Thesis | Decoding Prisons by Aditi Maria Mathew

Undergraduate Interior Design Thesis Faculty of Design, CEPT University 2021

Decoding Prisons Theories Of Punishment As A Factor In The Design Of Colonial Prisons & Its Influence on Modern Correctional Facilities

By Aditi Maria Mathew Guided by Dr. Seema Khanwalkar

For Bela Aunty, Dada and Rajiv Achan For giving me courage, drive and compassion

Acknowledgments This thesis would not exist without the constant guidance of Dr. Seema Khanwalkar whose insight and input helped transform this topic from an idea to a thesis. Her kindness, compassion and support made this subject a joy to study. I am eternally grateful for her discussions and conversations that made me think outside the box and beyond.

I owe a debt of gratitude to the Director-General of Prisons and Correctional Services, Kerala and the officers and inmates at Viyyur Central Jail, Kakkand District Jail and Open Jail in Trivandrum without whose help, cooperation and guidance this thesis would not be possible.

My interest in this topic was nurtured by my sister who made me question everything idea to enrich my understanding of the subject while also being my comfort and my parents for always encouraging me to learn anything I wanted.

The undivided support of my family; blood, bond, and Riverview, has given me everything I needed to grow and bloom and has made my journey at CEPT University and beyond an absolute joy and pleasure. I would like to give a special thanks to Saloni Mahajan, Maahi Devta and Shailee Patel for creating a safe space on a daily basis to discuss and exchange thoughts, ideas, insecurities and most importantly support each other.

Over the past five years, the batch of 2016 has been my comrades in both good times and bad to become my closest friends and my most interactive teachers. I would also like to thank my seniors who never failed to teach me something new with every conversation. I would like to give a special thanks to Prof. Kireet Patel, Amal Shah and Ishita Shah for their valuable discussions, along with all of my faculties over the past five years for their incredible discussions and valuable lessons without which I would have never become the designer I am today.

Declaration

This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other Degree or Diploma in any University or other institutions and to the best of my knowledge does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text.

I consent to this copy of thesis when in the library of CEPT Library, being available on loan and photocopying.

Aditi Maria Mathew (UI0116)

Student Name & Code No:

Signature of student:

Date: 30.04.2021

FACULTY OF DESIGN Aditi Maria Mathew (UI0116))

Student Name & Code Thesis Title

Decoding Prisons: Theories of Punishment as a Factor In the Design of Colonial Prisons & Its Influence on Modern Correctional Facilities

APPROVAL The following study is hereby approved as a creditable work on the approved subject carried out and presented in the manner, sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the degree of Bachelor of Interior Design for which it has been submitted.

It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not endorse or approve the statements made, opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies him/her to the requirements laid down in the academic programme.

Dr. Seema Khanwalkar Name & Signature of the Guide

WWW.CEPT.AC.IN

Dean, Faculty of Design

T +91 79 26302470 F +91 79 26302075

KASTURBHAI LALBHAI CAMPUS UNIVERSITY ROAD, NAVRANGPURA AHMEDABAD 380009. GUJARAT, INDIA

CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Aim & Objective Methodology Scope & Limitations Glossary

10

1. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

15

1.1. Crime as a Concept 1.2. Punishment 1.2.1. Retributive Theory 1.2.2. Deterrent Theory 1.2.3. Preventive Theory 1.2.4. Incapacitation Theory 1.2.5. Compensatory Theory 1.2.6. Reformative Theory 1.2.7. Utilitarian Theory 1.3. History of Crime and Punishment in Society 1.3.1. Hammurabi 1.3.2. Plato and Aristotle 1.3.3. Middle Ages and Christianity 1.4. Crime and Punishment in India 1.4.1. Ancient Law

1.4.2. Colonial India to Modern Penal Code 2. PRISONS 2.1. Concept Of Prisons

2.1.1. Prisons of the Past

2.1.2. Modern Prisons 2.2. Typologies 2.2.1. Organization 8

27

2.2.2. Archetypes

2.2.3. Levels of Prisons in India 2.3. Factors Of Study 2.3.1. Security 2.3.2 Location

2.3.3. Spatial Concept And Design 2.3.4. Appearance

2.3.5. Cells And Blocks 2.4. Setting A Comparative Spectrum

2.4.1. A Lower Limit - Oubliette

2.4.2. An Upper Limit - For a Humane and Reformative Space 3. PRISONS IN COLONIAL INDIA

49

3.1. Life In Colonial India 3.1.1. History 3.1.2. Demographic 3.1.3. Economy 3.1.5. Prisons 3.2. Colonial Prison - Central Jail, Viyyur

4. INDIA PRISONS TODAY

63

4.1. District Jail, Kakkand 4.2. Open Jail, Trivandrum

5. CONCLUSION

81

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

92

7. LIST OF FIGURES

95

6. APPENDIX

97

9

ABSTRACT Prison is a term synonymous with crime and punishment. Over the years society’s definition of crime and punishment continues to evolve. The idea that there are consequences to one’s actions is what keeps society running smoothly. But prisons are a largely unexplored avenue as the safety of the public was guaranteed and the prisoners were kept away behind high way not to be seen or heard from. There are 1401 prisons in India today, Out of which only a handful was designed after India’s independence from Britain at a time when the purpose of prison was very different. This thesis is a study into the theories of crime and punishment and their subsequent effect on the design of prisons in India in order to establish the importance of the interrelation between the factors that make a prison to the theories of punishment.

Keywords: Prison, rehabilitation, humane design, colonial India

10

INTRODUCTION

Crime has always existed from the beginning of time, but the way humans have dealt with it constantly changes and evolve. It reflects society’s priorities and it is often an example of the humanity of the community at play. Along with the evolution of the idea of humanity, the evolution of crime alongside punishment has been slow and antiquated.

Since the dawn of time, humans have seen punishment as valid compensation for the crime. It has been defined and structured that establishes prisons as the just form of punishment.

Punishment is a term that is innate to criminal justice. This is only because punishment is valid when certain acts are classified as crimes. Tracing and the history of society, we have seen that without punishments, it would have sometimes, been impossible to tame the barbaric, as well as violent tendencies of the public. It was used as a weapon named ‘punishment’, which the rulers used against their subjects to maintain fear in the minds of the public regarding the capacities and powers of their rulers. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough study,” 2020) Prisons hold a unique place in society. They are experienced from the inside and imagined from the outside. A prison complex is used to hold and house people who harmed others and need to be punished for the same. We often imagine a life of a strict regime inside, a life made to absolve a criminal of their crimes and with the expectation that the people who enter prison and come out reformed. More often than not, the spaces within do not facilitate this and often cause more problems than they solve. All prisons are designed for a purpose, a root cause that fuels their design and functioning. The prisons used in India today were designed and built during the colonial regime for the purposes of exercising control and fear over Indians. As a result, these spaces still follow the same cause and do not exist for the betterment of a community and its citizens. They were designed to separate people from their families and communities, place them in inhabitable conditions and make their lives themselves a burden. This was used as a deterrent to prevent people from participating in civil disobedience or protest that would in any way harm the British rule.

11

Prisoners are often put in inhumane conditions where they don’t have access to nature or natural light, they are often in compact areas which results in conflict and these prisons are often made from material like concrete, linoleum and steel which block light and reflect noise.

Human beings are moulded by their surroundings. They are moulded by the way they interact with the people around them. Prisoners are no different, they are shaped by their time in prison even more and given that most prisoners are not inmates for life, a prison should act as a space for rehabilitation and should have an environment that provides the same. In modern society, prisons are also viewed as places where prisoners can be reformed and are able to re-enter society with the assurance that their past is behind them.

AIM To decode prisons in India through the use of theories of punishment as a factor in prison design.

OBJECTIVE • • • •

To understand the changing state of crime and punishment with an evolving society.

To decipher the use and design of prison spaces.

To analyze the design of prison spaces influence of colonial prison on modern prisons To establish the use of the theories of punishment as an influencing factor in prison design.

METHODOLOGY •

• • 12

Understanding crime and punishment as a concept and developing and understand the changing state of crime and punishment in society and tracing its history through books and establish theories of punishment and their correlation to prison design through books and research papers.

Studying and categorizing prisons based on organization, archetype, demographic.

Establishing factors to study prison spaces and assessing their implications

• •

•

•

on the design of prisons and setting a lower limit and upper limit to establish a baseline to compare.

Utilizing the factors of study to decipher the use of theories of punishment in prison design Using books and journals to trace the history and context of colonial India and understand the influence it on the design of prisons from the past to the present.

Through three primary case studies, one built in colonial India, the second built-in post-colonial India and the third built for the idea of reformation in post-colonial India, to compare the three prisons.

Access the impact of the context at the time it was built, utilizing the factors of study to access its impact on the design of the prisons and the theories of punishment used.

SCOPE • • • •

The changing perception of crime and punishment and its manifestation as a prison.

The categorization of prison through organization, form, archetype and demographic.

The factors to study and its impact on prison spaces and the utilization of theories of punishment.

The influences of colonial prisons along with the context of the time and its impact on the design of modern prisons.

LIMITATIONS • • •

This study does not focus on the anthropological, sociological, physiological, legal, political and economic aspects of the subject.

This study doesn’t speak to the construction and structural aspects of prison design.

This study does not look at the crime committed, the segregation of prisoners or the hierarchy of the prison system.

13

GLOSSARY Archetype (Noun): A very typical example of a certain thing.

Barrier (Noun): A circumstance or obstacle that keeps people or things apart or prevents communication or access Cell (Noun): A room in which a person is locked up Change (Verb): An act or process through which something becomes different.

Colonial (Adjective): Denoting a predominantly characteristic of the period of the British colonies, Crime (Noun): An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law.

Jail (Noun): A place for the confinement of people accused or convicted of a crime.

Law (Noun): A rule defining correct procedure or behaviour.

Organization (Noun): The way in which the elements of a whole are arranged Prison (Noun): A building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial.

Punishment (Noun): The infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offence.

Security (Noun): Procedures followed or measures taken to ensure the safety of a state or organization

14

01 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 15

16

1.1. CRIME AS A CONCEPT Crime is often defined by its perspective; it depends on who you are in the situation. Crime in association with a sanctioned punishment depends on the moral sentiments of the society you live in. These define the laws put in place in order to control the proper functioning of the society and how it exists at the time.

Crime could be defined as a breach in the contract one would make with their community and going against that said community when you reap the benefits of it. These laws are often made by an exclusive group of people who may or may not match everyone’s definition of a crime. These can fall under three categories 1. Personal - based on morals defined by a private code of religion, virtue, ethics.

2. Contract - based on written documents that bind two or more people and hold them accountable to previously agreed-upon rules.

3. Civil - Based upon the rules collectively as a community that if followed,

come with the benefits of a group of people working together to improve the environment and well-being of one and another.

Civil agreements are the rules that if broken, have a previously agreed upon the consequence of prison which is also used as a sanction to prevent the act of committing a crime.

Time is an agent of change for the crime. It reflects the social order dictated by the people who have fluctuating ideas of right and wrong. It factors ideals of ethics, religion, politics, law and the sentiments of certain people.

Depending on who the person is in a crime, their role is different and that in turn is defined differently for each. For a student it is the explanation and interpretation of crime, looking into analyzing the crime and its consequences.

For a legislator, it is the definition and the articulation of a crime for a police officer it is the enforcement of the detention and furthers the apprehension of a criminal. For a judge, it is the process and the procedure of punishment. For the victim it is the loss of life, property, possession and the pursuit of happiness for the criminal, it is breaking the law. Crime, in general, can be defined as an act against the social order.

17

Figure 1. Flow chart depicting the definition of crime in society

In a primitive society, a crime would be a crime in instances of treason, witchcraft, sacrilege, incest or other sex offenses, poisoning and like offenses, breaches of the hunting rules.

Based on the time and community how the governing body chooses to maintain order. With the progress of humanity and the factors of social change that is, the advancement of the physical environment, demographic, culture, ideation, economics and politics, the laws would increase proportionately and in turn, the definition of the crime would be broadened.

This constant change makes the concept of crime fluid. The consequence of crime has in turn changed but not proportionately. Over time, crime has been put into categories that define its consequences in the terms of its severity, duration and physical environment.

Figure 2. Factors of societal change is proportional to the definition crime and punishment

18

1.2. PUNISHMENT Punishment is considered to be the consequence of crime. Punishment is a term that is synonymous with criminal justice. Certain activities are known as “crimes” due to the use of the word “punishment.” Without penalties, maintaining order in any culture would have been almost impossible. Over time, the mode of punishment has evolved along with the progress of the community. Punishment is rooted in the philosophy of lex talionis, that is “the law of retaliation, whereby a punishment resembles the offence committed in kind and degree.”

The following theories can aid in punishing people in order to keep society in order: • • • • • • •

Retributive Theory Deterrent Theory Preventive Theory Incapacitation Theory Compensatory Theory Reformative Theory Utilitarian Theory

1.2.1. Retributive Theory The Vengeance Theory is another name for this concept. It is the most basic means of punishment and inflicting a penalty on a criminal. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough study,” 2020) Although it is possible to divide punishments into various categories, all punishments are retributive in nature.

Desert and proportionality are the central concepts of retributivism, and they are often intertwined. The flaw that led to the accused committing a felony is referred to as a desert. The sentence must be equal to the severity of the desert in this case. Retributivism looks at a crime in hindsight, not for a crime that could be committed.

1.2.2. Deterrent Theory

19

In the Deterrent theory of punishment, the term means to cease from doing any wrongful act. The aim of this principle is to save the individual from committing another crime or repeating a previous one. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough study,” 2020) As a result, it says that the aim is to deter a crime by instilling fear; to set a precedent for individuals or the whole community by punishing the perpetrator. It examines the likelihood of committing a felony.

Deterrent punishments are aimed to prevent crimes in one of two ways, that is, specific and general. Specific deterrence aims to punish the individual in order to ensure the same crime. General deterrence goes along the same lines except that the punishment would be the same for every individual. For this principle to work the community has to understand the conceptual idea of the punishment they would receive when a crime is committed.

1.2.3. Preventive Theory The preventive theory aims at preventing crimes by disabling criminals.

Its objective is to transform a criminal, temporarily or permanently. Under this theory, criminals would be sentenced to death or life imprisonment.

The key elements of preventive theory’s form of punishment are as follows: • By establishing a fear of punishment.

• By disabling the criminal’s ability to permanently or temporarily from committing another crime.

• By way of reformation transforming them into a law-abiding citizen. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough study,” 2020) 1.2.4. Incapacitation Theory The term “incapacitation” refers to the act of preventing anyone from committing a crime by punishing such that future generations are afraid of committing the crime. Incapacitation occurs when an individual is removed from society, either temporarily or permanently, or when he is restricted. One of the most frequently used methods of incapacitation is the incarceration of the offenders and in the case of extreme situation, capital punishments are also implemented as a part of the utilization of incapacitation as a form of punishment. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough study,” 2020) The overall 20

aim of incapacitation is to prevent or in some cases restrain to take away the possibility of danger in the future.

1.2.5. Compensatory Theory The primary goal of criminal law is to punish the criminal and or aim to pursue his reform using all available tools and goodwill from the courts and both governmental and non-governmental organizations. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough study,” 2020) It must be perceived that offenders receive a fair verdict for the crimes they have committed and the disturbance they have caused to the victim and their families. The compensatory theory is the basis of this way of ensuring fair punishment.

1.2.6. Reformative Theory The Reformative Theory is based on a hypothesis. According to this theory, the aim of discipline should be to shift the criminal’s mindset through an individualization strategy. It is based on the humanistic principle that a wrongdoer remains an individual regardless of whether or not he commits a wrongdoing. In this way, an effort should be made to improve him/her during his/her lifetime.

1.2.7. Utilitarian Theory The utilitarian hypothesis of discipline seeks to punish wrongdoers in order to weaken, or “hinder,” potential bad behaviour. According to the utilitarian principle, laws can be used to increase societal happiness. Since wrongdoing and discipline are incompatible with happiness, they should be kept to a minimum. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough study,” 2020) Utilitarians recognize that a world free of corruption does not exist, but they strive to create one.

21

Figure 3. The spectrum of the theories of punishment and their origins

1.3. HISTORY OF CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN SOCIETY 1.3.1. Hammurabi Hammurabi was a Babylonian king who rules from 1792 to 1750 B.C. He set up a set of legal precedents called The Code of Hammurabi, for a variety of crimes and disputes that range for the whole spectrum of what is defined as a crime. (“History of Crime & Punishment | How Criminology Has Evolved,” 2016) It is the earliest record of “innocent until proven guilty” that continues to live through today. This code consists of punishments that are based on the criminal’s age, social class and gender, but the punishments weren’t always logical or proportionate to the penalties that the laws set up. This is the earliest documentation of the retributive theory of punishment.

1.3.2. Plato And Aristotle Early philosophers play a significant part in how we deal at crime and punishment today. They also help us better understand why crime and punishment are critical. They informed humans that the motivation for committing a felony should have an influence on the nature of the sentence.

Plato and Aristotle, in particular, were essential to our understanding of the interconnection between crime and punishment today. They helped us understand the importance of uncovering the intent of a person who commits a crime to ensure others don’t follow the same path. They also revealed that 22

crime and its consequences are often closely intertwined. (“History of Crime & Punishment | How Criminology Has Evolved,” 2016) •

•

Plato: Plato claimed that the predominant reason that people commit crimes were due to the lack of wealth and education. People who lived without sufficient wealth and who were uneducated, probably because they were unable to afford to get a full and complete education, would lean, more than others to committing a crime, most likely for their survival.

Plato strongly believed that wrongdoing should have consequences, but the consequences, that is, punishment should be proportionate to the degree of wrongdoing rather than the severity of the crime.

Aristotle: However, Aristotle postulated that punishments or compensation to a crime committed should be utilized as an opportunity to deter others from committing crimes. He believed that when criminals receive their punishment, it should be severe or impactful enough to warn the others in the community to never commit the same or similar crimes while also ensuring that the criminal, themselves does not repeat the offence again.

1.3.3. Roman Law The Romans were the first to define crime and punishment as simply human characteristics. Historically, the definition of crime and punishment claimed that punishing a criminal was “doing God’s work” and that committing a crime was the equivalent to sinning. (“History of Crime & Punishment | How Criminology Has Evolved,” 2016) But the Romans visualised crime as an insult to society as a whole and Roman Law was established to bring order and to maintain both the good and bad faith of society. Roman Law wasn’t too concerned about bowing down to religious deities and more concerned about maintaining a society that was safe, orderly and just. Many of the roots of Roman Law are still used in modern law and criminal justice in this century.

1.3.4. Middle Ages And Christianity The evolution of crime and punishment wasn’t always forward-thinking, in particular, it took several steps backwards in the Middle Ages when the rise of Christianity interlinked crime and punishment to religion again. This meant, as it was before, crimes were defined as being acts against God, and 23

punishments for these crimes were described as God’s work. The punishments were particularly cruel, severe and more often than not, inhumane because they were designed to remove the criminal of the devil’s influence. Historically, crime and punishment were violent and gory and including the type of punishment designated for a situation in which a person’s involvement in a crime was still unclear. (“History of Crime & Punishment | How Criminology Has Evolved,” 2016)

Figure 4. Timeline showing the history of the concept of punishment in colonial India

1.4. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN INDIA 1.4.1. Ancient Law An ancient law in India was defined by Hindu Law and Muslim Law. They were shaped by the rules of the faith of the majority that led to a myriad of consequences, that is, punishment.

1.4.1.1. Hindu Law

Under the ancient Hindu rulers, the criminal and civil administrations were run by Dharma Sastras. Under Hindu law, there were eighteen categories that were considered crimes; Gift, sales, bailment, damage of goods, defamation, breaches of contract, the trespassing of cattle, partition, nonpayment of debt, bodily injuries, assault and dispute between partners. Violent crimes were covered by Manu’s code which addressed actions of robbery, defamation, theft, violence to the body, adultery and assault.

In ancient India, monetary compensation was a common way of dealing with a breach of societal contract. Additionally, similar to Roman Law, they had

24

different punishments for theft such as capital punishment except for women and Brahmans.

The Travancore State Penal Codes were covered by three blanket principles that were followed until the implementation of the modern Indian Penal Code : • Tazeer – discretionary punishment • Hadd – penalties • Diyut – blood money 1.4.1.2. Muslim Law

Under Mohammedan Penal Code was defined by four broad principles : • Kisas - This principle deals with the idea of retaliation as a form of punishment, similar to Hammurabi. In general, this penalty was provided for crimes against people, also known as ‘Jinayat.’ Wounding, wilful murder, and maiming were among the crimes covered.

• Diyut - This is commonly labelled as blood money, which was generally provided as an alternative to Kisas as compensation for blood in cases such as murder. In addition, in cases of unintentional homicide and erroneous homicide, the suspects were sentenced to expiation and the loss of their inheritance.

• Hadd - These are punishments that have been developed with the aim of achieving justice and maintaining proper law and order in society. Hadd’s punishment quality and quantity were set in stone and could not be modified in any instance. It was sentenced for crimes like unlawful sexual activity or adultery, false accusations, highway robbery, and stealing.

• Siyasa and Tazir - Both terms apply to exemplary and discretionary punishments, respectively. In this instance, the judge had complete control over the quantity and type of penalty he or she would impose. The penalty for being classified as Tazir can range from exile to imprisonment.

1.4.2. Colonial India to Modern Penal Code Crime in India has been recorded since the British Raj and the punishment was set by the same for the benefit of a colonial ruler. All changed under British colonial rule; in 1833, the British government established the ‘Indian Law Commission,’ which was charged with studying the existing laws in India, the 25

jurisdictions of the courts at the time, and the foundations and principles of the new laws. This commission was supposed to produce a report and make recommendations for improvements and reforms that would be needed to codify Indian laws. The creation of the Indian Penal Code, which was submitted

by Lord Macaulay in 1837 and became law in 1860 after nearly thirty years of deliberation, was one of the most significant contributions of the Indian Law Commission. They also wrote at the same time, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1861. Most procedural laws came after this code.

The laws detailed in these Acts are based on the ideals of justice, equity, and good faith. From penalties for Sati, bride burning, abolishing untouchables, or infringing on human rights, there was a deliberate need to consider the people for whom this law was being written. These laws thus uplifted the underprivileged and offered a chance of justice for those who were trampled upon. Other laws banning the crimes mentioned above have also been enacted as a result of the Indian Penal Code.

26

02 DECODING PRISONS 27

28

2.1. CONCEPT OF PRISONS Prisons are the physical manifestations of the theories of punishment.

Over time the translation of these theories has evolved from acts of punishment to places of punishment to utilizing punishment to improve a person’s state of mind.

Prison spaces are unique because they are spaces specifically meant to hold people, tear them away from their freedom, against their will under the rule of a governing authority. More commonly used alongside a criminal justice system but have been used for the purposes of oppression, without the due process that is binding with breaking a social contract and making the punishment justified. It was brought in with the use of the written word and the implementation of codes that came along with it.

2.1.1. Prisons of the Past Prisons were initially used as places of detainment for people awaiting trial. It was the Romans that started using confinement as a form of punishment using metal cages, basements of buildings, dungeons and quarries. Most well known was the Mamertine prisons which was a network of dungeons that had deplorable conditions for the prisoners it housed. It was contaminated with human faeces, dark and damp. It was a penance before execution. Here, there was no daylight and no escape, prisoners were loaned for manual labour and then sent back to these conditions. Here there was no scope for reformation as the end of a sentence was marked by the death of the inmate.

Figure 5. Mamertine Prison in Rome

29

2.1.2. Modern Prisons The modern prison is influenced by the French philosopher Michel Foucault’s Panoptican theory which is a disciplinary concept that has manifested as a building with a central observer constantly watching over a large number of inmates in order to ensure good behaviour for the imprisoned. It is a model that was utilized for different types of prisons with different purposes and continues to this day.

It was first implemented by Jeremey Bentham, the panopticon prison was intended to reduce the number of guards needed to monitor a large number of inmates. This was passed onto the places the British colonized and essentially spread to the rest of the world.

Figure 6. Plan and section of a Panopticon prison designed by Jeremey Bentham.

30

2.2. TYPOLOGIES 2.2.1. Organization The overall layout of the prison is a factor that ought to be considered as early as possible in order to achieve the level of integration of the facilities that will aid in dictating whether particular spaces can be designed to share between prisoner groups, or if multiple spaces with the same function can be designed.(UNOPS, 2016) 2.2.1.1. Integrated Prisons An integrated prison has a large number of integrated facilities, usually limited to a single building. In this system, the prison is completely merged as a single operation and would be most appropriately to hold a prison population made entirely of high-risk inmates who have been sentenced to long-term sentences. (UNOPS, 2016) Here, there is no need for an inmate to leave the building to access any of the facilities and will have very few connections to the outside.

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the functioning of integrated prison

2.2.1.2. Cluster Prisons A cluster system has closely paired facilities in several buildings.

In this system, different categories of prisoner can be housed separately but share common facilities, a cluster system may be easier to manage than a fully integrated prison house with different types of prisoner categories. It may be appropriate to house a prison population consisting of prisoners falling under various categories. (UNOPS, 2016) Here the common facilities in clusters

31

allow interactions between the groups in a controlled manner and a change in environment.

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of the functioning of cluster prison

2.2.1.3. Campus Prisons A campus system has the least number of integrated facilities and it functions as a string of separate operations, spread out over a large area.

(UNOPS, 2016) There will be fewer shared facilities rather than in the cluster system, and the separation between them with each function will be distinct.

This type of system is meant for housing a prisoner category that has to be kept strictly apart, such as prisons with men, women, and juvenile detainees and at slightly lower security levels.

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the functioning of campus prison

32

2.2.2. Archetypes The Archetypes of prisons are mainly determined by the space planning of the cells and the movement of the people within, particularly the guards who have to surveil the inmates with minimum disruptions. These typologies often dictate the form and organization of the building.

2.2.2.1. Linear Linear jail design places cells along long corridors and around in acute angles, creating blind spots and a need to be monitored by a closedcircuit television or other ways of ensuring 24/7 visual surveillance. Because the facility is spread out over a large area, officers generally have a strict and scheduled path to patrol the areas, however, there is barely any interaction with inmates, other than enforcement and routine wellness checks.

Figure 10. Organization of cells in linear prison and movement within

2.2.2.2. Corridor Corridor jail design has cells lined in two rows with a corridor between them allowing cells to face each other. This organization creates a situation of prisoners monitoring each other, while guards would have to constantly watch over the inmates at regular intervals over an expansive area.

Here, there is more of a possibility of interaction with both the guards and the other inmates.

Figure 11. Organization of cells in corridor prison and movement within

33

2.2.2.3. Panoticon The prison archetype has a core principle of monitoring the maximum number of prisoners with the minimum number of guards, to create an optimized system for the benefit of the guards. The morphology of this form consists of a radial array of cells with a watchtower in the centre of this formation. The guards are able to observe every inmate at any time while remaining unseen by the prisoners. The prisoners would be aware of the constant presence of authority, not knowing when they are being observed.

This aims to create a sense of constant observation as a deterrent to breaking the rules of the institution.

Figure 12. Organization of cells in panopticon prison and movement within

Figure 13. Organization of cells in telephone prison and movement within

2.2.2.4. Telephone

A prison built according to the telephone pole design has several wings or buildings constructed parallel to one another that are connected by a central corridor or passageway that divides the institution into two halves.

Here, there is a clear segregation of each cell. The guards would have to survey each row at a time. This organization of the cells prevents interaction between the inmates and exists for the convenience of the guards to maintain order.

2.2.2.5. Courtyard

Corridors lined with cells surround a courtyard. Housing, educational, vocational, recreational, the prison industry, and dining areas face

34

the courtyards. Each space has visual access through the courtyard. Here, surveillance of inmates is harder to manage as the proximity between each cell is a lot more than the others. The guards would have a fixed path to ensure each cell is covered while also surveilling the rest of the area efficiently. This formation allows a lot more access and freedom within the prison compounds for the inmates.

Figure 14. Organization of cells in courtyard prison and movement within

Figure 15. Organization of cells in Radial prison and movement within

2.2.2.6. Radial

Wheel-shaped configuration of the cells that allow surveillance from a central position while also allowing inmates to face each other. Corridors radiate like spokes from a control centre at the hub. The guards have to survey each spoke but can stand in a single spot and get an overview of the space.

2.2.2.7. Podular

Podular jail design features a central control area with the cells and the other functional areas surrounding the master area in a circular or pieshaped formation. The guards wouldn’t have to pace through long corridors to access the environment due to the clear line of sight to observe the inmates and the activities at any point of time.

This archetype allows interaction between inmates and guards when moving from pod to pod for various activities throughout the day.

35

Figure 16. Organization of cells in podular prison and movement within

2.2.2.8. Campus

In this archetype, the facilities are in separate buildings with open design that allows some freedom of movement. Units of the prison are housed within several complexes of buildings surrounded by a fence. Surveillance would be limited by the freedom given to the inmates and the layout of the prison.

The guards here would have constantly been monitoring their surroundings and would have to be able to respond to ever changing paths of movement by the prisoners.

Figure 17.Organization of cells in campus prison and movement within

36

2.2.2.9. Tower

The verticality of this prison archetype, that is, tower or gun tower offers stacking and a very predictable path of movement by both the inmates and guards creating an easy surveillance pattern. This system would generally aid in the housing of inmates that are violent, unpredictable and dangerous to those interacting with them. It allows visual access without physical access. the tower stands as a monolithic instrument with all its facilities integrated.

Figure 18. Organization of cells in tower prison and movement within

2.2.3. Levels of Prisons in India

• • • • • • • •

There are 8 types of prisons in India ; Central Jails District Jails Sub Jails Women’s Jail Barstool Schools Open Jail Special Jail Other Jails

Each divided up by categories of prisoners and are to be kept in separate institutions or in separate sections of the institutions, taking account into account their sex, age, criminal record, the legal reason for their detention and the necessities required for their treatment.

37

2.3. FACTORS OF STUDY Prisons have to be studied through its various aspects in order to ascertain whether it is functioning to its optimum condition and to establish if the prison itself is relevant to ideals of punishment of a flexible society. These factors are instrumental in assessing the environment of a prison for an inmate.

2.3.1. Security A person’s freedom is defined by their ability to live and move freely without the fear of being watched. The punishment for committing a crime is the loss of this ability to do this freely. Access and security are key factors in the design of a prison. It is the controlling force of the institution, how it is implemented changes the functioning of it. The outer barrier (L1) is the first barrier of control, it is an immediate indicator of the separation or supervision of criminals from the community. The inner barrier (L2) is the level of control with the prison. It dictates the movement of a prisoner, it indicates the facilities and freedoms provided to the prisoner. The final barrier, that is, the cell (L3), is the main controlling factor. It is the place a prisoner has most control within but no control of otherwise. The surveillance at each of these levels dictates the amount of privacy available to the prisoner.

• •

Location of surveillance Levels of access

Figure 19. Schematic diagram of levels of security and access

38

2.3.2 Location The location of the prison is an important factor in the design of the prison. The topography informs the layout, the facilities, the views, the climate and the proximity to the nearby society. Each of these affects the life of a prisoner directly. The location also dictates the relationship of the building with the surroundings, how well it integrates with the environment and the surrounding urban landscape. The location influences the typology of the building organization, that is a cluster, campus or integrated and how it interacts with each other.

• •

Prison isolation/integration with the existing built environment Characteristics of the immediate surroundings

Figure 19. Prison placed on top Figure 20. Prison placed cut of existing area out part of existing area

Figure 21. Prison integrated with existing area

2.3.3. Spatial Concept And Design The concept and design of the prison speaks to the cells and their immediate surroundings. It deals with the life of the prisoner and the design of the building and cell that surrounds them. Here, discussed are the characteristics, colour, motifs and views available to the prisoners and how it compares to the lives of the prisoners before they were imprisoned. It talks about the impact of these characteristics on the health and wellbeing of the prisoner. All of this helps ascertain how these conditions affect the life of the prisoner after their sentence and how it could positively or negatively impact the prisoner.

• • • •

Prison size/capacity Layout characteristics Form characteristics Daylight quality 39

• • • • • • •

Characteristics of building materials Application of colour and artwork Correlation between surrounding and prison space Correlation between outdoor vegetation and prison interior Characteristics of urban furniture Analogy to motifs typical of the outside world Existence of bars Existence, appearance and visibility of the wall.

Figure 22. Schematic representation of the physical enclosure that houses prisoners

2.3.4. Appearance The aesthetics of a person’s surroundings affect how they feel about the space. Prisons cells are the primary place of stay for an inmate, the look and feel of it impacts the impression and mindset of an inmate when they first interact with it along with how it affects the mentality that one would carry through their sentence. The similarity in certain aesthetics of the surrounding urban landscape aids in forming a positive impression.

• • •

40

Design aesthetics Relationship with the immediate built environment Impression about the prison from the inside

(A) Typical home in the area

(B) Similar to a typical home in the area

(C) Similar to a typical home in the area with additional features

(D) Similar to a typical home in in the area without features of comfort

Figure 23. Diagrammatic representation of the aesthetics of the prison built form

Figure 24. Schematic of the relationship of the environment and the prison built form

2.3.5. Accommodation Cells And Blocks The cell is the space that a prisoner interacts with the most. It is their main place of stay. Everything about a cell affects their lives from the number of people housed within to the materials used, location of the windows and cell bars to the amenities available to them. This is space that shapes them and comforts them.

• •

Number of persons per cell Cell design

Figure 25. Schematic representation of the physical enclosure of cells that prisoners are kept in

41

2.4. SETTING A COMPARATIVE SPECTRUM To analyze prison spaces, a comparative scale has to be established to ascertain the position and possibility of any particular prison. A lower limit is a bad prison and an upper limit is an ideal prison. The lower limit is one of which the sole purpose is punishment through imprisonment with certain features contributing to punishment. The upper limit is based on features that studies

by Matter Architecture on the wellbeing in prison design: A guide that has aided in the reformation of inmates in prison spaces.

2.4.1. A Lower Limit - Oubliette An Oubliette dungeon prison is a good example of a bad prison. It is the manifestation of an early idea of imprisonment as a punishment. In the early history of prisons, going back as far as the roman empire, sewer dungeons were used to punish criminals where they were held for a long period of time in deplorable conditions.

Oubliette meaning forgotten was the place of imprisonment for the inmates that captors want to punish and forget about.

2.4.1.1. Security

Here, surveillance is minimal as there is only one way out, a heavy trap door on the ceiling of the prison, so this space is completely secluded and does not require additional surveillance on the inside. The inmate has no access beyond his place of imprisonment. while the overall organization of the building where the oubliette are located would have several levels of access, to the prisoner the only level of access they have which is the space they are held. Here, it would be L3 that is barrier 3.

Figure 26. Schematic diagram of levels of security and access.

42

2.4.1.2. Location

The lotion of oubliettes is generally underground within castles which are generally placed in the cut of vegetation on the property. The surroundings of an oubliette are dark and damp and generally have no view and never have any vegetation.

Figure 27. Prison encased within the existing area

2.4.1.3. Spatial Concept and Design

Located beneath the ground level, this prison is meant to house a single person with an allotted area of relieving oneself and the rest as living space with the expectation that the inmate would not leave the place alive. The form of the prison is cylindrical with a single, heavy trap door only accessible with a rope or later that would have to be dropped from above. This door is also the only source of light in an otherwise dark and damp place. Made primarily of native stone, metal and wood. The circumstances surrounding imprisonment don’t allow for artworks and personal effects. The prison has no view of the outside world but the characteristics are a continuation of the castle that it resides in. There are bars present on the trap door ensuring that the inmate can’t escape and the surrounding stone walls are high preventing scaling and creating a sense of intimidation with it.

Figure 28. Schematic representation of the physical enclosure that houses prisoners

43

2.4.1.4. Appearance Of The Prison As A Whole

The prison is dark and grey with the surrounding walls made of stone with either a stone or dirt floor, making it monotonous. The bars of the cell offers very little view of the outside and the other cells. With no electricity, it shows no existence beyond the cell.

(A) Typical home in the area

(D) Similar to a typical home in in the area without features of comfort

Figure 29. Diagrammatic comparative of the familiarity of aesthetics of the prison built form

Figure 30. Schematic of the relationship of the environment and the prison built form

2.4.1.5. Cell and Cell Blocks

Here the cells are isolated and meant for solitary confinement. The cells are designed to be as much of a punishment as possible going beyond imprisonment but ensuring that the existence will be as inhumane as possible with devices of punishment placed within at all times with a designated area for the same. There is a wooden plank to sleep on.

Figure 31. Illustration of Oubliette in Section

44

2.4.2. An Upper Limit - For a Humane and Reformative Space Though this may not be entirely comprehensive nor be able to be utilized in every instance, in theory, the basis of this study is to ensure that all the facets that make a prisoner space function beyond punishment through imprisonment. Here, each factor would ideally aid in reformation.

2.4.2.1. Security

Here, there would be fewer internal barriers and walls restricting the movements of inmates, with a clear demarcation of limitations. Utilizing modern technology, monitoring of inmates can be done through electronic devices. This allows inmates a level of autonomy and self-efficiency along with privacy, creating a comfortable environment. The lack of physical barriers would also promote interaction within the prison ensuring interaction.

Figure 32. Schematic diagram of levels of security and access.

Figure 33. Prison integrated with existing area

2.4.2.2. Location

The location should be within the proximity of a local community but further away to ensure enough freedom within the main wall. The prison would be integrated within the local vegetation and should cover enough of the area to be visible from each holding area. The scale of the area should be proportionate to the function and should be abundant enough to house outdoor activities as well. ( Figure 33 )

45

2.4.2.3. Spatial Concept and Design

The size of the prison built forms should be proportionate to the functions within. The capacity of the prison should ensure that each inmate has sufficient privacy and personal space. The layout would give way to future changes while ensuring that the external spaces are clearly defined and internal spaces with fewer barriers to allow free movement. The buildings itself should be softer in their form with a less intimidating scale. It should be well lit with natural light with staggered and varied plan forms and a view of the vegetation around. The materials used should be lighter, using materials such as glass, cork and wood and ones that are native to the area to aid in the adaptation of the sudden change in environment. The spaces used by inmates should have stimulating artwork. The utilization of bars should be minimal.

Figure 34. Schematic representation of the physical enclosure that houses prisoners in an ideal situation

2.4.2.4. Appearance Of The Prison As A Whole

The prison should be well lit with a scale that does not intimidate an inmate upon entry. It should resemble the architecture in the area to avoid the impact of a sudden change in the environment. It should be integrated with the vegetation around it. The use of colour, shapes, materials and variety can enhance the environment and can take away the effect of a large institution.

46

(A) Typical home in the area

(B) Similar to a typical home in the area

(C) Similar to a typical home in the area with additional features

Figure 35. Diagrammatic comparative of the familiarity of aesthetics of the prison built form

Figure 36. Schematic of the relationship between the environment and the prison built form

2.4.2.5. Cell and Cell Blocks

The cells should be well lit with as many features that allow personalization, making them more comfortable. The inmates should have control over the atmospheric conditions within the cell and should be able to adapt to more than one use. Each cell should have a window that has a view of the outside.

Figure 37. Schematic of the flexibility within the cell

47

48

03 INDIA AS A BRITISH COLONY 49

50

3.1. LIFE IN COLONIAL INDIA 3.1.1. History India was ruled by the British for 200 years, first by the East India Company and the British government after the EIC was abolished. During this period, the English took over every aspect of life in India. Labelled by Adam Smith as ‘A Nation of Shopkeepers’, they ruled and controlled to shape a nation for the prosperity and benefit of the British Empire. The British had direct or indirect control of everyday aspects of Indian life, a that has been carried over to present-day India.

During the rule by the British Raj, India experienced a loss of wealth and prosperity, a rise in taxes, especially in times of famine with the land used for cultivation divided up into food crops and cash crops, there was a shortage of food which led to an increase in the frequency of said famines had risen from every fifty years to every six years to every two years, to ensure the steady growth of the British economy. There was a rise in slave labour, particularly for the production and export of tea and opium. All of there were possible because of the way the British ruled which was put in place following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the Government of India Act 1858 made changes in the governance of India at three levels: • in the imperial government in London, • in the central government in Calcutta, and • in the provincial governments in the presidencies. (“British Raj,” 2020) These level ensured that the laws created were for the benefit of themselves and punished those who failed to comply with them. These deplorable conditions lead to the rise of nationalism and the subsequent independence of India from the British.

3.1.2. Demographic By 1600, the population of the region that became the British Raj had reached 100 million people and had remained mostly stable until the nineteenth century. According to India’s first census, taken in 1881, Raj’s population reached

51

255 million people with the betterment of agricultural practices and advances in science and technology.

Since 1881, studies of India’s population have concentrated on the overall population, birth and death rates, growth rates, regional spread, literacy, the rural-urban divide, cities with a million people, and the three cities with populations of more than eight million people: Delhi, Greater Bombay, and Calcutta. (“British Raj,” 2020) The British Raj had control over sixty per cent of India at its peak and controlled the others by ensuring they declare them as the Paramount Power that decides all foreign and military policy and pay them well in taxes. There were dire consequences in place to ensure they comply with it.

3.1.3. Economy According to contemporary historian Rajat Kanta Roy, the British economy developed in the 18th century was a form of plunder and a disaster for Mughal India’s conventional economy, depleting food and money stocks and imposing high taxes that contributed to the 1770 Bengal famine, which killed one-third of the population. (“British Raj,” 2020) The settlement of India by the British is cited by many historians as a significant influence in both India’s industrialization and Britain’s Industrial Revolution. In comparison to local Indian farmers, who were heavily taxed, British colonialism pushed the vast Indian market open to British exports, which could be sold in India without any tariffs or duties.

3.1.4. Legacy India has upheld the Central British institutions such as representative democracy, one-person, one-vote, and the rule of law by unbiased courts both before and after independence. It also held Raj’s administrative structures, such as the civil service, sub-division administration, colleges, prisons and stock exchanges.

The British colonization of India had a major impact on Indian history.

The English language, which became India’s administrative and lingua franca, is the most noticeable influence, supplemented by a mix of native and gothic/ Saracenic architecture. Similarly, India’s language and culture also influenced Britain; for example, many Indian words have entered the English language.

52

3.1.5. Prisons The society at the time existed to serve the needs of an imperialist ruler and the prison system was used to enforce it. The prisoner we used to maintain and control the population. In some instances to shame them. By creating deplorable conditions within the prison to break the will and spirit of political leaders and utilizing the fear of those conditions to deter others from causing issues for the ruling class.

Figure 38. Political map of pre- independence India

Figure 39. Basis of Indian economy

Figure 40. Architecture in colonial India

Figure 41. Prisons in colonial India - Kala Pani

53

3.2. COLONIAL PRISON - CENTRAL JAIL, VIYYUR

BUILT IN : 1914, Colonial ( Block A,B,C,D ) 2002, Post Colonial ( Block E,F,G ) L1 Wall L2 Barrier

BUILDING ORGANIZATION: CLUSTER ORGANIZATION, SEMI PANOPTICON

L1 Barrier Watch Tower Surveillance

BUILDING TYPOLOGY: Panopticon Archetype NUMBER OF INMATES: 530

Figure 41. Schematic representation of layout and functions of Viyyur Cental Jail

54

3.2.1. Security 3.2.1.1. Location Of Surveillance

Utilizing its cluster system design and a semi- panopticon typology, this prison has 3 watchtowers to observe the vast grounds. The prisoners are counted at the end of the day. Here, there are electronic surveillance cameras at each level of security, that is, L1 and L2. Each block has a single watch guard.

3.2.1.2 Levels Of Access

Each prisoners movement with the prison area is dictated by 3 levels ( L1, L2, L3 ). At L1 there is no scope for interacting with anyone beyond it. The L1 barrier is an indication of an inmate’s first signs of being relinquished of their freedom by being forced to bow down when they enter as the large gate has a small door for entry. At L2, there are points of access that allows freedom of movement within the compound, within each block and the rest of the complex.L3 is the barrier of the cell itself which allows the least amount of movement. Each cell has a lock that is placed in a niche in the wall that is inaccessible to the prisoner.

Figure 42. Schematic diagram of levels of security and access

Figure 43. Schematic diagram of surveillance

55

Figure 44. Entrance of the prison

Figure 45. Scale of the three levels of barriers

3.2.2. Location 3.2.2.1. Prison And Its Surrounding

The prison is located within the heart of the city, situated within a larger campus that has a park and other community facilities. The prisoner area is within the larger campus, yet isolated from the rest of the city.

3.2.2.2. Surrounding Characteristics

The boundary wall is surrounded by apartment buildings. Within the boundary wall, the cell blocks are surrounded by small gardens with some flowering plants and a small Eden surrounds the weaving workshop.

Figure 46. Prison placed cut out part of existing area

3.2.3. Spatial concept and design 3.2.3.1. Prison Size And Capacity

The prison complex has a total of 188 cells. The women’s cell block has a separate L1 wall and isn’t accessible from the main complex. The men’s prison has 7 blocks. Block A, B, C, D has 44 cells each for holding single cells.

Block E, F, G has 4 cells each that house a maximum of 12 inmates.

56

3.2.3.2. Layout Characteristics

The prison complex within its cluster system has a semipanopticon layout with the admin block as its centre. Each radial arm has a linear cell layout.

3.2.3.3. Form Characteristics

All the cells blocks are monolithic, compact whereas the facilities are in clusters around the complex.

3.2.3.4. Daylight Quality

All the rooms and cells dimly lit and have very little natural light entering each cell. Block E, F, G have larger windows and cell doors facing the north-side whereas, in Block A, B, C, D the cell doors face the south side but are shaded, the windows in each cell are covered with an artificial light source as there is no electricity within the cell.

3.2.3.5. Building Material Characteristics

The buildings resemble the area of the prison, built in native brick, mortar and wood. The Boundary wall is made of exposed concrete.

3.2.3.6. Color and Artwork

The Buildings are painted pale yellow, similar to houses in Kerala.

There are murals and paintings painted by inmates though are not seen from within the cells. These paintings are scenes native to Kerala.

3.2.3.7.Relationship Between Surrounding And Prison Space

The prison space is cut from the surroundings and keep the vegetation native to the area. Within the compound, walls are cultivated fruits and vegetables that are also native to the area.

3.2.3.8. Relationship Between Outdoor Vegetation And Interiors

Each room has a view of the surrounding garden from the door.

This would be an unusual view for a native.

3.2.3.9. Furniture Characterization

The furniture within the prison complex is made primarily of 58 57

wood, similar to the styling found in an average home in the area. Though the prisoners themselves have only a rug in their cell.

3.2.3.10. Motifs Characterization

The motifs are similar to the motifs existing outside the prison complex. The windows, roofing styles, the carvings are similar to the ones in the area.

Entry for Officers

Entry for Prisoners forcing them to bow down upon entry

Figure 47. Schematic representation of the physical enclosure that houses prisoners group and solitary

Figure 48. Impact of Initial impression of the prison upon entry at L1 and the its utilization as a method to relinquish freedom

3.2.3.11. Bars

There are bars at each level of security. L1 is made of metal sheet with no visual access. L2 is metal gates and fences with minimal visual access.

L3 is made of metal rods that are bound by metal flats, it allows very good visual access. The windows in Block E, F, G are all barred similar to the security bars put in homes in the area. The windows in Block A, B, C, D have bars with no visual access 3.2.3.12. Wall

The walls exist at each security level. The walls are all solid and allow no visual access.

58

Figure 49. Cell from the outside

Figure 50. Cell from within

3.2.4. Appearance 3.2.4.1. Aesthetics

Barring the exterior walls and the bars on the cells, the building is similar to traditional Kerala architecture. Following the design of the surroundings. The cluster organization is deliberate for the convenience of the guards, the cells themselves are reminiscent of an old prison cell.

3.2.4.2. Impression From The Inside

The cells are pale and grey, the walls, floor and grills are all monotonous. The bars of the cell and window offers very little view of the outside and the other cells. With no electricity with the older blocks, the window is covered with a light source and the cell door with a table fan, showing no existence beyond the cell.

(B) Similar to a typical home in the area

(D) Similar to a typical home in in the area without features of comfort

Figure 51. Schematic depiction of the similarity of aesthetic with the homes in the area and the subsequent removal of elements of comfort

59

Figure 52. Schematic of the relationship between the environment and the prison built form

3.2.5. Cells And Cell Blocks 3.2.5.1. Persons Per Cell

The cells are a mix of single and group cells. Block A, B, C, D are single cells and Block E, F, G has group cells that house up to 12 inmates each of these are larger in size.

3.2.5.2. Cell Design

The cells design is was designed during British rule. They are dull, isolating and take away comforts that are would be considered lacking basic necessities. The cells have a high ceiling with small windows with a small wet area for emergency bodily functions. Devoid any furniture and personal effects. Made of grey stone and concrete with tiled ceramic walls that echo the voices within. The cells are dark and dim with no sight of a world beyond it.

Figure 53. Cell space

60

Figure 54. Obstructed view of the outside from within

Section BB

Section AA

Plan

Figure 55. Illustration of single cells

Section AA

Section BB

Plan

Figure 56. Illustration of group cells

61

62

04 INDIAN PRISONS OF TODAY 63

64

4.1. DISTRICT JAIL, KAKKAND

BUILT IN : 2010, Post Colonial L1 Wall L2 Barrier L1 Barrier Privacy Barrier

BUILDING ORGANIZATION: CAMPUS ORGANIZATION BUILDING TYPOLOGY: WOMENS BLOCK - Corridor BLOCK A - Courtyard

BLOCK B - Linear

BLOCK C - Corridor NUMBER OF INMATES: 180

Figure 57. Schematic representation of layout and functions of District Jail, Kakkanad

65

4.1.1. Security 4.1.1.1. Location Of Surveillance

Utilizing its campus system design, this prison has no watchtowers.

The prisoners are counted at the end of the day. Here, there are electronic surveillance cameras at each level of security, that is, L1 and L2. The external wall of each of the cell blocks also is monitored.

4.1.1.2 Levels Of Access

Each prisoners movement with the prison area is dictated by three-level ( L1, L2, L3 ). At L1 there is no scope for interacting with anyone beyond it. The L1 barrier is an indication of an inmate’s first signs of being relinquished of their freedom by being forced to bow down when they enter as the large gate has a small door for entry. At L2, there are points of access that allows freedom of movement within the compound. L3 is the barrier of the cell itself which allows the least amount of movement.

Figure 58. Schematic diagram of levels of security and access

Figure 59. View upon entry

4.1.2. Location 4.1.2.1. Prison And Its Surrounding

The prison is located within the heart of the city, situated near apartments, cafes and the Cochin Special Economic Zones. It shares a boundary wall with its neighbours.

4.1.2.2. Surrounding Characteristics

The boundary wall is surrounded by native vegetation and apartment buildings. Within the boundary wall, the cell blocks are surrounded 66

by the gardens that provided fruits and vegetables for the prison and other outreach programs.

Figure 60. Prison placed cut out part of existing area

Figure 61. Cell Block and its surroundings

4.1.3. Spatial Concept And Design 4.1.3.1. Prison Size And Capacity

The prison complex has a total of 23 cells. The women’s prison has 4 cells in a separate block. The men’s prison has three blocks. Block A has 9 cells for holding a group of inmates. Block B with 6 cells, currently used as a quarantine ward and Block C has 5 cells that is for a single inmate each.

4.1.3.2. Layout Characteristics

The prison complex within its campus system has different layout characteristics depending on the inmates within. The Women’s Block B and Block C are in a rectangular layout whereas Block A has a rectangular layout with a courtyard.

4.1.3.3. Form Characteristics

All the cells blocks are monolithic, compact whereas the facilities are branched out within the prison compound.

4.1.3.4. Daylight Quality

All the rooms and cells are well lit with most of the windows being on the east and west side, but since the prisoners routine keep them outside from sunrise to sundown, this doesn’t affect them. The cells in block B, which are the ones utilized throughout the day and have the windows on the south side are blocked with the high boundary wall and the cell doors face the north

67

side allowing north light to enter each cell.

4.1.3.5. Building Material Characteristics

The buildings resemble the area of the prison, built-in native brick, mortar and wood. The Boundary wall is made of exposed concrete.

4.1.3.6. Color and Artwork

The Buildings are painted pale blue and yellow, similar to houses in Kerala. There are murals and paintings painted by inmates. These paintings are scenes native to Kerala.

4.1.3.7.Relationship Between Surrounding And Prison Space

The prison space is cut from the surroundings and keep the vegetation native to the area. Within the compound, walls are cultivated fruits and vegetables that are also native to the area.

4.1.3.8. Relationship Between Outdoor Vegetation And Interiors

Each room has a view of the surrounding vegetation from either the door or the window. These views would be familiar for anyone from the area.

4.1.3.9. Furniture Characterization

The furniture within the prison complex is made primarily of wood and metal, similar to the styling found in an average home in the area, though within the cells, there is no hard furniture, only a rug to sleep on.

4.1.3.10. Motifs Characterization

The motifs are similar to the motifs existing outside the prison complex. The windows, roofing styles, the carvings are similar to the ones in the area. Within the cell, there are no motifs.

4.1.3.11. Bars

There are bars at each level of security. L1 is made of metal sheet with no visual access. L2 is semi-porous metal with minimal visual access. L3 is made of metal rods that are bound by metal flats vertically , it prevents seamless visual access The windows are all barred but those bars are similar to the security bars put in homes in the area.

68

4.1.3.12. Wall

The walls exist at each security level. The walls are all solid and allow no visual access.

Entry for Officers

Entry for Prisoners forcing them to bow down upon entry

Figure 62. Schematic representation of the Figure 63. Impact of Initial impression of the physical enclosure that houses prisoners - group prison upon entry at L1 and the its utilization and solitary as a method to relinquish freedom

Figure 64. Approach to cells in womens block

Figure 65. Obstructed view of the other cells from within one in womens block

Figure 66. View from the outside of the individual cell looking in

Figure 67. Approach to group cells

69

4.1.4. Appearance 4.1.4.1. Aesthetics

Barring the exterior walls and the bars on the cells, the building is similar to a campus cluster in the same area. Following the contemporary design of the surroundings. While the campus organization is deliberate, the cells themselves follow an old prison cell.

4.1.4.2. Impression From The Inside

The cells are pale and grey, the walls, floor and grills are all monotonous. The bars of the cell and window offer views of the vegetation outside and the other cells. In Block A and the Women’s cell block, the cells face each other and in Block B and Block C the bars face the outside, giving a view of the day to day of the prison.

(A) Typical home in the area

(B) Similar to a typical home in the area

(D) Similar to a typical home in in the area without features of comfort

Figure 68. Diagrammatic comparative of the familiarity of aesthetics of the prison built form

Figure 69. Schematic of the relationship between the environment and the prison built form

70

Figure 70. Use of a courtyard to bring in natural light as seen in traditional Kerala architecture

Figure 71. Entry of light in the group cells

2.1.5. Cells And Cell Blocks 4.1.5.1. Persons Per Cell

The cells are a mix of single and group cells. Block B, Block C and the Women’s Block are all cells for a single person. Block A has group cells that house 6 people in the larger cells and 3 in the smaller cells.

4.1.5.2. Cell Design

The cells design is similar to prisons designed during British rule.

They are dull, isolating and take away comforts that are wouldn’t be considered luxurious. The cells have a high ceiling with small windows with a small wet area for bodily functions. Devoid of any furniture and personal effects. Made of grey stone and concrete with tiled ceramic walls that echo the voices within.

Light enters from the barred door and the windows. The view is obstructed with the use of vertical bars. The cell door face each other or the outside, creating a constant connection to spaces beyond the cell.

Figure 72. Illustration of plan of womens cells

71

Figure 73. Illustration of plan of group cells

72

Figure 74. Illustration of plan of single cells

4.2. OPEN JAIL, TRIVANDRUM

BUILT IN : 1962 BUILDING ORGANIZATION: CAMPUS ORGANIZATION AND ARCHETYPE BUILDING TYPOLOGY: A,B,C,D,E,F,G -BARRACK TYPE NUMBER OF INMATES: 350 Figure 75. Schematic representation of layout and functions of Open Jail, Trivandrum

73

4.2.1. Security 4.2.1.1. Location Of Surveillance

Utilizing its campus system design and open and campus typology, the surveillance is minimal. The prisoners are counted at the end of the day.

Here, there are electronic surveillance cameras at each level of security, that is, L1 and L3. The guards patrol the general are and supervise any excursions.

4.2.1.2 Levels Of Access

Each prisoners movement within the prison area is dictated by a single level ( L1 ). At L1 there is a barbed wall that differentiates the prison area and its surroundings. The prisoners are allowed to roam freely with this limited area, in adherence to their daily schedule. Each prisoner can access the facilities within and an allowed period of parole outside with their families.

Figure 76. Schematic diagram of levels of security and access

4.2.2. Location 4.2.2.1. Prison And Its Surrounding

The prison is integrated with its surroundings and is covered with a rubber tree plantation, several agricultural vegetation and natural vegetation.

A small part of the dam nearby falls within the boundary of the prison. It is located two hours outside the city.

4.2.2.2. Surrounding Characteristics

The boundary fades into the neighbouring plots which are generally family properties that is house and agricultural plots. The few buildings in the surrounding are built within the vegetation and are secluded for the next plot.

74

Figure 77. Prison integrated with existing area and merges with it

Figure 78. Integration of surroundings and built form

4.2.3. Spatial Concept And Design 4.2.3.1. Prison Size And Capacity

The prison complex has no cell but 7 barracks. The prison holds only men of “a fit age”, mean who are able to do manual labour. Each Barrack houses 30-40 each. Each Barrack has no barriers between them and allows free movement.

4.2.3.2. Layout Characteristics

The prison complex has a campus layout. All of the facilities are away from each other, ensuring that each inmate see different scenes on a daily basis. The facilities themselves surround the admin office, it ensures that all the facilities are easily reachable by the guards.

4.2.3.3. Form Characteristics

Each built form is built like a warehouse and each activity within the prison has a different building. There is a running theme across the campus that takes away the feeling of being forced to go to a specific place simply because they are told.

4.2.3.4. Daylight Quality

All the rooms are well lit and have natural light flooding into the barracks. They have larger windows and doors facing the north side whereas doors and windows that face the south side but are shaded. At night all the 75

rooms are lit by artificial light.

4.2.3.5. Building Material Characteristics

The buildings resemble the buildings in the area of the prison, built-in native brick, mortar, metal sheets and wood. The boundary is made of metal barbed wire that allows access.

4.2.3.6. Color and Artwork

The Buildings are painted pale yellow, white and blue and are similar to houses in Kerala. There are murals and paintings painted by inmates that are seen from at every nook and cranny of the area. These paintings are scenes native to Kerala along with art depicting pain and mental health.

4.2.3.7.Relationship Between Surrounding And Prison Space

The prison space is placed into the surroundings and the vegetation is a mix of rubber plantations, cultivating and native to the area.

Within the plot are cultivated fruits and vegetables that are also native to the area.

4.2.3.8. Relationship Between Outdoor Vegetation And Interiors

Each room has a view of the surrounding greenery from the door and windows. This would be a familiar view for a native when visiting a retreat or their native homes.

4.2.3.9. Furniture Characterization

The furniture within the prison complex is made primarily of wood, similar to the styling found in an average home in the area.

4.2.3.10. Motifs Characterization

The motifs are similar to the motifs existing outside the prison complex. The windows, roofing styles, the carvings are similar to the ones in the area.

4.2.3.11. Bars

This prison has no bars as a principle. It has barred windows in each Barrick but aren’t restrictive, they exist for the safety of those within not to prohibit them from going out.

76

4.2.3.12. Wall

The walls do not exist as a barrier at any security level except L1 where it demarks the end of their freely accessible area. The walls allow visual access except within the barracks which are for safety and privacy.

Entry for all

Figure 79. Schematic representation of the physical enclosure that houses prisoners and the movement it allows

Figure 80. Impact of Initial impression of the prison upon entry at L1 and the its utilization as a method to project freedom within

Figure 81. Approach to barracks that is open and ensures privacy

Figure 82. Interior of barrack

4.2.4. Appearance 4.2.4.1. Aesthetics

The building is similar to traditional Kerala architecture. Following the design of the surroundings. The campus organization is deliberate for the freedom of the inmates. The simple style melds in with the flora around it

77

(A) Typical home in the area

(B) Similar to a typical home in the area

(D) Similar to a typical home in in the area with fewer features of comfort

Figure 83. Diagrammatic comparative of the familiarity of aesthetics of the prison built form

Figure 84. Schematic of the relationship between the environment and the prison built form

4.2.4.2. Impression From The Inside

The barracks themselves are pale and grey, the walls and floor are all monotonous. The punctures in the walls offer a good view of the outside and the other buildings. The barracks resemble a cometary like set up which pillars in between creating an invisible demarcation for the four beds that fit within.

4.2.5. Cells And Cell Blocks 4.2.5.1. Persons Per Cell

Each Barrack houses 30-40 inmates who serve life sentences and are currently on parole.

4.2.5.2. Cell Design

The prison design was designed during post-British rule. They are dull, isolating and aim to maintain a lifestyle that values comforts with all of

78

the basic necessities. The barracks have a high ceiling with average-sized windows with a washroom outside it. There is a bed and a small cubby for personal effects for each inmate. With pale white walls that make the room’s light and bright with mosaic tile flooring that is usually there in an average home. There is an ample amount of light fixtures and fans per person.

Figure 85. Illustration of plan of the barracks

79

80

05 CONCLUSION 81

82

5.1. Concept, Theory and History Crime and punishment are terms that often interwoven, in order to understand one, the other has to be considered and studied through a myriad of factors. By understanding its origin, its manifestation can be understood.

The origin of what is defined as a crime has always been flexible and susceptible to the opinions and sentiments of a community at any given time. This ever-changing idea of right and wrong set the limits for the fabric of society. It is the root of the laws put in place to officially dictates what acts are crimes and it that is a breach of societal contract and its implication that may vary depending on a person’s role or position in the community.

However, while the definition of what constitutes a crime may change, the idea that the consequence of committing a crime has always existed, that is, punishment. Punishment was labeled as a weapon that governing bodies used to maintain order through the fear of the consequences of committing a crime.

While the definitions of right and wrong define the limits of the fabric of society, fear of punishment maintains it. The powers of the time dictate their facets to shaped the communities with the laws put in place. These laws are justified by the theories of punishment that speaks to how punishment can manifest. The predetermined consequences of committing a crime can be considered retributive, deterrent, preventive, incapacitation, compensative, reformative or utilitarian depending on the kind of punishment they are sentenced to. Laws are shaped to be retributive that is equal compensation as punishment, deterrent that is to prevent a crime by creating the fear of objective; to send an example, preventive seeks to prevent prospective crimes by disabling the criminals. The main object of the preventive theory is transforming the criminal, either permanently or temporarily. Incapacitation meaning that removing the person from society, either temporarily, or permanently, or by some other method, which restricts him due to physical inability. Compensation is another theory that must be seen that the criminals should get a proper judgment for their crimes so caused and the harassment caused to the victim and towards their family members and property. (“Theories of punishment – a thorough

83

study,” 2020) The reformative theory looks at criminals as humans and deals with the probability that people are capable of being influenced into seeing the error of their ways and feeling remorse for it. The utilitarian theory acts by amplifying the joys of society even with the confines of punishment to maintain the Humanity of a criminal. The reformative and utilitarian are hypothesis that is constantly being experimented with constantly to find a humane way to deal with people who have wronged. Over time, philosophers influenced by politics, religion, economics and behaviours of their time have translated to the theories of punishment we utilize today.

The theories show possibilities of aiding in the rehabilitation of a prisoner or making their situation worse than it was. When implemented, a humane theory of reformation should be implemented alongside it to make its manifestation in order to be rehabilitative.

5.2. Manifesting As A Built Form The influence of these theories go beyond the written word, they manifest as a physical space in prisons. Prisons or their previous versions were designed with the use of a blend of these theories at their core. Initially starting as a space where people awaiting a trail to atone for their sins and feel the weight of their crime before being hung, slowly became a way to deal with criminals through a justice system that takes aspects of the theories of punishment to determine a fair consequence.

Prisons can be categorized through their organization, archetype and the demographic and sentence of people who are housed there. These characterizations aid in connecting the dots between how they fit with one and another to become a fair system of justice. However, the intent has not physically manifested to ensure that the people within are treated humanely.

By treating prisons as places of punishment alone through the theories of punishment. Therefore, by categorizing the prisons through the theories of punishment used to design it, we get an insight into the life that a prisoner would lead in it and how qualities of the spaces within prison impact the prisoner.

84

5.3. Deciphering Punishment In Spaces Spaces of punishment of the different types need to be categorized based on their organization and archetype based on cell organization and movement within the building. This becomes the first stage of studying spaces of punishment. But to study the spatial manifestations of punishment, the elements that differentiate a space from a place of punishment must be looked at. This research looks particularly into the following factors : 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Security Location Spatial concept and design Appearance Cells

Each of these factors directly influences the life of a prisoner and shape their environment in the time they are there. By breaking down each of them into how they influence an inmate and what form of punishment exists within it, identifying the root of any issues it may cause or the merits of each become clear.

The Supreme Court of India laid down 3 broad principles regarding imprisonment and punishment 1. A person in prison doesn’t become a non-person 2. A person in prison is entitled to human rights within the limitation of imprisonments 3. There is no justification for aggravating the suffering already inherent in the process of incarceration Incarceration brings about inherent qualities that each factor will have in a prison setting that are associated with the theories of punishment but the physical qualities of each prison show the utilization of other theories of punishment.

By connecting the theories of punishment and the physical qualities that make it a punishment, the differentiation of the qualities that are beneficial to a

85

prisoner for the reformation of a prisoner and the ones that are not is possible.

Security in prison exists in for both the public and the prisoner, it exists as guards and as a physical barrier. For the public, it ensures that the prisoner is away from the rest of the community and unable to commit further crimes.

For the prisoner, it is can be viewed as a restriction for that is there for both their safety and as a to hold them against their will.

The utilization of security as a form of punishment brings about the use of the theories of punishment, that is Retributive as it a part of the penalty for committing a crime. According to the laws already existing in India this alone is the punishment, the separation of a person from the community for their sentence. The inmate’s inability to commit further crimes due to the physical barriers is the utilization of the incapacitation as a form of punishment.

The method of security, that is, the location of surveillance and the levels of access within prison, the utilization of other theories come about, allowing an assessment of the qualities that make it punishment.

The location of the prison is the most important factors, though not having inherent theories of punishment on its own, its selection and utilization shapes the implementation of the others. Though some prison are located in spaces particularly for its harsh conditions, that is in weather, topography and surrounding for the purpose of punishment, this would be It’s effect, that is in the topography and surroundings, should be looked into at the initial stage of the design.

The spatial concept and design and appearance of the cell and prison looks into the main features of prison design and has the most scope to be modified, both positively and negatively. Here, each characteristic has the possibility of being influenced by a theory of punishment in its application.

Punishment comes from a comparison to their regular place of dwelling that is their homes its surroundings. Inherently, the theory of punishment here is incapacitation. The design of the prison ensures that the inmate is prevented from committing further crimes.

To ascertain the state of a prison a comparison has to be made and in order to do so a range as to be established from the worst type of prison that is an oubliette to the possibility of a better one, established from the standard 86

guidelines created and a comprehensive study into well bring within a prison.

These limits depict the impact of a prison designed to only punish an inmate and ascertain that a prison can be a place of punishment while also being reformative.

5.3. The Past Of Indian Prisons Crime and punishment in India follow a similar history to the rest of the world from Ancient Law to Hindu Law to Muslim Law with an exception of the influence of colonial ruler. The British rule in India shaped the entire criminal justice system. The intent of this system was to serve the purposes and prosperity of the ruler while maintaining an unwilling population. The prisons built were made to create a fear of prosecution and the possibility of dehumanizing Conditions as a deterrent for those who seek to disturb the social order the colonizers created.

To study prisons in India today, this influence cannot be ignored, considering that most of the prisons that are used today were built in colonial India. At the time they were built, the utilization of prisons were meant for the purposes of preventing civil disorder by Indian citizen to the British ruler.

This lead to prisons being designed for the purposes of surveillance and punishment. Though the laws have changed the subsequent prison design has not. To understand this, a prison built in colonial India is studied using the aforementioned typologies and factors.

Central Jail, Viyyur (3.2) was built in 1914 and is still used to this day. Within the complex, there are 3 blocks that were built in 2002. Here the intent of the past leached into the design on the newer blocks to ensure continuity.

The security here is based on the constant surveillance of prisoners and depriving them of a sense of privacy. At each level of security, the physical barriers in place act as a constant reminder that an inmate is subject to the rule of authority. Here, the lack of movement allowed within these barriers are a punishment in itself. It is the manifestation of the preventive theory of punishment.

The location of the prison while centralized and surrounded by a 87

community still is isolated. The outer barrier used to separate the prison from the world around it, the solid with no visibility, so the location does not affect the life of the prisoner within. This is the utilization of the incapacitation theory of punishment, which is the removal of a person from the community to ensure that a crime can’t be committed.

The spatial concept and design in the prison have not changed from the time it was built, everything from the organization of the prison to the electricity available within the cell. The purpose of the prison was to break the will of a person put away and the lack of changes of the design continue to dehumanizing the inmates within. Here, the cells are small in size with pale gray concrete walls that sounds bounce off to echo, along with the the only window covered with an artificial light source. The door of the cell that is the bars is covered from the outside with a floor fan, allowing very little view of the outside. The prisoner has only a rug to sleep on he floor no matter the conditions outside. The fear brought about by the physical conditions of this prison is rooted in both a retributive and deterrent theory of punishment. The cell block itself is place in such a way that the doors of the cells facing the back of the next cell block. Though there is a small garden between them, they inmate has no visual access to it. The design of the prison has ensured that the inmate feels the impact of their isolation.

The appearance of the prison is externally similar to the older homes in the area with the pitched roofs and the materials used but an inmate hardly ever gets to experience its impact internally that is the cells, create an environment with qualities that are reminiscent of dungeons. Here, the similarity of the external environment is reformative while the internal environment is retributive.

5.4. Indian Prisons Today In order to understand the influence of a colonial ruler, the two case studies of prisons built post-independence had different intentions when built, one to punish and send the prisoner reformed, back into society and the other for the purpose of reformation and integration of an inmate into the community.

In the District jail, Kakkanad ( 4.1 ) which was built in 2010. The influences 88

of modern society is visible with most of the factors of the study.

Here, the security is at three levels. The outer barrier is keeping the prisoners from leaving by choice and therefore the use of incapacitation theory, within its boundaries at L2, the prisoners can move about freely, the porosity of the wall ensures visual access as well, bringing in reformation within the prison security. The intention of humbling each person who steps through a small door is made clearer with each level of access given.

The location is integrated with its surroundings, though in the heart of the city, it remains undisturbed for the noises of the surrounds. Foliage is there within each cell block and ensuring that greenery is visible from each cell.

The spatial concept and design in the prison show how even within a progressive location the prison blocks themselves are still reminiscent of the past, the lack of progress in the design of prison shows how the punishment of the past lives through today. The prison design, though in a campus layout, fails to create spaces that can be used for more than one function. This results in a repetition in the spaces that an inmate interacts with everyday. The materials used in the exterior look similar to the a home in the city, making incarceration the only for of punishment within this factor. The cells however are dark and isolating, though there are group cells, there isn’t any privacy avail to each inmate. The interior of cells uses subway tiles that each every noise made within and its pale gray colour dims the room. Every window has a view of the gardens around but the cell doors don’t bring in any light. Each cell has a small wash area but only a half wall, depriving the inmate of privacy. This design makes the daily routine of an inmate a punishment.

The the building are of a similar aesthetic to those that most of the inmates are already accustomed to. The views from within the cells are also similar to those seen in most parts of the city. This causes less of a disturbance in a shift into a regulated lifestyle and helps prisoners get acclimated into a new environment.

The Open Jail, Trivandram was built in 1962 and was designed with the intent of reformation.

The security in this prison has only two barriers, eliminating the second 89

barrier and partially removing the third, so that the prisoner can move freely within, making their daily life less restrictive, bring in reformation at this level. the L1 barrier, though still there, is integrated with the flora in the area, making the demarcation clear but removing it as a form of punishment through intimidation, hence bringing reformation into deterrence.

The location of the prison is surrounded by vegetation. This prison is one that prides itself on its contribution to the community with its cultivations from the rubber plantation and the fruits and vegetables grown there. This ensures a constant change in the spaces that an inmate uses everyday.

The building themselves are laid off in a campus organization that separates the different functions with the materials and motifs used natively.

The multi-functionality of each space allows a variety of activities within the space. Each of these spaces are well lit and have multiple windows with different views. This prison removes the concept of incapacitation except with the restriction of the outer barrier by not having bars on the main place of dwelling. There aren’t cells in this prison but rather barracks where there is constant interaction for the prisoners. Each prisoner has a small area that is there own.

The environment of this prison is more open and inclusive to the idea that a full lifestyle that includes a routine, socializing, work and leisure time and the spaces that provide it change the mentality of a prisoner residing here making them value the life they get glimpses of, evident in the utilitarian theory with reformation.

5.5. Inferences •

•

•

90

The case studies show a clear comparison of how the theories of punishment used to design the prison at each of the established factors change the outcome for the inmates within.

The case studies also revealed that the method of utilizing a single theory or a combination of theories aren’t the driving forces that go into designing a prison complex and are equal with each factor is incorrect.

It revealed that the theory of punishment used with each factor varies depending on the purposes of the prison, the criminals within and the

•

•

• •

sentence that they have been given.

The intent of the prison system by colonial ruler and modern society is very clearly different and the spatial manifestation of the form of punishment should evolve alongside it.

By decoding these factors, we are able to access the quality of life for the prisoner within and the impact it has on their wellbeing as well as their reformation. The evolution of the design of prison has already revealed how that the time and moment in society in which the prison was built have changed the outcome for the prisoner.

It shows that space informs the function and how have spaces that are flexible allows more activities to happen.

As seen in case study 3.2 and 4.1, the design of the prison alters aspects of daily routine, integrating punishment into the day to day aspects of a human life. In 4.2, it shows how it is possible for a prison to instead bring rehabilitation into the routine of an inmate through the design of the spaces.

5.6. Future Possibilities •

•

•

This method of research, that is decoding the use of theories of punishment with the spatial factors, to ascertain what qualities of a space makes it a punishment and which ones are rehabilitative.

By using a theory of punishment in combination with the concept of reformation, spaces can be designed to specifically target rehabilitation into the punishment.

This method of study aids in identifying spaces that cause undue punishment to a prisoner and revealing the possibilities of rehabilitation in an existing prison.

Most prisoners don’t spend the whole of their life after being convicted in prison. They are expected to serve their time and rejoin a society that has reformed citizens. By improving the conditions of their places of punishment to aid in their rehabilitation, the prisoner, as well as the community, is served.

91

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books •

Nirmala. G.Zegeye S.(2012).The Concept of Crime.Abbysinia Law.

•

Dostoevsky, F. (1866). Crime and Punishment. The Russian Messenger.

•

Evans, R. (1982). The fabrication of virtue. Cambridge University Press.

•

Fraizer, J. (2017). The Tower: Prison architecture and the verticality of carcerality. Eastern Kentucky University.

•

Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Penguin Book Ltd.

•

Hasan, M. (2016). Roads to Freedom: Prisoners in Colonial India. Oxford University Press

•

López. M. (2014). How to build for success: prison design and infrastructure as a tool for rehabilitation. Penal Reform International.

Videos •

Connolly, P. (2016). Inside the World’s Toughest Prisons. Channel 5.

•

Haubursin, C., Barton G. (2019). How Norway designed a more humane prison. Vox.

•

Sanayal, N. (2016). Humanising Prisons For a Better World. TEDxBhilwara

Papers •

López. M. (2014). How to build for success: prison design and infrastructure as a tool for rehabilitation. Penal Reform International.

92

•

UNOPS (2016). Technical and operational considerations based on the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). United Nations.

•

Sanayal, N. (2014). Rehabilitation Centre for Women Offenders: Reinterpreting the Architectural Typology of Prisons. CEPT University.

•

Origin of Crime in Society (Part I). (1881). The Atlantic, 1. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1881/10/origin-of-crimein-society-part-i/521400/

Websites •

8.1. A Brief History of The Philosophies of Punishment. (2020). Retrieved from

https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/ccj230/chapter/9-1-a-brief-

history-of-the-philosophies-of-punishment/ •

John, S. (2020). History & evolution of Criminal Law in India. Retrieved from https://lawtimesjournal.in/history-evolution-of-criminal-law-in-india/

•

Origin of Crime in Society (Part I). (1881). The Atlantic, 1. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1881/10/origin-of-crimein-society-part-i/521400/

•

Sahoo, S. (2020, May 30). History of Punishment. Retrieved from https:// www.legalbites.in/history-of-punishment/#:%7E:text=Exile%20or%20 banishment%20were%20the

•

Section 2.5: Theories of Punishment. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-criminaljustice/chapter/section-25-theories-of-punishment/

•

Theories of punishment – a thorough study. (2020). Retrieved from https://

93

blog.ipleaders.in/theories-of-punishment-a-thorough-study/ •

Wilkson, T. (2018). Typology: Prison. Retrieved from https://www. architectural-review.com/essays/typology/typology-prison

•

History of Crime & Punishment | How Criminology Has Evolved. (2016).

Retrieved punishment

94

from

https://www.volocars.com/blog/history-of-crime-and-

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 5 : [Photograph]. (2009). The Mamertine Prison in Rome, with an altar commemorating the imprisonment of Saints Peter and Paul there.

Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamertine_Prison#/media/ File:Mamertine_Prison.jpg

Figure 6 : [Illustration]. (1791). Plan of Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon prison.

Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/ Panopticon.jpg

Figure 7,8,9 : [Diagram]. (2016). Typical prison layouts. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_ Mandela_Rules-E-ebook.pdf

Figure 31 : [Illustration]. (1868). Architecture. Retrieved from https://www. wikiwand.com/en/Dungeon

Figure 38 : [Illustration]. (2017). Pre-Partition map of India. Retrieved from https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/prepartitionmap.htm

Figure 39 : [Illustration]. (2017). Indian economy during British rule. Retrieved from https://www.vskills.in/certification/blog/indian-economy-during-britishrule/

Figure 40 :[Photograph]. (1981). British Architecture In India. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41373304

95

Figure 41 : [Photograph]. (2000). Kala Pani. Retrieved from http:// googlebliss.blogspot.com/2007_07_05_archive.html

Rest of the Figures : Made By Author

96

APPENDIX Using Limits In Case Studies Using a cartesian plane, a comparative can be created to assess the relationship between the theories of punishment and the factors of study using the upper and lower limits to ascertain the quality of life and the possibility of rehabilitation of an inmate within a particular prison.

Here the x axis can be used to pinpoint the theories of punishment from the most rehabilitative to the least and the y axis is the comparison to a bad prison and an ideal prison to set limits of the basic qualities of a prison.

The factors of studies would be the variables in this instance.

Case Study 3.2 y

2

2

-x

Retributive

Deterrent

Preventive

3

3

1

1

2

0

1 Compensatory

1 2

2

4

3 4

5

5

1 4 Reformative

4 1 5 Utilitarian

3

3

x

4

1 2

3 Incapacitation

2 4

4 3

5

5

5

5

-y

97

Case Study 4.1 y

2 4 3

4

2

4 2

-x

3

Retributive

Deterrent

3 4 2

2

1

3

3

Preventive

4 Incapacitation

1

2

Reformative

4 1 5 Utilitarian

3

0

1 Compensatory

4

1

1

5

1

3

x

2

5 5

5

5

5

-y

Case Study 4.2 y

2

1

1

1 2

2

4

1

-x

2

2

3 5 4 2

4

3 4 5

5 4 1

Retributive

Deterrent

Preventive

5 4 3 1 Incapacitation

5 3

0

1 3 Compensatory

-y

98

2 4

3

3 5

5

Reformative

Utilitarian

x

Surveys Conducted These Surveys asks questions to the prisoners housed in the prisons selected for the case studies. They are intended to understand the life of a prisoner through their sentenced and the future of the inmates once they hace completed their sentence.

Case Studies 3.2

99

100

Case Studies 4.1

101

102

Case Studies 4.2

103

FEEDBACK REPORT REVIEW 1 19th January 2021 Prison Design: Theories Of Crime And Punishment In Colonial India As A Factor In The Design Of Correctional Facilities

By Aditi Maria Mathew Thesis guided by Dr Seema Khanwalkar Reviewers: Kireet Patel Aparajita Basu Dr Seema Khanwalkar • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

104

Rehabilitation and prisons could be a contradiction Will have to take a stand on the idea of punishment as prisons shouldn’t be a resort References are interesting Conceptualize the idea of punishment Look at the prison as a space without crime as a factor Look the conditions of healthy living; physically, mentally, spiritually, environmentally and socially.

Study the spaces as an Interior Designer Try and leave opinions out of it Leave out labels Superimposing security and demarcations Look at how it creates typologies The organizations and layout Use reformers perspectives Look at drawings of Piranesi - Prison line drawings, Read what he meant through the drawings Look at the subtle way the lack or presence of an interior designer Look into the site, context and the evolution and formalization of prison spaces through images and buildings ( comparing the two ) Trace the kind of data that is not found - The societal perception of the space vs the unfounded and unexplored.

REVIEW 2 23rd February 2021 Prison Design: Theories Of Crime And Punishment In Colonial India As A Factor In The Design Of Correctional Facilities

By Aditi Maria Mathew Thesis guided by Dr Seema Khanwalkar Reviewers: Kireet Patel Dr Seema Khanwalkar • • • • • • • • • • •

Covers basic fundamentals of such a building in society.

Conclusion will become very important Based on priorities selected the framework will change Use standards, manuals and guidelines from architects who specialize in this building type Look at the functioning mechanism of the building Trace the minimum measure of a prison as a baseline Compare Panopticon and anti-panopticon prisons Look into the design problems of the study Use well being as a guide and cull out aspects as a basis for prison guide Compare a ‘bad’ jail and ‘good’ jail with respect to the functionality of the space.

Look at jail scenes in a theatre to compare its representation ( Sholay )

REVIEW 3 23rd March 2021 Prison Design: Theories Of Crime And Punishment In Colonial India As A Factor In The Design Of Correctional Facilities

By Aditi Maria Mathew Thesis guided by Dr Seema Khanwalkar Reviewers: Kireet Patel Dr Seema Khanwalkar • • •

Introduce a map of India at the time along with the main events that took place, the new establishments and how the periods was Bring in the origin of prisons Draw comparisons of bars used with the bars used to prevent crime

105

ACTION REPORT Review 1 • • • • • • • •

creating a comparative to address how rehabilitation and prisons could be a contradiction and set limits on the level of luxury given to a prisoner Tracing the history and use of punishment to conceptualize the idea of punishment Taking the factors that make prisons, spaces of punishment to study its spatial manifestation and qualities Considering wellbeing as an aspect of a good prison Superimposing security and demarcations as a factor of study Studying typologies, organizations and layout and its effects on a prisoner Using reformers perspectives to understand the impact of a life within a prison though books, interviews and surveys Tracing the history of prisons

Review 2 • • • • • •

Change in framework based on factors of study Using standards, manuals and guidelines from architects who specialize in this building type to ascertain a good prison design to study and compare Studying the functions of building when conducting field studies Setting a minimum limit for a Bad prison Comparing Panopticon and anti-panopticon prisons through its archetypes in relation to cell organization and movement.

Understanding standing the impact of the portrayal of prisons and the use of sets to assess the qualities of a prison through movies, books and tv show

Review 3 • •

106

Establishing a narrative about life in Colonial India Bringing the origin of prisons

VIVA ACTION REPORT 18th May 2021 Guide: Dr. Seema Khanwalkar External Examiner: Manvita Baradi Internal Examiner: Aparajita Basu Viva Chair: Amal Shah Feedback • • •

Orient aim to a single purpose Add sketches to case studies and more analysis of the spaces Connect the crime to the type of prison

• •

Explore narratives of prison spaces Make the conclusion stronger to clearly show the connection between the chapters Look at the study through cellular spaces Add chapter connecting punishment and prisons

• •

Action Taken • • •

• • •

Aim changed to show the intent of the study Sketches and analysis added to the case study The connection of the crime to the types of prison is brought about in the future scope as it is a limitation of the study, by using the theories of punishment along with the reformative theory to specific crimes.

Change in conclusion to show how the interior are affected.

The cells are studied through its spatial qualities and its use of the theories of punishment.

Connecting punishment and prisons in conclusion

107