Understanding the Speed in Sports by Adriano Vretaros

Understanding the Speed in Sports

Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach 2016 SĂŁo Paulo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.com

Speed in Sports - I ●

DEFINITION: ¨Complex action of conditioning capacity neuromechanical of the locomotor system in solving a task that requires quick response on the part of the athlete. ¨ (Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)

Speed in Sports - II ●

Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics): Velocity: distance \ time mα=ΔV/Δt * V2=v02+2αΔs ** ● ●

average speed

instantaneous velocity

Terminology SPEED

IS DIFFERENT

Acceleration

Speed Characteristics

●

Cyclic

●

Acyclic

Differentiating Speeds ●

●

Cyclic: motor actions with periodicals cycles of repetitions

Acyclic: there is no repeating cycles of movements

Factors that Affect the Speed in Sports ●

1) Biochemical Processes

●

2) Muscular

●

3) Brain

●

4) Kinematics

●

5) Interaction Between the Neural and Muscular Systems 6) Genetics

Biochemical Processes in Speed

●

ATP-PC ***

●

Anaerobic Lactic **

●

Oxidative *

Muscular Factors in Speed ●

1) Fiber Type

11) Pennation Angle

●

2) Viscosity Fiber

12) Connective Tissue

●

3) Muscle Elasticity

13) Fascicle Length

●

4) Intramuscular Coordination

14) Co-contraction

●

5) Intermuscular Coordination

●

6) Basic Strength

●

7) Maximum Force

●

8) Power

●

9) Explosive Force

●

10) Muscle Relaxing

Brain Factors in Speed

●

Marrow

●

Nerve Impulse

●

Perception

●

Decision-making

●

Volitional Function

Kinematics Factors on the Speed ●

Movement Technique

●

Coordination Members

●

Frequency Movements

●

Range of Motion

●

Relationship Levers Torso-extremities (Barbanti, 1996)

Interaction Between the Neural and Muscular Systems to Generate Speed

â&#x2014;?

Muscle Coordination (time relative to movements on the body segments) Muscle Activation (relative time of muscle recruitment) (Almeida, 2009)

Genetics in Speed SEX

Age

Composition of Muscle Fibers

BIOLOGICAL LIMITS

1) ??? 2) ??? 3) ???

GENETICS

Breed and\or Ethnicity

Anthropometric Variables

Speed Macro-manifestations

●

Reaction Speed

●

Movement Speed

●

Displacement Speed

Speed of Endurance

Reaction Speed - I ●

Simple:

●

1) Anticipation

●

2) Forecast: a) temporal b) spatial (Platonov, 2008)

Reaction Speed - II Complex: ●

1) Disjunctive Reactions

●

2) Differential Reactions

(Platonov, 2008)

Reaction Speed - III ●

Audio

●

Visual

●

Tactile

●

Proprioceptive

●

Mixed

(Vagheti, 2003 ; Platonov, 2008)

Reaction Speed - IV

●

Perception

●

Decision

●

Realization

(Nunes et al, 2006)

Reaction Speed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; V (Soares et al, 1987) MODALITY

SEX

AGE

Reaction Time (seg . 10 -3)

Track and Field

17,53+\-3,95

.192+\-.032*

16,20+\-1,93

.190+\-.030**

15,31+\-0,70

.201+\-.016

14,57+\-0,76

.203+\-.026

15,40+\-2,01

.200+\-.017

15,00+\-1,63

.206+\-.014

12,53+\-2,35

.221+\-.034

12,13+\-1,93

.228+\-.021

22,33+\-2,94

.225+\-.022

Basketball Gymnastics Swimming Boxing *F2.52=3.44. P<.05

**F2.84=6.15.p<.05

Reaction Speed - VI RS or RT? Cybex Reactor Â®

Reaction Speed – VII Volleyball: Cybex Reactor ●

Best Result POSITION

REACTION TIME

Opposite

0,005 ms *

Cutting edge

0,0998 ms *

Levator

0,1351 ms

Libero

0,4084 ms

(Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004)

Reaction Speed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; VIII Analytical Events 1) Start Signal 2) Excitement the Receiver 3) Driving Excitement Central Nervous System 4) Interpretation and Processing 5) Arrival at the Nerve Terminal

6) Electrical Stimulus to Chemical 7) Stimulus to the Effector Member 8) Excitation of the Muscle Fiber 9) Motor Response 10) Mechanical Activity

(Adapted from Rodrigues da Silva et al, 2007)

Movement Speed - I

â&#x2014;?

Frequency of Movement per Unit Time

(Weineck apud Santos et al, 2010)

Movement Speed – II Tests ●

Brady Test

●

Russell-Lange Test

●

French-Cooper Test

●

AAHPER Test

●

McDonald Test

●

Cornish Test (Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed – III Analysis of Cinemetry ●

Volleyball - Cut Ball Average MEAN

Ball Average SD

Fast Ball

MEAN

Ball

20,8

2,6

19,7

2,8

Fist

12,4

1,5

12,3

1,9

The Middle Finger

16,0

2,9

15,7

3,2

(Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed – IV Analysis of Cinemetry ●

Handball - Throw Throw Projection

Throw Throw in Projection Suspension

Throw in Suspension

7m shot

Mean

Ball

20,8

2,3

19,9

3,2

19,5

2,4

Fist

13,4

1,3

12,4

1,4

11,1

2,2

The Middle Finger

17,7

2,0

16,6

2,8

16,3

2,6

(Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed – V Analysis of Cinemetry ●

Futsal – Kick Ball Ball Ball Stopped Stopped Stopped (beak) (beak) (chest)

Ball Stopped (chest)

Scrolled Ball (in favor)

Scrolled S Ball Ball (in favor) (against)

S Ball (a)

MEAN

Ball

23,1

2,9

22,9

2,7

23,6

1,7

22,7

2,0

Ankle

16,4

0,8

15,6

1,6

15,8

3,1

15,5

2,8

(Loss et al, 1999)

Movement Speed – VI Kung Fu Yau-Man: Cinemetry Palm Blow Individuals

Mc (Kg)

Va (m\s)

Vbf (m\s)

∆t (ms)

V5 (m\s)

54,80

6,9

9,2

6,3

54,80

8,3

10,7

7,3

69,05

8,0

10,5

7,1

69,05

8,7

12,1

127

7,9

80,80

8,7

11,4

127

8,1

80,80

8,0

11,3

127

7,2

MEAN

68,22

8,1

10,9

106

7,3

(Pinto Neto et al, 2010)

Movement Speed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; VII Basketball: relationship speed precision shot

(Okazaki et al, 2006)

Movement Speed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; VIII Basketball: relationship speed precision shot Shoulder

Elbow

Fist

Short 2,8 m

Medium 4,6 m

Long 6,4 m

Short 2,8 m

Medium 4,6 m

Long 6,4 m

Short 2,8 m

Medium 4,6 m

Long 6,4 m

Max angular velocity time (s)

0,65 +\0,26

0,64 +\0,22

0,59 +\0,18

0,85 +\0,15*

0,84 +\0,10*

0,74 +\0,13*

0,82 +\0,15*

0,80 +\0,14*

0,72 +\0,13*

Max angular velocity time (%)

73,7 +\24,6

74,4 +\24,7

79,0 +\24,4

96,3 +\3,2

96,8 +\2,8

97,2 +\2,3

98,6 +\14,0

98,4 +\12,3

98,4 +\9,8

(Adapted from Okazaki et al, 2006)

Movement Speed – IX Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb loading in the serve - I ●

Kinetic Measurements:

●

1) Shoulder Force

●

2) Shoulder Torque

●

3) Elbow Torque

(Elliot et al, 2003)

Movement Speed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; X Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb loading in the serve - II Variable

Male Players

Female Players

Service Speeds

183 Km\h

149 Km\h

Shoulder Torque (MER) Peak Horizontal Adduction Torque Shoulder Compressive Force Absolute Compressive Force Peak Absolute Elbow Varus Torque

4,6%, 64,9 Nm*

608,3 N

3,5%, 37,5 Nm* P<0,01 6,5%* P<0,01 59,1%* P<0,01 363,7 N

78,3 Nm

58,2 Nm

7,6%* 79,6%*

( Adapted from Elliot et al, 2003)

Movement Speed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; XI Baseball Pitching Arm Cocking Phase

Professional Players

Elbow Varus Torque (Nm)

64+\-15

Shoulder Internal Rotation Torque ((Nm)

68+\-15

Shoulder Anterior Force ((N)

390+\-90

Arm Acceleration Phase Elbow Flexion Torque (Nm)

58+\-13

Arm Deceleration Phase Elbow Proximal Force (N)

910+\-140

Shoulder Proximal Force (N)

1070+\-190

Shoulder Posterior Force (N)

390+\-240

Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Torque (Nm)

109+\-85

(Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999)

Displacement Speed

â&#x2014;?

A Correlation Between the Velocity of a Given Distance

(Weineck apud Santos et al, 2010)

Displacement Speed Classic Version in Cyclical Activities ●

1) Reaction Time at the Start

●

2) Acceleration

●

3) Transition

●

4) Maximum Speed

●

5) Speed of Maintenance

●

6) Decelerating (Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)

Displacement Speed Classic Version of Acyclic Activities ●

1) Initial Body Position when Accelerating

●

2) Reaction Velocity

●

3) Reactive Force

●

4) Maximum Athlete's Strength Levels

●

5) Specific Ability to Accelerate of the Sport

●

6) Environmental Situation at the Time of Accelerating

Displacement Speed Cyclic vs. Acyclic ●

●

Cyclical Sport: Linear Speed= (Maximum Speed) Acyclic Sport: Linear Velocity + Multidirectional= (Functional Speed)

Displacement Speed Ground Reaction Force (GRF) ●

Propulsive Phase

●

Horizontal Force

●

Vertical Force

●

Total Force

●

Ground per Unit Body Weight

(Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)

Displacement Speed Moving Body + Center of Mass

●

Produces High Rates of Force Development (RFD) Tolerate the Resultant Ground Reaction Force (GRF) (Deweese et al, 2016)

Displacement Speed GRF - Examples SPORTS

WEIGHT OF ATHLETES

SOCCER

~70-85 Kg

AMERICAN FOOTBALL

~85-145 Kg

9,1, 18,3, 27,4 and 36,6 m

RUGBY

~80-120 Kg

10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 m

ACCELERATION DISTANCES 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m

(Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012)

Displacement Speed Coefficient of Friction with the Surface SPORTS Soccer

Interaction between Footwear and Surface Rubber over Grass

American Football

Rubber over Grass

Rugby

Rubber over Grass

Handball

Rubber over Hard Floor

Volleyball

Rubber over Hard Floor

Basketball

Rubber over Hard Floor

Track and Field Ice Hockey

Rubber over Synthetic Floor or Grass Steel over Ice

Artistic Skating

Steel over Ice

Displacement Speed The Coefficients of Friction - I

●

Static Friction (Us)

●

Kinetic Friction (Uk)

(Okuno & Fratin, 2003)

Displacement Speed The Coefficients of Friction - II ●

Low Friction Resistance

●

High Friction Resistance

●

a) Translation

●

b) Rotation (Nigg & Segesser, 1988)

Displacement Speed American Football: Surfaces Tested Surface

Artificial Natural

Indoor \ Outdoor

Approx. Test age (years) translation

Test rotation

Test trans. drop

N (KGB)

Outdoor

Indoor

Outdoor

Indoor

N (B.Grass)

Outdoor

Indoor

(Adapted from Kent et al, 2015)

Displacement Speed Coefficient of Friction with the Surface ●

Force Breaking Inertia and Rubbing the Surface

●

The Formulas:

Displacement Speed Field Turf (FT) vs. Natural Grass (NG) â&#x2014;?

n= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Players TESTS

FIELD TURF (FT)

NATURAL GRASS (NT)

40-yd dash times using ET

5,34 (0,30) s

5,33 (0,33) s

40-yd dash times using HT

5,06 (0,31) s

5,11 (0,29) s

Proagility

4,49 (0,28) s

4,64 (0,33) s

(Adapted from Gains et al, 2010)

Displacement Speed Analysis of the Time and Age in the Ranking 100 meters â&#x2014;?

100 Metres â&#x20AC;&#x201C; n= 2000 sprinters men

Value

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Mean

0,42

0,46

0,44

0,42

0,48

0,42

0,425

0,36

0,54

0,43

Maxim

0,59

0,56

0,65

0,61

0,60

0,61

0,65

0,69

0,56

Minimum

0,19

0,20

0,13

0,17

0,22

0,14

0,19

0,11

0,21

0,18

0,12

0,13

0,14

0,15

0,12

0,14

0,13

0,16

0,13

0,10

Value

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Mean

24,5

23,5

25,5

22,5

Maxim

Minimum

5,1

5,7

4,9

4,8

4,9

4,5

5,0

4,1

5,4

4,7

(Claro & Santos, 2012)

Displacement Speed Track and Field ●

N= 01 Female Sprinter

●

Repetitions Launched in Distance of 20 meters

●

Previous Acceleration of 30 meters:

●

11a. (2,32s)

●

12a. (2,29s)

●

13a. (2,26s) ***

●

14a. (2,30s)

●

Personal Best (2,35s) * (Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)

Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement ●

Force Hydrodynamic Drag

●

Propulsive Force

●

Floatability

Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS: ●

Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan)

●

Body Size Relative (Somatotype)

●

Wingspan-height Index

●

Diameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristal

●

Length of Limbs

●

Diameters and Circumferences

●

Size of the Feet and Hands

●

Swimming Technique

●

Frequency of Arm Stroke

●

Length of Arm Stroke

Displacement Speed Swimming - Water Displacement CRITICAL SPEED - Calculation: ●

De (distance end)

●

Id (initial distance)

●

Ft (final time)

●

St (start time)

●

CS (critical speed)

●

Δd= Δde – Δid

●

Δt= Δft – Δst

●

CS= Δd \ Δt (m\s) (Massetto et al, 2011)

Displacement Speed Swimming: Correlations between Energy Cost (EC), Speed Fluctuation (dv) and Swimming Velocity (v) â&#x2014;?

n= 17 elite swimmers EC and dv controlling v

EC and v controlling dv

Freestyle

r= 0.62 (p<0.01)

r=0.43 (p=0.05)

Backstroke

r= 0.55 (p<0.01)

r=0.56 (p<0.01)

Breaststroke

r= 0.60 (p=0.01)

r=0.86 (p<0.01)

Butterfly stroke

r= 0.55 (p=0.01)

r=0.51 (p=0.02)

Pooled sample

r= 0.39 (p<0.01)

r=0.16 (p=0.14)

(Adapted from Barbosa et al, 2006)

Displacement Speed Linear Speed in Soccer â&#x2014;?

n = 154 men players - First Division

Variables

10m

20m

30m

40m

Part-time (s)

1,76+\-0,10

1,25+\-0,05

1,16+\-0,04

1,15+\-0,05

Cumulative Time (s)

1,76+\-0,10

3,01+\-0,13

4,17+\-0,15

5,32+\-0,18

Speed (m\s)

5,70+\-0,30

8,04+\-0,29

8,62+\-0,33

8,73+\-0,40

(Pasquarelli et al, 2009)

Displacement Speed Speed for Functions in Soccer Distance

Defenders

Sides

Flywheels Midfielders Attackers

0 - 10

1,78+\-0,11

1,73+\-0,09

1,78+\-0,09

1,76+\-0,10

1,74+\-0,09

10 - 20

1,26+\-0,04

1,22+\-0,04

1,25+\-0,04

1,25+\-0,05

1,23+\-0,04

20 - 30

1,16+\-0,04

1,15+\-0,04

1,15+\-0,05

1,17+\-0,04

1,16+\-0,05

30 - 40

1,15+\-0,05

1,15+\-0,06

1,14+\-0,06

1,16+\-0,05

1,15+\-0,05

0 - 40

5,35+\-0,19

5,26+\-0,20

5,34+\-0,17

5,32+\-0,16

5,31+\-0,16

(Pasquarelli et al, 2009)

Displacement Speed Performance of the Speed in Young Soccer Players Performance

10-12 years (n=46)

13-14 years (n=49)

15-16 years (n=37)

10m sprint

2,18 (0,13)**

1,98 (0,13)**

1,77 (0,07)**

20m sprint

3,88 (0,23)**

3,49 (0,22)**

3,12 (0,24)**

10-20m sprint

1,68 (0,12)**

1,50 (0,10)**

1,35 (0,06)**

**Significant difference â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0,01

(Adapted from Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015)

Displacement Speed Soccer: Correlation between Explosive Power and Sprints of the Lower Limbs ●

10 m sprint (r= -0,74)

●

20 m sprint (r= -0,73)

●

30 m sprint (r= -0,81)

●

40 m sprint (r= -0,88)

(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)

Displacement Speed Soccer: Relationship of Vertical Jump to Sprint and Change of Direction Speed ●

●

n= 36 players - NCAA Division II Speed (10 and 30m), CODS (T-test, pro agility), Power (CMJ, SJ) Players

Correlations of Tests

Female

30m, pro agility and T-test with the CMJ (r=-0,502 – 0,751) SJ (r=-0,502 to -0,681)

Male

10, 30m with CMJ (r=-0,476 and -0,570) and SJ (r=-0,443 and -0,553)

(McFarland et al, 2016)

Displacement Speed RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V˙ max) achieved during a maximal 60-m sprint ●

n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs)

●

Forwards: Age: 23,5+\-2,0 Height (cm): 186,9+\-6,9 Mass (kg): 107,3+\-8,3

●

Backs: Age: 24,1+\-3,9 Height (cm): 179,8+\-5,4 Mass (kg): 84,5+\-7,9* (p<0,05) (Duthie et al, 2006)

Displacement Speed RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (VË&#x2122; max) achieved during a maximal 60-m sprint Initial Velocity (m\s)

Initial Velocity (m\s)

Vmax (m\s)

START

FORWARDS

BACKS

FORWARDS

BACKS

STANDING

8,50+\-0,47

9,43+\-0,40**

WALKING

1,97+\-0,55*

1,93+\-0,17*

8,49+\-0,43

9,43+\-0,45**

JOGGING

4,97+\-1,09*

5,61+\-0,51*

8,55+\-0,42

9,39+\-0,40**

STRIDING

7,14+\-0,37*

7,18+\-0,27*

8,51+\-0,39

9,42+\-0,36**

*(p<0,01) from standing

**(p<0,01) from forwards

(Adapted from Duthie et al, 2006)

Displacement Speed RUGBY: NRL vs. SRL 1RM SQ (Kg)

JumpSquat Sprint 10m Pmax Momentum (s) (W) (kg.s-1)

40m (s)

AG (s)

NRL

175,0 (27,3)*

1,897 (306)*

610 (51)*

1,61 5,15 8,89 (006) (024) (037)

SRL

149,6 (14,3)

1,701 (187)

570 (46)

1,60 5,13 8,94 (005) (0,17) (024)

Î&#x201D;, %

17,0

11,5

7,0

0,6

0,4

-0,6

(Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008)

Displacement Speed American Football: Sprints and Jump Abilities â&#x2014;?

NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176) GROUP

BODY MASS Kg (SD)

Wide receivers \ Defensive backs

92,2 (6,01)

Quarterbacks

101,4 (5,13)

Running backs

103,7 (7,85)

Linebackers

108,8 (3,80)

Tigh ends

115,2 (3,85)

Linemen

136,8 (10,44) (Robbins & Young, 2012)

Displacement Speed American Football: Correlation between Sprints and Jump Abilities GROUP

Vertical Jump \ Max Speed

Horizontal Jump\ Max Speed

Vertical Jump \ Acceleration

Horizontal Jump \ Acceleration

Lineman

-0,599 \ -0,429

-0,570 \ -0,327

-0,522 \ -0,292

-0,575 \ -0,324

Tight end

-0,529 \ -0,527

-0,246 \ -0,237

-0,061 \ -0,047

-0,357 \ -0,323

Linebacker

-0,499 \0,512

-0,438 \ -0,415

-0,066 \ -0,065

-0,368 \ -0,394

Running back

-0,414 \ -0,371

-0,295 \ -0,200

-0,304 \ -0,246

-0,522 \ -0,469

Quarterback

-0,618 \ -0,591

-0,334 \ -0,284

-0,291 \ -0,177

-0,230 \ -0,213

Wide receiver \ defensive back

-0,326 \ -0,307

-0,203 \ -0,050

-0,165 \ -0,197

-0,059 \ -0,194

(Robbins & Young, 2012)

Displacement Speed American Football: Anaerobic Performance, Muscle Strength and Sprint Ability ●

●

1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and 240/◦s) 2)- Anaerobic Performance (Wingate test) 3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12 × 20 m) tests. Correlation between flexion strength and peak power was indicated at 240◦/s 240◦.s−1 knee flexion strength and percentage of performance decrement from 10–20 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05)

(Kin-Isler et al, 2008)

Displacement Speed American Football: Sprint Ability (single and rRSA) VARIABLES

DISTANCE (m)

MEAN (SD)

Single - Sprint Time (s)

20m 0 - 10 10 - 20 0 - 20 0 - 10 10 - 20 0 - 20 0 - 10 10 - 20 0 - 20

3,12 (0,31) 1,64 (0,13) 1,35 (0,19) 2,99 (0,32) 21,16 (1,82) 17,96 (2,31) 39,12 (4,13) 7,83 (3,94) 11,59 (10,26) 19,42 (14,21)

Best Sprint Time (s)

Total Time (s)

Performance Decrement , %

(Adapted from Kin-Isler et al, 2008)

Displacement Speed American Football: Changes in the Athletic Profile of Elite College (Wide Receivers) Year

Weight (Kg)

Height (cm)

9,1 m Sprint

18,3 m Sprint

36,6 m Sprint

18,3 m Shuttle

Vertical Jump

1999 2001

89,54

186,54

1,59

2,65

4,56

4,16*

35,80*

(+\-7,11)

(+\-6,40)

(+\-0,05)

(+\-0,06)

(+\-0,11)

(+\-0,14)

(+\-2,85)

n= 143

n= 112

n= 89

n= 114

91,77*

185,32

1,51*

2,58*

4,47*

4,30

34,50

(+\-6,74)

(+\-6,10)

(+\-0,04)

(+\-0,06)

(+\-0,10)

(+\-0,15)

(+\-3,71)

n= 92

n= 73

n= 57

n= 67

2008 2010

(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)

Displacement Speed American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College (Summary of significant differences 1999â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2001 and 2008-2010) - I Position

W (Kg)

Center

Cornerback

Defensive End

H (cm)

9,1 m

18,3 m

36,6 m

Defensive tackle

Free safety

Fullback

Inside linebacker

Offensive guard

18,3 m Shuttle

Vertical Jump -

(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)

Displacement Speed American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College (Summary of significant differences 1999â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2001 and 2008-2010) - II Position

W (Kg)

H (cm)

9,1 m

18,3 m

36,6 m

18,3 m Shuttle

Vertical Jump

Offensive tackle Outside linebacker Quarterback

Running back Strong safety

Tight end

Wide receiver

(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)

Displacement Speed American Football: Players Ability vs. Line Players â&#x2014;?

n= 17 male players

Variables

Players Ability

Line Players

MEAN

40 yards without ball

5,38

0,22

5,88

0.32

40 yards with ball

5,40

0,21

6,05

0,42

(Adapted from Almas et al, 2012)

Speed in Sports Methodology Training - I

Why SAQ? (Speed, Agility and Quickness)

Speed in Sports Methodology Training - II

ABCS is not better? (Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)

Speed in Sports Possible Protocols Functional Training Maximum Strength Training Plyometric Training RMT (Resisted Movement Training) HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) Specific Ability to Sprint of the Sport Reduced Games ***

Speed in Sports Pedagogical Tasks

●

Different Processing Phase

●

Integrated Processing Phase

●

Exercises General Preparation

●

Preparation of Specific Exercises

●

Exercises (Local, Partial, Global) (Platonov, 2008)

Speed in Sports American Football: Olympic vs. Power Lifting VARIABLE

GROUP

PRE-Training

POST-Training

Body Mass (Kg)

90,3+\-13,3

91,0+\-11,9

91,3+\-11,8

91,6+\-12,4

175,0+\-21,0

197,5+\-31,5**

148,0+\-25,9

166,9+\-33,1**

4,95+\-0,17

4,88+\-0,22

4,94+\-0,16

4,90+\-0,19

9,36+\-0,44

9,21+\-0,54

9,42+\-0,38

9,23+\-0,41

44,2+\-2,14

6,8+\-6,1

40,8+\-8,94

0,5+\-6,8

4310+\-402

4665+\-874

4366+\-937

5076+\-905

1RM Squat (Kg) 40-yard sprint (s) T drill (s) Vertical Jump (cm) Vertical J power (w)

(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)

Speed in Sports American Football: Correlations between performance scores for OL and PL Adapted from (Hoffman et al, 2004) ΔBW

ΔSquat

Δ40

ΔT test

ΔVJ

ΔVJP

OL ΔBW

ΔSquat

.33

Δ40

-.07

-.58

ΔT test

-.56

-.26

.73*

ΔVJ

-.64

.50

-.16

.17

ΔVJP

-.49

.78*

-.70*

-.08

.56

PL ΔBW

ΔSquat

.57

Δ40

.22

.38

ΔT test

-.23

.17

.42

ΔVJ

.36

.35

.30

-.56

ΔVJP

.22

.61

.43 .55 al, 2004)(Adapted from-.06 Hoffman et

Speed in Sports Resisted Movement Training (RMT) ●

Manipulating the Intensity in combination with the Maintenance of Specificity:

●

Sled

●

Elastic Bands

●

Parachute

●

Ballasted Vest

●

Vertimax®

●

And others (Gil, 2013)

Speed in Sports Hockey: The Effects of a Heavy Resisted Sprint â&#x2014;?

Preload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprint performance

GROUP

PRE

POST

Intervention

3,950 + 0,251s

3,859 + 0,288s*

Control

3,940 + 0,258s

3,954 + 0,261s

Significant 2,6% decrease (p= 0,02)

(Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010)

Speed in Sports Baseball: Creatine Supplementation at the Base Running Series

GCr- S0

GCr- S3

GCr- S6

GP- S0

GP- S3

GP- S6

1 (s)*

12,2+\-0,3

11,9+\-0,4

11,7+\-0,4

12,3+\-0,8

11,9+\-0,9

12,0+\-0,8

2 (s)*#

12,4+\-0,3

12,1+\-0,4

11,9+\-0,3

12,6+\-0,9

12,2+\-0,9

12,3+\-0,9

3 (s)*#

12,7+\-0,3

12,5+\-0,4

12,1+\-0,3

13,1+\-0,8

12,3+\-0,9

12,4+\-0,8

4 (s)*#@

13,2+\-0,1

12,6+\-0,4

12,4+\-0,4

13,5+\-1,0

12,6+\-1,0

12,6+\-0,7

5 (s)#@

13,4+\-0,4

12,8+\-0,4

12,3+\-0,3

13,9+\-1,1

13,2+\-1,1

12,9+\-0,7

(Batista Junior et al, 2005)

Speed in Sports High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) ●

Stimulus Intensity

●

Stimulus Duration

●

Volume of Stimuli

●

Frequency of Stimuli

●

Rest Interval

Speed in Sports Phenomenon Overreaching

Control of Loads

Psychological Factors

Biological Limits

SPEED BARRIER

Overtraining

1) ??? 2) ??? 3) ???

Training Methods

(Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ; Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992)

Speed in Sports Fatigue Sites on the Ability to Generate Sprints

●

Muscle

●

Neural

●

Other Aspects

(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports Fatigue: Muscle Aspects ●

1) Muscle Excitability

●

2) Partial Recovery of ATP in Fast Fibers

●

3) Inhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent Sprints

●

4) Limiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value of VO2max 5) Metabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from Glycolysis 6) Increases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of Calcium and \ or Myofibrillar Sensitivity (Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports Fatigue: Neural Aspects

●

1) Reduced Efficiency in the Generation of Motor Control 2) Muscle Recruitment Strategy

(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports Fatigue: Other Aspects

●

1) Regulation of Muscle Stiffness

●

2) Environmental Disturbances

(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Speed in Sports Management of Fatigue

●

1) Metabolic

●

2) Neuromuscular

●

3) Technical-coordinative

Speed in Sports General Guide Training ●

1) Identify Manifestations of Speed in Modality

●

2) Create Specific Speed Tests

●

3) Perform the Tests Periodically

●

4) Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods)

●

5) Gradually Increase the Difficulty of the Exercises

●

6) Variation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and Difficult

●

7) Re-evaluate the Manifestations of Speed

●

8) Correct the Weaknesses

●

9) Adapt the More Specific Training Competition Situation

●

10) Re-assess the Tests Again and Modify the Exercises