Små børns sprog og lasning

Page 1

Connie Boye Kirsten Rasmussen

Små børns sprog og læsning – fra nul til syv år AKADEMISK FORLAG



j /Í $?405 5241) 1) .=50+0)



j /Í $?405 5241) 1) .=50+0) 100+' 1;' +456'0 #5/755'0

-#&'/+5- 14.#)


6Pn E¡UQV VSURJ RJ O VQLQJ DI &RQQLH %R\H RJ .LUVWHQ 5DVPXVVHQ $NDGHPLVN )RUODJ ² HW IRUODJ XQGHU /LQGKDUGW 5LQJKRI HW VHOVNDE L (JPRQW 'LJWHW µ+$1 .$1 / 6(µ DI 3LD 7DIGUXS HU XGJLYHW L GLJWVDPOLQJHQ 6HNXQGHUQHV EUR RJ JHQJLYHW PHG WLOODGHOVH IUD *\OGHQGDO XGJDYH RSODJ 0HNDQLVN IRWRJUDÀVN HOHNWURQLVN HOOHU DQGHQ JHQJLYHOVH DI GHQQH ERJ HOOHU GHOH GHUDI HU NXQ WLOODGW HIWHU &RS\ 'DQV UHJOHU 2PVODJ ,GD %DOVOHY 2OHVHQ 7\SRJUDÀVN WLOUHWWHO JQLQJ RJ VDWV DQGUHVHQ GHVLJQ %LOOHGIRUWHJQHOVH 6LGH L6WRFNSKRWR VLGHUQH RJ 3ROIRWR )RUODJVUHGDNWLRQ 'RUWH ,SVHQ 7U\N /LYRQLD 3ULQW ,6%1 $NDGHPLVN )RUODJ 9RJQPDJHUJDGH .¡EHQKDYQ . ZZZ DNDGHPLVN GN

H


0&*1.&

K L

E

814(14

814&#0

EN EN EI

F W 241)X .=4+0) 1) (145-0+0) + 5241) 4+0%+22'4 (14 5241)#4$',&'6 76+0'4 1) #-6+8+6'6'4 h 5241).+)' -'40'1/4Í&'4 '0 5-4+(65241).+)' 8'4&'0 +66'4=4' #//'5670&'4

EJ EJ GI GJ GK HE

G

#5' E jNgE Í4k

8#& '4 + 1) 2Í 52+. + (#5' E` '6 6#.6' 1) &'6 5-4'80' 5241) + (#5' E 25#/.+0) +&#-6+5-' 4'(.'-5+10'4

#5' F jEgF Í4k

8#& '4 + 1) 2Í 52+. + (#5' F` '6 6#.6' 1) &'6 5-4'80' 5241) + (#5' F 25#/.+0) 2Í (#5' F +&#-6+5-' 4'(.'-5+10'4

#5' G jFgG Í4k

8#& '4 + 1) 2Í 52+. + (#5' G` '6 6#.6' 1) &'6 5-4'80' 5241) + (#5' G 25#/.+0) 2Í (#5' G +&#-6+5-' 4'(.'-5+10'4 25#/.+0)

HJ HM HM IN II IJ IJ IL IM JG JG JH JI JJ KG KH KJ

H X

#5' H jGgH Í4k

8#& '4 + 1) 2Í 52+. + (#5' H` '6 6#.6' 1) &'6 5-4'80' 5241) + (#5' H 25#/.+0) 2Í (#5' H +&#-6+5-' 18'48','.5'4

#5' I jHgI Í4k

8#& '4 + 1) 2Í 52+. + (#5' I` '6 6#.6' 1) &'6 5-4'80' 5241) 25#/.+0) 2Í (#5' I

KL KM KM LN LI LJ LJ LL LL MF

I


J

+&#-6+5-' 4'(.'-5+10'4

#5' J jIgK Í4k

8#& '4 + 1) 2Í 52+. + (#5' J` '6 6#.6' 1) &'6 5-4'80' 5241) 25#/.+0) 2Í (#5' J +&#-6+5-' 4'(.'-5+10'4 10-.75+10

MF MH MH MI ENN ENE ENF

I '6 81-5'0+0+6+'4'&' h &'6 $#40'+0+6+'4'&' 241)874&'4+0)

14=.&4'5#/#4$',&'6 1/ $?405 5241).+)' 7&8+-.+0) ?40 + #6;2+5- 5241)7&8+-.+0) #/#4$',&' /'..'/ &#)+056+676+10 1) 5-1.' (5.766'0&' -1//'06#4'4

ENH ENH ENK ENM EEN EEE EEE

EEH

'6 6#.6' 5241) '6 .=56' 5241) '6 5-4'80' 5241)

1-75'4'6 +0&5#65

EEL EEL EFE EFH EFL

EGF


#--'4 1) $47//'4 1) *7))'4 5+) (4'/T h 6Í4 56+..' hT ' 5#//' 14&T ) &'.' #( 14& /'& (145-'..+)' $'610+0)'4T 2?4)'0&'X .;66'0&' 6+. .;&'0'T 6?&'4 /1& '0 /74 #( /1&56#0& 1) )Í4 6+.$#)'T =5'4 +)'0T #0 5'.8 h 8+. 5'.8T #)'4 6+..?$X 507$.'4X (#.&'4X '4 2Í $'0'0' +)'0T 1465=66'4 + 524+0)T 4;-T +&'4'T 7.& (#46 (4'/T #56'5 6+.$#)'T 2 +)'0T ) 07T 7 2#55'4'4 *#0T 6 58=8 18'4 #()470&'0 *'4 + &'66' 47/ h /'0 &'6 -700' 8=4' *814 51/ *'.56 1) *8+.-'6 51/ *'.56 $#40T '4 *1.&6 5+) /+4#-7.?56 8Í)'0 8'& 5+0 ')'0 56'//'T '& -146' .;&' 1) .=0)'4'X &'4 *=0)'4 5#//'0X (#.&'4 (4# *+0#0&'0X *'06'5 12 1) *=)6'5 6+. +)'0T =56'0 .;5Í4 #( +0&5+)6 (14#0 5+) 5'.8 2.7&5'.+)T ') )4=& 18'4 51 1) -1 1) .1 5Í *'.6 718'45-7'.+)6T #0 *8+5-'4 1) /7/.'4X 56#//'4 56#8'.5'4X &4;22'4 .;&X 8=.6'4 $41--'4T 1.&'4 &'/ 12 + .;5'6X 8'0&'4 1) &4','4 1) (1456Í4T +0 5?0 -#0 .=5'T #0 .'4T '06'4 8'4&'0 +0& 2Í 4',5' #.'0'T 4;--'4 67$'4 #( 51.(#48'4 7&X &'4 (.;&'4X &4+8'4 0'& 18'4 '0 +0&8'0&+) 8=)T

#05 ?,0' (14#0&4'5T 4# &'0 '0' .+0,' 6+. &'0 #0&'0T +&'4' 6+. 0=56' 5+&'T 4?//'4 $1)'0 (=4&+)T +&56' 5+&' + (4;&T -+(6'0&' $+..'&'4 ).+&'4 +0& 1) 81-5'4T .Í4 7& + $.1/56T ) -1//'0&' Í$'0$#4+0)'4T ') *#4 6#$6 *#/ (14 #.6+&T 8#& ,') 6=0-'4 .=0)' 18'4T ) 870&'6 #..+)'8'.T +# #(&472 (4# &+)65#/.+0)'0 '-70&'40'5 41 jEML

L

k

K


1414&

j

[ 4=05'40' (14 /+6 5241) 5=66'4 )4=05'40' (14 /+0 8'4&'0T[ 7&9+) +66)'056'+0X EM

F

F

$W VH GHW OLOOH EDUQ XGYLNOH VLJ IUD HW SOXGUHQGH Y VHQ PHG HQ HQGQX XEHYLGVW WLOJDQJ WLO YHUGHQ WLO PHJHW KXUWLJW DW EOLYH HQ VNDEHQGH RJ VHQHUH LQWHQWLRQHO NRPPXQLNDWLY VSURJEUXJHU HU OLJH XWUROLJW KYHU JDQJ PDQ RSOHYHU GHW +YRUGDQ VNHU GHW" +YDG HU GHW GHU J¡U DW EDUQHW XDQVHW KYDG YLO NRPPXQLNHUH RJ O UHU VLJ VSURJ RJ VNULIWVSURJ" %DUQHWV I OOHVVNDEHU HU DI DIJ¡UHQGH EHW\GQLQJ IRU O ULQJ RJ XGYLNOLQJ 'HQ VYHQVNH VSURJIRUVNHU &DUROLQH /LEHUJ VLJHU GHW PHJHW UDPPHQGH µ%¡UQ O UHU DW EUXJH VSURJHW YHG DW I UGHV L VSURJHW VDPPHQ PHG DQGUHµ %MDU RJ /LEHUJ 7UDGLWLRQHOW KDU GHW Y UHW VNROHQV RSJDYH DW O UH E¡UQ DW O VH RJ VNULYH KYRU GHW QX L K¡MHUH JUDG HU HW DQOLJJHQGH IRU EnGH IRU OGUH GDJLQVWLWXWLRQHU RJ VNROH DW SU VHQWHUH E¡UQ IRU PDQJH IRUVNHOOLJH VSURJOLJH XGWU\N ² KHUXQGHU EnGH GHW WDOWH GHW O VWH RJ GHW VNUHYQH VSURJ 'HW HU YLJWLJW DW XQGHUVWUHJH DW GHW LNNH HU IRU VNROHQV HOOHU IRUVNQLQJHQV ² HOOHU DQGUHV VN\OG DW E¡UQHQH VNDO PHVWUH VSURJOLJH XGIRUGULQJHU PHQ IRUGL GHW HU HQ SHUVRQOLJ IRUXGV WQLQJ IRU DW NXQQH XGWU\NNH HJQH WDQNHU RJ I¡OHOVHU KHUXQGHU ¡QVNHU RJ EHKRY RJ IRU DW NXQQH LQGJn L VRFLDOH VDPPHQK QJH Sn DOOH QLYHDXHU 9L KDU W QNW ERJHQ VRP HQ LQVSLUDWLRQ WLO KYRUGDQ GHW VNULIWVSURJOLJH XGWU\N NDQ LQGGUDJHV L GDJLQVWLWXWLRQHQV KYHUGDJ XG IUD HQ WHRULIRUDQNUHW WLOJDQJ / VHUHQ YLO ÀQGH EXG Sn GLGDNWLVNH RYHUYHMHOVHU NRQNUHWH EHVNULYHOVHU RJ DNWLYLWHWHU L DUEHMGHW PHG E¡UQV WDOHVSURJ ² RJ VNULIWVSURJOLJH XGYLNOLQJ

L


%RJHQ E\JJHU Sn YRUHV PDQJHnULJH HUIDULQJ PHG XGGDQQHOVH KHUXQGHU HIWHU RJ YLGHUHXGGDQQHOVH LQGHQ IRU VSURJ RJ VNULIWVSURJ DI S GDJRJHU RJ O UHUH 'HW HU KnEHW DW GHQ EnGH NDQ OHYHUH HW DNWLYW ELGUDJ WLO XGYLNOLQJ DI GHQ VSURJS GDJRJLVNH LQGVDWV L GDJWLOEXG RJ LQVSLUDWLRQ WLO DW VNDEH VDPPHQK QJ L GHW IDJOLJH RJ S GDJRJLVNH LQGKROG PHOOHP GDJWLOEXG RJ VNROH 'H PDQJH HNVHPSOHU L ERJHQ HU PHG WLO DW JLYH HW LQGEOLN L VPn E¡UQV W QNQLQJ RP VSURJ RJ VNULIWVSURJ 'HU VNDO GHUIRU O\GH HQ WDN WLO GH E¡UQ RJ VWXGHUHQGH GHU JHQHU¡VW KDU LQVSLUHUHW PHG VSURJEORPVWHU RJ JRGH HNVHPSOHU VRP KDU JLYHW OLY WLO WDQNHU RJ WHRULHU RP VPn E¡UQV VSURJ RJ O VQLQJ

+¡MEMHUJ RJ 5LVVNRY PDUWV &RQQLH %R\H .LUVWHQ 5DVPXVVHQ

M


814(14 1) *814&#0

j

[ =&#)1)+--'0 /Í 14+'06'4' 5+) /1& /14)'0&#)'0 + $#40'65 7&8+-.+0) 1) 8'0&' 5+) $146 (4# )Í45&#)'0T[ '8 T ;)165-;X E

M

KL

814(14 , GHWWH RJ GH I¡OJHQGH NDSLWOHU YLO YL EHVNULYH E¡UQV W\SLVNH VSURJOLJH XGYLNOLQJ 9L VHU GHW WDOWH RJ GHW VNUHYQH VSURJ VRP SDUDOOHOOH VSURJ GHU XGYLNOHV VLGH RP VLGH RJ KYRU EDUQHW VRP DNWLY GHOWDJHU KDU NUDY Sn RSP UNVRPKHG RJ XGIRUGULQJ IUD NRPSHWHQWH YRNVQH L IDPLOLH RJ GDJWLOEXG , YRUHV EHVWU EHOVHU Sn DW JLYH HW ELOOHGH DI KYRUGDQ GHWWH NRQNUHW SUDNWLVHUHV KDU YL ODGHW RV LQVSLUHUHU DI gMDE\ )|UVNROD KYRU PDQ L V UOLJ JUDG HU RSP UNVRPPH Sn E¡UQV JU\HQGH VNULYQLQJ RJ O VQLQJ RJ KYRU SHUVRQDOH RJ E¡UQ DUEHMGHU DNWLYW PHG WLGOLJ LQGI¡ULQJ DI EnGH VNULYQLQJ RJ O VQLQJ 'HU HU VWRU RSP UNVRPKHG Sn DW VNDEH HW VSURJVWLPXOHUHQGH PLOM¡ KYRU KYHUGDJHQV UXWLQHVLWXDWLRQHU RJ E¡UQHQHV HJHQ OHJ JLYHU PXOLJKHG IRU DW E¡UQHQH InU WLGOLJH HUIDULQJHU PHG EnGH VNULYQLQJ RJ O VQLQJ gMDE\ )|UVNROD +HQVLJWHQ HU DW JLYH HW HOOHU ÁHUH EXG Sn HQ VDPPHQK QJ PHOOHP WHRUL RJ SUDNVLV 8G IUD XGYDOJWH WHRULHU RP VPn E¡UQV O VH VNULYH RJ WDOHXGYLNOLQJ EHVNULYHU YL QRJOH IDVHU L VSURJXGYLNOLQJHQ KYRU LDJWWDJHOVHU DI E¡UQHQHV LQWXLWLYH YLGHQ NDUDNWHULVWLND KDQGOLQJHU NHQGHWHJQ RJ GH VW¡WWHPXOLJKHGHU NYDOLÀFHULQJ GHU NDQ V WWHV L Y UN EOLYHU W\GHOLJJMRUW 'HQQH ERJ V WWHU IRNXV Sn KYRUGDQ IRU OGUH RJ S GDJRJHU P¡GHU RJ VWLPXOHUHU EDUQHWV XPLGGHOEDUH O VH RJ VNULYHO\VW IUD GHWV I¡UVWH OHYHnU 'HU KDU LNNH Y UHW WUDGLWLRQ IRU DW GDJWLOEXG VNXOOH EHVN IWLJH VLJ PHG E¡UQV WLGOLJH RJ DNWLYH IRUV¡J Sn DW EOLYH VNULYHUH RJ O VHUH Sn WURGV DI DW VPn E¡UQ

EN


j

XRSIRUGUHW RJ L IXOGW DOYRU DOWLG KDU IRUV¡JW DW µLVNULYHV WWHµ KYDG GHU OLJJHU GHP Sn VLQGH 'HUHV WHJQLQJHU RJ VNULEOHULHU XGVSULQJHU DI GHW VRP GH KDU VHW YRNVQH J¡UH L DOOH PXOLJH VDPPHQK QJH 6NULEOHULHUQH YLVHU PHG GHQ DPHULNDQVNH SV\NRORJ -HURPH %UXQHUV RUG DW E¡UQ LQWXLWLYW YHG DW PDQ LNNH WLOHJQHU VLJ VSURJ RJ VNULIWVSURJ IUD WLOVNXHUSODGVHQ PHQ YHG DW EUXJH GHW %UXQHU +HQULHWWH Sn nU KDU WHJQHW HQ NDW L E¡UQHKDYHQ RJ VNUHYHW [ '6 '4 /+0 -#6T '0 *'&&'4 +-#T '0 .')'4 /')'6 /'& /+0 *70&T '0 *#4 ,') +--' 6')0'6T[

EE


)RNXV HU Sn EDUQHW RJ YRUHV EHVNULYHOVH DI KYRUGDQ GH YRNVQH RPNULQJ EDUQHW KYHU LV U NDQ VW¡WWH GHWV IRUXGV WQLQJHU IRU DW WLOHJQH VLJ DOVLGLJH NRPPXQLNDWLYH I UGLJKHGHU 0nOHW PHG ERJHQ HU GHUIRU I¡UVW RJ IUHPPHVW DW ' RSVDPOH RJ IRUPLGOH YLGHQ RP E¡UQV W\SLVNH NRPPXQLNDWLYH XGYLNOLQJ ² EnGH QnU GHW J OGHU GHW WDOWH RJ GHW VNUHYQH VSURJ ' JLYH LQVSLUDWLRQ WLO KYRUGDQ GHW HU PXOLJW DW LQWHQVLYHUH RJ LQWHJUHUH VSURJDUEHMGHW L GH JRGH DNWLYLWHWHU GHU DOOHUHGH ÀQGHU VWHG L IDPLOLH GDJWLOEXG RJ VNROH ' V\QOLJJ¡UH HQ S GDJRJLN GHU VW¡WWHU E¡UQV VSURJWLOHJQHOVH RJ GHUHV O VH RJ VNULYHI UGLJKHGHU XG IUD XGYDOJWH WHRULHU RJ L W W VDPPHQK QJ PHG SUDNVLV ' XQGHUVW¡WWH HIWHU RJ YLGHUHXGGDQQHOVHQ DI KHQKROGVYLV O UHUH RJ S GDJRJHU VH I HNV EHNHQGWJ¡UHOVH IRU GH WR SURIHVVLRQVEDFKHORUXGGDQQHOVHU VDPW JRGNHQGHOVH DI SURIHVVLRQVK¡MVNROHUQHV GLSORPXGGDQQHOVH )RUVNQLQJ Sn RPUnGHW HU YHOGRNXPHQWHUHW RJ GHQ SHJHU EODQGW DQGHW Sn YLJWLJKHGHQ DI DW HWDEOHUH VNULIWVSURJVVWLPXOHUHQGH PLOM¡HU L GH WLGOLJH nU ,I¡OJH GHQ VYHQVNH SURIHVVRU L EDUQH VSURJ 5DJQKLOG 6|GHUEHUJK RJ GHQ QRUVNH SURIHVVRU L VSHFLDOS GDJRJLN %HQWH (ULNVHQ +DJWYHW HU GHW QHWRS L GLVVH nU DW NLPHQ O JJHV WLO XGYLNOLQJ DI OLYVODQJH DNWLYH RJ YDULHUHGH VNULYH RJ O VHI UGLJKHGHU 6Pn E¡UQV DNWLYH WLOJDQJ WLO EnGH GHW WDOWH RJ VNUHYQH VSURJ IRUHJnU KHOH WLGHQ RJ DOOH YHJQH RJ VSURJDUEHMGHW VNHU LNNH Sn EHNRVWQLQJ DI QRJHW DQGHW 'HQ EHN\PULQJ IRU DW GH VPn PLVWHU µQRJHWµ YHG QX RJVn DW VNXOOH LQGJn L VNULIWVSURJOLJH DNWLYLWHWHU VRP KDU SU JHW GHEDWWHQ NDQ OHW PDQHV L MRUGHQ %¡UQHQHV HQWXVLDVPH YLVHU LI¡OJH VNROHFKHIHQ L 9l[M| .RPPXQH $VVDU 7KRUVM| DW GHWWH LNNH HU WLOI OGHW

EF


9L DQHUNHQGHU E¡UQHQHV EHKRY IRU I\VLVNH RJ VRFLDOH XGIRUGULQJHU PHQ VPn E¡UQ EULQJHU LPLGOHUWLG VHOY EnGH WDOH RJ VNULIW LQG L OHJHQ QnU HNVHPSHOYLV RUGNRUWHW %,/ EOLYHU IRUV\QHW PHG KMXO RJ LQGJnU Sn OLJH IRG PHG WHNQRELOHUQH L OHJHQ 'LGDNWLVNH RYHUYHMHOVHU ² GHW YLO VLJH UHÁHNVLRQHU RJ RYHUYHMHOVHU RYHU GH S GDJRJLVNH DNWLYLWHWHUV PnO RJ LQGKROG ² HU L GDJ HQ QDWXUOLJ GHO DI GHW S GDJRJLVNH DUEHMGH %UXQHU RPWDOHU GHQ GLGDNWLVNH EHJUHEVVWUXNWXU VRP µGHW VW¡WWHQGH VWLOODGVµ 3 GDJRJHQV RSJDYH EOLYHU DW SODQO JJH KYRUGDQ GHU EHGVW PXOLJW NDQ RSE\JJHV HW VWLOODGV L IRUKROG WLO GHW HQNHOWH EDUQV XGYLNOLQJ RJ O ULQJ ² KYDG VNDO RJ NDQ EDUQHW O UH RJ KYLONH S GDJRJLVNH LQLWLDWLYHU RJ DNWLYLWHWHU NDQ VW¡WWH RJ XGIRUGUH GHQQH O UHSURFHV" 'LGDNWLVNH RYHUYHMHOVHU HU GHUIRU DIJ¡UHQGH L GHW SURIHVVLRQHOOH DUEHMGH PHG XGYLNOLQJHQ DI VPn E¡UQV VSURJ VNULYQLQJ RJ O VQLQJ , GH SUDNVLVQ UH DIVQLW DI ERJHQ YLVHU YL KYRUGDQ GLGDNWLVNH RYHUYHMHOVHU JnU KnQG L KnQG PHG DNWLYLWHWHU L E¡UQHQHV GDJOLJGDJ , GHQ YHVWOLJH NXOWXU HU GHU HQ JRG RJ ODQJ WUDGLWLRQ IRU DW WLOO JJH WLOHJQHOVHQ DW GHW WDOWH VSURJ VWRU RSP UNVRPKHG /LJH IUD EDUQHW EOLYHU I¡GW ² MD RJ DOOHUHGH LQGHQ I¡GVOHQ EOLYHU GHU WDOW WLO RJ VXQJHW IRU EDUQHW ,I¡OJH GH HQJHOVNH VSURJIRUVNHUH $QQHWWH .DUPLORII 6PLWK RJ .\UD .DUPLORII K¡UHU RJ JHQNHQGHU EDUQHW DOOHUHGH L IRVWHUWLOVWDQGHQ IUD FLUND VYDQJHUVNDEV PnQHG VLQ PRUV VWHPPH 6HQHUH HU GHU VWRU RSP UNVRPKHG Sn DW VW¡WWH RJ YHMOHGH EDUQHW L GHWV EHVWU EHOVHU Sn DW WLOHJQH VLJ GHW WDOWH VSURJ RJ DW J¡UH VLJ IRUVWnHOLJ 'HU HU LNNH VDPPHQ WUDGLWLRQ IRU WLGOLJW DW KDYH RSP UNVRPKHGHQ UHWWHW PRG EDUQHWV JU\HQGH LQWHUHVVH IRU O VQLQJ RJ VNULYQLQJ ² RJ PHG WLGHQ RJVn VWDYQLQJ 'HW HU HQ YLJWLJ SRLQWH DW XGJDQJVSXQNWHW IRU VSURJ VNULYQLQJ O VQLQJ RJ VWDYQLQJ HU W W NQ\WWHW WLO EDUQHWV PXOLJKHG IRU DW OHJH RJ

EG


j

IRUG\EH VLJ L IRUVNHOOLJH DNWLYLWHWHU GHU VW¡WWHU XGYLNOLQJHQ DI EnGH WDOH RJ VNULIWVSURJ )RU ODQJW GH ÁHVWH E¡UQ VNHU GHQ VSURJOLJH XGYLNOLQJ LJHQQHP VRFLDOH LQWHUDNWLRQHU PHG DQGUH E¡UQ RJ YRNVQH PHQ LNNH PLQGVW IRU GH E¡UQ VRP LNNH DXWRPDWLVN WLOHJQHU VLJ VSURJOLJH I UGLJKHGHU Sn VDPPH QLYHDX VRP GHUHV M YQDOGUHQGH HU GHW KHOW IXQGDPHQWDOW DW GH YRNVQH GHU VNDO VW¡WWH RJ YHMOHGH EDUQHW GHOV KDU LQGVLJW L KYRUGDQ E¡UQ WLOHJQHU VLJ VSURJ GHOV HU RSP UNVRPPH VWLOODGVHU IRU E¡UQHQH

'04+- jI Í4k 1) *#05 5?56'4 +5' jL Í4k (#0&6 '0 2+0&58+0'/14 1) *'0&'5 64' 70)'4T '6 8#4 8+06'4X &;4'0' 8#4 -1//'6 8=- (4# &'4'5 8+06'4*+X 1) &' /Í66' $4+0)'5 +0& + *75'6X 0'& + -=.&'4'0X *814 /#0 $;))'&' '6 2+0&58+0'$1T 0)'40' $.'8 &?$6X 1) '04+- 6')0'&'X 5-4'8 1) .=56' (14 -#//'4#6'40' + $?40'*#8'0 &'0 0=56' &#)T

[ '4 '4 64' 2+0&58+0T ' *'&&'4 +..'X +((' 1) +))'T[ 9L KDU YDOJW DW EHVNULYH GHQ VSURJOLJH XGYLNOLQJ L DOGHUVRSGHOWH IDVHU 'LVVH VNDO LNNH EHWUDJWHV VRP HW XGWU\N IRU KYDG EDUQHW IRUYHQWHV DW NXQQH KYRUQnU PHQ VQDUHUH VRP HW ELOOHGH Sn HW W\SLVN XGYLNOLQJVIRUO¡E KYRU GHQ

EH


HQH IDVH I¡OJHU HIWHU GHQ DQGHQ DIK QJLJW DI KYHUW HQNHOW EDUQV XGYLNOLQJVWDNW )DVHUQH HU W QNW VRP HQ VW¡WWH WLO DW In HW RYHUEOLN RYHU KYRU EDUQHW HU EDUQHW L VLQ XGYLNOLQJ RJ KYRUGDQ GHW NDQ VW¡WWHV RJ XGIRUGUHV L GHQ VSURJOLJH XGYLNOLQJ

814&#0 , NDSLWHO µ2S DG VSURJWUDSSHQµ LQWURGXFHUHV XGYDOJWH WHRULHU RP WLGOLJ XGYLNOLQJ DI SDUDOOHOOH VSURJ RJ YRUHV YDOJ EHJUXQGHV / VHUHQ EOLYHU EODQGW DQGHW LQWURGXFHUHW WLO EHW\GQLQJHQ DI DW LQGGUDJH EDUQHW DNWLYW L NRPPXQLNDWLRQHQ , NDSLWHO µ)UD NXUUHQ RJ SOXGUHQ WLO KYRUIRU RJ KYD· HU GHWµ RJ NDSLWHO µ6NULYHO\VW VDPWDOH RJ GLDORJµ I¡OJHU EHVNULYHOVHU DI GH HQNHOWH VSURJOLJH XGYLNOLQJVIDVHU PHG KRYHGY JWHQ Sn E¡UQV XGWU\NVPnGHU RJ PHG XGJDQJVSXQNW L SUDNVLVIRUW OOLQJHU GHU YLVHU KYDG GHU HU Sn VSLO L GHQ VSURJOLJH RJ VNULIWVSURJOLJH XGYLNOLQJ µ6SURJDUEHMGHW L KMHP RJ GDJLQVWLWXWLRQµ HU WHPDHW L NDSLWHO RJ KHU KDU YL ODJW KRYHGY JWHQ Sn EHW\GQLQJHQ DI YRNVHQLQLWLHUHGH VSURJPLOM¡HU PHG UHIHUHQFHU WLOEDJH WLO JHQQHPJDQJHQ DI GH IRUVNHOOLJH IDVHU L NDSLWOHUQH RJ 9L NRPPHU RJVn NRUW LQG Sn QRJOH SUREOHPVWLOOLQJHU L IRUELQGHOVH PHG DW\SLVN VSURJXGYLNOLQJ .DSLWOHW HU W QNW VRP LQVSLUDWLRQ WLO VDPDUEHMGHW PHOOHP GDJLQVWLWXWLRQ RJ IRU OGUH KHUXQGHU VSURJYHMOHGHU RJ WDOHS GDJRJ ,QGI¡ULQJHQ DI VSURJYXUGHULQJ L GDJLQVWLWXWLRQHU L NDOGHU Sn HW VnGDQW VDPDUEHMGH 'H DIVOXWWHQGH NRPPHQWDUHU WDJHU O VHUHQ PHG YHUGHQV E¡UQ Sn UHMVH LQG L VNULIWVSURJHW $W In PXOLJKHG IRU DW O VH VNULYH RJ WDOH L GH I¡UVWH OHYHnU V\QHV LNNH DOHQH DW Y UH DIJ¡UHQGH IRU E¡UQV YLGHUH XGYLNOLQJ PHQ nEQHU RJVn IRU HQ YHUGHQ DI RSOHYHOVH IRUG\EHOVH RJ JO GH $VWULG /LQGJUHQ KDU XGWU\NW GHW SU FLVW LGHW KXQ IRU VLW EDUQ ¡QVNHGH DW GHW VNXOOH µIn L VLQ KnQG Q¡NNHOHQ WLO HYHQW\UODQGHW KYRU PDQ NDQ KHQWH GHQ VNM¡QQHVWH DY DOOH JOHGHUµ /LQGJUHQ L ‘UMDV WHU V

EI


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.