the social stigma and taboo around the topic of menstruation, it is possible that this design may not be suitable for the local community. As a group, we acknowledge this, and would hope that our design acts as a starting point to engage with the women as to how a space could be designed to enable a feeling of comfort, safety and suitability. The construction materials and methods lend themselves to the engagement of women. The project predicts that the men of the community with existing skills will conduct most of the manual labour and building work. This is to ensure that the local workforce is not compromised, and to respect the local customs of gendered work. It is suggested that the women would help with the prefabricated thatched roof, and the weaving of the moveable walls, that would target their existing skillset. Given the issues facing women when they use the bathroom, we have attached the compostable latrines to the lockable, private area of the women’s centre. This will allow women to safely utilise the toilets however, its proximity to the main building may carry over a smell. These latrines have been designed with ventilation passages in an effort to remove this, however, it is possible that women will therefore feel uncomfortable when using these facilities and choose other options. In an effort to tackle the issues with menstruation, the design specifies individual private rooms that serve to accommodate women who require discrete facilities to wash and dry their pads. This area is private and lockable and may only be accessed by women. Nevertheless, given the existing social stigma, it is possible that women may still feel uncomfortable or shameful when conducting this activity.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Architectural Expression This design was significantly inspired by the local vernacular of Baghere, and the wider Senegalese context. Mud bricks Mud bricks have been produced and utilised by community members on their own households, suggesting that there is existing knowledge and experience with this material. The size of the bricks are dependent on the size of the casting mould; therefore, they act as a flexible material to all designs. It is envisioned that the size of the bricks would compare approximately to a standard Australian brick, to help with ease of movement and construction. There may also be contribution from the women or children of the community given the relatively lightweight nature of the material. This contrasts with the use of sandbag construction, which relies heavily on the strength of the men in the community, particularly as the walls becoming taller. Energy Information System of Senegal reports that residential buildings represent 49% of the country’s total energy consumption, suggesting that these structures have a strong impact on environment (Toure et al, 2017, p.266). Mud bricks provide a good solution this issue, due to their natural and sustainable materiality, and their ability to “regulate indoor humidity” (Toure et al, 2017, p.266) The bricks primarily consist of soil, water, sand and grasses, which can all be locally sourced from the Baghere surroundings. Given the monsoon season and the wet climate, lime may be added to the bricks during production, which helps to stabilise the material by reducing the water permeability (Toure et al, 2017, p. 267). During the hot months of the year, ventilation and passive cooling is imperative, particularly in a community with limited electricity. In the below image located in the Tanaff Valley, one can identify the way the local community have used the mud bricks in a breeze block pattern. In this instance, the patterned voids in the wall allow the steam and the smoke of the fire to escape, whilst providing increased light and cooling to the room. In an effort to draw on the knowledge and experience of the local community, our design therefore reflected these principles and aesthetic.

Image retrieved from Balouo Salou – Tanaff Valley

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Bamboo and Thatched Roof Bamboo rooves are a common construction technique within traditional Senegalese architecture and are often covered with a thatched roof. These structures are typically made of ‘dry’ bamboo and are assembled on the ground. The prefabrication of this structure consists of several bamboo rafters which are joined together by a double ring of fibrous plants such as reeds (Pelmoine & Mayor, 2020, p. 359). Once joined together, additional bamboo stalks are embedded into the structure, increasing the stability and strength. To create a durable thatched roof that will sustain the weather, it was important to specify a well-built option that was also relatively easy to construct. The construction plan opts for the prefabricated method, whereby the straw is laid out in long strips that stretch the distance of the bamboo rafters. Pelmoine & Mayor (2020, p. 360) discuss the method of compacting the straw, following by the weaving of fibrous plants that are subsequently left out to dry in the sun. It can then be spread out on the base of the roof. This is laid out from bottom to top, and each strip must cover two thirds of the strip below to ensure the building is watertight. This method has been specified given its longevity and uncomplicated nature. It is estimated that it would have a life expectancy of 3 to 8 years, allowing the community to learn and teach these skills to the future generations in order to maintain the roof. Despite this specification, it is imperative to consult the locals to understand the methods and practices that are common and well versed in their community. This may enhance local engagement, and indeed draw on and harness existing skills that are present.

Image retrieved from Pelmoine & Mayor, 2020

Image retrieved from Balouo Salou – Tanaff Valley 41

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Woven moveable walls Within the flexible area of the design, it is important to consider that the area may need to the broken up into smaller areas for different activities. Therefore, the design draws upon local weaving techniques to implement lightweight moveable walls. This form of construction would aim to engage with the women of the community, who appear to have a stronger relationship and tradition with the weaving practices.

These weaving techniques can be seen in fences along the streets of Baghere, which clearly delineate the space without completely cutting one area of from another.

Using the following construction sequence, the roof of the building can be erected prior to the wall construction. This will ensure that the workers have access to shade during the hot, dry months and that the mud bricks are not exposed to the monsoon season should the project run over time. Further detail as to the construction will be covered in the following section.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Diagram of Construction Sequence

5. Mud Bricks

4. Thatched Roof

3. Bamboo Roof Structure

2. Timber columns

1. Concrete Footings

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References – Architectural Design Considerations AusAid DFAT. (2019). Risk and Safeguard Screening Tool. Balouo Salo - Home. (2021). Retrieved 18 February 2021, from https://www.balouosalo.com/ Pelmoine, T., & Mayor, A. (2020). Vernacular architecture in eastern Senegal: Chaînes opératoires and technical choices. Journal Of Material Culture, 25(3), 348-378. Touré, P., Sambou, V., Faye, M., Thiam, A., Adj, M., & Azilinon, D. (2017). Mechanical and hygrothermal properties of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEB). Journal Of Building Engineering, 13, 266-271. UNITED NATIONS. (2011). Women and girls and their right to sanitation. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/newsevents/pages/womenandgirlsrighttosanitation.asp x WHO. (2015). UN Water and Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organisation. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/2014/senegal-3-nov.pdf?ua=1 WSSCC and UN Women. (2015). MENSTRUAL HYGIENE MANAGEMENT: BEHAVIOUR AND PRACTICES IN THE Kedougou REGION, SENEGAL. Retrieved from https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/un_women_wsscc_menstrual_hygiene_ management_kedougou_senegal_2015_en.pdf

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iv. Construction Design Considerations Introduction In this section construction details of wall & roof structures will be shown in form of sketches and the construction process with diagrams will show the steps of how to build the construction systems of wall and roof. To meet the aim of environmental sustainability, two main construction materials mud brick and bamboo will be discussed. Finally, the Gantt chart shows the schedule of activities and the overall construction period will be 102 days and a BOQ based on similar project and assumption shows the final budget is (euro €14,890.90). The accessible locally resources are in the list below. Local Resources Financial resources

18,000 Euros

Human resources

· · · ·

Local women: as beneficiaries with the skills of agriculture, cooking and hand craft. Local men Local tradesmen Local builders

· · · · · · · ·

Clay Timber Bamboo Weeds Recycled solid waste i.e. tires for footing Water (scarce) Wind (ventilation) Solar energy

Natural Resources

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Social Resources

· · · · · ·

Local clubs Local religious dwelling Women’s clubs Local working places Dancing event? Local radio station

Physical Resources

· · · · ·

Trucks ladders Old tyres Tanaff petrol station Highways for transportation

Construction details: wall/roof structure ● Wall Structure: As the wall elevation, the external wall is made of double-skin mud bricks. According to a research in Senegal (Touré & etc., 2017), with the advantages of thermal, mechanical and hygroscopic properties mud bricks are common materials largely used in Africa especially in Senegal. However, this research concludes that mud bricks perform poorly in humid condition, so the double-skin method and ventilation design are adopted for keeping the building in appropriate ventilation condition. Another research from Sheweka (2011) indicates that mud brick bringing advantages including cost saving, thermal mass & ECO friendliness, self satisfaction and aesthetics. For sourcing the mud, local knowledge is important, ideally the mud could be collected from the nearby riverbank or dried swamps. With molds sized in 120*14.5*7 and based on the design, there are approximately 38.32m3 of mud needed for the project. According to Pelmoine & Mayor (2020) the mud brick moulding method is shown under and this is the method could engage local community into the construction because mud bricks can be manufactured by men, women and children, hence this method educates the local people which allow them to repeat the method for their own domestic construction in the future.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Diagram1: Procedure of manufacturing mud bricks According to previous design, a double-skin mud brick wall is to be built on the concrete strip footing and until the wall raised by 2 meters, there is a 1-meter bamboo frame with louvers as a screen to be installed above the wall, the total height will be 3 meters. To connect the wall to the round timber column flashing is needed for each five courses, besides the bamboo frame requires fish lines to tie the wall with 2 courses under and to tie with the round timber column. Wall details are shown below (Wall Elevation, Section View, Plan View, Construction Process)

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Diagram 2: Procedure of constructing wall system

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Roof Structure o Roof framework The roof is of regular rafter structure made with bamboo. The roof frame is to be covered by fibres and placed on the round timber piles without any special preparation. According to the study from Pelmoine & Mayor (2020), the local community can prefab the framework on ground and get started with assembling 4 bamboo stalks as main rafters. Due to the roof design of this project is a shed roof with certain pitch, so lashing these rafters as a square with a double-ring of braided plant fibres can make it a base where additional bamboo stalks slide into place. The second step is to place a second bamboo 50 cm next to the previous one. The roof frame should be placed on the timber pile until this repetitive procedure completes the structure. ●

Roof Covering According Pelmoine & Mayor (2020) there are 3 principal methods of roof covering: (a) straw spread on the roof, covered by a net of plant fibre; (b) straw woven in strips covered by a solid wood frame; (c) straw held in a clamp. To meet the long-term serving purpose of this project, the third method will be adopted for which the life span would between 7 – 20 years depending on the quality of the straw and thickness of the installation. The construction detail of roof system is shown below. o

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Diagram3: Procedure of construction of roof system

Bamboo selection, sourcing and treatment In many developing countries, Bamboo is one of the most traditional and utilised materials with applications in the construction industry (Sharma, Dhanwantri, & Mehta, 2014). It brings many benefits when using bamboo, for example the mechanical features of strength and lightweights make it easy to be used without finishing and processing. For the engineering perspective, it is resilient to wind forces and earthquakes and it is repairable if there is a damage. From the financial perspective, due to the accessibility and sustainability, bamboo is a relevant costsaving material for lower grade constructions. o

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

For using the bamboo there are three main aspects required: selection, sourcing, and treatment (HUMANITARIAN BAMBOO GUIDELINES, 2018). Selecting bamboo: ● Between 3-5 years, most species of bamboo would achieve their highest strength. ● Ideal nodal spacing of bamboo is between 30cm to 60cm. ● Cracks not through the nods or start from ends. ● No signs of insect and fungal attack.

Sourcing: ● From the community: can stimulate the community’s economy, provide better quality control because of self-use, using rural community’s knowledge of selection and construction. However, financial control is needed and training for quality control is also needed. ● From the local and reginal: easy to centrally control, conduction of inspection of suppliers, sources and etc, stimulation local economy. However, potentially impact local bamboo price in short term.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Treatment Natural Treatment

· · · · ·

Air curing Solar drying Water immersion Natural toxicants Smoking

Boron based treatment

· ·

Pressure feed systems Soakage based systems

Chemical Treatment

· · ·

External treatment Pesticides

Other Treatment Systems

· ·

Microwaves Lime Washing

●

Cost and Program o Construction Period & stages

A study about Senegal climate change shows (Dankelman, 2008) that due to the dynamics of strong winds from the westernmost point of the African continent the climate is dominated by two distinctive seasons: a monsoon season from November to June and a dry season from July to October12. The project has to avoid the monsoon season because the primary materials this project using demands the dry and hot climate conditions. For example, the mud

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

bricks need to dry under the sun to form its strength and processing bamboo also needs dry condition to complete. The construction period would start from the middle of February and end at middle of May so the dry season can be utilized most of it. Considering that the harvest season and sowing season might require locally voluntary labourers to work in fields, so the whole construction period is only assuming 4 hours of work per day. And the construction stages involves: collaborative design, approvals, site establishment, construction sub-stages and post-occupancy evaluation.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Gantt Chart The total construction period is 102 days where laborers only work 4 hours per day, to make sure the program considers the local efficiency of constructing so most of the activities are given more time to complete and some of them are even given double time than other advanced regions like Melbourne. Thus, 102 days is a conservative estimate which allows the project to have enough time to complete. o

Schedule of Works Task Description 1 Erect temporary facilities (toilets, tent/shade) 2 Site Clearance 3 Site setout 4 Exacavate for levelling, footings and water tanks 5 Strip Footing 6 Build temporary formwork for support 7 Premanufacturing of mud bricks 8 prefab of roof elements on ground 9 Load bearing walls (time consuming) 10 Internal timber wall 11 Plumbing rough in 12 Water tanks frame, pouring, masonry, curing 14 Exterior and internal wall finish (render) 15 prefabed Bamboo trussed installation 16 Roof tiling & insulation 17 Joinery 18 Painting 19 Fixing & hardwaring 20 plumbing trim 21 PV system installation 22 internal trim 23 internal finish & external finish 24 landscaping- soccer pitch, farming space 25 Furniture 26 Handover: communication, trainning (time consuming)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 69 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

5 5 2 10 4 3 20 49 20 7 5

4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 2 3

Critical Path Float

Cost (BOQ) It is difficult to set a precise BOQ for this project because there is little price information could be sourced locally, so some of the materials’ price are made on assumption with the reference from similar humanitarian projects (MID-TERM SHELTER FOR FORCIBLY DISPLACED CITIZENS OF MYANMAR) (Classrooms_Mbera Camp_Mauritania 2013-2014) (BENCHMARKING HOUSING CONSTRUCTION COSTS ACROSS AFRICA) Adding 10% margins and 10% administration fees on the net total cost is to give allowances for the potential waste and minor unexpected costs, so the final total cost should be sufficient to cover the project. Admittedly, one of the limitations of this BOQ is that there is no landscaping cost occurred in the process, thus to cover the potential cost from this section all the remaining part from the 18,000 Euro should be kept as retention money.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design Building Components Foundation

Details sandy soil

Footings

Concrete Strip Footing

Slab

earthed floor

External Wall

Lower wall

Internal Wall Roof

Water Tanks

Upper frame Lower wall Bamboo roof truss Straw cover gutter rainwater harvesting

Piles lighting system latrines

round timber piles Nopalu solar kit simple VIP toilet

Washing

sink-hand washing

Grey water system

shower Disposal-soak pit Grease Trap

Labour cost

Details

Unskilled labour

volunteer villegers

Skilled labour

hired builder/ advisors

Hamelts, gloves, safebelts Foods, water Tent/ shading Tansportation Trucks

Construction Materials compressed earth lean concrete 50kg bag to fill 12.37m3 (1600kg/m3) reinforcements compacted earth floor mud brick (clayey earth, finely-chopped grasses (22 × 14.5× 7 cm3, double skin) mortar bamboo frame timber wall (2m height) treated bamboo (multi size) straw bamboo gutters mansonry water tank, 2 coats of snad and cement screed on the inside, steel reo and concrete for

Quantities /

Rates /

396 bags

€8.5/bag

342kg /

/ /

38.32m3,

€20/m3 (assumption )

€ 562.00

€10/m3 (assumption) €2.87/unit / 150 2.87/unit 3 tonnes €10/t 21m €5.8/m

€ 30.00 € 287.00 € 1,000.00 € 431.00 € 30.00 € 122.00

usage prefab of mud bricks and roof truss, excavation, manual handling and delivery (4hr/day) advising, constructing joints, method educating

€ 3,366.00 € 2,167.00 /

3m3 100 units /

2 $100

bottom slab and top cover timber for toilets, nights, cloudy days for hygine and sanitation for hand washing (3 for females, 1 for man, 1 for kitchen) for bathing for collecting grey water and infiltration for recycling

Cost /

€ 200.00

16 / 3 €149/set 2 € 300

€ 251.00 € 447.00 € 600.00

5 € 15

€ 75.00

2 € 30 2 € 70 1 € 80 Building material total cost quantities rates no limitation 2 labours for

securing the construction daily usage temporary facilities for labours

(4hr/day ) safety consumption temporary facilities for labours

102days 10 sets 102 days

Details logistic

supplying concrete, reinforcements, bamboo

no cost 4.1 Euro/day

20 euro/set €10/day 1 € 100.00 Labour total cost € 404 total transport cost Net total cost Administration fee 10%

Margin 10% Total Cost

€ 60.00 € 140.00 € 80.00 € 9,848.00 / € 837.00 € 200.00 € 1,020.00 € 100.00 € 2,157.00 € 404.00 € 404.00 € 12,409.00 € 1,240.90 € 1,240.90 € 14,890.80

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The construction of this project would engage the local community and local resources through the entire process and the whole project would educate the local community with the provision of the construction process so that the residents can repeat some of the methods to optimise their own standard of living. The cost of this project is €14,890 which is under €18,000, even though with 10% margin and 10% administration fee there is potential to exceed especially when landscaping is involved.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

References - Construction Design Considerations BENCHMARKING HOUSING CONSTRUCTION COSTS ACROSS AFRICA (2019) Dankelman, I. E. M. (2008). Gender, climate change and human security lessons from Bangladesh, Ghana and Senegal. Farestudio. (2013-2014). Classrooms_Mbera Camp_Mauritania: Sixty sandbag classrooms in Mbera refugee camp. (http://www.farestudio.it/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/FAREstudio_ISM-Project_data-and-images.pdf) HUMANITARIAN BAMBOO GUIDELINES (2018) Pelmoine, T., & Mayor, A. (2020). Vernacular architecture in eastern Senegal: Chaînes opératoires and technical choices. Journal of material culture, 25(3), 348378. Sharma, P., Dhanwantri, K., & Mehta, S. D. K. M. (2014). Bamboo as a building material. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 5(3), 250-254. Sheweka, S. (2011). Using mud bricks as a temporary solution for Gaza reconstruction. Energy Procedia, 6, 236-240. Touré, P. M., Sambou, V., Faye, M., Thiam, A., Adj, M., & Azilinon, D. (2017). Mechanical and hygrothermal properties of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEB). Journal of Building Engineering, 13, 266-271.

Jakub Lewinski – Fundamental Concerns Yu Chen – Land Tenure Natalie Cain – Architectural Design Zhuofan Deng – Construction Design

Conclusion In conclusion, this report attempts to achieve a design solution for a Women’s Centre in Senegal. Through considerable research into the fundamental needs of women in Baghere, we established key areas with which we chose to focus our design. In addition to the basic needs of water and food, our design centred around the issues of sanitation, with particular interest around menstrual health. Our design attempted to empower women and girls through basic facilities that enabled them to go about their daily lives in comfort, safety and without shame. The construction of this ‘self-build’ project aims to engage the local workforce and capture the expertise of the community. Unfortunately, the lack of direct engagement with the women of Baghere remains a strong limitation of this report. Therefore, our proposal stands as a concept design that could act as a tool or a starting point when in consultation with the community.