Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach

2021

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Problematic Are there big differences?

SOURCE: Pixabay.com

SOURCE: Pixabay.com

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Popularity Major Leagues: ●

WNBA (USA) *** ●

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LFEB (Spain)

WNBL (Australia) ** ●

LBF (Brazil) ●

Etc.

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Evolutionary Changes (3-4 decades) 1970-1980

2000-2020

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↑ Muscle strength; ● ↑ Muscle Size; ↑ Power and Speed

(Issurin, 2008; Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Main Differences FEMALE Players

MALE Players

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Morphological ●

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Anatomical Menstrual

Strength Levels

Cardiovascular Capacity

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects

Hormonal Question

(Farinatti, 1995; Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; McArdle et al, 2011; Guedes, 2012)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects HORMONAL ASPECTS (Body Growth and Development) Gonadotropic Hormones

LH

FSH

OVARIES

TESTICLES

- Estrogen - Progesterone

- Testosterone

(Wilmore & Costill, 2001; Guedes, 2012)

Treinamento Físico no Basquete Feminino Physiological Aspects Hormonal Aspects in Strength Training MALE Players

- Testosterone

FEMALE Players

- GH - IGF-1 - Total Volume

(Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; Fleck & Kraemer, 2017)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects BODY COMPOSITION FEMALE Players

- Estrogen - Progesterone

Childhood to Adolescence

↑ Subcutaneous Fat

(Farinatti, 1995; McArdle et al, 2011; Miranda et al, 2014)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects BODY COMPOSITION FEMALE Players

MALE Players

- ↑ Bone Density - ↑ Muscle Mass - ↓ Body Fat (Farinatti, 1995; McArdle et al, 2011; Miranda et al, 2014)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects

(A

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects Comparing Body Composition Between Different Categories (n=64 female basketball players - Spanish League)

F=3.393, p=0.041 F=5.615, p=0.006 F=3.451, p=0.039 F=18.309, p=0.000

(Adapted from Salgado Sánchez et al, 2009)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects Comparing Somatotype and Body Fat by Playing Positions (n=115 youth female basketball players)

(Adapted from Erčulj & Bračič, 2014)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects BODY COMPOSITION (Lower Body Fat Limit) MALE Athletes

FEMALE Athletes

~ 3.0%

~ 12.0%

(McArdle et al, 2011; Torstveit & Sundgot-Borgen, 2012)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects MENSTRUAL CYCLE +\-12.5 years-old

Menarche - Early - Development Level

- Intermediate - Late

(Farinatti, 1995; Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; Brown et al, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects IRREGULARITIES IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

- Amenorrhea

- Hypermenorrhea

- Dysmenorrhea

- Oligoamenorrhea

(Farinatti, 1995; Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; McArdle et al, 2011)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects MENSTRUAL CYCLE

- Cardiovascular

- Metabolic

- Respiratory

- Thermoregulatory

- Neuromuscular

(Julian et al, 2017; McNulty et al, 2020; Brown et al, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects MENSTRUAL CYCLE (Premenstrual Symptoms) - Pain

- Nausea

- Headache

- Cramps

- Lethargy

- Tiredness

- Weight Gain

- Sleep Disorders

- Dizziness

- Bad Mood

- Lack of Concentration

- Gastric Disorders

(Adapted from Brown et al, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects MENSTRUAL CYCLE >>>(Symptoms During and Post Menstruation) (n=80 female college basketball players)

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(Dhadha et al, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects Prevalence of Migraines \ Headaches

(n=791 Division I female and male basketball players)

- Female players have more headaches than male players - The average duration of headaches for female players is around 72 hours.

- Female players' headaches increase their sensitivity to light and sound.

- African-American players experience more headaches than other ethnic groups.

(Kinart et al, 2002)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects Application of Kinesiology Taping on the Reduction of Menstrual Pain

(n=35 professional female basketball players)

(Adapted from Hagner-Derengowska et al, 2020)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects Types of Contraceptives

- Mini Pill - Implant - Mirena Coil - Injection

- Combined Pill Estrogen and Progestin

Progestin Only

(Brown et al, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONTRACEPTIVES (Adapted from Martin & Elliott-Sale, 2016)

VARIABLES Body Composition Muscle Mass Gain

Muscle Strength Oxygen Uptake

Combined Oral Contraceptives Conflicting data.

Positive or negative effect depending on the type of progesterone.

There are no acute effects.

Progestin-Only Contraceptives Negative Effects in NonAthletes.

Insufficient evidence.

Insufficient evidence.

Insufficient evidence.

Does not influence trained athletes.

Performance Tests It does not affect the acute Insufficient evidence.

(Adapted from inMartin & Elliott-Sale, 2016) capacity performance tests.

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE 01 PHASE 02 PHASE 03 PHASE 04 PHASE 05

MENSTRUAL (3-5 days) POST-MENSTRUAL (7-9 days) OVULATORY (4 days) POST-OVULATORY (7-9 days) PRE-MENSTRUAL (3-5 days)

(Cassidori Junior & Silva, 2020)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects MENSTRUAL CYCLE 1)- Early Follicular Phase (days 1-5); 2)- Late Follicular Phase (days 6-12); 3)- Ovulatory Phase (days 13-15); 4)- Early Luteal Phase (days 16-19); 5)- Mid Luteal Phase (days 20-23); 6)- Late Luteal Phase (days 24-28).

(McNulty et al, 2020)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects HORMONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

↓ Work Capacity

(Adapted from McNulty et al, 2020)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND PERFORMANCE IN ENDURANCE - Anaerobic and Aerobic Endurance (Both would not be affected by the menstrual cycle) (Dhadha et al, 2021)

- ↓ Yo-Yo Intermittent Test (In the Luteal Phase compared to the Early Follicular Phase) (Julian et al, 2017)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects *** META-ANALYSIS *** Menstrual Cycle and Performance in Strength Early-Follicular vs. vs. Ovulatory

Early-Follicular vs. Mid-Luteal

(Blagrove et al, 2020)

Ovulatory vs. Mid-Luteal

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects HYDRATION AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE - The Thermoregulation Process (variations in fluid loss during the exercise) - Estrogen and Progesterone (regulation of body fluids and sodium) - Female Sex Hormones and Health

(orthostatic hypotension, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary sydrome, etc)

- Hydration Status (follicullar and luteal phase)

(Yasuda et al, 2012)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Physiological Aspects HYDRATION AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE (n=09 female collegiate basketball players)

Luteal Phase

(Yasuda et al, 2012)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training Differences in STRENGTH between Genders ~ 40% - 75% (Bartolomei et al, 2021) - ↓50% in Upper Limbs and ↓30% in Lower Limbs (McArdle et al, 2011) - 25% - 55% in Upper Limbs e Trunk - 70% - 75% in Lower Limbs *** (Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; Guedes, 2012)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training UPPER LIMBS:

- Fear in the Development of Upper Limbs and Trunk (Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; Fleck & Kraemer, 2017) - Shooting INFLUENCE ON

- Stroke - Collisions, etc.

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training STRENGTH TRAINING AND BODY DEVELOPMENT (Adaptation Windows)

Young FEMALE Athletes

Young MALE Athletes

- After Peak Height Velocity (PHV) - After the Start of Menarche

- 12 to 18 months after Peak Height Velocity (PHV)

(Balyi & Hamilton, 2004)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS

Muscle Size - Ultrasound - The muscle size in the UPPER LIMBS of female athletes is 68-78% of male athletes.

- In LOWER LIMBS, this difference is this 85%-92%

(Abe et al, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS

1)- Muscle Cross Sectional Area

2)- Absolute Maximum Strength Base

3)- Relative Strength in Relation to Body Composition

(Adapted from McArdle et al, 2011)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS (Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008) - Typology of Muscle Isoforms are Similar - Less Muscle Fibers (Female Athletes) - Muscle Cross-Sectional Area is Smaller (Female Athletes) - Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers Are Larger Than Fast Twitch Fibers (Female a Athletes)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS (Total Muscle Mass - TMM)

FEMALE Athletes

TMM: 30.0 Kg Body Fat: 31.3%

MALE Athletes

TMM: 45.3 Kg Body Fat: 20.9%

(Abe et al 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS (Maximum Load 1RM) Bench Press: -59.2% Squat: -57.2% Deadlift: -56.3% Mid-Shin Pull: -53.2%

(Bartolomei et al, 2021)

FEMALE Athletes:

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS POWER:

(Ziv & Lidor, 2010)

~ 40.0 – 75.0 cm

Vertical Jump MALE Players DIFFERENCE: ~ 55 – 64 % Vertical Jump FEMALE Players

~ 22.0 – 48.0 cm

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENDERS POWER:

(Bartolomei et al, 2021)

- Composition of Muscle Fibers - Muscle Quality - Activity of Glycolytic Enzymes

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training POWER IN YOUTH FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS (Vertical Jump Improvements During Body Development)

13.0 to 18.0 years-old

19.0 to 20.0 years-old

Squat Jump= 1.63% per year CMJ= 3.46% per year

Squat Jump= 10.0% per year CMJ= 12.0% per year

(Bergamo et al, 2003)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training BONE MINERAL DENSITY DURING 3 SEASONS

n=22 women (n=16 female basketball players and n=06 control group)

+43% - 69%

(Adapted from Bagur-Calafat et al, 2015)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Strength Training COMPARING PERFORMANCE

(MALE Players vs. FEMALE Players – Division 1 University) MALE PLAYERS

FEMALE PLAYERS

(Adapted from Townsend et al, 2019)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Endurance Training Heart Rate - HR

Higher (Female Athletes)

Heart Size Blood Volume Smaller (Female Athletes)

Cardiac Debt Ejection Volume Hemoglobin VO2max

Smaller (8%-15%) (Female Athletes)

(Wilmore & Costill, 2001)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Endurance Training FEMALE Players

MALE Players

STUDY

VO2max (ml\kg\min-¹)

STUDY

VO2max (ml\kg\min-¹)

Berdejo-del-Fresno et al, 2012

42.2 – 46.1 (U-20)

Mishra et al, 2015

65.5 *** (university players)

Tsunaware et al, 2003

56.7 *** (U-18)

Stojanovic et al, 2012

51.9 (elite players)

Gentil et al, 2001

49.9 (National team)

Narazaki et al, 2009

36.9 * (university players)

Halder et al, 2016

30.0 * (university players)

Korkmaz & Karahan, 2012

55.6 (elite players)

Narazaki et al, 2009

33.4 (university players)

Alemdaroğlu, 2012

50.5 (elite players)

a

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

General Considerations Eating Disorders and Injuries in Female Athletes

Eating Disorders

Musculoskeletal Injuries

- Anorexia Nervosa (AN) - Bulimia Nervosa (BL) - Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) - ACL Sprains - Patellofemoral Dysfunction - Spondylolisthesis - Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, etc

(Putukian, 2003; Oliveira Coelho et al, 2014)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING

MENSTRUAL CYCLE - Biological rhythms and distinct individual characteristics - Periodization based on menstrual cycle

(Zakharov, 1992)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING - Load application respecting the menstrual cycle MENSTRUAL AND OVULATORY PHASE LOADS: Average PRE-MENSTRUAL PHASE LOADS: Low POST-MENSTRUAL AND POST-OVULATORY PHASE LOADS: High

(Cassidori Junior & Silva, 2020)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING (Regular Monitoring of Loads) EXTERNAL Load

Mechanical load prescribed by coaches

INTERNAL Load

Psychophysiological responses

(Adapted from Mara et al, 2015; Vretaros, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Relationship Between Training Load and Performance (n=13 elite female basketball players)

(Adapted from Coyne et al, 2021)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Changes in Physical Fitness in the Four-Year Course (n=60 female college basketball players) Body Weight, % Fat, and Fat-Free Weight

No significant changes

1RM Bench Press

+ 24%

1RM Squat

+ 19%

Vertical Jump

+ 13%

Peak Power

+ 15%

(Adapted from Petko & Hunter, 1997)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Changes in Physical Performance During the Competitive Season (n=14 female basketball players – NCAA Division I)

(Adapted from Gonzalez et al, 2012)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Repeated Sprint Ability (RST) vs. Intermittent Training (IT) on the Anaerobic Variables (n=16 youth female basketball players)- Program: 6 weeks\2 times per week

(Adapted from Attene et al, 2014)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Physical Performance (n=24 youth female basketball players) – PROGRAM: 5 weeks

(Adapted from Aschendorf et al, 2019)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Comparing Two Periodization Models on Explosive Strength Blocks (CL) versus Selective Load (SL) (n=16 professional female basketball players)

(Adapted from Silva, 2013)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING (Physical Fitness Behavior) - Start of pre-season - End of pre-season - Half of the season - End of season

(Adapted from Mara et al, 2015)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Comparing the Urine Concentration of Catecholamines Before and After a Match and at the Beginning and End of the Macrocycle (n=12 elite female basketball players) – MACROCYCLE: 6 months

Beginning of Macrocycle

End of Macrocycle

(Adapted from Sybil et al, 2020)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Relationship Between Injury Risk, Workload, and Rate of Perceived Exertion

(n=11 professional female basketball players)

(Adapted from Piedra et al, 2020)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks Effects of Detraining on Physical Fitness

(n=11 youth female basketball players) – DETRAINING: 3 weeks

(Adapted from Atay & Kayalarli, 2013)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING (Trainability Between Genders)

- Maximal Strength

- Equal neural potential.

- Men have greater hypertrophy.

- Maximum Speed - Explosive Strength

- No differences in neural adaptation.

- Men have greater hypertrophy of fast fibers.

(Adapted from Issurin, 2008)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING (Trainability Between Genders)

- Anaerobic Glycolitic Endurance

- Aerobic Training

- Men have higher physiological potential.

- Both genders respond similarly, but men have superior ability.

(Adapted from Issurin, 2008)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING (Trainability Between Genders)

- Coordination

- Mobility\Flexibility

- Both genders have similar potential.

- Women are more trainable due to the morphological characteristics of the musculoskeletal system.

(Adapted from Issurin, 2008)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING

- Similar to men's programs - Multi-Joint and Multiplanar Exercises - Injury Prevention and Maximize Performance

(Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; Boyle, 2018)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Pedagogical Tasks FUNCTIONAL PHYSICAL TRAINING

- Create a "menstrual diary" or use specific apps (for example, FitRWoman) - CAUTION: ACL injuries and menstrual cycle

(Wojtys et al, 1998; Arendt et al, 2002; Slauterbeck et al, 2002; Herzberg et al, 2017)

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Final Considerations - FEMALE PLAYERS versus MALE PLAYERS - Menstrual Cycle and Load Dynamics - Similar Training Methodology - Systematic Control of the Menstrual Cycle

- Risk of Injuries and Eating Disorders

Physical Preparation in Female Basketball Players

Final Considerations ●

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