About Praxis Essay - Alexander Hussey by Alexander Hussey

Contents Introduction

Principles

Theoretical Framework

The Identification Triad Theory Sustainable Place Shaping Phenomenological Consideration

Notification

Assimilation

Materialisation

Evolution

Conclusion

Manifesto Poster

Bibliography

Image References

Introduction The themes of self and place identity have remained constant reminders of the role that people play in projecting architecture beyond the realm of a physical presence within the environment and into both individual and collective consciousness. It is this conscious understanding of spatial significance that gives people a foundation for identity formation. However, this foundation through a physical presence has become increasingly challenged by the reliance on social media as a form of interaction and recognition. As we constantly project our identity onto others via this medium, how can we be sure of what is true and what is fabricated? It was Professor Nicole B Ellison of Michigan University who suggested that “Users can establish an identity for themselves by creating any profile that they want and can freely share any information”. (Gündüz, 2017, p.88)

incorporate a design ethos that allows us to reconnect to place identity in order to combat both generic design templates and false identity? This praxis manifesto will address the role of identity within the design process as a series of principles to provide an approach that can be adapted to place specific environments. The clarification and reinvigoration of identity will endeavour to explore how architects can utilise this network, whilst defying the unitary nature of self proclamation. This will allow the architect to apply adaptable and respective design principles whilst reassuring the public that their own and collective identities will not be lost. If the public can assign identity to form and vice versa, it can then become a cross generational theme that strengthens communities and individuals alike.

As we continue to place a greater importance on the platform that this media provides, there is potential for us to exploit this virtual environment to fictionalise our individuality to better our perceived image. As a result of this exploited domain, architecture can become more of a national scale symbolic facade, as opposed to a reflection of a communal identity. Therefore, how can architects

Principles By following the N.A.M.E. schema, architects can start to develop a template that will allow them to restore the notion of identity within the design process.

Fig.1 N.A.M.E Manifesto Principles (Authors own image)

Theoretical Framework The Identification Triad Theory To formulate a foundation for the core principles, the Identification Triad Theory can be utilised. An article titled ‘Explicating place identity attitudes, place architecture attitudes, and identification triad theory’ in the Journal of Business Research explored this concept with regards to place identity and architecture. The aim of the paper was to “investigate place architecture (the focal construct) and its relationship to place identity (as antecedent) and internal identification (as an outcome).” (Balmer, 2008, p.325). The study was conducted by Mohammad Mahdi Foroudi of Faroudi Consultancy, John M.T. Balmer and Weifeng Chen of Brunel Business School , Pantea Foroudi of

Middlesex Business School and Paschalia Patsala of the Arts and Humanities Research Council UK. The approach takes into consideration six key instigators of place identity and how they interconnect (Fig.2). These instigators are visual identity, philosophy, mission and value, communication, spatial layout, physical stimuli and symbolic artefacts. This concept gives precedent to people’s perception of both ‘Place Identity’ and ‘Place Architecture’, showcasing that “the uniqueness of a place identity is likely to be determined in part by its perceived identification” (Bhattacharya & Sen, 2003).

Fig.2 The research conceptual framework ((Mahdi Foroudi, 2020)

It can be understood as a structure from which interpretations can be drawn explaining the role of people within the identification of architectural form in relation to their own perceptions (Fig.3). A series of hypotheses were accumulated in response to the concept of corporate place identity. These included such statements as “The more favorable the place architecture design is perceived by internal-stakeholders, the more favorably they will identify themselves with that place.” and “The more favorably the visual identity is perceived by internal- stakeholders, the more favorably the symbolic artefacts are perceived by internal-stakeholders.” (Balmer, 2008, p.323). These examples break down the perceptive relationship between people, place and architecture

This relationship is then further expanded upon, via reference to ‘Place Communication’ in the ‘Journal of Marketing Communications’. ‘Place Communication’ “refers to a place identity and can influence strategy and underpin communications” (He & Mukherjee, 2009). Although this concept is applied to understanding corporate identity, this could become increasingly integrated into the architect/public dialogue. This could start to reduce the disparities that occur between the two parties during the design process. These concepts of internal stakeholders and communication could be utilised to represent the individual and communal perception that contribute to and are a product of place identity. The identification triad theory can then be aligned to behavioural qualities of place in relation to spatial creation.

Fig.3 Self Sovereign Identity Actors (Mühle, Grüner, Gayvoronskaya and Meinel, 2018)

Sustainable Place Shaping

As an extension of the Identification Triad Theory, the ideologies behind “Place Shaping” come as a response to “ differentiated outcomes of intersecting, unbound, ecological, political-economic and socio-cultural processes” (Horlings, 2016, p.33). It was Professor of socio-spatial planning at the University of Groningen, Lummina Horlings, who argued that ‘Place Making” is not adequate enough to maintain place. She stated that sustainable place shaping allows us to “understand how people make sense of their place and attach values to place” (Horlings, 2016, p.35). Her argument addresses the need for people to become reacquainted and re-evaluate identity and symbolic meaning in order to continually strengthen identification. This line of inquiry into the notion of place acknowledges the perception of place as something that is continually changing, that place “is considered as not pre-given, but constructed” (Horlings, 2016, p.33). This suggests that if we are to maintain identity, we cannot assume that what we have been given in the past is what represents an identity. Rather, it is how we continue to live within it, appropriate it and respect it in the present. In sustainably re-engaging with place identity, Horlings proposes three areas to analyse; re-grounding, re-positioning and re-appreciation (Fig.4). Re-grounding focusses on the existing ecology and culture of place as a result of “wider communities, cultural notions, values, assets, technology and historical patterns” (Horlings, 2016, p.34). Re-positioning addresses “ways

Fig.4 Place and Place Shaping (Horlings, 2016)

value-adding, altering political-economic relations shaped by gloablization” (Horlings, 2016, p.34). Finally, re-appreciation centres on the psychological understanding of re-identification “which includes perceptions, meanings and values attached to place, processes of sense-making and how actors take the lead in appreciating places” (Horlings, 2016, p.34). To acknowledge the presence of these measures in the perception of place identity, Horlings suggests that we need to “address the temporal, historical, spatial, value-led and multi-scale aspects of sustainability in places and (re-)connect people to place” (Horlings, 2016, p.35). If this examination could be recognised within the design process; architects could begin to unravel the psychological responses to place.

Phenomenological Consideration To comprehend the conscious interpretation of place, a phenomenological approach should be considered in order to dissect the individuality of place. This can then begin to translate into the physical appropriation of architecture within a place. Phenomenology, has been defined as “the exploration and description of phenomena, where phenomena refer to things or experiences as human beings experience them” (Seamon, 2000, p.158). This initially suggests that the concept refers to how an individual views conditions presented to them. However, via its application within a communally shared setting, it goes beyond an internal process and can be expressed outside of those limitations (Fig.5). This

Fig.5 Sustainable Place Shaping (de Vrieze, 2019)

humanistic attitude towards phenomena could be compared to the idea of place as a humanly driven ideology. It was Doctor of Philosophy Mohammed Qasim Abdul Ghafoor, of Al-Nahrain University, who utilised both of these theories. He viewed the perception of place as a concept that is “largely drawn from phenomenology, was concerned with individuals’ attachments to particular places and the symbolic quality of popular concepts of place” (Mohammed Qasim Abdul Ghafoor, 2013, p.932). It was Norwegian architect Christian Norberg-Schulz who expanded upon the importance of individuality within spatial configuration when he states that “ ‘space’ denotes the three – dimensional organisation of the elements which make up a place, “character” denotes the general ‘atmosphere’ which is the most comprehensive property of any place” (Norberg-Schulz, 1991, p.11). It is re-engaging with this fundamental ‘character’ that will integrate not only the adaptive functionality of place within the design process, but also the highlighting of psychological identifiers associated with it. As people continue to relate meaning to situations and symbols, the role of phenomena should be more highly regarded by the architect. It was French philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty who questioned spacial experience as a basis for understanding other forms of connection when he stated, “Does not the experience of space provide a basis for its unity by means of an entirely different kind of synthesis?” (Merleau-Ponty, 2002, p.284). Unpacking this interpretation of space will become a basis from which re-identification can occur, bringing this otherwise subconscious concept into the forefront of design consideration.

Notification A contextual analysis of site and situation via a historical, environmental and sociological framework

Typically, site analysis is conducted to assess existing physical conditions within a given boundary, to determine the financial undertaking and to survey environmental circumstances. However, it could be argued that this level of information has masked the significance of those that inhabit and experience the spaces that are created. As a result of advancements in technology and dependance on the media “we live in a world, where the more information, the less the meaning” (Proto, 2003, p.2-3). A decline in meaning with respect to architectural implementation has the potential to sequentially damage individual identities and ideologies. This principle analyses the relationship between ‘philosophy, mission and value’ and ‘physical stimuli/ambient conditions’ of the identification triad theory. To ensure these values are maintained, it is imperative that this

development remains sustainable. In doing so “A key question is to address the temporal, historical, spatial, value-led and multi-scale aspects of sustainability in places and (re-)connect people to place” (Horlings, 2016, p.35) Collating the conscious understanding of place and the analysis of phenomenological factors, a ‘socio-environmental’ (Fig.6) foundation can be established to reinforce identity. Architect Steven Holl connected with this form of phenomenological observation with regards to place perception, stating that it is a way to “stimulate both inner and outer perception; to heighten phenomenal experience…in response to the particularities of site and circumstance” (Holl, Pallasmaa and Perez-Gomez, 2007, p.42). This interpretation suggests that in order to gain an insight into the experiential and perceptual qualities of place, an adaptive approach must be applied that allows contextual distinctions to manifest themselves.

Fig.6 Steering the socio-environmental system (Musters, de Graaf and ter Keurs, 1998)

A four stage process has been outlined to interpret individual socio-environments (Fig.7). First step is identifying the “system in space and time” (Musters, de Graaf and ter Keurs, 1998, p.251). Taking into account historical factors and time dependant qualities. Once a background has been established then comes an “assessment of the people involved” (Musters, de Graaf and ter Keurs, 1998, p.251) and those affected by the changes. A level of cooperation will then be determined.

“

- Psychological: consciousness of forming a community. - Cultural: sharing a common culture. - Territorial: attachment to a clearly demarcated territory. - Historical: possessing a common past. - Political: claiming the right to rule itself.

(Mohammed Qasim Abdul Ghafoor, 2013, p.934)

The coalescence of this investigative process and the exploration of these key elements will provide a more intimate framework for place. As part of the study involves public appraisal, this can start to develop a more communally governed interpretation of place; as opposed to a singular vision that is merely based on a misguided perception.

Next comes the ‘delimitation of the system’, which assesses “the outer boundaries, the level of resolution of the information, and the boundaries of the context of the system” (Musters, de Graaf and ter Keurs, 1998, p.251). Finally, the system is then defined by its “subsystems, values, and constraints.” (Musters, de Graaf and ter Keurs, 1998, p.250). Once a formalised consensus has been determined, a socio environmental definition can be affirmed. During this initial four stage process, analysis of the following 5 elements of national identity should be integrated into the development of a definition;

“

A ‘socio environmental’ system can be defined as; “a system consisting of a relatively small number of subsystems and being part of only one higher-scale system” (A. Simon, 1962) which encompasses “social as well as biophysical aspects” (Musters, de Graaf and ter Keurs, 1998, p.254). The system in question, with regards to its consideration within the design process, is the place in which identity is formed. An accurate delineation of the concept cannot be given as the analysis of environments evaluates this definition with respect to individual place identities.

Fig.7 Steps for defining a socio-environmental system (Musters, de Graaf and ter Keurs, 1998

Assimilation Collating knowledge and experience with a community body in order to acquire contextual requirements and place people within the design hierarchy.

Through observation and appropriation of a community’s collective consciousness, the architect can start to form a perceptive physicalisation of a world that has certain significance to a community. This principle takes into account the ‘Communication’ and ‘Symbolic artefacts’ strands of the ‘identification triad theory’ and their relationship to communal engagement. As per the aforementioned second stage of the socio-environmental analysis process, this process allows the appropriation of a perceived world, both for the individual’s benefit and for the purposes of a significant physical intervention. Architectural theorist Meltem Yilmaz discussed the impact of communities on the longevity of identity when stating; “to ensure the protection of socio-cultural traits of identity, as in the case of architectural heritage, requires close co-operation between local communities and the state” (Yilmaz.M, 2006, p.145). An example of communal integration in the design process that benefited communal identity is Castleford Bridge in West Yorkshire (Fig.8). Designed by McDowell+Benedetti Architects and completed in July 2008, this project “was one of a number of community-led design projects developed as part of the town of Castleford’s regeneration.” (RIBA, 2011, p.8). The aim was to link the north and south of Castleford’s riverside community connecting Aire Street to Mill Lane (Fig.9). During public meetings in local bars, clubs and community centres,

Castleford Bridge Fig.8 Castleford Bridge (Benedetti Architects, 2019)

Castleford Bridge Fig.9 Castleford Bridge (Matter Architecture, 2019)

Castleford Bridge Fig.10 Castleford Bridge (World Architecture News, 2008)

one key question was asked; “how do you want to see your town improved?” (RIBA, 2011, p.8). Once a sufficient amount of consultation had been conducted, two community representatives were chosen by local people to be more closely involved in the project, providing an important connection between the regeneration team and the local community (Fig.10). Director of CABE (Chartered Association of Building Engineers), who worked alongside the design team and the public, Sarah Gaventa expressed the reception of the project; “Loved and enjoyed, the excellent result of a great relationship between community and architect, it succeeds in pushing the very definition of public space.” (Benedetti Architects, 2019). This approach kept the design team on the project focused on the aims as established by the local community. If the community are to be involved, the architect must determine the level of involvement with which they would be comfortable. It was author Sherry Arnstein who wrote a journal article on the ‘Ladder of Citizen Participation’ (Fig.11). This breaks down levels of cooperation that communities can achieve during participatory decision making. This concept is divided into three categories ‘Non-Participation’, ‘Tokenism’ and ‘Citizen Control’ which are split into eight subcategories. If distinctive identities are to be represented effectively, the minimum level of participation must be Level 4 ‘Consultation’ of ‘Tokenism’. Fig.11 Arnstein’s Ladder (Authors own image) (Based on ‘Degrees of Citizen Participation’ by Sherry Arnstein)

Manipulation and disregard for identity could lead to sub-sects of a place feeling ostracised within their own environment. This ‘non-participation’ does not allow the public “to participate in planning or conducting programs, but to enable power holders to “educate” or “cure” the participants” (Arnstein, 1969, p.217). To reduce the chances of this, identity management strategies should be followed. From the architect’s perspective, during the early stages of conception, two social elements should be considered prior to perceiving identity “(a) being a member of a group and (b) comparing treatment of their group relative to other groups.” (Madera, King and Hebl, 2012, p.166). If this management is not considered, it could potentially lead to extremist concentrations of those who wish to preserve an otherwise neglected identity. However, complete public control may exclude visionary exploration, limiting future vision and physical development. In the case of Castleford Bridge, there was a ‘partnership’ that allowed a level of citizen control to take place during the process. This level of citizen control still gave the architect a degree of flexibility in the aesthetic consideration and materiality definition.

Materialisation To appropriate physical gestures with respect to the existing fabric and the environmental impact whilst evolving the material palette of a place.

The effective use of materials within both the exterior and interior environments can start to illustrate a recognition of place identity. It is the physicalisation of individuality that are the “key elements of the transmission of cultural identities from one generation to the next” (Akşehir, 2003, p.13).

argued that it, “can never start from scratch; it always builds upon a pre-existing set of symbolic materials which form the bedrock of identity” (Thompson, 1996). This form of symbolism within materials can portray a respect for not only the environment, but the people who inhabit it.

In reference to the ‘identification triad theory’, this principle examines the attitudes of ‘Visual Identity’ and ‘Physical structure/spatial layout’. These instigators can be closely considered within the design process (Fig.12).

It is the architect’s obligation to appraise the significance of materials and their application, ultimately affecting their sensitivity to place as “architectural artefacts are not exterior to society or to human social interaction” (Delitz, 2017, p.38).

It was British sociologist John Thompson who commented on the importance of materials in identity formation when he

The main characteristics of identity in architecture

Shape & form of building

General design principles

Materials

Relationship with context

Fig.12 Main characteristics of identity in architecture (Authors own image) (Based on Torabi’s diagram, (Torabi and Brahman, 2013)

Temporal organisation

Semantic organisation

Spatial organisation

Chapel of St Benedict - Peter Zumthor An example of respecting identity within a building’s materiality is Peter Zumthor’s Chapel of St Benedict in Sumvitg, Switzerland, completed in 1988 (Fig.13). In briefing the project, the village authorities “had issued the building permit with the comment “senza perschuasiun” (without conviction)” (Yue, 2013, p.1). This open approach to the brief left Zumthor free to interpret it. This could have initially be seen as an oversight in maintaining a physical avatar of identity within the community. However, as a result of his previous experience in carpentry, he was “greatly influenced by the sensitive use of rustic material” (Yue, 2013, p.1). This led to an approach which showed a respect for the embodied meaning behind material and spacial considerations. The church utilised timber shingles on the building’s exterior (Fig.14) as it is “a common

material used for the local houses” (Yue, 2013, p.1) that “speak to traditions in the region” (Zukowsky, 2006). This preservation of traditional methods takes into account specificities of a locality, whilst continuing to develop their contemporary applications. Zumthor addresses the historical significance of the site with regards to the ethics of St. Benedict, after whom the original church was named before an avalanche struck the village and destroyed the previous church in 1984. It is believed the saint emphasised the importance of “the living community of men who live, work, eat and pray together as a permanent element…giving a sense of togetherness” (Yue, 2013, p.4). He did this by “eliminating the usage of internal wall” (Yue, 2013, p.4), thereby eradicating any form of division between individual identities and embracing a single community (Fig.15).

Fig.14 Timber Shingles (Camus, 2013)

Fig.13 St Benedict’s Chapel (Camus, 2013)

Fig.15 Inside St Benedict’s Church (Camus, 2013)

It was architectural theorists Zohreh Torabi and Sara Brahman who suggested examples of material communication. They suggested the use of brick and timber “shows the belief in world mortality in the community.” (Torabi and Brahman, 2013, p.110) (Fig.16) and that the use of “stone in palace of the Kings is a symbol of building stability and strength of kings.” (Torabi and Brahman, 2013, p.110) (Fig.17). Combining material identity with new methods like this embraces “two separate moments of a phenomenon: a cultural moment and a technological moment.” (Torabi and Brahman, 2013, p.106). As phenomena is a time sensitive quality to the human experience of architectural space, these deliberations cannot be limited to singular moments. They must instead continue to support a ‘congenial relationship’ to establish a “relationship between the buildings with their surrounding” (Torabi and Brahman, 2013, p.106) that evolves over time. It could be argued that, because of the material and topographical consideration employed by Zumthor, this forms a congenial relationship with the environment. However, when “we can intentionally distinguish the shape of the building from the context” (Torabi and Brahman, 2013, p.106), this is known as a ‘conflict relationship’.

Fig.16 Tudor House (Daniels, 2019)

Fig.17 Palace of the Kings (Hepburn, 2008)

Kuwait National Assembly Building - Jørn Utzon An example of this type of relationship, that attempts to express cultural identity, is the Kuwait National Assembly Building by Jørn Utzon, completed in 1982 (Fig.18). The building is functionally a representation of the identity of Kuwait as it “houses government offices, spaces for representation, a large assembly hall and a mosque.” (Utzon, 2019). Due to both the political and occupational scale, the structure is vast and immediately contrasts the shape of its immediate context. Utzon based the plan of the building “on the plan of a Middle Eastern ‘souq’ or market” (Utzon, 2019). It is evident that he has regarded symbols of identity within the material and spacial arrangement (Fig.19), however there were those who questioned the specificity of these inspirations. MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) professor Lawrence Vale criticised the inspiration behind the covered plaza, stating that it “hearkens as much to ship sails and a tradition of water-based merchant trade as it does to a nomadic desert tradition” (Langdon, 2019).

Fig.18 Kuwait National Assembly Building (Utzon, 1971)

When identifiers become unclear to those who observe, use and critique architecture, the idea of structural integration is lost. If identity is to remain a relevant concept within future appropriation of architecture and place, there most be a symbolic referral to historic foundations, but adapted to show a clear evolution in the concept of identity. It’s clear that understanding material identity can help further integrate physical and historical presence to place. To continue the presence of identity, the material application must evolve and continually be expressed within the design process in order to relate physical gestures not only to BREAAM and Approved document regulations but also to its psychological instigators within human consciousness.

Fig.19 Kuwait National Assembly Building interior (Utzon, 1971)

Evolution Ensuring the continual development of identity by both physically and functionally integrating proposals within their environment.

This final principle highlights the relationship between ‘Spatial layout and functionality’ and the final outcome of ‘Identification’. For identity to remain as a constant adversary of generic design, it must continue to evolve and adapt to the changing dynamics of place. However, “new technologies, globalization and ‘time-space-compression’ have sought to represent localized identities as historical, regressive characteristics, and have worked to undermine the old allegiances of place and community.” (Mohammed Qasim Abdul Ghafoor, 2013, p.934).

The historicism and social perceptions of place identity can “often give the false impression that good local architecture requires us to freeze in some celebratory fashion a moment in the evolutionary process of our cities and villages” (Derakhshani, 2012, p.31). However, if a form of historic presence and place identity is not maintained, could generic arrangement formulate future design decisions as exemplified in Rem Koolhaas’s “the generic city”? (Fig.20) The repetitive nature of the concept suggests “in its profound sameness, the generic city was a more accurate reflection of contemporary urban reality than nostalgic vision” (Girvin, 2020).

Generic City Image Fig.20 Rem Koolhaas, Generic City (Koolhaas, 1995)

This extreme example demonstrates the perceptions of nostalgia and contemporary in the physical outcome. Despite this, the process of identity sensitive design is place dependent and therefore indefinable. If a proposal is to be integrated into a place that is losing touch with its history, then historic foundations should be highlighted within the output. On the other hand, if limited development is evident through initial analysis, then an expansion on material and spacial identification may be required. A balance between these must be determined (Fig.21) “to enable society to absorb new developments and new demands without suffering from identity diffusion” (Yilmaz and Maz, 2006, p.141) It was executive director of INTBAU (International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism) Harriet Wennberg who noted that people who reside in a place are arguably the most aware of where they are situated on this scale. She states “we are all to some extent able to recognise when a place has become unrecognisable as itself” (Wennberg, 2015, p.12), claiming it is illustrated when “continuity in time of the distinct material components of place identity – shape, texture, material, colour, and detail – is overtaken or overwhelmed by broad societal change” (Wennberg, 2015, p.12).

Experiential Developing place meaning and strengthening place attachment through direct, frequent and positive

experiences in places. Combined

Environmental education often combines two approaches nurturing sense of place Conveying predetermined and developing new place meaning, and strengthening place attachment using discussions, texts, art and other indirect means.

Instructional Fig.21 Combining two approaches influencing sense of place. (Authors own image) (Based on Kudryavtsev’s sense of place diagram)

Depending on the response, it is both the representatives of place and architect’s responsibility to assess the level of manipulation of identity. A sudden change may reflect poorly on perceptions of both the architect and the place.

An example of progressive utilisation of identity is Anna Heringers METI school project in Radrapur, Bangladesh (Fig.22). Completed in 2007, the design adapted local building techniques and materials (Fig.23) in conjunction with limited modern elements, with the aim of achieving both environmental and social sustainability. Locals were also encouraged to take part in the construction process, in order to acknowledge collective identities within the community (Fig.24). However, the consensus was that â&#x20AC;&#x153;the project was an interesting experience, but one they will be unable to repeat due to a lack of equipment and resourcesâ&#x20AC;? (Lim C.S, J., 2007, p.4).

This display of identity constitutes a lack of consideration for maintenance over time. Although the project was considered a success in its singular vision, this opinion suggests the gradual evolution of identity could not be maintained without further external assistance. If individual identities are to continue through the medium of architectural design principles, we must not only consider the life cycle of the physical but also how future users can maintain symbolism through function and appropriation. This will prioritise sustainability both through material application and sociological understanding in future proposals; producing an environment that becomes more resilient to the generic.

Fig.22 Handmade School (Hoerbst, 2010)

Fig.23 Building techniques (Hoerbst, 2010)

Fig.24 Local integration (Hoerbst, 2010)

Conclusion In conclusion, the manifesto principles derive from a series of concepts and deliberations that have previously been utilised, but as separate entities. However, for there to be harmony between the conceptualising, physicalising and future proofing of place identity; these principles must be combined as part of a defining framework. It is the human qualities of perception and phenomenological understanding, as stated in the concept of ‘Notification’, that ultimately prolong the identity of both place and architecture. If the architect is seen to not engage with these when pursuing a project, then how can the public be expected to accept and integrate it into a unified fabric? It is evident that having complete public control is not necessarily a fair reflection of what is right for the development of identity. Neither can it be neglected by an architect in an attempt to prove they understand the principles of place.

identity a device that will both support and be supported by form and fabric. Although the manifesto does not provide one definitive device that can be applied to place, it does demonstrate the particularities that come with assimilating identity with form. If a universal template were to be found, this could be considered paradoxical to the notion of negating generic design, as this in itself would be generic. As a form of praxis, this will continue to influence future design choices via the inclusion of the progressive influence of identity. It is therefore a guide which acknowledges the importance of continuing definitive qualities; allowing the relationship between place identity and the respective architecture to be re-connected.

However, regarding the material symbolism of place, it is the architects perspective that offers both the appropriation and development of material meaning with respect to individual environments and spacial formation. If this is forgotten, then ‘place identity’ could become synonymous with a total dependency on the past. This is why recognising identity as a past, present and future supposition will resist the detriments of universal design, embedding architecture with relatable significance. As a result, the proposed manifesto considers

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Image References Fig.1 - Authors own image Fig.2 - Mahdi Foroudi, M., 2020. The Research Conceptual Framework. [image] Available at: <https:// www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-corporate-identity%2C-architecture%2C-and-triad%3A-Foroudi/ Fig.3 - Mühle, A., Grüner, A., Gayvoronskaya, T. and Meinel, C., 2018. Self Sovereign Identity Actors. [image] Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326459642_A_Survey_on_Essential_ Components_of_a_Self-Sovereign_Identity/figures> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.4 - Horlings, L., 2016. Place And Place Shaping. [image] Available at: <https://www.researchgate. net/publication/304066581_Connecting_people_to_place_Sustainable_place-shaping_practices_as_ transformative_power/figures> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.5 - de Vrieze, A., 2019. Co-Production Of Citizens And Institutions For Sustainable Place-Shaping. [image] Available at: <https://www.sustainableplaceshaping.net/new-susplace-publication-the-role-oflocal-energy-initiatives-in-co-producing-sustainable-places-by-soares-da-silva-et-al/> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.6 - Musters, C., de Graaf, H. and ter Keurs, W., 1998.. Steering The Socio-Environmental System. [image] Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800997001043> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.7 - Musters, C., de Graaf, H. and ter Keurs, W., 1998. Steps for defining a socioenvironmental system. [image] Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/ S0921800997001043> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.8 - Benedetti Architects, 2019. Castleford Bridge. [image] Available at: <https://www.benedettiarchitects.com/project/castleford-bridge/> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.9 - Matter Architecture, 2019. Castleford Bridge & Masterplan. [image] Available at: <https://www. matterarchitecture.uk/projects/castleford-bridge-and-masterplan/> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.10 - World Architecture News, 2008. Castleford Bridge. [image] Available at: <https://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/article/1501459/%E2%80%9Cs%E2%80%9D-shaped-bridge-opens-yorkshire> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.11 - Authors own image (Based on Arnsteins Ladder: Arnstein, S., 1969. Arnstein’s Ladder. [image] Available at: <http://citizenshandbook.org/arnsteinsladder.html> [Accessed 12 April 2020].) Fig.12 -Authors own image (Based on Torabi, Z. and Brahman, S., 2013. Main Characteristics Of Identity In Architecture. [image] Available at: <https://www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr15(1)13/14.pdf> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.13 - Camus, F., 2013. St Benedict’s Chapel. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/418996/ad-classics-saint-benedict-chapel-peter-zumthor/52153a57e8e44e7a18000063-ad-classics-saint-benedict-chapel-peter-zumthor-image?next_project=no> [Accessed 19 April 2020].

Fig.14 - Camus, F., 2013. Timber Shingles. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/418996/ ad-classics-saint-benedict-chapel-peter-zumthor/52153a57e8e44e7a18000063-ad-classics-saint-benedict-chapel-peter-zumthor-image?next_project=no> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.15 - Camus, F., 2013. Inside St Benedict’s Church. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/418996/ad-classics-saint-benedict-chapel-peter-zumthor/52153a57e8e44e7a18000063-ad-classics-saint-benedict-chapel-peter-zumthor-image?next_project=no> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.16 - Daniels, T., 2019. Tudor House. [image] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/lapseoftheshutter/6192120777> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.17 - Hepburn, J., 2008. Palace Of The Kings. [image] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ johnnysenough/28342341214/> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.18 - Utzon, 1971. Kuwait National Assembly Building. [image] Available at: <https://utzon.dk/portfolio-item/kuwait-national-assembly-complex/> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.19 -Utzon, 1971. Kuwait National Assembly Building. [image] Available at: <https://utzon.dk/portfolio-item/kuwait-national-assembly-complex/> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.20 - Koolhaas, R., 1995. Rem Koolhaas, Generic City, 1995. [image] Available at: <https://www.flickr. com/photos/146095643@N07/24632934127> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.21 - Authors own image (Based on Kudryavtsev’s diagram: Kudryavtsev, A., C. Stedman, R. and E. Krasny, M., 2012. Combining Two Approaches Influencing Sense Of Place. [image] Available at: <https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/233028456_Sense_of_Place_in_Environmental_Education> [Accessed 19 April 2020].) Fig.22 - Hoerbst, K., 2010. METI Handmade School. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/51664/handmade-school-anna-heringer-eike-roswag/5008955428ba0d50da00116c-handmadeschool-anna-heringer-eike-roswag-photo?next_project=no> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.23 - Hoerbst, K., 2010. METI Handmade School. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/51664/handmade-school-anna-heringer-eike-roswag/5008955428ba0d50da00116c-handmadeschool-anna-heringer-eike-roswag-photo?next_project=no> [Accessed 19 April 2020]. Fig.24 - Hoerbst, K., 2010. METI Handmade School. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/51664/handmade-school-anna-heringer-eike-roswag/5008955428ba0d50da00116c-handmadeschool-anna-heringer-eike-roswag-photo?next_project=no> [Accessed 19 April 2020].

UBPMJR-15-M Alexander Hussey 13023545 Pages: 24 Word Count: 4400