Greetings Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb., Shalom, Om Swastyastu, Namo Buddhaya, Salam Kebajikan.
Nadhil Putra Fadianto Director of ALSA LC UNAIR
Puji dan Syukur mari kita panjatkan kepada Tuhan YME, oleh karena berkat dan rahmatNya kita telah diberikan kesehatan serta keselamatan dan memberikan kami kesempatan untuk memperkenalkan ALSA English Module. Saya ucapkan terima kasih kepada kakak-kakak Alumni dan seluruh pihak yang turut berkontribusi dalam menciptakan ALSA English Module yang kami persembahkan untuk member ALSA LC UNAIR yang saya banggakan. Dengan adanya ALSA English Module ini, saya harap dapat dimanfaatkan dengan sebaik-baiknya untuk dibaca, dipahami, dan dimengerti supaya teman-teman member dapat melatih kemampuan dalam bahasa inggris baik secara lisan maupun tulisan. Setelah adanya modul ini, harapan saya dapat mendorong minat member untuk berkarya dan menambah prestasi organisasi yang kita cintai ini khususnya dalam kompetisi maupun kegiatan berbahsa inggris. Akhir kata, semoga produk ini dapat dipahami dan berguna bagi kami sendiri maupun siapapun yang membacanya. Apabila terdapat kesalahan kata yang kurang berkenan dalam penulisan produk ini, kami mohon kritik dan saran demi membangun ALSA LC UNAIR semakin baik dan berkualitas. Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb., Shalom, Om Shanti Shanti Shanti Om, Namo Buddhaya, Salam Kebajikan. Together We Build, Together We Learn, ALSA, Always Be One!
1
Nurasyifah Khoirala Manager English Development Division
2
Editor
Shinta Laura Staff English Development
Kariza Fabian
Nada Sophia
Staff English Development
Staff English Development
Designer
Zahra Febyta
Brillian Nathanael
Staff English Development
Staff English Development
Reviewer
Azzahra Nabila
Radzan Galih
Nurasyifah Khoirala
Vice Director Academic
Co of Seminar & Development
Manager English Development
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 01
Greetings
03
Crew
05
Chapter 1: Grammar
61
Post-Test
66
Contact Us
About ED 02 Table of 04 Contents Chapter 2: 47 Reading Quote 65 Answer Key 67
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CHAPTER 1
GRAMMAR
English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
I. Pronoun Pronoun atau kata ganti, dibedakan menjadi : 1. Subject Pronoun Kata ganti yang menggantikan benda yang berkedudukan sebagai subjek dalam kalimat. Ex: I have a history book. 2. Complement Pronoun Kata ganti yang menggantikan benda yang berkedudukan sebagai objek kalimat. Ex: Teacher gives us assignments today. 3. Possessive Objective Kata ganti yang menggantikan kepemilikan. Ex: she met her old friend yesterday.
benda
yang
menunjukkan
4. Possessive Pronoun Kata ganti yang menggantikan benda yang menunjukkan kepemilikan dimana posisi benda berkedudukan sebagai objek. Ex: These comics are mine. 5. Reflexive Pronoun Kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ex: He said that he has eaten all the fruit himself. 6. Demonstrative Pronoun Kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai petunjuk, diantaranya adalah this, that, these, dan those. Ex: Those dolls belong to my little sister.
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
7. Relative Pronoun Kata ganti yang berfungsi untuk menggabungkan klausa, diantaranya: whose, who, whom, which, when, where, what, dan that. Example: - The girl whose hair is wavy is my classmate. - Mitha said that she will buy a concert ticket. 8. Reciprocal Pronoun Kata ganti yang memiliki fungsi untuk menunjukkan timbal balik, diantaranya: each other dan one another. Example: - They hit each other because of a small matter. - They were helping one another when they were students. 9. Interrogative Pronoun Kata ganti yang berfungsi untuk menanyakan suatu diantaranya: who, where. When, which, what, dan whom. Example: - Where did you buy these delicious cakes? - What will you do tomorrow?
hal,
10. Distributive Pronoun Di antaranya: each, everything, none, neither, everyone, both, any, everybody, dan one.
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
Subject pronoun
Complemen t pronoun
Possessive adjective
Possessive pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
I
Me
My
Mine
Myself
You
You
Your
Yours
Yourself
She
Her
Her
Hers
Herself
He
Him
His
His
Himself
They
Them
Their
Theirs
Themselves
We
Us
Our
Ours
Ourselves
It
It
Its
Its
Itself
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
II. Noun Noun (Kata Benda) dapat terbagi menjadi beberapa golongan, diantaranya: 1. Wujudnya a. Concrete Noun Yaitu kata benda yang berwujud. Contohnya: - Table - Tiger - Motorcycle b. Abstract Noun Yaitu kata benda yang tidak berwujud. Contohnya: - Strength - Fear - Wisdom 2. Jumlahnya a. Countable Noun Yaitu kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Contohnya: Table – Tables Dog – Dogs Sister – Sisters b. Uncountable Noun Yaitu kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Perlu dijadikan sebagai catatan bahwa kata benda yang merujuk pada benda gas, benda cair, benda padat, kata benda abstrak, nama penyakit, mata pelajaran, nama bahasa dapat dikategorikan sebagai uncountable noun. Contohnya:
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
Noun
Meaning Noun
Dust Wind Heat Art Lightning Biology
Debu Angin Panas Seni Petir Biologi
CATATAN : Countable noun dapat ditandai dengan adanya penggunaan a atau an atau penambahan akhiran –s atau –es pada bentuk jamaknya. Sedangkan uncountable noun tidak menggunakan a/ an maupun penambahan akhiran Adapun beberapa kata benda yang tidak menggunakan penambahan akhiran: Tunggal
Jamak
Tunggal
Jamak
Axis Brontosaurus Criterion Oasis Hipopotamus Sarchopagus Medium
Axes Brontosauri Criteria Oases Hipopotami Sarchopagi Media
Mouse Goose Cactus Crisis Tooth Agendum Alumnus
Mice Geese Cacti Crises Teeth Agenda Alumni
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
Adapun kata benda yang memiliki bentuk yang sama, baik bentuk tunggal atau jamaknya:
Tunggal
Jamak
Tunggal
Jamak
Fish Species Series
Fish Species Series
Fruit Sheep Means
Fruit Sheep Means
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QUESTION
1. I met some interesting…...at the meeting last night a. men b. mans c. mens d. man 2. I need some…..to light the fire a. matches b. match c. matches d. matcher 3. New scientific…..are made every day in…..throughout the world a. discovery, laboratory b. discovers, laboratories c. discover, laboratory d. discoveries, laboratories
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
4. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some…. and wild…. a. wolfes, sheeps b. wolf, sheep c. wolves, sheepes d. wolves, sheep 5. The north side of the island has no….. There are only steep….. No one can climb these steep walls of rock a. beach, cliff b. beaches, cliff c. beachs, cliffs d. beach, cliffs
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
III. Conjunctions Paired Conjunctions: Both….And; Not Only….But Also; Either….or; Neither….Nor
a. Both my mother and my sister are here b. not only my mother but also my sister is here c. not only my sister but also my parents are here d. neither my mother nor my sister is here e. neither my sister nor my parents are here
Two subjects connected by both… and take a plural verb, as in (a) when two subjects are connected by not only….but also, either…or, or neither…nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
f. the research project will take both time and money g. Yesterday it not only rained but also snowed h. i’ll take either chemistry or physics next quarter i. the book is neither interesting nor accurate
notice the parallel structure in the examples. the same grammatical form should follow each part of the paired conjunctions in (f) : Both + noun + and + noun in (g) : not only + verb + but also + verb in (h) : either + noun + or + noun in (i) : neither + adjective+ nor + adjective
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
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QUESTION 1. A : You have met his father. Have you met his mother? B : …….. a. yes, i have met both his father and his mother b. yes, i have met neither his father and his mother c. yes, i have met either his father nor his mother d. yes, i have met both his mother nor his father 2. A : I know you are studying law. Are you studying English literature too? B : ……. a. Yes, i am studying either law and english literature b. Yes, i am studying not only law but also english literature c. Yes, i am studying neither law and also english literature d. Yes, i am studying law both and english literature 3. A : Jeon has your book, or Kim has your book. Is that right B : ………. a. Yes, neither Jeon or Kim has my book b. Yes, either Jeon and Kim has my book c. Yes, either Jeon or Kim has my book d. Yes, either Jeon but Kim has my book 4. A : Min doesn't like coffee. Does he like tea? B : ……….. a. No, he likes neither coffee nor tea b. Yes, he likes neither coffee or tea c. No, he likes neither coffee and tea d. No, he likes neither coffee also tea
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
5. ….. Joe ..... his sisters could understand what their parents were saying when they spoke French. a. Neither / Nor b. Whether / Or c. Rather / Than d. No Sooner / Than
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
Intermediate Level 1. Tenses 1.
Simple Present Tense Formula
Sentences
Examples
Verbal
Subject + V1 + (s/es)
Dad works hard every day
Nominal
Subject + is/am/are + nominal
She is more beautiful than usual
Positive
Verbal
Subject + don’t/doesn’t I don’t know what to say + V1 to her
Negative Nominal
Subject + is/am/are + not + nominal
They aren’t as bad as you think
Verbal
Do/Does + Subject + V1 + ?
Does he know about this?
Nominal
Is/Am/Are + Subject + nominal + ?
Are you better than yesterday?
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
2. Present Continous Tense Sentences
Formula Verbal
Examples
Subject + is/am/are + She is playing a kite Ving
Positive Nominal
Subject + is/am/are + Fajar is a college nominal student
Verbal
Subject + is/am/are + She is not playing a not + Ving kite
Nominal
Subject + is/am/are + Fajar isn’t a college not + nominal student
Negative
Verbal
Is/Am/Are + Subject + Is she playing a kite? Ving + ?
Interrogative Nominal
Is/Am/Are + Subject + Is Fajar a college nominal + ? student?
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
3. Present Perfect Tense Formula
Sentences
Examples
Verbal
Subject + has/have + V3
I have done the task earlier
Nominal
Subject + has/have + been + nominal
She has been a good doctor for the girl a while ago
Verbal
Subject + has/have + not + V3
I haven’t done the task earlier
Nominal
Subject + has/have + not + been + nominal
She hasn’t been a good doctor for the girl a while ago
Verbal
Has/have + Subject + V3 + ?
Have I done the task earlier?
Nominal
Has/have + Subject + been + nominal + ?
Has she been a good doctor for the girl a while ago?
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
4. Simple Past Tense Formula
Sentences
Examples
Verbal
Subject + V2
She drove to the town solely
Nominal
Subject + was/were + nominal
You were glad to meet him
Verbal
Subject + didn’t + V1
She didn’t drive to the town solely
Nominal
Subject + was/were + not + nominal
You weren’t glad to meet him
Verbal
Did + Subject + V1 + ?
Did she drive to the town solely?
Positive
Negative
Interrogative Nominal
Was/were + Subject + Were you glad to nominal + ? meet him?
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
5. Simple Future Tense Sentences
Formula
Examples
Verbal
Subject + will + V1
You will know sooner or later
Nominal
Subject + will + be + nominal
Henry will be the champion today
Verbal
Subject + won’t + V1
You won’t know till you’ve tried
Positive
Negative Nominal
Subject + won’t + be + She won’t be the nominal model
Verbal
Will + Subject + V1 + ?
Nominal
Will + Subject + be + nominal + ?
Will the police come on time?
Interrogative Will she become a nurse soon?
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
6. Simple Past Future Tense Sentences
Formula Verbal
Examples
Subject + should/would + Sarah should go to bare infinitive the hospital
Positive Nominal
Verbal Negative
Subject + was/were + going to + bare infinitive
He was going to write a new note
Subject + should/would + Sarah should not go not + bare infinitive to the hospital
Nominal
Subject + was/were + not He was not going to + going to + bare write a new note infinitive
Verbal
Should/would + subject + Should Sarah go to bare infinitive + ? the hospital?
Interrogative Nominal
Was/were + subject + going to + bare infinitive +?
Was he going to write a new note?
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
7. Past Continous Tense Sentences
Formula
Examples
Verbal
Subject + was/were + Ving
They were trying a new road
Nominal
Subject + was/were + nominal
Alea was afraid of the dark
Verbal
Subject + was/were + not + Ving
They weren’t trying a new road
Nominal
Subject + was/were + nominal
Alea wasn’t afraid of the dark
Positive
Negative
Verbal
Was/were + Subject + Were they trying a Ving + ? new road?
Nominal
Was/were + Subject + Was Alea afraid of nominal + ? the dark?
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
8. Future Continous Tense Formula
Sentences Verbal
Subject + will + be + Ving
Nominal
Subject + will + being + nominal
Examples I will be going to school tomorrow
Positive
Verbal
She will being a hero the day after tomorrow
Subject + will + not + be + I won’t be going to Ving school tomorrow
Negative Nominal
Verbal
Subject + will + not + being + nominal
She won’t being a hero the day after tomorrow
Will + Subject + be + Ving Will I be going to +? school tomorrow?
Interrogative Nominal
Will + Subject + being + nominal + ?
Will she being a hero the day after tomorrow
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
9. Past Future Continous Tense Sentences
Formula
Examples We would be coming to
Verbal
Subject + would + be your house if you were at + Ving home
Positive Nominal
Subject + would + being + nominal
My son would being the actor if he wasn’t sick
Verbal
Subject + would + not + be + Ving
We would not be coming to your house if you were at home
Nominal
Subject + would + not + being + nominal
Negative My son would not being the actor if he wasn’t sick Would we be coming to
Verbal
Would + Subject + be your house if you were at + Ving + ? home?
Nominal
Would + Subject + being Would my son being the actor if he wasn’t sick? + nominal + ?
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
10. Past Perfect Tense Sentences
Examples
Formula Verbal
Subject + had + V3
He had finished his homework yesterday
Positive Nominal
Subject + had + been I had been the teacher some years ago + nominal
Verbal
Subject + had + not + He hadn’t finished his homework yesterday V3
Negative
I hadn’t been the
Nominal
Subject + had + not + teacher some years been + nominal ago
Verbal
Had + Subject + V3 + ?
Had he finished his homework yesterday?
Interrogative Nominal
Had + Subject + been Had I been the teacher some years ago? + nominal + ?
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
11. Future Perfect Tense Formula
Sentences Verbal
Examples
Subject + will + have + I will have finished the cleaning in 4 hours V3
Positive
The students will have
Subject + will + have + been graduates in some Nominal been + nominal months Verbal
Subject + will + not + have + V3
I won’t have finished the cleaning in 4 hours
Nominal
Subject + will + not + have + been + nominal
The students won’t have been graduates in some months
Verbal
Will + subject + have + V3 + ?
Will I have finished the cleaning in 4 hours?
Nominal
Will + subject + have + been + nominal + ?
Will the students have graduated in some months?
Negative
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
12. Past Future Perfect Tense Formula
Examples
Verbal
Subject + should/would + have + V3
He would’ve done the tasks if he wasn’t going to the cinema
Nominal
Subject + should/would + have + been + nominal
I should’ve been a soldier but I was failed
Verbal
Subject + should/would + not + have + V3
He wouldn’t have done the tasks if he wasn’t going to the cinema
Nominal
Subject + should/would + not + have + been + nominal
I shouldn’t have been a soldier but I was failed
Verbal
Should/would + subject + have + V3 + ?
Would he done the tasks if he wasn’t going to the cinema?
Nominal
Should/would + subject + have + been + nominal +?
Should I have been a soldier if I was failed?
Sentences
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
13. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Formula
Sentences
Examples
Verbal
Subject + has/have + been + Ving + since/for
Mom has been working there since 2006
Nominal
Subject + has/have + been + being + nominal + since/for
She has been being a director 2 years ago
Verbal
Subject + has/have + not + been + Ving + since/for
Mom hasn’t been working there since 2006
Nominal
Subject + has/have + not + been + being + nominal + since/for
She hasn’t been being a director since 2 years ago
Verbal
Has/have + subject + been + Ving + since/for + ?
Has Mom been working there since 2006?
Nominal
Has/have + subject + been + being + nominal + since/for + ?
Has she been being a director since 2 years ago?
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
14. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Sentences
Formula
Examples
Verbal
Subject + had + been + Ving + since/for
I had been pushing the door for 35 minutes
Nominal
Subject + had + been + being + nominal + since/for
They had been being the choir since 2012
Verbal
Subject + had + not + been + Ving + since/for
I hadn’t been pushing the door for 35 minutes
Nominal
Subject + had + not + been + being + nominal + since/for
They hadn’t been being the choir since 2012
Verbal
Had + subject + been + Ving + since/for + ?
Had I been pushing the door for 35 minutes?
Nominal
Had + subject + been + being + nominal + since/for + ?
Had they been being the choir since 2012?
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
15. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Sentences
Formula
Examples
Verbal
Subject + will + have + been + Ving + since/for
I will have been watching the TV since morning
Nominal
Subject + will + have + been + being + nominal + since/for
She will have been being a doctor since 2016
Verbal
Subject + will + not + have + been + Ving + since/for
I won’t have been watching the TV since morning
Nominal
Subject + will + not + have + been + being + nominal + since/for
She won’t has been being a doctor since 2016
Verbal
Will + subject + have + been + Ving + since/for + ?
Will I have been watching the TV since morning?
Nominal
Will + subject + have + been + being + nominal + since/for + ?
Will she have been being a doctor since 2016?
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Sentences
Formula
Examples
Verbal
Subject + would/should + have + been + Ving + since/for
I would have been watching the TV since morning
Nominal
Subject + would/should + have + been + being + nominal + since/for
She would have been being a doctor since 2016
Verbal
Subject + would/should + not + have + been + Ving + since/for
I wouldn’t have been watching the TV since morning
Nominal
Subject + would/should + not + have + been + being + nominal + since/for
She wouldn’t has been being a doctor since 2016
Verbal
Would/should + subject + have + been + Ving + since/for + ?
Would I have been watching the TV since morning?
Nominal
Would/should + subject + have + been + being + nominal + since/for + ?
Would she have been being a doctor since 2016?
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
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English Module
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QUESTION 1. My father is so tired since he … our garden all day for planting vegetables. a. Has prepared b. Has been preparing c. Had been prepare d. Having prepare 2. At this time yesterday Reny and I … our classmate. a. Were paying a call b. Was paying a call c. Is paying a call d. Has paying a call 3. He … the community college this night. a. won’t be attending b. will be attend c. has will attend d. have attended 4. We sometimes … by chance in the convenience store. a. Meet b. Met c. Meeting d. Is meet 5. It … sunny tomorrow. a. would be b. have been c. was being d. will be 32
English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
2. Relative Clauses (Defining and Non-Defining) Apa itu Klausa Relatif ? Klausa relatif adalah salah satu jenis klausa terikat yang mengandung subjek dan kata kerja, tetapi tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai sebuah kalimat. Ini juga dikenal sebagai klausa kata sifat karena fungsinya yang mirip dengan kata sifat yang memberikan informasi tambahan pada kata benda. Klausa relatif selalu dimulai dengan kata ganti relatif yang menggantikan kata benda, frase kata benda, atau kata ganti saat menggabungkan kalimat. Kata ganti relatif terdiri dari:
a.
Who: Ini digunakan untuk merujuk pada objek yang manusiawi. Relative Pronoun ini digunakan untuk menggantikan noun atau pronoun yang terdiri dari (he, she, we, they).
b.
Whom: Kata ganti ini juga digunakan untuk merujuk pada objek manusia. Pronoun ini digunakan untuk menggantikan noun atau pronoun yang terdiri dari (him, her, us, them).
c.
Whose: This is an alternative pronoun to who and whom. This Pronoun is used in place of possessive nouns or pronouns which consist of (his, hers, our, their).
d.
Whom: Kata ganti ini juga digunakan untuk merujuk pada objek manusia. Pronoun ini digunakan untuk menggantikan noun atau pronoun yang terdiri dari (him, her, us, them).
e.
Whose: This is an alternative pronoun to who and whom. This Pronoun is used in place of possessive nouns or pronouns which consist of (his, hers, our, their).
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f.
Which: Yang merupakan kata ganti dengan karakteristik unik, karena Yang dapat merujuk ke subjek dan objek, Yang juga dapat digunakan untuk klausa relatif non-restriktif dan klausa relatif restriktif, meskipun tidak populer.
Kata ganti relatif dapat digunakan untuk merujuk pada objek dan subjek dalam klausa, misalnya: Relative Pronouns sebagai sebuah object: I like the security guard who did his job well. I like the tabby cat that is friendly to me. I am visiting Jakarta soon, which is the Capital of Indonesia. Relative pronouns sebagai sebuah subject: I like the laptop that Denovo made. My teacher liked the poem that Bob made. Dengan Relative Pronouns yang sudah dibahas, kita dapat beralih ke dua jenis Relative Clause, yang terdiri dari:
Klausa Relatif Restriktif Klausa relatif restriktif, juga dikenal sebagai klausa pendefinisian, memberikan informasi penjelas dari kata benda (yang merupakan informasi penting untuk mengidentifikasi kata benda). Untuk subjek non-manusia, kita dapat merujuknya dengan that atau which , sedangkan with that atau who digunakan untuk kata benda manusia. Koma biasanya tidak digunakan untuk kalimat ini, e.g.: I like the laptops that are displayed in Kuningan City. I like the laptops which are displayed in Kuningan City. Employees who work hard will be promoted to a higher position. Employees whose Performances are dropping can be laid off.
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Jika kata benda menjadi objek preposisi, kata benda dan kata depan dapat dipindahkan ke awal klausa relatif. Dalam konteks lebih kasual, hanya kata ganti yang dipindahkan. Misalnya.: I hope I hear from the company of which I was interviewed last week. I hope to hear from the company which I went to for its interview last week.
Non-restrictive Relative Clause Ini juga dikenal sebagai non-defining clause yang hanya menyajikan informasi tambahan, yang mungkin menarik dan relevan sebagai pembuka percakapan, tetapi tidak cukup relevan untuk mengidentifikasi kata benda secara akurat. Itu tidak bisa digunakan sebagai kata ganti relatif dalam klausa relatif non-restriktif. Tanda koma selalu digunakan di awal dan akhir klausa relatif ini. Sebuah klausa non-restriktif dapat memodifikasi kata benda, frase kata benda, atau preposisi. misalnya: My father, who is an experienced lawyer, is thinking of opening his own law firm. I’m planning to take the TOEFL, which I find quite important for my skill. I’m flying abroad in the middle of the pandemic, which is going to be more inconvenient than usual.
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QUESTION 1. The laptop store gave me the cheapest price (The laptop seller is famous for its good price) a. The laptop store, who is famous for its good price, gave me the cheapest price. b. The laptop store, which is famous for its good price, gave me the cheapest price c. The laptop store, why is famous for its good price, gave me the cheapest price d. The laptop store, whose is famous for its good price, gave me the cheapest price. 2. John Doe wants to give an incentive to every salesman that surpasses the sales target this month. What would he say? a. Every salesman which surpasses the target this month will get a 15% bonus b. Every salesman that surpasses the target this month will get a 15% bonus c. Every salesman who surpasses the target this month will get a 15% bonus d. Every salesman whose surpasses the target this month will get at 15% bonus 3. Jane Doe wanted a gold watch. She wants a Wolex. What would her friend say to her another friend that wanted a gift idea for Jane? a. The gold watch, who is called Wolex, would make a nice gift for Jane Doe. b. The Gold Watch, which is called Wolex, would make a nice gift for Jane Doe. c. The Gold Watch, whose are called Wolex, would make a nice gift for Jane Doe. 36
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d. The Gold Watch, when is called Wolex, would make a nice gift for Jane Doe. 4. Azwar Dummy Dummy adopted a cat (The cat in question is a calico cat). What would he say? a. I adopted a cat that is calico b. I adopted a cat whom is calico c. I adopted a cat where is calico d. I adopt a cat which is calico 5. I love watching movies (The movies are action packed) a. I love watching movies whom is action packed b. I love watching movies that are action packed c. I love watch movies that are action packed d. I love watching movies who is action packed
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3. Participle Clauses Participle artinya ketatakerjaan. Istilah participle atau partisip sebenarnya berhubungan dengan pengaktifan fungsi kata kerja agar memiliki fungsi gramatikal tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris (English sentence). Salah satu fungsi participle adalah sebagai klausa (participial clause). Fungsi klausa partisip (participial clause) yaitu sebagai pembeda lain dari tiga bentuk kalimat majemuk bertingkat (complex sentence) yaitu bentuk time clause, relative clause / wh-word clause, dan causal clause. Di bagian pertama kita akan bahasa participial clause untuk time (penggunaan waktu) dan causa/ (penyebaban)
Time Participle Clause Active time participle clause Having + V3, Subject, Predicate Example : Having applied to restaurant, chef Kim was accepted to work there After Subject + Had + V3 Example : After chef Kim had applied to restaurant, he was accepted to work there Passive time participle clause Having + Been + V3, Subject + Predicate Example : Having been repaired, the car was finally sold by its owner After Subject + Had been + V3, Subject + Predicate Example : After the car had been repaired, it was finally sold by its owner 38
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Causality Participle Clause Causality participial clause disebut juga klausa partisip kausal (penyebaban). Jadi, selain dihubungkan dengan konjungsi waktu, klausa juga bisa berbentuk partisip non-waktu. Maksudnya? Dalam hal ini, bentuk partisip direlasikan dengan konjungsi alasan (causality conjunction), yaitu because/since/as yang bermakna “karena”. Perhatikan contoh berikut: 1. Because Zulfa adopted a child, she is admitted as a mother. (Karena Zulfa sudah mengadopsi seorang anak, la dianggap ibu) 2. Adopting a child, Zulfa is admitted as a mother. (Karena mengadopsi seorang anak, Zulfa dianggap seorang ibu)
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QUESTION Make the same forms of the participle cases below! Example : Not being happy to live with her step mother, Noe ran away. Answer : Because Noe was not happy to live with her step mother, she ran away. 1. Recruited as the main member, i felt proud of myself a. Because i am recruited as the main member, i felt so proud b. Because i was recruited as the main member, i felt so proud c. Because, i have recruit as the main member, i feel so proud d. Because, i can recruited as the main member, i felt so proud 2. Standing in line for hours to buy ice cream, Putri felt so tired a. Because Putri had been standing in line for hour to buy ice cream, she felt so tired b. Because Putri had been stand in line for hour to buy ice cream, she felt so tired 39
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c. Because Putri has been standing in line for hour to buy ice cream, she felt so tired d. Because Putri have been standing in line for hour to buy ice cream, she felt so tire 3. Having linked two unconnected cable, Jia pushed the power button a. After Jia had linked two unconnected cable, she pushed the power button b. After Jia has linked two unconnected cable, she pushed the power button c. After Jia had linking two unconnected cable, she pushing the power button d. After Jia has linking two unconnected cable, she pushed the power button 4. Having been jailed by the state police, the terrorists could do nothing a. After the terrorist had been jailed by the state police, they could do nothing b. After the terrorist had jailed by the state police, they could do nothing c. After the terrorist had been being jailed by the state police, they could do nothing d. After the terrorist have been jail by the state police, they could do nothing 5. Being a professional pilot, Yuan can fly a jet plane a. Because Yuan becomes a professional pilot, he can fly a jet plane b. Because Yuan becoming a professional pilot, he can fly a jet plane c. Because Yuan has been becomes a professional pilot, he can fly a jet plane d. Because Yuan having becomes a professional pilot, he can fly a jet plane 40
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4. Zero and First Conditionals 1. Zero Conditional Kalimat zero conditional digunakan untuk mengekspresikan fakta atau hal-hal yang dianggap benar, juga untuk menyatakan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kebiasaan/aktivitas sehari-hari, dan peraturan. Oleh karena itu, pola kalimatnya menggunakan pasangan simple present tense. Pola: If + simple present tense, simple present tense. Contoh kalimat : If we put water in -10 degrees, it freezes. If I eat chocolate, I feel happy.
2. First Conditional Kalimat conditional tipe pertama digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan, atau memprediksi sesuatu yang sepertinya mudah terjadi dan diwujudkan. Kalimat conditional tipe pertama ini menggunakan simple present tense untuk if clausenya dan menggunakan simple future tense untuk induk kalimatnya. Pola: If + simple present tense, will + infinitive (kata kerja asli) Berikut ini adalah hal-hal yang dapat diungkapkan menggunakkan kalimat conditional tipe pertama beserta contoh kalimatnya:
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1. Kemungkinan Prediksi Sania will get extra fee if she finishes her work before the deadline. If I have much money, I will build a palace for my parents. Your health will be worse if you do not see the doctor. You will pay double for your debt if you are late in the previous months. 2. Keyakinan/kepercayaan If you say to your brain that you are happy, then you will be happy and healthy. If you think negative thing, bad thing will follows you. If you meet someone unconditionally and you feel interested to him, it will be your soulmate. 3. Rencana Masa Depan If I have no schedule at campus, I will go to skincare centre. I will go with you if you provide everything that I need during the trip. Ken and Baby will get married in Hongkong if they parents give permission. 4. Peringatan/Ancaman If she doesn’t obey the rule, the boss will kick her out of the office. Jeni will tell Heni’s mother that she eats ice cream if she does. It will be better if you don’t say a word when she is angry.
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QUESTION 1. If I … (finish) my assignment tonight, I will go to Mall with my friends. a. finish b. finishes c. would finish d. had finished 2. If you cook vegetables for a long time, they … (lose) their nutrients. a. lose b. loses c. had lose d. would lose 3. I would never lend to you if I … (know) before. a. knowledge b. knowing c. know d. knowed 4. If we … (wake up) earlier, we would have reached school. a. woke up b. wake up c. woken up d. had woken up 5. Dinda would buy tens luxury houses if she … (win) the lottery. a. win b. win c. winning d. had win
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5. Active and Passive Voice Active Voice
Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) adalah kalimat yang subject-nya berbuat sesuatu atau melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Dalam bahasa indonesia ciri-ciri kalimat aktif adalah kata kerjanya selalu berawalan “me-“ dan beberapa lagi memiliki awalan “ber-“. Pada kalimat aktif (active voice) ini, kita cukup menggunakan bentuk dasar dari kata kerja (verbs) dalam penyusunan kalimatnya. pola : S + V (kata kerja yang disesuaikan dengan tenses-nya) + O Contoh kalimat : Active : Tony meets them everyday ( Tony memenuhi mereka sehari-hari). Active : Andine waters this plant every two days (Andine menyiram tanaman ini setiap dua hari).
Passive voice
Passive Voice adalah konstruksi tata bahasa (secara khusus, specifically, a “voice”). Kata atau frasa kata benda yang akan menjadi objek dari kalimat aktif, muncul sebagai subjek kalimat dengan suara pasif. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kalimat pasif biasanya diikuti prefix berupa di– atau ter–. Contohnya kalau kalimat aktifnya menginjak maka kalimat pasifnya menjadi dipukul atau terpikul. Pola : S + be + past participle + (by agent) Contoh kalimat : Passive : They are met by him everyday ( Mereka bertemu dengannya setiap hari). Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days ( Tanaman ini disiram oleh dia setiap dua hari) 44
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QUESTION
1. X : Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash? Y : Yes, … to the headquarters of Garuda a. they are faxed b. has faxed c. the victims faxed d. it has been faxed 2. X : the hotel is suffering a great loss Y : yes, only ten percent of their rooms…… a. Being occupied b. occupied c. is occupied d. are occupied 3. X : why aren’t you driving your own car? Y : it…….. a. has sold b. has sell c. has been selling d. has been sold 4. X : why can’t i find the file on the annual report on the computer? Y : because it….in the hard disk a. was not saving b. was not saved c. did not saved d. not being saved
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5. X : There was no longer a rule for the youth to enter military service in Britain Y : Really, when…..? a. was it abolishing b. did it abolish c. was it abolished d. to be abolished
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CHAPTER 2
READING
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Changes in International Commerce: How ethics and fair trade can make a difference The purpose of international commerce is to buy things from and sell things to people in other countries. Hundreds, and indeed thousands, of years ago, this actually worked quite well. People who traveled to foreign lands, often by ship, would take with them items for trade. Agricultural countries would, for example, trade olive oil or wine for weapons or other worked items. All that needed to be negotiated was a fair ’price’ for the items. (How many axes is a barrel of oil worth, for example?) Currency did not enter into the first deals but, even when it did, few problems existed to complicate matters barring disagreements over the value of goods. Today, fixing a fair price remains at the center of international commerce. When we look at the deal from the point of view of the seller, market research must determine the price at which the goods will be sold. This may vary greatly from country to country and people are often surprised to see exactly the same item for sale at two or three times the price it sells for in another country.Taxation and local government controls are sometimes behind this, but often it comes down to the fact that people in poor countries simply cannot afford to pay the same amount of money as those in rich countries. These are the things a seller has to bear in mind when preparing a price list for goods in each country. In most cases, the purpose of setting a suitable price is to sell the maximum number of units. Usually, this is the way to guarantee the biggest profit. One exception is in the selling of luxury or specialist goods. These are often goods for which there is a limited market. Here, slightly different rules apply because the profit margin (the amount of money a producer makes on each item) is much higher. For instance, nearly everyone wants to own a television or a mobile phone, and there is a lot of competition in the area of production, forcing the prices to be competitive too. The producers have to sell a large number of items to make a profit because their profit margin is small. But not everyone wants to buy hand-made jewelry, or a machine for sticking labels onto bottles.This enables the producer to charge a price much higher than the cost of making the item, increasing the profit margin. But at the heart of any sale, whether they sell many items for a small profit, or a few items for a large profit, the prime motivation for the producer is to make as much profit as possible. At least, that was the case until relatively recently when, to the great surprise of many, companies started trading without profit as their main objective. Ethical trade began as an attempt to cause as little damage as possible to the producers of raw materials and manufactured goods in poor countries.This movement put pressure on the industry to see to it that working conditions and human rights were not damaged by the need for poorer people to produce goods. In short, it drew to the world’s attention the fact that many poor people were being exploited by big businesses in their drive to make more profit.
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Changes in International Commerce: How ethics and fair trade can make a difference There have been many examples throughout the developing world where local producers were forced by economic pressure to supply cash crops such as tea, coffee and cotton to major industries. These people are frequently not in a position to fix their prices, and are often forced by market conditions to sell for a price too low to support the producers and their community. Worse still, while the agricultural land is given over to cash crops, it robs the local people of the ability to grow their own food. In time, through over-production, the land becomes spent and infertile, leading to poverty, starvation, and sometimes the destruction of the whole community. Fair trade policies differ from ethical trade policies in that they take the process a stage further. Where ethical policies are designed to keep the damage to a minimum, fair trade organizations actually work to improve conditions among producers and their communities. Fair trade organizations view sustainability as a key aim. This involves implementing policies where producers are given a fair price for the goods they sell, so that they and their communities can continue to operate. Although many big businesses are cynical about an operation that does not regard profit as a main driving force, the paradox is that it will help them too. With sustainability as their main aim, fair trade organizations not only help the poorer producers obtain a reasonable standard of living, but they also help guarantee a constant supply of raw materials. This form of sustainability benefits everyone, whether their motive is making a profit or improving the lives of the world’s poorer people. 1) According to the writer, what might early traders have disagreed about? A. The comparative values of the goods B. Which currency to use for their deal C. Which items they wanted as exchange D. The quality of the goods being traded 2) What is the main consequence of a product being in demand? A. Higher prices B. Smaller profit margins C. Fewer items being produced D. Less market competition 3) How might an agricultural community be destroyed? A. Because companies in richer countries steal from them B. Because they ask an unrealistically high price for their produce C. Because they over-use the land in order to grow cash crops D. Because the crops take much too long to grow 49
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4) The word paradox in the final paragraph refers to the fact that... A. poorer people will become richer than the people who run big businesses. B. by being cynical, the big businesses have helped produce a result they do not want. C. the suppliers of raw materials will sell them to big businesses for a huge profit. D. big businesses will gain from these policies although they don’t support them. 5) Manufacturers can have a higher profit margin on luxury or specialist goods which often have a... What is the best word to complete the sentence? A. limited market B. price list C. market research D. government control
Air Pollution Part One Air pollution is increasingly becoming the focus of government and citizen concern around the globe. From Mexico City and New York, to Singapore and Tokyo, new solutions to this old problem are being proposed, Mailed and implemented with ever increasing speed. It is feared that unless pollution reduction measures are able to keep pace with the continued pressures of urban growth, air quality in many of the world’s major cities will deteriorate beyond reason. Action is being taken along several fronts: through new legislation, improved enforcement and innovative technology. In Los Angeles, state regulations are forcing manufacturers to try to sell ever cleaner cars: their first of the cleanest, titled "Zero Emission Vehicles’, hove to be available soon, since they are intended to make up 2 percent of sales in 1997. Local authorities in London are campaigning to be allowed to enforce anti-pollution lows themselves; at present only the police have the power to do so, but they tend to be busy elsewhere. In Singapore, renting out toad space to users is the way of the future. When Britain’s Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 60,000 vehicles, it found that 12 percent of them produced more than half the total pollution. Older cars were the worst offenders; though a sizable number of quire new cars were also identified as gross polluters, they were simply badly tuned. California has developed a scheme to get these gross polluters off the streets: they offer a flat $700 for any old, run-down vehicle driven in by its owner. The aim is to remove the heaviest-polluting, most decrepit vehicles from the roads.
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Air Pollution As part of a European Union environmental programme, a London council is resting an infra-red spectrometer from the University of Denver in Colorado. It gauges the pollution from a passing vehicle - more useful than the annual stationary rest that is the British standard today - by bouncing a beam through the exhaust and measuring what gets blocked. The councils next step may be to link the system to a computerized video camera able to read number plates automatically. The effort to clean up cars may do little to cut pollution if nothing is done about the tendency to drive them more. Los Angeles has some of the world’s cleanest cars - far better than those of Europe - but the total number of miles those cars drive continues to grow. One solution is car-pooling, an arrangement in which a number of people who share the same destination share the use of one car. However, the average number of people in a car on the freeway in Los Angeles, which is 1.0, has been falling steadily. Increasing it would be an effective way of reducing emissions as well as easing congestion. The trouble is, Los Angeles seems to like being alone in their cars. Singapore has for a while had a scheme that forces drivers to buy a badge if they wish to visit a certain part of the city. Electronic innovations make possible increasing sophistication: rates can vary according to road conditions, time of day and so on. Singapore is advancing in this direction, with a city-wide network of transmitters to collect information and charge drivers as they pass certain points. Such road-pricing, however, can be controversial. When the local government in Cambridge, England, considered introducing Singaporean techniques, it faced vocal and ultimately successful opposition. Part Two The scope of the problem facing the world’s cities is immense. In 1992, the United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Health Organisation (WHO) concluded that all of a sample of twenty megacities - places likely to have more than ten million inhabitants in the year 2000 - already exceeded the level the WHO deems healthy in at least one major pollutant. Two-thirds of them exceeded the guidelines for two, seven for three or more. Of the six pollutants monitored by the WHO - carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, lead and particulate matter - it is this last category that is attracting the most attention from health researchers. PM10, a subcategory of particulate matter measuring ten-millionths of a meter across, has been implicated in thousands of deaths a year in Britain alone. Research being conducted in two counties of Southern California is reaching similarly disturbing conclusions concerning this little- understood pollutant.
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Air Pollution A world-wide rise in allergies, particularly asthma, over the past four decades is now said to be linked with increased air pollution. The lungs and brains of children who grow up in polluted air offer further evidence of its destructive power. The old and ill, however, are the most vulnerable to the acute effects of heavily polluted stagnant air. It can actually hasten death, as it did in December 1991 when a cloud of exhaust fumes lingered over the city of London for over a week. The United Nations has estimated that in the year 2000 there will be twenty-four megacities and a further eighty-five cities of more than three million people. The pressure on public officials, corporations and urban citizens to reverse established trends in air pollution is likely to grow in proportion with the growth of cities themselves. Progress is being made. The question, though, remains the same: ‘Will change happen quickly enough? 1) How many pollutants currently exceed WHO guidelines in all megacities studied? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four 2) Which pollutant is currently the subject of urgent research? A. Nitrogen dioxide B. Ozone C. Lead D. Particulate matter 3) Which of the following groups of people are the most severely affected by intense air pollution? A. Allergy sufferers B. Children C. The old and ill D. Asthma sufferers 4) Which of the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? A. According to British research, a mere twelve percent of vehicles tested produced over fifty per cent of total pollution produced by the sample group. B. Residents of Los Angeles are now tending to reduce the yearly distances they travel by car. C. Car-pooling has steadily become more popular in Los Angeles in recent years. D. Charging drivers for entering certain parts of the city has been successfully done in Cambridge, England. 52
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5) When Britain’s Royal Automobile Club monitored the exhausts of 60,000 vehicles, it found that 12 percent of them produced more than half the total pollution. The word “produced” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to... A. manufactured B. constructing C. make D. build
Obama Focuses on Criminal Justice Reform in Weekly Address The United States is the world's largest jailer. U.S. President Barack Obama said in a weekly address that he is encouraged by congressional efforts and other endeavors to change the fact that while the U.S. is home to five percent of the world's population, it has 25 percent of the world's prisoners. The president said, "Every year, we spend $80 billion to keep people locked up." Obama said the "real reason" for the soaring prison population is over the last few decades, the U.S. had "locked up more non-violent offenders than ever before, for longer than ever before." He said "in too many cases, our criminal justice system is a pipeline from underfunded schools to overcrowded jails." The president said he has taken steps to reverse that trend by investing in schools that at-risk youths attend, signing a bill reducing the 100 to 1 sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine, and commuting the sentence of dozens of people "sentenced under old drug laws we now recognize were unfair." President Obama said he will travel around the country over the next few weeks "to highlight some of the Americans who are doing their part to fix our criminal justice system." His itinerary will include a visit to a community battling prescription drug and heroin abuse, and talks with law enforcement leaders "determined to lower the crime rate and the incarceration rate." The president is also scheduled to meet with former prisoners. Earlier this year, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to visit a federal prison, as part of his push for a fairer justice system and prison reform. He met with both law enforcement officials and inmates at the El Reno prison in the central U.S. state of Oklahoma. Obama said in his weekly address he was encouraged by the bipartisan effort in the Senate earlier this month, resulting in an agreement on a criminal justice reform bill. The president said the bill would reduce mandatory minimums for non-violent drug offenders and reward prisoners with shorter sentences, if they complete programs that make them less likely to commit a repeat offense.
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Obama Focuses on Criminal Justice Reform in Weekly Address The harsh sentences were handed down in an era when a "tough on crime" stance resulted in the prison population surge. The mandatory minimums were joined by a law called "three strikes, you're out" which mandated life sentences without parole for a third felony involving drugs. New Jersey Senator Cory Booker said recently that the Senate bill is "a moment where, after decades of our country moving in the wrong direction, after decades of seeing our federal prison population explode 800 percent, we have gotten our criminal justice system - with this piece of legislation - moving this country forward." "From the halls of Congress to the classrooms in our schools, we pledge allegiance to one nation under God with liberty and justice for all," President Obama said Saturday. "Justice means that every child deserves a chance to grow up safe and secure, without the threat of violence. Justice means that the punishment should fit the crime. And justice means allowing our fellow Americans who have made mistakes to pay their debt to society, and re-join their community as active, rehabilitated citizens." Obama said "Justice has never been easy to achieve, but it's always been worth fighting for. And it's something I'll keep fighting for as long as I serve as your president." 1) What facts support the statement that "The United States is the world's largest jailer."? A. US has five percent of the world's population but 25 percent of the world's prisoners. B. US spends 80 billion dollars a year to keep prisoners locked up. C. The prison population has surged. D. The mandatory minimums were joined by a law called "three strikes, you're out". 2) In the second paragraph, what does "we" refer to? A. President Obama B. The prisoners C. The United States D. The justice 3) In the seventh paragraph, what is the meaning of the word "bipartisan"? A. Congressional B. Supported by both parties C. Presidential D. Justice
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4) In the seventh paragraph, what is the meaning of the word "mandatory"? A. Unmanned B. Voluntary C. Required D. Specially 5) In the eight paragraph, what is NOT the meaning of the word "harsh"? A. Light B. Long C. Severe D. Tight
Putting the Brakes on Climate Change: Are Hydrogen Cars the Answer? It is tempting to think that the conservation of coral reefs and rainforests is a separate issue from traffic and air pollution. But it is not. Scientists are now confident that rapid changes in the Earth’s climate are already disrupting and altering many wildlife habitats. Pollution from vehicles is a big part of the problem. The United Nation’s Climate Change Panel has estimated that the global average temperature rise expected by the year 2100 could be as much as 6°C, causing forest fires and dieback on land and coral bleaching in the ocean. Few species, if any, will be immune from the changes in temperature, rainfall and sea levels. The panel believes that if such catastrophic temperature rises are to be avoided, the quantity of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, being released into the atmosphere must be reduced. That will depend on slowing the rate of deforestation and, more crucially, finding alternatives to coal, oil and gas as our principal energy sources. Technologies do exist to reduce or eliminate carbon dioxide as a waste product of our energy consumption. Wind power and solar power are both spreading fast, but what are we doing about traffic? Electric cars are one possible option, but their range and the time it takes to charge their batteries pose serious limitations. However, the technology that shows the most potential to make cars climate-friendly is fuel-cell technology. This was actually invented in the late nineteenth century, but because the world’s motor industry put its effort into developing the combustion engine, it was never refined for mass production. One of the first prototype fuel-cell-powered vehicles have been built by the Ford Motor Company. It is like a conventional car, only with better acceleration and a smoother ride. Ford engineers expect to be able to produce a virtually silent vehicle in the future.
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Putting the Brakes on Climate Change: Are Hydrogen Cars the Answer? So, what’s the process involved – and is there a catch? Hydrogen goes into the fuel tank, producing electricity. The only emission from the exhaust pipe is water. The fuel-cell is, in some ways similar to a battery, but unlike a battery, it does not run down. As long as hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the cell, it will keep on generating electricity. Some cells work off methane and a few use liquid fuels such as methanol, but fuel-ceils using hydrogen probably have the most potential. Furthermore, they need not be limited to transport. Fuel-cells can be made in a huge range of size, small enough for portable computers or large enough for power stations. They have no moving parts and therefore need no oil. They just need a supply of hydrogen. The big question, then, is where to get it from. One source of hydrogen is water. But to exploit the abundant resource, electricity is needed, and if the electricity is produced by a coal-fired power station or other fossil fuel, then the overall carbon reduction benefit of the fuel-cell disappears. Renewable sources, such as wind and solar power, do not produce enough energy for it to be economically viable to use them in the ‘manufacture’ of hydrogen as a transport fuel. Another source of hydrogen is, however, available and could provide a supply pending the development of more efficient and cheaper renewable energy technologies. By splitting natural gas (methane) into its constituent parts, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced. One way round the problem of what to do with the carbon dioxide could be to store it back below ground – so-called geological sequestration. Oil companies, such as Norway’s Statoil, are experimenting with storing carbon dioxide below ground in oil and gas wells. With freak weather conditions, arguably caused by global warming, frequently in the headlines, the urgent need to get fuel-cell vehicles will be available in most showrooms. Even now, fuel-cell buses are operating in the US, while in Germany a courier company is planning to take delivery of fuel-cell-powered vans in the near future. The fact that centrally-run fleets of buses and vans are the first fuel-cell vehicles identifies another challenge – fuel distribution. The refueling facilities necessary to top up hydrogenpowered vehicles are available only in a very few places at present. Public transport and delivery firms are logical places to start since their vehicles are operated from central depots. Fuel-cell technology is being developed right across the automotive industry. This technology could have a major impact in slowing down climate change, but further investment is needed if the industry – and the world’s wildlife – is to have a long-term future.
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1) Which the correct heading for the third paragraph? A. Some negative predictions from one group of experts. B. How the new vehicle technology works. C. Action already taken by the United Nations. D. Marketing the hydrogen car. 2) In the late 19th century, the car industry invested in the development of the..., rather than fuel-cell technology. A. combustion engine B. new machine C. climate change D. automotive industry 3) Which statement is true according to the text? A. Using electricity produced by burning fossil fuels to access sources of hydrogen may increase the positive effect of the fuel-cell. B. The oil company Statoil in Norway owns gas wells in other parts of the world. C. Public transport is leading the way in the application of fuel-cell technology. D. The refueling facilities are unnecessary to top up oxygen-powered vehicles are not available only in a very few places at present. 4) Which statement is false according to the text? A. Technologies do exist to reduce or eliminate carbon dioxide as a waste product of our energy consumption. B. Using electricity produced by burning fossil fuels to access sources of hydrogen may increase the positive effect of the fuel-cell. C. The United Nation’s Climate Change Panel has estimated that the global average temperature rise expected by the year 2100 could be as much as 6°C D. One of the first prototype fuel-cell-powered vehicles have been built by the Ford Motor Company. 5) Which the correct heading for the fifth paragraph? A. A holistic view of climatic change. B. The history of fuel-cell technology. C. Sustaining car manufacture. D. Locating the essential ingredient.
Main Idea of Law Passages Adapted from Criminal Psychology: A Manual for Judges, Practitioners, and Students by Hans Gross (1911) It is a mistake to suppose that it is enough in most cases to study that side of a person that is at the moment important—his or her dishonesty only, his or her laziness, etc. 57
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Main Idea of Law Passages Adapted from Criminal Psychology: A Manual for Judges, Practitioners, and Students by Hans Gross (1911) That will naturally lead to merely one-sided judgment and anyway be much harder than keeping the whole person in eye and studying him or her as an entirety. Every individual quality is merely a symptom of a whole nature and can be explained only by the whole complex; the good properties depend as much on the bad ones as the bad on the good ones. At the very least, the quality and quantity of a good or bad characteristic shows the influence of all the other good and bad characteristics. Kindliness is influenced and partly created through weakness, indetermination, too great susceptibility, a minimum acuteness, false constructiveness, untrained capacity for inference; in the same way, again, the most cruel hardness depends on properties which, taken in themselves, are good: determination, energy, purposeful action, clear conception of one's fellows, healthy egotism, etc. Every person is the result of his or her nature and nurture, i.e. of countless individual conditions, and every one of his or her expressions, again, is the result of all of these conditions. If, therefore, he or she is to be judged, he or she must be judged in the light of them all. For this reason, all those indications that show us the person as a whole are for us the most important, but also those others are valuable which show him or her up on one side only; however, in the latter case, they are to be considered only as an index that never relieves us from the need further to study the nature of our subject. We ask, for example, what kind of person will give us the best and most reliable information about the conduct and activity, the nature and character, of an individual? We are told: that sort of person who is usually asked for the information—his or her nearest friends and acquaintances and the authorities. Before all of these people do not show themselves as they are because the most honest will show themselves before people in whose judgment they have an interest at least as good as, if not better than they are—that is fundamental to the general egoistic essence of humanity, which seeks at least to avoid reducing its present welfare. Authorities who are asked to make a statement concerning any person can say reliably only how often the individual was punished or came otherwise in contact with the law or themselves. But concerning the individual's social characteristics the authorities have nothing to say; the detectives have to bring an answer. Then the detectives are, at most, simply people who have had the opportunity to watch and interrogate the servants, house-furnishers, porters, and corner-loafers, and other people in the employ of the individual. Why we do not question these people ourselves I cannot say; if we did, we might know these people on whom we depend for important information and might put our questions according to the answers that we need.
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
Main Idea of Law Passages Adapted from Criminal Psychology: A Manual for Judges, Practitioners, and Students by Hans Gross (1911) It is a purely negative thing that an official declaration is nowadays not infrequently presented to us in the disgusting form of gossip. But in itself, the form of getting information about people through those who work for them is correct. People show their weaknesses most readily before those whom they hold of no account. This fact is wellknown, but not sufficiently studied. It is of considerable importance. The Styrian, Peter Rosegger, one of the best students of mankind, once told a first-rate story of how the most intimate secrets of certain people became common talk although all concerned assured him that nobody had succeeded in getting knowledge of them. The news-agent was finally discovered in the person of an old, quiet woman who worked by the day in various homes and had found a place, unobserved and apparently indifferent, in the corner of the sitting-room. Nobody had told her any secrets, but things were allowed to occur before her from which she might guess and put them together. Nobody had watched this disinterested, ancient lady; she worked like a machine; her thoughts, when she noted a quarrel or anxiety or disagreement or joy, were indifferent to all concerned, and so she discovered a great deal that was kept secret from people perceived to be more important. This simple story is very significant—we are not to pay attention to gossips but to keep in mind that the information of people is in the rule more important and more reliable when the question under consideration is indifferent to them than when it is important. 1) Which of these is the best title for this passage? A. On the Ignorance of Authorities as to the True Character of an Individual B. On the Fallacy of Asking Close Friends to Reveal the Nature of the Accused C. How to Properly Identify and Understand the Whole Character of an Individual D. On the Importance of Considering the Testimony of the Poorest Members of Society 2) Which of these sentences best states the thesis of this passage? A. ...people show their weaknesses most readily before those whom they hold of no account. B. Authorities who are asked to make a statement concerning any person, can say reliably only how often the man was punished or came otherwise in contact with the law or themselves. C. ...one of the best students of mankind, once told a first-rate story of how the most intimate secrets of certain people became common talk although all concerned assured him that nobody had succeeded in getting knowledge of them. D. Why we do not question the latter ourselves I cannot say... 59
English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
3) According to the author, an accused person would be most likely to portray himor herself in a positive, dishonest light to... A. his or her teacher. B. his or her butler. C. his or her work colleagues. D. his or her close friends. 4) What is the main point of the first paragraph? A. Someone who aspires to be a judge must be very careful about the flaws and foibles present in his or her own personality, for without due consideration, they will naturally influence his or her thinking and judgment. B. Every person who appears before a judge is distinct and different and cannot be treated as similar to any of the judge’s previous cases. C. When judging the character of an individual, it is of the greatest value to interview those who are seen by the accused as outside of his or her consideration because people often show the worst of themselves to those they hold in the lowest regard. D. For the purpose of judging a person, it is necessary to consider the whole condition and personality of an individual, not merely those which seem relevant to the case. 5) The Styrian, Peter Rosegger, one of the best students of mankind, once told a firstrate story of how the ... intimate secrets of certain people became common talk although all concerned assured him that nobody had succeeded in getting knowledge of them. What is the best word to complete the sentence? A. most B. more C. much D. many
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
Post-Test 1) The mall in this small town has no ... There are only general ... No one can find the newly released face cream. A. skincare shop, supermarkets B. skincare shop, supermarket C. skincare shops, supermarkets D. skincare shops, supermarket 2) Fill with the correct answer! A : I know you have a motorcycle. Do you also have a car? B : ... A. Yes, I either have a motorcycle or a car. B. Yes, I have neither a motorcycle nor a car. C. Yes, not only do I have a motorcycle, but I also have a car. D. Yes, I have a motorcycle nor a car. 3) Bobby Sutardji likes modifying cars. He is looking for a Japanese brand wheel. What would the tuning shop say to him if he recommended a Rays TE-37? A. The Rays TE-37, who is a Japanese wheel, would be perfect for your car. B. The Rays TE-37, which is a Japanese wheel, would be perfect for your car. C. The Rays TE-37, whose are a Japanese wheel, would be perfect for your car. D. The Rays TE-37, when is a Japanese wheel, would be perfect for your car. 4) Sitting in front of the laptop for 10 hours, The Employee felt so tired. A. Because The Employee is sit in front of the laptop for 10 hours, she feel so tired. B. Because The Employee is being sitting in front of the laptop for 10 hours, she felt so tired. C. Because The Employee had been sitting in front of the laptop for 10 hours, she felt so tired. D. Because The Employee sitting in front of the laptop for 10 hours, she feel tired. 5) Fill in the blanks! X : There is no longer a mask mandate for outdoor activities Y : Really, when…? A. was it lifted B. did it lift? C. was it lift D. to be lifted
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
6) Quandale Dingle bought a new car. (The car in question is a Nissan Skyline GT-R). What would Quandale Dingle say? A. I bought a car which is called Nissan Skyline GT-R. B. I bought a car whom is called Nissan Skyline GT-R. C. I bought a car where is called Nissan Skyline GT-R. D. I buy a car who is called Nissan Skyline GT-R. 7) A car brand called Honda makes a car called NSX. The brand Acura also makes a car called NSX. Which sentence best describes this statement? A. Neither Honda or Acura makes a car called NSX. B. Neither Honda nor Acura makes a car called NSX. C. Either Honda or Acura makes a car called NSX. D. Both Honda and Acura makes a car called the NSX. 8) Quandale Dingle: How much Barbeque Bacon Cheese Burger do you reckon we need for tomorrow’s party? Doolittle Tweed: We need 75 ... A. Barbeques Bacons Cheese Burger B. Barbeque Bacons Cheese Burgers C. Barbeque Bacon Cheeses Burger D. Barbeque Bacon Cheese Burger 9) Quantavarious Twinkle: Why did you miss last week’s class? Jilly McJill: ... was attending ... Uncle’s funeral. A. Mine, my B. My, I C. I, my D. My, mine 10) Fill in the blanks John Doe: Where is my pen? Jane Doe: I saw Quandale Dingle and Quantavarious Mooch take it but I’m not sure which one actually has it. John Doe: So ... Quandale Dingle ... Quantavarious Mooch has my pen because that was MY ONLY pen. A. both, and B. either, or C. neither, nor D. either, and
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
This passage covers Question 11-15 The Indonesian Government and the Malaysian Government signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) regarding the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia’s Domestic Sector on April 1st, 2022. The Memorandum was signed by the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, and the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Ismail Sabri bin Yakoob. The Memorandum aims to implement a new One Channel System in every aspect of the system, from recruitment to supervision. The signing of this Memorandum is also aimed at ensuring the protection of the Worker’s rights, especially in the Domestic Worker Sector. Based on a statistic by Bank Indonesia, Malaysia is one of the biggest utilizers of Indonesian Migrant Workers, with direct contributions to the economy worth over 2.5 million US Dollars in remittance. With Malaysia being the largest market, it is important to implement a specific regulation for the country to ensure ease of application. With Malaysia being the biggest utilizers of Indonesian Migrant Workers, there are naturally more potential problems regarding Indonesian Migrant Workers, such as deportation and difficulties in defending immigrant workers’ rights in court. They are also subject to mistreatment and abuse by their employers, both physically and mentally, due to the lack of supervision by the authorities. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families aims to ensure the protection of the rights of migrant workers, including non-discrimination with respect to rights (Article 7), human rights of all migrant workers and members of their families (Article 8-35), and other rights of migrant workers and members of their families who are documented or in a regular situation (Article 3656). The signing of the Memorandum of Understanding aims to simplify every aspect of the operation from the recruitment of migrant workers to the supervision of the recruitment agent, which will ensure that only registered migrant agents under the government supervision are allowed to run the recruitment of TKI, ensuring that the rights of TKI are protected and supervised by the authorities, following Article 8-16 of The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families aims to ensure the protection of the rights of migrant workers. The improved authority supervision granted by the one-channel system also aims to reduce problems regarding immigration, especially the mistreatment and abuse of migrant workers, which is an important issue to be addressed as it is a clear violation of Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
This passage covers Question 11-15 Furthermore, the specifics of the protections of TKI have been stipulated in Law number 39 of 2004, with the Indonesian Government’s job, responsibilities, and obligations being stipulated in article 5-7 and the rights and obligations of TKI being stipulated in Article 8-9. This ensures that TKI has both legal backings by National and International law.
11) Which of these is the best title for this passage? A. The Importance Of Indonesia-Malaysia Migrant Employments To The Economy B. The Role Of Indonesia-Malaysia Memorandum of Understanding Signing In the Protection Of Indonesian Migrant Worker’s Rights C. The Biggest Utilizers of Indonesian Migrant Workers D. Problems Surrounding the Treatment of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia 12) What fact supports the statement that “Malaysia is one of the biggest utilizers of Indonesian Migrant Workers”? A. Plans to implement a one-channel system in the employment of migrant workers. B. The Indonesian and Malaysian Governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding on April 1st, 2022. C. Illegal immigrants are subject to mistreatment and abuse by their employers. D. A Statistics by Bank Indonesia showing remittances worth 2.5 Million US Dollars. 13) In the third paragraph, what is being referred to as “They”? A. Immigrant Workers B. Immigrant Worker Employers C. The Authorities D. The Government 14) The main point of the third paragraph is… A. Malaysia is one of the biggest utilizers of Indonesian Migrant Workers. B. There are economic risks regarding the employment of Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia. C. With Malaysia being one of the biggest utilizers of Indonesian Migrant Workers, There are more risks regarding the employment of Indonesian Migrant Workers. D. Hate crimes plaguing Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia is one issue Malaysia is struggling with. 15) In the final paragraph, what is the meaning of the word “stipulated”? A. Specified B. Specialized C. Gentrified D. Tantalized
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
_______ ANSWER KEY _______ CHAPTER 1 NOUN AND PRONOUN
CONJUNCTION
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. D
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A
TENSES
RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. D
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B
PARTICIPLE CLAUSE
ZERO AND FIRST CONDITION
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C
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English Module
ALSA Local Chapter Universitas Airlangga
_______ ANSWER KEY _______ CHAPTER 2 TEXT 1
TEXT 2
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C
TEXT 3
TEXT 4
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A
1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D
TEXT 5 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. A
POST-TEST 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. A
6. A 7. D 8. D 9. C 10. B
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A
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