A Century of Civil Rights
Table of Contents:
1. Life Changing Supreme Court Decisions..................................................pg.2
By: Barret Williams
2. M Bus Boycott Sets the Tone for the Civil Rights Movement................pg.2 By: Jasmine Bellow 3. Hundreds Killed on “Bloody Sunday”.......................................................pg.3
By: Max Drury
4. Photographs That Impacted the Civil Rights Movement.......................pg.4 By: Barret Williams 5. Civil Rights Music Captures the Feelings of African Americans..........pg.7 By: Jasmine Bellow 6. Little Rock Nine Attempts to Integrate High School............................pg.11 By: Barret Williams 7. Iconic Art Inspired By the Civil Rights Movement...............................pg.13 By: Spencer Chunn 8. The Death of Langston Hughes Causes Disruption...............................pg.15 By: Max Drury 9. Mississippi Trial, 1955 Spotlights Emmett Till’s Murder...........................pg.17 By: Spencer Chunn 10.Martin Luther King Jr. and His Family’s Contributions.....................pg.18 By: Max Drury 11. Baton Rouge Bus Boycott Marks First Bus Boycott............................pg.19 By: Spencer Chunn 12. Women Activists Work Hard to Make Change for Women.................pg.21 By: Jasmine Bellow 13. My Mother the Cheerleader Continues to be a Must Read........................pg.23 By: Barret Williams 14. Warriors Don’t Cry Describes the Life of Melba Beals.............................pg.25 By: Jasmine Bellow 15. Major Leaders in Desegregation that Fought for Their Beliefs.........pg.27
By: Jackson Butterbaugh
16. People That Spread the Word of the Civil Rights Movement.............pg.29 By: Spencer Chunn 17. To Kill a Mockingbird Is Still a Classic Piece of Literature......................pg.31 By: Max Drury 18. David Greenberg Writes Another Outstanding Novel........................pg.33 By: Jackson Butterbaugh 19. Presidential Campaigns and Elections that Affected Civil Rights......g.34 By: Jackson Butterbaugh 20. Civil Rights Movies that Affected the Civil Rights.............................pg.35 By: Jackson Butterbaugh 21. Civil Rights Word Search.......................................................................pg.36 By: Spencer Chunn Pg. 1
e f e t . n o s s r g s y g e . s
d n d t s n d d e e n e t t t s t
(9-0), Chief Justice Warren wrote, “Segregation in public education is a denial of the equal protection of the laws.” This decision reversed the case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and declared separate but equal was not constitutional and segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
scores were significantly higher. The university told him they were using affirmative action, which is the effort by legislation or other means to improve educational or economic opportunities for disadvantaged groups. The school had reserved 16 out of the 100 spots for minority applicants. Allan Bakke filed a lawsuit stating this violated the equal protection Barret Williams clause.
Life Changing Supreme Court Decisions
By
Brown R e g e n t sv. oBoard f University of ! California v. Bakke ! The case v. wasBoard examined The Supreme Court case Brown In the ground breaking by the California Supreme Court. ofcase, Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) was one Regents of University of They agreed with Bakke and ofCalifornia the greatest Supreme the v. Bakke (1978), Allan Court stated decisions the use of of affirmative Bakke was denied entry twice to action did in fact violate 20th century. Eight year-old African American the the medical school. The spot was equal protection clause. The Linda Brown was denied entry to a white school given to a minority student medical school was ordered to just five blocks away from her Linda (African American, Indian, shuthome. down their quotawas system, Asian) even though Bakke’s w h i c h told she must attend a school for nonwhite See SUPREME COURT pg. students, a stunning 21 blocks from her home. This school was not as good a quality as the white school thus violating the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Angered by this, Linda Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit. In 1945, the case reached the Supreme Court. Linda Brown was led by attorney Thurgood Marshall who argued that segregation of public schools was harmful to the African American students and lowered their self esteem. He also argued that segregation violated the equal protection clause because the schools and the education programs were not equal. The Board of Education argued that the schools were equal as best they could be and “separate but equal” was constitutional as written in the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).
Bus Boycott Sets the Tone for the Civil Rights Movement By Jasmine Bellow
In 1955, the Montgomery, Alabama African Americans were fed up with segregation on buses. Some of the reasons for this boycott include, city ordinance required African Americans to ride in designated sections at the back of municipal buses and white city bu s dr iver s tr eated A f r ican Americans discourteously and violently. The boycott badly affected shops in Montgomery as far as African Americans were going into the city centre. The city See Economics Page 9
In a unanimous decision (9-0), Chief Justice Warren wrote, “Segregation in public education is a denial of the equal protection of the laws.” This decision reversed the case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and declared separate but equal was not constitutional and segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Regents of University of California v. Bakke In the ground breaking case, Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978), Allan Bakke was denied entry twice to the medical school. The spot was given to a minority student (African American, Indian, Asian) even though Bakke’s MCAT, GPA, and benchmark scores were significantly higher. The university told him they were using affirmative action, which is the effort See Supreme Court Case Page 3
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Supreme Court Cases Continued from Page 2
by legislation or other means to improve educational or economic opportunities for disadvantaged groups. The school had reserved 16 out of the 100 spots for minority applicants. Allan Bakke filed a lawsuit stating this violated the equal protection clause. The case was examined by the California Supreme Court. They agreed with
Bakke and stated the use of affirmative action did in fact violate the equal protection clause. The medical school was ordered to shut down their quota system, which regulated how many white students versus minority students were accepted. Displeased by this, the medical school appealed the case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, led by Justice Lewis Franklin Powell, ruled in a five to four decision that
universities may constitutionally consider race as a factor in admissions. However, the University of California’s use of quotas did not reach those standards and thus violated the equal protections clause of the Fourteenth amendment. Many other cases involving civil rights reached the Supreme Court, but these two cases were particularly life changing
Hundreds Killed on “Bloody” Sunday Four Girls Killed in Church Bombing These people are protesting Bakke. These people are for affirmative action and therefore do not want Bakke to win the case.
By Max Drury
The Devastation after the Birmingham bombing, though this is only one side of the building.
There are many major events in the Civil Rights movement, all of them worth mentioning, but some were catalysts for the change African American people worked so hard to achieve, making them more important. These events are the ones that show us just how hard it was for the civil rights movement to become a success. One of such events has been named “Bloody Sunday” for the extreme demonstration of violence on that day. There was a campaign to have a new voting law passed that made it easier for African American people to vote. To advertise this people marched from Selma to Pg.3
Photographs That Impacted ! Of all the iconic photographs in the civil rights movement, these are among the most important. Martin Luther King Jr.’s walk on Washington on August 28, 1963 was a peaceful protest walk to promote desegregation from schools to water fountains. The walk also promoted racial equality. Out of the 250,000 people that walked, a quarter of them were white. The walk on Washington was the largest display in the nations capitol. The arrest of Rosa Parks and the protesting afterwards is one of the most remembered events of the Civil Rights movement. The Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott went on for 381 days. It started on Rosa Parks’ court hearing on December 5, 1955 and went on until December 20, 1956. During this time, African Americans in
Above:Martin Luther King Jr. giving a speech during the famous walk on Washington. He is speaking to some quarter of a million people.
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the Civil Rights Movement Right: People protesting the Montgomery city buses. These people are trying to win equal rights for all.
Left: Rosa Parks’ official prison picture when she was arrested for not giving up her spot to a white man on the Montgomery city bus.
Montgomery, Alabama refused to ride the city buses. Another remembered group is Little Rock Nine. This group of brave African American high school students participated in trying to desegregate Little Rock Central High School. For a whole school year, these nine went through many, many hours of harassment and teasing. After a year of this, these nine students made a big step forward to desegregated schools. Many people will remember these iconic photographs for years to come.
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Integration? Vote
Victor Schiro For Mayor
He’ll make it happen By: Barret Williams
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d e h p a r g
to u A
Dr. Martin luther king jr. photograph By: Barret Williams
Civil Rights Music Captures the Hearts of the African Americans
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By Jasmine Bellow
“Lift Every Voice and Sing” was written as a poem by James Weldon Johnson. Five Hundred students at his school were the first to sing it as a song. African Americans sang the Black National Anthem, “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” in order to maintain their courage. “Lift Every Voice and Sing” is about African Americans' struggles and their determination to fight for equal rights until they win. Another anthem sung during the Civil Rights Movement was Pg.7
“We Shall Overcome.” “We Shall Overcome” also provided hope and courage for the African Americans as they marched and protested against unfair laws and someday they will reach their goal to end segregation. This song was first composed as “I’ll Overcome Someday” by Dr. C h a r l e s Ti n d l e y, a Methodist minister. It was altered and became known as “We Shall Overcome” in 1947. “Swing Low Sweet Chariot” was first sung by
! African American slaves. It was written by Wallace Willis and the original artist was the Fisk Jubilee Singers. It is based on the biblical story of the prophet Elijah. The American Negro Spiritual, “Go Down Moses,” is also based on a biblical story from the Old Testament. In the story, God is telling Pharaoh to let His people (the Israelites) go. In the ! song, “my people” are the slaves, and “Pharaoh” is the slave owner. The author is unknown, and it was also made famous by the Fisk Jubilee Si
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Economics Continued from Page 2 officials tried to terminate the boycott. African American cab drivers had charged the same as the buses in an effort to get African American people to work instead of there being no buses.  The most important event that lead to the boycott was the arrest of Rosa Park. City officials declared that the minimum fare that a cab driver could charge was 45 cents, which caused the 10 cents to be illegal. In order to get around This was the average amount of people on the busses in Montgomery during the boycott. this, the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) introduced a private taxi plan whereby those African male passenger on December 1, Americans who owned their car picked up and 1955. Some important highlights dropped people at designated points. This overcame from the boycott include the role of the 45 cents fare issue. The white community of E. D. Nixon in securing the release Montgomery tried to use local newspapers to of Rosa Parks from jail, the efforts convince the African American community that the of WPC to organize the one-day boycott had been resolved by printing a story that boycott which took place on stated this. The MIA had to do plenty of work in a December 5th, and the emergence short period of time to convince as many people as of Martin Luther King, Jr. as possible that the story was a hoax. Men driving the president of the MIA and private taxis were often arrested for the most minor spokesman of the boycott. On of traffic violations. January 30th 1956, King’s home was bombed. King only got around Rosa Parks, a 42 year-old African American this by getting insurance by seamstress, who was arrested for refusing to L l o y d ’s o f L o n d o n . S o m e surrender her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white Pg.9
Bloody Sunday Continued from page 3 Montgomery Alabama. The first several walks were peaceful and met little resistance, but then while the campaign members were walking on February 18th the police began to attack people and make arrests. There was one death. Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot and killed when he tried to protect his mother from the police’s nightsticks. The response to Jacksons death was to go on another march and show the police that they weren’t afraid. The march went smoothly up until they reached the Edmund Pettus bridge, where a police barricade was set up. They tried to walk past the barricade. They were met with clubs nightsticks, and tear gas. There were hundreds of people hospitalized and several killed. This was a widely televised event, and showed many people in the United States what was happening
in the civil rights movement. Many people were outraged at the poor treatment of the African Americans. This was such a widespread news story Lyndon Johnson agreed to submit the voting law to congress. Another catalyst of change was the bombing of a baptist church in Alabama. The church was bombed on September 15th 1965. The church had a prominently African American congregation and was a strong supporter of both Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement in general. Several members of the Klu Klux Klan planted sticks of dynamite underneath the church, right underneath the girls bathroom. They exploded during the service. The blast killed Carole Robertson, Addie Mae Collins, and Denise McMule. This event was also very publicized and brought down a heavy
opposition to the Klu Klux Klan. Three of the girls were fourteen, one was eleven. The idea that the Klan could do this to such young people caused a grinding halt to all of the recruitment of the Klan as well. It also forced a push for civil rights and reform in general, the opposite of what the Klan members wanted.
She died in the hospital several days after “Bloody” Sunday.
VOTE FOR RACIAL EQUALITY By Max Drury
They are mourning her loss. Do you know what she died for... Nothing. Unless the voting bill she gave her life for is passed.
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Little Rock Nine Attempts By: Barret Williams
Terrence Roberts
Minnijean Brown
Little Rock Nine was among the first groups to participate in the desegregation of public schools. Little Rock Nine consisted of nine African American high school students: Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Terrence Roberts, Minnijean Brown, and Melba Pattillo. These students transferred schools to Little Rock Central High School. The governor of Little Rock, Orval Faubus, despite the fact the federal government prohibited it, called the Arkansas National Guard to prevent these nine students from entering the school. On September 4, 1957, these nine students tried to enter the school building but were stopped by the National Guard. On September 14, Elizabeth Eckford went to the school campus where an intersection mob met her. Describing the feeling of absolute loneliness, Elizabeth said, “I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the mob—someone who maybe would help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me.” She tried to enter the school but was unable to, so she went to sit on a park bench to wait for the bus to pick her up to take her to her mother’s work. The nine students remained at home for two weeks trying to keep up with schoolwork as best they could. Responding to the placement of the National Guard, President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered Orval Faubus to take the guards away. On September 23, 1957, the nine students entered the school for the first time. When they entered, they heard the chants of the people outside, “Two, four, six, eight...we ain’t gonna integrate!” The police took the nine out of the school yet again, for the police feared they would not be able to control the mob. Eisenhower assigned guards from the U.S. Army to escort the nine into school. This continued for the rest of the school
Carlotta Walls
Melba Pattillo
See Little Rock Nine Attempts to Integrate High School Page 12
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to Integrate High School year. Minnijean Brown was suspended and later expelled for retaliating against the harassment. The other eight finished the school year and Ernest Green became Little Rock Central High School’s first African American graduate. Martin Luther King Jr. even attended Green’s graduation. After the school year finished, the students were forced to attend different schools because voters chose to close the four Little Rock high schools to prevent farther desegregation attempts.
Thelma Mothershed
Elizabeth Eckford
Ernest Green at his graduation from Little Rock Central High School. Gloria Ray
Jefferson Thomas
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Iconic Art Inspired By the Civil Rights Movement
A sculpture of an African American boy being attacked by a police dog. Kelly Ingram Park Birmingham, Alabama.
The art of the Civil Rights movement was Statue of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at Kelly Ingram Park a major part in encouraging people to take Birmingham, Alabama. action and helping them know what happened during the time of the Civil Rights Movement. The statue above is of a colored boy being shoved by an officer and Type to enter text also being attacked by a police dog. The statue to the right is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sanding peacefully . The statue is significant because he preached nonviolence during the Civil Rights Movement. Pg.13
Ruby Bridges being escorted by 4 marshals. “The Problem We All Live With” painted by Norman Rockwell
The painting above is of Ruby Bridges, a six year old African American girl who lived in New Orleans, walking to a segregated school. She is being escorted because of all the violence and hate in New Orleans during the Civil Rights Movement. In the back of the picture the word “nigger” is written on the wall and there is a tomato that was thrown at her. Below, in both pictures is the Civil Rights Memorial. The Memorial is in Montgomery, Alabama. The Memorial is there to recognize the people who lost their lives due to the Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968. The Memorial is made out of black granite and contains the names of the people that died.
The Civil Rights Memorial from the side The Civil Rights Memorial from the top.
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Death of Langston Hughes Causes Disruption in the Poetry World By Max Drury
Langston Hughes was many things, a poet, a writer, and a person with an amazing life story. He was born on February 1st ,1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents decided to get divorced when he was very young. He lived with his grandmother and moved around the country frequently. His first move was to Lincoln, Illinois, so he could live with his mother and her new husband. This is where Hughes started writing poetry. He said Walt Whitman was one of his primary influences. He later moved to Cleveland, Ohio with his family. He moved to
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Mexico for one year, and visited the University of Columbia. During this year he took many odd jobs, such as a cook, a launderer, and a sailor when he traveled to Europe and Africa. He settled down in D.C where he published his first poetry book, The Weary Blues. It was there he also published his first n o v e l , N o t Wi t h o u t Laughter. His poetry was known for its colorful portrayal o f African American life in the U.S from the 20’s to The 60’s. He said he wanted to show what the culture was really like during that time period. Some of his later life works showed his devotion to the Civil Rights movement. He wrote about how life was like to be an african American during that time period. His works very realistically portrayed the situation that the civil rights activists were in. Then in the seventies, Hughes unfortunately died from prostate cancer, leaving many of his works unfinished, as well as many books, novels, and poetry behind.
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Mississippi Trial, 1955 Spotlights Emmett Till’s Murder By Spencer Chunn Mississippi Trial, 1955 is written by Chris Crowe and was published by Penguin Group (USA) Inc. in 2002. Mississippi Trial, 1955 is a Civil Rights book about the brutal murder of Emmett Till. Mississippi Trial starts in 1948 in Greenwood Mississippi. Hiram Hillburn, the main character, lives with his grandparents while his dad finishes college in Oxford. Suddenly, Hiram’s gramma dies and soon after Hiram and his Parents move to Tempe, Arizona. Seven years later, in 1955, Hiram’s grampa has a stroke and Hiram has an excuse to go to Greenwood for the summer. Hiram crosses paths with Emmett Till, a 14 year old African American boy from Chicago who is visiting his uncle, when he saves Emmett from drowning in a river. Hiram and R.C. Rydell, a friend of Hiram’s who lives in Greenwood, go fishing and encounter Emmett and his cousins playing in the river. Emmett asks Hiram for food and R.C. doesn’t like it. R.C. beats up Emmett and shoves fish guts in his mouth. Hiram is yelling at R.C. and says, “R.C., he can’t breathe, You’re going to kill him.” This book shows the problem of Civil Rights in the South. When Emmett is murdered, Hiram wants to know who the third man involved in the murder is. Mississippi Trial, 1955 is full of hate and violence toward African Americans. Mississippi Trial, 1955 makes readers wonder about the violence and hate directed toward colored people. The plot is most influenced by the current events and geography of the time period. In the South white people had more power and the colored people worked in the fields all day. The white man was the boss and a colored man was a worker. Mississippi Trial, 1955 shows the unequal rights of the South as well as the violence during the Civil Rights movement. Pg.17
By: Jackson Butterbaugh
Martin Luther King Jr. and His Family’s Contributions to the Civil Rights Movement
Corretta Scott speaking out against obtaining Civil Rights violently
Martin Luther King Sr. preaching about his son’s death and the cause he died for
Everyone knows about Martin Luther King Jr. and his contributions to the Civil Rights Movement, but very few people know about his entire family’s. His father, Martin Luther King Sr. preached for Civil Rights for decades, he also supported his son in every way he could. He was the one who taught King to practice nonviolence. Alfred King in a march for Civil Rights His brother, Alfred Daniel King, preached for Pg.18 years with his father, as well as leading many Civil
A family portrait of the Kings days before their house was bombed
Martin Luther King Posing for his Nobel Prize Picture
S h e helped by leading marches and helping campaigns along the road to Civil Rights. His children inspired him to keep working and continue to struggle for Civil Rights. Some of his children were even civil Rights activists like himself Namely his oldest daughter, Yolanda King, who was a Civil Rights activist, and an actor. Martin Luther King spoke out in his attempt to gain Civil Rights. He also was strictly against obtaining those rights through violence . Even after his house was bombed and many of his marches King still preached nonviolence for Civil Rights. He was awarded the nobel peace prize for his efforts. He was a religious and peaceful man. These traits passed on to his friends and family. Pg.19
BATON ROUGE BUS BOYCOTT MARKS FIRST BUS BOYCOTT By Spencer Chunn
The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott was the first successful bus boycott of the Civil Rights movement. It took place on June 20, 1953 and lasted for four days. This boycott was a blueprint for the well known Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. Reverend Theodore Jefferson Jemison, the pastor at Mt. Zion Baptist Church was the leader of the boycott. About 80% of the bus riders in Baton Rouge during the 1950‘s were African Americans, therefore the boycott had a great affect on the bus companies. The bus boycott cost the bus companies about $1600 a day.
On the February 25 meeting, the council voted to allow African American people to sit in the front seats on buses as long as they did not occupy or sit in front of a white person. Ordinance 222 stated that African American people could fill up the bus from the back to the front, and white people could fill the bus from front to back based on a firstcome, first-served basis. For almost three months, the front ten seats were reserved for white people. Reverend Jemison tests the law by sitting in the front with a copy of the law in his pocket. The angered black citizens decided to take action and formed the United Defense League (UDL). On June 19, 1953, Reverend Jemison and Raymond Scott went to the WLCS radio station and announce the bus boycott to the Baton Rouge public. The leaders of the boycott held nightly meetings sponsored by the United Defense League at churches and schools. As the boycott went on more people attended the nightly meetings. During the boycott, the leaders organized a carpool system in which people could ride around
town without using buses. Money was collected at the meetings to pay for gas for the carpools. Horatio Thompson, an African American business man, owned local service stations and sold gas to the drivers at sale price. Soon after the boycott, Ordinance 251 is passed. Ordinance 251 was a compromise that said all people could sit anywhere on a bus except the first two seats and the last two. The first two seats were reserved for white people and the last two seats were reserved for African American people. Reverend Jemison holds a mass meeting at Memorial Stadium and announces the news of Ordinance 251 and calls off the successful Baton Rouge Bus Boycott. Even though Reverend Jemison called off the boycott, some people refused to ride the bus for awhile.
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come join the fight today!
By: Barret Williams
Women Ac*vists Work Hard to Make a Change for Women By Jasmine Bellow
Rosa Parks, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, Harriet Tubman, and Mary McLeodBethune were all American Women Civil Rights activists. Rosa Parks was an African American woman, who was the catalyst of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. She refused to give her seat to a white
male passenger. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery and gave birth to her son and daughter while still in slavery. She later sued and won her case to regain custody of her son. She was the first African American women to win such a case against a
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white man. Truth also recruited African American troops to fight in the Union Army. Susan B. Anthony helped secure the right for women to vote in the US. She was the cofounder of the first Women’s Temperance Movement. Harriet Tubman was born into slavery in 1820 and escaped in 1849. She ! continued to return to the plantation to free her relatives and non-relatives. She freed over a thousand slaves through the Underground Railroad. Mary McLeod-Bethune was a highly ! accomplished educator. She graduated from Scotia Seminary for Girls in 1893. McLeod-Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute.
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My Mother the Cheerleader Continues to be a Must Read By: Barret Williams ! !
Robert Sharenow brings the reader back to 1960 in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, LA into the mind of 13 year-old Louise Collins in his intriguing novel, My Mother the Cheerleader. Published by HarperCollins in 2007, this historical fiction novel allows the reader to hear all the tales about Ruby Bridges and the integration of William Frantz Elementary School. Every morning, a group of white moms, who call
Robert Sharenow
themselves the cheerleaders, come out to tease poor little Ruby Bridges on her way to school. L o u i s e ’s mother, Pauline Collins, has taken Louise out of school, like many other mothers have, and joined the cheerleaders. Louise is a smart, young girl with brown hair, gray-blue eyes, and glasses. She spends her days taking care of Rooms on D e s i r e ’s o n l y y e a r around boarder, grumpy old Mr. Landroux, and reading her favorite book, Jane Eyre, so many times that she has practically memorized it. So when Morgan Miller steps out of his Chevy Bel Air and asks for a room, Louise is suspecting that there will be some fun. Louise falls in love with Morgan almost immediately and admires his sophisticated and sharp look, which is unlike many of her mom’s guests. Ignoring the warning from Charlotte, the house’s only other
helper, gives her about not getting involved in grown up business , Louise gets ready to record some interesting information in her spy log. With communists running around the U.S. government and the attempts to integrate the schools, no one can be sure of Morgan’s real reason for visiting the Ninth Ward, especially Pauline’s friends, Royce and Clem, are very unsure of Morgan. See Cheerleader pg.24
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Continued Cheerleader pg.23
B e t w e e n cheerleading in the morning and her usual lime juleps in the afternoon, Pauline is also ready for a change. She is challenged with staying loyal to the cheerleaders and segregation or listening to Morgan and following his reasoning. With Louise out and about and Morgan showing up at the school to watch the cheerleading, Pauline’s stress and anxiety is building up. This novel highlights the meaning of family and how much it hurts the break up that family.
Even with dense historical content, this novel is a page turning read for anyone interested in learning about the integration of southern schools and Ruby Bridges. Including the horrors of the Ku Klux Klan, this would be a fantastic read if you are afraid to have the tables turned and look at integration from the point of view of a segregationist, like Pauline. These people dominated the Ninth Ward during the 1960’s and went to segregation events where a speaker convinces
them why to hate African Americans. Although you might think this novel is just for history buffs, My Mother the Cheerleader will fascinate anyone even the slightest bit interested in the Civil Rights movement.
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Warriors Don’t Cry Describes the Life of Melba Beals By Jasmine Bellow
Title: Warriors Don’t Cry Author: Melba Patillo Beals Publisher: Pocket Books Year of Publication: 1994 Genre: Non-‐Fiction (Autobiography)
“You’ all think your gonna have a graduation, but a funeral is what you’re really gonna have – no, more like eight funerals.” -‐Andy “One nigger down, eight to go.” -‐Andy “Put the nigger back in her cage… make her take her regular seat.”
-‐A boy from Melba’s class
Warriors Don’t Cry is based on Melba Beals’ diary entries regarding the integration of Central High. The diary entries give a chronological event of her experience during the integration of Central High. The book includes pictures of Melba Beals, her family members, and the Little Rock Nine at school. The pictures are included to give the readers a clear picture of how the events that took place during the integration in 1957. Warriors Don’t Cry takes place in Little Rock, Arkansas, which is located in the Southern part of the United States. pg.25
The Little Rock Nine students were, Melba Beals, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Minnijean Brown, Carlotta Walls, and Gloria Ray. They put up with plenty of hardships, criticism, and prejudice. Melba was kicked, choked, verbally abused, and acid thrown in her eyes. And through all the harsh things that happened to her, Grandma India told her, “God’s warriors don’t cry” and encouraged her not to give up anything. The Little Rock Nine became heroes of the Civil Rights Movement because their courage inspired African Americans to \ight for what they believe in. In the book, there is plenty of chaos, danger, frustration, and scariness that Little Rock Nine experienced in Central High. Warriors Don’t Cry draws the reader’s attention to the importance of how the integration affected the African Americans in Little Rock, Arkansas. The book causes the reader to show much emotion, such as angry and sympathetic. In some cases, the book might even cause some readers to change their points of view of integration. During the Civil Rights Movement, the south was against integration and didn’t want African Americans to have the same rights as whites. Warriors Don’t Cry is about nine African American students who were the \irst to integrate a school in Little Rock, Arkansas. The book speci\ically zeros in on how Melba Patillo Beals felt and what happened to her during the integration of Central High School in 1957. In the novel, there are a few objectionable words, such as “nigger” and “negro.” In the novel, Melba Beals goes through plenty of hardships, from being bullied by classmates to being beaten by adults. It was hard for Melba to continue to believe that she would be able to integrate Central High. Her family did not allow her to tell the police about the events that happened to her in school because the police might do even worse things to her or the white people would continue to abuse her and add more abusive things to the usual things they did to Melba. This book is recommended to students and lovers of history because it gives the reader a clear understanding of what happened during the Little Rock Nine’s integration into Central High School. This book will serve as a great guide for those who are interested in learning about the outcome of integration during the 20 th century.
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Major Leaders in Desegregation that Fought for Their Beliefs BY JACKSON BUTTERBAUGH Thurgood Marshall (below) leading Autherine Lucy and a crowd to the United States District Court in Birmingham to
s
There were many civil rights leaders in the 20th and 21st century, but here are a few that aided in education, employment, and law. Thurgood Marshal was born July 2nd, 1908. In 1930, Marshal applied to the University of Maryland Law but was denied because he was African American, but this didn’t stop Marshall. He then applied to Howard University Law School and was admitted. In 1933, Marshall sued the University of Maryland Law and won the case. In 1954, Marshall argued for the plaintiff before the Supreme Court in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas and won. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed
Thurgood Marshal to the United States Court of Appeals. A few years later, Marshal was appointed to the position of solicitor general. In 1967, President Johnson chose Marshall to be a Supreme Court Justice. Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Supreme Court Juctice. Ruby Nell Bridges was a major gamechanger in the civil rights movement because of her major influences. Bridges was born September 8, 1954 in Tylertown, Mississippi. She was the youngest of six African Americans in an organization attempting to integrate schools in the south. Bridges went to William Frantz Elementary School, an all white school, and later in the year enrolled more black students. Ruby Bridges became a major symbol of the integration of schools in the civil rights movement. President John F. Kennedy had a major impact on civil rights by improving employment and employment chances for African Americans. In the March of 1961, Kennedy established the PCEEO (President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity) to end discrimination in federal employment. Pg.27
In spite of what many had thought, congress responded to turbulence and pressure from those for and against civil by being more favorable to civil rights. Kennedy also pushed for action on civil rights for African Americans by calling upon the help from priests of all faiths. John F. Kennedy had a major effect on civil rights.
A portrait of Mary McLeod Bethune (above) to go in the halls of BethuneCookman College.
Medgar Evers was a civil rights leader who had a major impact on the integration of education and employment. In the mid-1950’s, Evers and his wife Myrlie established the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) office in Jackson, Mississippi and became the first field secretary of NAACP in Mississippi, staying in this position from 1954 to 1963. In the early 1960‘s, Evers planned and led a boycott of white merchants. In 1962, backed by federal troops, Evers helped James Meredith integrate the University of Mississippi. Sadly, Medgar Evers was shot for his sacrifices and assistance in the civil rights movement on June 12, 1963. Mary McLeod Bethune was a major female leader in the civil rights movement with education. Known as the “First Lady of the Struggle”, she devoted her life to helping improve the lives of African Americans. Bethune helped African Americans with education when she founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial School for Negro Girls in 1904, which in 1923, merged with the Cookman Institute of Jacksonville to co-found the Berthune-Cookman College. Berthune also had major influences as the president of the National Council of Negro Women and as a top black administrator in the Roosevelt administration. There were many different ways civil rights leaders helped in civil rights, but those were some that helped in law, education, and employment. Pg.28
People That Spread The Word Of The Civil Rights Movement By: Spencer Chunn
Emmett Till, Jesse Jackson, Ruby Bridges, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X all publicized the Civil Rights movement. Emmett Till was a 14 year old African American boy who was brutally murdered in Emmett Till months before he was Mississippi. Till Jesse Jackson murdered. was from Chicago and was visiting his uncle when two men kidnapped him, beat
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him, then killed him. Jesse Jackson was an orator and worked with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Jackson believed that African Americans should have more political power. Jesse Jackson was the first African American to make a difference in the presidential election. Ruby Bridges was a six year old African American girl who held a major part in desegregating schools in New Orleans. Ruby Bridges was well known for her courage. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most well known figures of the civil rights movement. Dr. King was an orator and minister who preached nonviolence. Dr. King made many speeches and helped in many Civil Rights events. Malcolm X was a preacher and orator. He wanted to obtain civil rights any way he could. Malcolm X making a speech.
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To Kill a Mockingbird Is Considered a Classic Piece of American Literature By Max Drury
To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, is a masterfully crafted novel, that will be a treasured piece of American literature forever. The year it was published, 1960, is also around the time it takes place. This book provides an in-depth look back into the culture of the mid-20th century, as well as a basic summary of what it would have been like to live in that time. This book is set in the small sleepy town of Maycomb, Alabama, in the heart of Maycomb County. This town seems to have all, but then disaster strikes, a crime is committed, and two young children almost lose there lives. To Kill a Mockingbird is narrated by a little girl, JeanLouis, or Scout. This book though narrated by Scout, focusses on a different character, her father, Atticus Finch. No matter how many adventures Scout goes on, Atticus is always there keeping her safe, as well as her big brother Jem. These children’s ives provide a keen insight into the culture of the time. If someone who didn’t know much about the Civil Rights movement, would clearly understand why it happened after read this book. In some instances, the treatment of African Americans is horrible, the way people clearly hate them. Though this is rather unpleasant, it also provides a look into the culture that people would not get other wise. !
The children's adventure begins when a boy comes into town one summer, this boy is named Dill. He entices them to attempt to explore the Radley house, the Maycomb equivalent of a haunted house. The children grow up as children do. Soon real problems take over there fantasy of making the inhabitants of the Radley house come out. Atticus is defending a Negro, Tom Robinson, then the result of that case puts, both of his children’s lives in danger. This book is very endearing and causes the reader to fall in love with it. You may feel as if you are missing something when you finish this book, as it is rather difficult to read, in which case feel free to reread this book, it will do you nothing but good. This novels main character is also one
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of the greatest role models of all time. Atticus is modeled in areas varying from parenting to lawyer ethic. “What would Atticus do� is a common phrase, if not said, then thought by the many readers of this book. This book captures the theme of the Civil Rights movement by expressing why it was started. This is the kind of book one loves from the moment one first reads it as a young adult to when he or she is old and think they know every little detail about it. One of the best things about this book is the fact that no matter how many times you read it, you will always want to read more and more and more. That is also one of the only caveat, besides small amounts of profanity, and talk of rape, that once you read this book you will never want to stop.
Join !e Fight For Equality
One Nation Working together, For Justice and Equality Everywhere Visit our website for more information at www.naacp.org
By Spencer Chunn
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David Greenberg Writes Another Outstanding Novel BY JACKSON BUTTERBAUGH !
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A Tugging String is a novel written by David T. Greenberg. Published in 2008 by Dutton Children’s Books, this book is about a young boy growing up in the Civil Rights era. In the book, much of the events that happen to David occur in his house, the car of his parents, or on the Great Neck football field, all in New York. However, there are other places in which events important to the plot that David did not visit in the book, such as: the household of the Miltons, the Selma Voter Registration Office, the Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma, Alabama, Beverly Bakery, Marine One, Montgomery, Alabama, FBI headquarters, and many more. There are photos in the book, some of which are of Greenberg, his father, or of historical events that took place in the book, the historical photos usually being an action scene or one in which the person being photographed posing for the camera. There were some major events and characters that were not always in some chapters of the book that cannot be left out, however, and here are three of them. Martin Luther King Jr. was a major leader in civil rights who hired Jack Greenberg to argue for him and his followers to march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama. Jack Greenberg, the father of the protagonist, was also a major character in the book and in the civil rights movement. He argued to the Supreme Court on many occasions. He had many challenges in the book, but what is probably the toughest for Greenberg was telling his family bad news over the phone. A theme developed in this book is the chaos of war on Bloody Sunday. The author usually expresses his characters in cheerful ways unless he is describing a person or place that is run-down, sad, or down-trodden. This book will pull a reader in and make sure he or she feels what and how the characters feel and think how the characters think in order to move on to the next page without fear of what might happen next. When writing this book, Greenberg was affected in his writing by the views his family had on the civil rights movement, for example: his older brother, Josiah, and his mother showed extreme intolerance of the Vietnam War and also showed opinions openly with David. His writing was also affected by where he grew up. David grew up in New York, where much of the populace favored civil rights. A Tugging String captures the aspects of civil rights by imposing the views of a young white boy and his struggles alongside his family that is embedded in the civil rights movement. Readers will be astonished (at the accurate description of what went on Bloody Sunday), surprised, entertained by, familiarized with, and emotionally bonded to the characters and events Pg. 33 in this book. !
Presidential Campaigns and Elections that Affected Civil Rights By Jackson Butterbaugh
Elections
By Jasmine Bellow
The 20th and 21st century elections helped shape America today in different ways. The 1912 election was a major event because it challenged voters to seriously think about their rights. This election was a thrilling one that was near the start of the 20th century that helped American citizens come to terms with the oppositions set by the Industrial Revolution. The 1912 election, however, was not a major reform election because it did not lead to a new political order but did introduce important changes that helped reintroduce the practice of self-government in the United States. This election exhibited four first-rate candidates: Theodore Roosevelt, in the Progressive Party, William Howard Taft, who was the Republican President, Eugene Debs, who ran the Socialist Party, and Woodrow Wilson, who was the Democratic President. Woodrow Wilson won
this presidential race because of his PhD, which fascinated a majority of the American voters. Another major election was the 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson-Barry M. Goldwater election. This helped progress civil rights because only a year later, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. A major election in the civil rights movement was the 1960 election. A few weeks before the election in 1960, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested while leading a protest in Atlanta, GA. Kennedy then called Coretta Scott King to express his concerns while Robert Kennedy secured the release of Martin Luther King Jr. During the election, more than 70% of African Americans voted for Kennedy, which helped give him a winning edge several key states. Though he won, he was cautious when giving pushes for civil rights. He then put VP Lyndon B. Johnson in charge of the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected to office. Obama was African American. Why did this matter? Because it showed a major change had taken effect in civil rights. From African Americans unable to vote over a century ago, to an African American becoming president! In 2012, Barack Obama ran again for president and won. This was also a major event because, for the first time, the black voter turnout rate passed the white voter turnout rate! Overall, 2012 voter turnout rates were roughly 58%, from 62% in 2008. This was another example of a major change in civil rights. Over the past century, presidential elections are amazing examples of civil rights changing marginally.
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Civil Rights Movies that Affected the Civil Rights ! BY!JACKSON!BUTTERBAUGH! !
There have been many movies over the years that had! major impact on the civil rights movement, but here are three that had a bigger affect than others. Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967) is a movie about an interracial relationship between a young white woman and a young African American doctor who is engaged to her. In the time in which the film was made, interracial marriage was illegal in many states; this is when the film was being made which was a key part in the plot of this movie. Five months before the premier of the movie,
however, the 1967 Loving versus Virginia case was ruled that the ban on interracial marriage was unconstitutional, but this did not change the movie (and was still frowned upon by some). This was a movie that showed the directors (Stanley Kramer) compliance to dig into this topic. It was also a movie that forced those against interracial marriage to rethink why they did not want two people who love each other to marry. Another movie that affected the civil rights movement in a big way was The Tuskegee Airmen (1995). In the time within the movie, many thought that blacks did not have the abilities to learn technical flying skills. These concerns were raised when Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry Truman pushed the integration of blacks entering into the military in the 1940s. This movie showed the success and heroic deeds of the Tuskegee airmen that destroyed this myth and also showed racists to respect blacks
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The 1995 movie poster for The Pg. 35 Tuskegee Airmen (above).
! The movie poster for the 1998
that were returning from the army and blacks entering the army. The civil rights movement is typically understood through the actions of adults, but this is not one of them. Disney’s 1998 Ruby Bridges allows viewers to see the story of racism through the eyes of a child. Seeing racism through the eyes of a child could easily make a bigger impact on viewers because it would be scarier and more traumatic. Ruby Bridges was the first black child to go to an all-white elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1960. Bridges took a nonviolent approach to integration partly because she was young, but also because she knew that she was doing the right thing. She also knew that she had the support of her parents and her teacher. Upon seeing Disney’s Ruby Bridges, white racists were forced to look in the mirror and ponder why they could have done things so hurtful to one so young. There were many movies that helped progress civil rights, but those were three that had colossal effects on civil rights. Ruby Bridges movie (above).
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Civil Rights Word Search
x m e r f p w z e z d u s m x o t l k z
k p l o u s k v q o e b l s z h w i r w
s i q o t v k c f m s k l i h n r t g o
q e n h c d s n c b e c n c v i l t w o
i n g g f l b s a c g h o a y i i l e v
desegregation little rock nine martin luther king jr
h i l r c p a d m t r m v r r p c e c u
r n r r e s o m q n e t i h w e a s n l
a e r w p g c d d l g i d m b f n p e c
t p g a q p a u p r a s r w r a g l l u
malcolm x montgomery bus boycott civil rights
x l u t h e r t h w t g s i c y i c o i
v l p t e f i y i w i h c i e d h u i w
q q i s z r k k a o o a r l f m t m v a
h s h k w s m b u s n e r i j c p b p m
f o t q b a j a t u m c z s r v v n r d
racism violence african americans
g w j i e v q s r a t t o c y o b o r c
q t s y b e h l m t w g h o l s c d q u
d q n s j c a e n x i l q q h k l x q i
u k e q n i e i z r z n w e s g q p q l
m o n t g o m e r y x t y f e q z v o r
u x t q d v i k d e i a c c i c u v i n
white segregation boycott
By: Spencer Chunn
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Integration? Vote
Victor Schiro For Mayor
He’ll make it happen By: Barret Williams
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! Enjoy a collec+on of artwork of the Li4le Rock Nine, a group of Black high school students who integrated Central High in 1957. Pain+ngs include Mrs. Daisy Bates with the Li0le Rock Nine, Li0le Rock Nine teenagers, and Melba Beals being escorted by the 101st Airborne.
Available at: www.li4lerocknineartwork.com Prices range from $299.99 – $699.99
By Jasmine Bellow