WWW.ACenturyofReform.com
May 2013
A CENTURY OF REFORM
TABLE OF CONTENTS News Looking Back: Women Fight for the Right to Vote ........................................................................pg.1 By Arabella Peters Presidents Deal With Gay Rights ...................................................................................................pg.2 By Phoebe Roussel Franklin Delano Roosevelt January 30, 1882-April 12, 1945 ........................................................pg.2 By Phoebe Roussel Presidents Helping the United States .............................................................................................pg.3-4 By Stephen Ecuyer Major Figures Make Strides During the Prohibition Era ...............................................................pg.5-6 By Stephen Ecuyer Members of the National Women’s Party Work to Achieve Women’s Suffrage ............................pg.7-8 By Christy Charbonnet Major Players Inspire Rights For Women’s Working Right ..........................................................pg.9-10 By Arabella Peters Our Nation’s Greatest Leaders of the Last Century Rebuild America ..........................................pg.11-12 By Hackett Cummins Gay Rights Leaders Gain Publicity................................................................................................pg.13-14 By Phoebe Roussel Prohibition Costs Government Billions of Dollars .......................................................................pg.15-16 By Michael Karl Supreme Court Cases Largely Influence Women’s Working Rights ............................................pg.17-18 By Christy Charbonnet Louisiana Education Reform Proposed ........................................................................................pg.19 By Stephen Ecuyer
Arts
Bausum Opens Eyes to the Heroes of Muckraking ......................................................................pg.24 By Stephen Ecuyer Uprising Hits the Best Sellers List ...............................................................................................pg.25 By Christy Charbonnet Omnivore’s Dilemma: The Secret Behind What You Eat Young Reader’s Edition, Causes Many People to Reflect on What They Put Into Their Bodies .........................................pg.26-27 By Michael Karl October Mourning: A Song for Matthew Shepard Top of Barnes and Noble Sales List...............pg.28 By Phoebe Roussel The Vote, a Striking Look at the Struggle for Women’s Rights ....................................................pg.29 By Arabella Peters Black Duck, Skyrockets Up the Bestseller’s List .........................................................................pg.30 By Hackett Cummins Matthew Wayne Shepard Perishes from the Earth.........................................................................pg.31-32 By Phoebe Roussel Art Deco-A Modern Art Style .......................................................................................................pg.33-34 By Michael Karl Poems and Poets of the 20th Century.............................................................................................pg.35-36 By Christy Charbonnet One Woman, One Vote ..................................................................................................................pg.37-38 By Stephen Ecuyer Iconic Images of the Women’s Suffrage Movement......................................................................pg.39-40 By Arabella Peters Melodies that Mended America ....................................................................................................pg.41 By Hackett Cummins
NEWS Looking Back: Women Fight for the Right to Vote By: Arabella Peters
It has been 93 years since the women’s fight for the right to vote was resolved by the 19th Amendment, we look back on the powerful women and their organizations that helped to achieve this monumental result. Women suffrage movements initially began in 1848 with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, but the fight didn’t become fervent until the 20th century. Woman suffragists had to work extremely hard and be very brave for many years to even come close to achieving this result. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, key players in the women’s suffrage movement of the 20th century, joined the National American Women’s Suffrage Association after they returned from protesting in England with Emmeline Pankurst, a prominent British suffrage leader. However, soon after their admission Alice Paul created a larger joint organization. Paul’s organization’s tactics were seen as too extreme, so the two organizations split. Thus forming The National Woman’s Party in 1913. SEE: SUFFRAGE, PG. 20
Various women’s rights posters held in by women’s rights protesters.
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Presidents Deal With Gay Rights By: Phoebe Roussel
American gay rights has been a continuous topic during many presidential terms and campaigns. In many presidential elections anti-gay candidates have lost. This includes Walter Mondale(1984), Michelle Bachmann(2012), Rick Santorum (2012), and Mitt Romney(2012). In 1969 the gay rights campaigns took off. In 1973 “gay” was no longer classified as a mental illness. In 1992 Bill Clinton was elected president and he promised many ideas pertaining to gay rights. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected President and also promised many gay right changes. As President, Clinton promised to lift the ban on gays in the military. On July 19, 1993 President Clinton announced an “honorable compromise” also called the “don’t ask-don’t tell” policy in which military recruits would not be asked their sexual orientation. If they came out or declared that they were gay or transgender they could be discharged. SEE: HOMOSEXUALITY, PG. 21
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Leaves Behind a Multitude of Memories January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945 By: Hackett Cummins
Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered into eternal rest on the tragic day of April 12 1945. He was loved by millions across the country. He was a dominate leader in the Democratic. Throughout his four terms in the Presidential Office he helped the nation through some of its most difficult times. He helped employ millions of people during the Great Depression. President Roosevelt established many organizations to help people such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) that helped provide jobs for men between the ages of 18 and 25. He also established the WPA that made jobs for people to work in Office buildings, hospitals, and parks. One more organization was the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) That helped farmers if their crops stop growing. All of these organizations were part of a program called The New Deal. Many Americans say the United States may not have recovered from the Depression without him. SEE: FDR, PG. 22
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Presidents Helping the By Stephen Ecuyer
Woodrow Wilson led the nation through many changes while president.
The 20th century was a century of reform. The American presidents played big roles in reform. Even though Theodor Roosevelt was known as the trust busters, but it was William Taft who brought down trust. Two amendments were passed during his time as president. He was president from 1909-1913. Woodrow Wilson served as president from 1913-1921. In 1917 he declared war on Germany and led the United States to victory in WWI. Herbert Hoover helped the
Herbert Hoover posing for a photograph.
William Taft posing for a photograph.
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United States
Harry S. Truman is in a war uniform.
United States by reducing tax for low income Americans, opening more veteran hospitals, and helped put Al Capone to death. Herbert Hoover served as president from 1929-1933. Harry S. Truman was the president from 1945-1953. During WWII he dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, helping to end the war. Gerald Ford took over as president after Nixon resined. Nixon was about to be impeached then Ford took over when The United States needed help. Ford was president from 1974-1977.
Gerald Ford speaking with Richard Nixon.
Major Figures Make Strides During the Prohibition Era By Michael Karl
The Prohibition Era was filled with conflict from many figures and gangsters who supported Prohibition, but for different reasons. Gangsters saw huge profits, such as Al Capone, a notorious mobster who ran an underground business in illegal alcohol trade and gambling. He had no worthy challengers from other gangs and killed any gang members who attempted to threaten him. His success relied on his violent methods and continuos expansion to new products. Another famous gang member was George Remus. Named King of the Bootleggers, Remus created a system called “The Circle� to supply liquor to his
Al Capone appears in Time Magazine as a significant player during the Prohibition Era.
George Remus is shown behind bars after 3000 counts of violating the 18th Amendment.
customers with his many workers. He gained millions of dollars because of his large-scale bootlegging business and drugselling business. Politicians and figures also contributed to the cause for economic gains and anti-violence by convincing citizens to vote. Senator Morris Sheppard led a campaign that advocated prohibition to the Senator Morris Sheppard poses for his official portrait while he is in office.
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States government. The campaign’s growing support led the government to ratify the 18th Amendment. Wayne Bidwell Wheeler presided over the Anti-Saloon League, probably the most effective and influential prohibition groups in America. He convinced citizens to vote for prohibition-supportive senators, the ones who would make the ultimate decision whether the 18th Amendment would be passed. Finally, Neal Dow began the chain, as he was named the “Father of Prohibition”. He tried to propose a new law against selling liquor, but he used violence along the way and so the law was soon repealed. This occurred in the 1850’s and sparked later
Wayne Bidwell Wheeler stands as leader of the Anti-Saloon League, a crucial role that required many good qualities.
ideals for prohibition. So through the many years only these wise men and few others knew how to achieve success from the government’s failure.
Neal Dow clenches his sword, representing his violent methods as leader.
By Stephen Ecuyer
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Members of the National Women’s Party Work to Achieve Women’s Suffrage By: Arabella Peters
Alice Paul, Lucy Burns, Dora Lewis, Anita Pollitzer, and Doris Stevens were all key personages in the fight for women’s rights, each specializing in different fields. They were all members, some of them leaders, of the National Women’s Party, established in 1913 by Alice Paul. This organization worked specifically to achieve the right for women to vote. Alice Paul was the head of the National Women’s Party and she took that responsibility quite seriously. She led many Lucy Burns in the Occoquan hunger strikes at the Occoquan Workhouse, spearheaded countless Workhouse prison. protests all over the United States, and spoke to numerous senators to gain their support for women’s suffrage. Lucy Burns was Paul’s confidante and the secondin-command of the National Women’s Party. Lucy Burns often led the party protests when Paul was preoccupied with other events. Dora Lewis most likely received the cruelest treatment at the Occoquan House and the District jail for her outspoken and stubborn behavior. Furthermore she and Paul went on a severe hunger strike and had to be force fed during one stay at the Occoquan House. Anita Pollitzer traveled across the United States constantly to speak, organize, and participate in protests. She also dined with the Tennessee legislator, at the time, Harry T. Burn the night before the Tennessee legislature had to make the crucial decision concerning the ratification of the 19th Amendment. Doris Stevens was an extremely enthusiastic member of the National Doris Stevens, a leading member Women’s Party, causing her to of the National Women’s Party. be arrested multiple times Anita Pollitzer outside of the during protests. This led to National Women’s Party many stays at the Occoquan Workhouse, which gave her the headquarters in Washington, experiences needed to write “Jailed for Freedom”. An D.C. insider account of the imprisonment of National Women’s Party activists, published in 1920.
Alice Paul, the head of the National Women’s Party, working in her office.
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Major Players Inspire Women’s Working Rights By: Christy Charbonnet
Rose Schneiderman sewing in the 20th century.
Rose Schneiderman, Maggie Lena Walker, Helen Marot, Sarah Bagley, and Linda Chavez Thompson all helped to influence women’s rights throughout the 20th century specifically women’s working rights. Rose Schneiderman loudly criticized the people who contributed to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. She was the president of the Women’s Trade Union League too. Maggie Lena Walker was the grand secretary of the Independent Order of St. Lukes, which was an organization dedicated to the social and advancement of African Americans. She supported the rights of women and their working conditions. Helen Marot, who is best remembered for her efforts to improve women’s working settings, was the executive secretary of the New York Branch of the National Women’s Trade Union League. Helen gave data
Sarah Bagley posing for a picture in 1907.
to support the Muller v. Oregon case. Being the principal leader and organizer of the first great strike of shirtwaist and dress makers, Helen was strongly disliked by many people because of what she believed in. Sarah Bagley organized and was the president of the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association which was dedicated to improve working conditions and a 10 hour day for women. Later on, Bagley was appointed the corresponding secretary of the New England Working Men’s Association. The first colored person to be elected in one of the federation’s three highest offices, Linda Chavez Thompson was also the first AFL-CIO executive president. These women have all helped in changing the way women work and are treated this day.
Helen Marot striking in New York City.
Linda Chavez Thompson speaking about women’s rights
Maggie Lena Walker teaching students while the strike was happening.
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Our Nation’s Greatest Leaders of the Last Century Rebuild America By: Hackett Cummins
Theodore Roosevelt, prior to his presidency, in the Battle of El Caney during the Spanish-American War.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his wheelchair with his friend’s granddaughter and his dog, Fala. This is one of the few known photographs of FDR in a wheelchair.
Ronald Reagan during his career as an actor, prior to his presidency.
NEWS Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan were all Presidents of the United States that helped reform America. Theodore Roosevelt led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and said he would take whatever action necessary for the good of the public unless expressly forbidden by law or the Constitution. Franklin D. Roosevelt helped America through one of its toughest times, The Great Depression. He created organizations to help people get jobs, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps. Dwight Eisenhower led America to victory in Europe during World War II. John F. Kennedy renewed the Peace Corps and supported the U.S. people during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Ronald Reagan felt that he had to restore “The great, confident roar of American progress and growth and optimism.� While Reagan was President, the nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity. Each of these leaders aided America in a different way, and for the things they did could be the reason for how we live today.
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President John F. Kennedy in his convertible right before his assassination.
President Dwight Eisenhower speaking to some troops during World War II.
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Gay Right Leaders Gain Publicity By: Phoebe Roussel
President Barack Obama waves after giving a speech about gay rights.
Former President Bill Clinton gives a speech on gay rights.
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“ I’m
a 34year-old NBA center. I’m black. And I’m Gay.”
Left: Jason Collins poses for Sports Illustrated a day after he came out the fi r s t o p e n l y g a y professional athlete.
The gay community has had many role players in changing and improving gay rights. In 2009 President Barack Obama signed a Referendum allowing same sex partners of federal employees to receive partial health benefits and coverage. During Bill Clintons’ presidency he made several major changes to the gay community. One of his major changes was him lifting the ban on gays in the military. Matthew Shepard was a gay student at the University of Wyoming. He was tortured and murdered near Laramie, Wyoming in 1998. Jason Collins was the first openly gay athlete playing on a major American team. He said, “I’m a 34-year-old NBA center. I’m black. And I’m gay.” Ellen DeGeneres is a successful gay American stand-up comedian, television host, and actress. She was born and raised in Metairie, Louisiana. All five of these people are openly involved in gay rights.
Above: Matthew Shepard poses for a portrait.
Left: Ellen DeGeneres posing for a picture for her TV show.
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Prohibition Costs Government Billions of Dollars By Michael Karl On January 16, 1919, Congress ratified the 18th Amendment, a foolish decision that would lead to an economic catastrophe. This new addition to the Constitution outlawed the manufacture, sale, or transportation of any form of alcohol. The 18th Amendment was proposed by government officials who predicted less crime and better health among citizens. Marketers expected a boom in sales, as regular customers of liquor stores would turn to new, popular products as alternatives for alcohol. Other benefits like better communities and nicer homes helped to give the idea gradual support over time. Yet the majority of America refused to dispose of an everyday necessity. The main supporters of prohibition were citizens who lived outside of large cities and in rural areas, while the opposers were from large cities and metropolises. Finally, the law went into effect. This resulted in absolute Above: A piece of prohibition artwork. chaos. Any positive change that original blueprints. was expected to occur failed miserably. This was because thousands lost their jobs as Companies for clothing, real estate, soft liquor stores closed. drinks, gum, and any major form of Instead of moving on to buying new entertainment did not gain surpluses of money goods, civilians stuck to their needs for as expected. They struggled to sell their alcohol. Many bought and sold alcohol at products to sufficient amounts of customers, speakeasies, or illegal bars. Prices were high an astonishing thought that contrasted all
NEWS difficult to make, difficult to export from Canada and Mexico, and difficult to conceal from authorities. High prices resulted in the formation of major underground networks for trading alcohol.
A “Vote Against Prohibition” sign.
Some groups of “bootleggers” made huge profits, making homemade alcohol and selling this “moonshine” to normal citizens that were suffering from the amendment. For example, infamous criminal Al “Scarface” Capone made more than $60 million a year for his business. The failed idea of prohibition then led to the creation of gangs. Gang members often saw conflicts with each other, fighting for dominance. This led to mass violence, forcing the government to put hundreds of millions of dollars into proper law enforcement.
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Though many effects cost the g o v e r n m e n t m o n e y, l i k e t h e aforementioned costs of police patrol, the primary one was lost tax revenues. In states like New York, almost 75% of taxes
came from alcohol. Lost tax incomes from all over the country led to a loss of billions of dollars over the 13 year period of prohibition. All of this could have been avoided. Eventually, drinking was reduced somewhat over time. However, hidden alcohol began to lead to diseases since it was not regulated or monitored by the government. Everyone agreed that supervised alcohol would restore order in America. As a result, the 21st Amendment was ratified to stop the debts and dissolve the hidden networks of alcohol. The failed experiment has come to its end. The government had to suffer a loss of more than $11.3 billion to recognize failure.
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Supreme Court Cases Largely Influence Women’s Working Rights By: Christy Charbonnet
The Muller v. Oregon case was a key argument in the 20th century regarding women’s working rights. This trial, taking place in 1908, upheld the Oregon state law which said that women were not allowed to work for more than ten hours while men could. This indicated lawsuit ruled negative because it expressed a thought of diversity between men and women. The state of Oregon said that the reason the law was put into place was only to protect women. The result supported the idea that women were the secondary gender. The Muller v.
Oregon action started a broad public discussion of gender equality and women’s rights around the country. The Adkins v. Children’s Hospital case changed the way women and men are paid today. This 1923 lawsuit held up the federal law as unconstitutional which stated a minimum wage for women. The Supreme Court ruled that the hours were different from the wages women could make. Now, because of this case, men and women have the same work wages. T h e P h i l l i p s v. M a r t i n Marietta Corporation case distinguished
Women fight for their rights in New York City.
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the very first discrimination of gender under the Title VII. The VII title forbids injustice by employers on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, and national origin. The ruling was that employers could not hire women with young children yet hire men with the same aged children. This case helped influence the idea that women and men are equal when being hired. The Pittsburgh Press Company v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations case had to do with the First Amendment. Taking place in 1937, this trial dealt with free speech and sex discrimination issues. The Pittsburgh Press printed job listings in three categories: Male interests, Female Interests, and Male-Female Interests. The ruling stated that it was illegal to indicate
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a gender requirement in job postings. This case was taken to several courts and every court ruled this discrimination as unconstitutional. The International Union v. Johnson Controls Incorporation case impacted the way women and men work in factories today. Johnson Controls had a law which banned fertile women from performing jobs that exposed the women to lead. However, this company did not have a policy which banned men from being exposed to lead, even though the company knew that lead poisoning had the same effects on both genders. Johnson Controls claimed that they were not allowed to inflict harm on unborn babies as a result of lead poisoning. The court decided that the company did not discriminate against gender based on job positions.
JOIN THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOOD, CULTURE, IMPROVEMENT Michael Karl
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Louisiana Education Reform Proposed By Stephen Ecuyer
In 2012 the governor of Louisiana, Bobby Jindal, proposed the Louisiana education reform bill. Governor Jindal passed an early childhood education bill to start education early. "If we truly want to improve economic development, if we truly want to improve health care outcomes and lower our incarceration rates, it all comes back to providing our children with a better education. I'm proud of the fact that Louisiana has outperformed the national and regional economies for the last four years, but if we want to continue to outperform the national and southern economies we've got to make sure we continue to improve education for our children." said governor Jindal about Louisiana’s education. Governor Jindal also said kids should have an equal and quality education."We live in an aspirational society and the opportunity to receive a quality education is part of the American Dream. Every child isn't receiving an equal opportunity to a quality education today. For our country to continue to lead the world, we have to right this wrong. That's exactly what these new laws will do." said Governor Jindal. Also in this bill there is a system called the Voucher program. The Voucher program takes tax money and gives it to public school kids, so they can go to a private school. In the Voucher program there are 120 private schools,
ranging from top grade schools to small schools. Thousands or parents will receive Vouchers, but there is limited spots open in schools. With limited spots some students will have to go back to a public school, whose budget is being cut. For every student that is moved from a public school to a private school, public schools budgets will go down. The teachers must also be rated as highly effective, but if they get two ineffective ratings in a row they can be fired. Many of the Voucher school are religious and refuse to teach science or history, thus bringing up separation of church and state. Also Civil Liberties said that the Voucher program does not provide equal opportunity for all faith-based schools. The Voucher program welcomes Christian schools but does not accept nonChristian schools. An Islamic school wanted to join, but was not accepted because of there faith. The bill also gives student more courses available for there choosing. The bill also expands scholarships to students in C, D, and F schools. In the end only some kids are chosen, leaving other kids with unequal opportunity. Just recently it was denied by Judges.
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SUFFRAGE: CONTINUED FROM PG. 1
The National Women’s Party worked specifically to achieve voting rights for women. They targeted Congress and the White House through dramatic and non-violent protests. These included spirited suffrage marches, suffrage songs, daily pickets, and national speaking tours. Some held Below: A women’s suffrage poster encouraging people to vote..
banners stating, “Mr. President how long must women wait to get their liberty? Let us have the rights we deserve.” Sadly many of these actions incited unnecessary violence towards suffragists. But failing to understand this, police arrested suffragists daily for “obstructing the city sidewalks”. Suffragists were then sent to court where they had to pay a fine or spend time at the Occoquan House, a forced labor prison. Many chose the Occoquan House because it was a bigger form of protest towards the government. The 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress June 4, 1919 and ratified on August 18, 1920. It stated, “the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” Tennessee was the 36th and last state needed to ratify the amendment, helping achieve threefourths majority of the fifty states needed to ratify the amendment. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certified the ratification on August 26, 1920, changing the lives of many American women forever.
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HOMOSEXUALITY: CONTINUED FROM PG. 1
The Clinton administration made several important changes. They banned discrimination based on sexual orientation in all civilian federal workplaces. They also prohibited sexual orientation and other forms of discrimination in federally conducted education programs. They also granted asylum, or protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their country as a political refugee. Many people have changed their view on gay rights. For example Mitt Romney, who was the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Romney went from being one of the biggest gay rights supporter in 1994 to later declaring marriage as between a woman and a man. In 1994 Romney stated he agreed with President Clintons’ “don’t ask-don’t tell” policy. During a campaign in 2002 he talked about having a gay pride weekend. In the 2012 election Romney stated he had always believed marriage as between a woman and a man, he also stated that he did not support gay marriage. On June 17, 2009 President Barak Obama signed a referendum allowing same-sex partners of federal employees to receive partial health benefits and coverage. This was the first major step in his campaign to improve gay rights. On January 21, 2013 President Obama made history by mentioning the word “gay” and presenting the issue of gay rights in his second inaugural address. “For our journey is not complete until our wives, our mothers, and daughters can earn a living equal to their efforts. Our journey is not complete until our gay
Below: A poster advocating gay rights.
brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law—for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well,” said Obama. He also referenced The Stone Wall Inn, which was a gay bar in New York. The Stone Wall Inn is known as the birthplace of the modern gay rights movement. President Obama was referencing the police raid and the riots in 1969. Many opponents of gay rights were not pleased by the Presidential Address. Today, many efforts are still being made for the gay community, such as the Employment Nondiscrimination Act and The Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act. The Employment Nondiscrimination Act prohibits job discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. The Local Law Enforcement Enhancement Act, also known as the Hate Crimes Act, extends Hate Crime jurisdiction to reach certain violent crimes due to sexual orientation, gender, disability, race, national origin, or religion.
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FDR: CONTINUED FROM PG. 1
He then led America during the Second World War. He was responsible for sending many brave, American soldiers to the European front to defeat one of the Axis Power’s mighty leaders, Adolf Hitler. Without President Roosevelt’s incredible leadership World War II could have lasted much longer, or the Allies might not have won. He truly was one of America's greatest leaders in United States history. He had five sons; James, Franklin Jr., Elliot, John, and another Franklin Jr., and a daughter, Anna. He was wed to Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on March 17, 1905. They were married happily for 45 years and Anne lived on to be 78 until 1962. His parents James Roosevelt and Sara ann Delano raised him and his half brother James “Rosy” Roosevelt. Being the President of the United States is very time
consuming, yet he still found time to relax. He enjoyed playing cards, Bird watching, and collecting stamps. A major obstacle in his life was the loss of his legs. During the year of 1921 tragedy struck the Roosevelt family. Franklin developed polio. Even though this was a major hurdle, he still had the capability to have three successful terms in office. He unfortunately passed away in the beginning of his fourth term. His passing was a devastating time for all of America. Instead of mourning his loss, celebrate what good he has brought to us all. There is no need to fear his absence. As Franklin D. Roosevelt told us, “The only thing to fear, is fear itself.”
10 ₵ 10¢
Stop in at your By: Phoebe Roussel
local drug store and buy a poster.
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Bausum Opens Eyes to the Heroes of By Stephen Ecuyer Muckraking today, helping the country be a better place. “ I suppose they will return again, such times of awakening,” “Others will return, I am confident, to the task which seemed once almost a mission and a call,” Ray Stannard Baker said to a colleague talking about the old times when they were muckrakers. This a great read for everyone. Muckrakers is full of interesting information that will get readers on the edge of their seats, and get people excited to read!
By Arabella Peters
In 2007, Ann Bausum wrote Muckrakers How Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and Lincoln Steffens Helped Expose Scandal, Inspire Reform, and Invent Investigative Journalism, and it was published by the National Geographic Society. Muckrakers is a young-adult historical fiction novel. Muckrakers is a book about when muckraking first started. Muckraking is when there is scandal, or corruption (muck), in the government, and journalists go out and clean up the muck. Muckraking first came to be, right at the start of the 20th century, when writers were discovering, and exposing, this scandal in the United States government. This story is about a magazine called McClure’s Magazine, McClure’s Magazine had several famous writers, including Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair. Ida Tarbell wrote a book called The History of the Standard Oil Company about the oil company’s greed and how they took people’s money. Upton Sinclair went on to write The Jungle, The Jungle is about the poor working conditions and how unsanitary butcher shops were. Lincoln Steffens wrote a book called The Shame of the Cities about all the scandal, all over the country. These muckrakers really helped the United States reform when it was needed the mosts. Luckily muckrakers are still around
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Uprising Hits the Best Sellers List By: Christy Charbonnet
Uprising, written by Margaret Peterson Haddix, demonstrates the idea of women’s working rights, working conditions, and fair wages in the 20th century. This 2007 novel, published by Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing Division, is set in New York City and is about the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory strike and fire. Uprising is historical fiction due to the fact it is a made up story but relates to the T r i a n g l e Shirtwaist Factory fire and strike, which is a historical even. The strike, starting in 1909, lasted one year until 1910. However, the fire in the factory arose on March 25, 1911. Various events took place inside the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory while actions such as the strike happened on the streets of New York City and occasionally inside jails. Bella is a young women coming into America to earn and send money back to her family in Italy. Her cousin, Pietro, finds Bella a job and a place to live. She is not paid for two days straight since Bella is a “newcomer,” which is also a reason the strike occurred. Yetta and her sister Rahel were born in Russia and both want to go on strike because they believe the factory owners do
not care whether their employees have access to food or not. Jane Wellington lives in New York and her family is tremendously wealthy, yet she ran away from home because her father was against what she believed in, striking for women’s rights. Mr. Blank and Mr. Harris own the factory, and Margaret Peterson Haddix both were put on posing for a picture. trial and questioned about the fire. Bella’s family died due to starvation and disease. Rahel left Yetta to go off and get married which upset Yetta. Yetta decided to stay away from Rahel. The major theme developed in Uprising is the idea that women have the same rights, when it comes to working as men do. Margaret Peterson Haddix speaks with a tone of sensitivity toward actions that are not constitutional. She stands up when she is not being treated right. Uprising persuades the readers to fight back when women are not treated equally. Uprising shows reformation in the 20th century by women finally achieving safe working conditions and rights to work. This book was filled with exciting and inspiring actions by women throughout the strike and fire.
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Omnivore’s Dilemma: The Secret Behind What You Eat Young Reader’s Edition, Causes Many People to Reflect on What They Put Into Their Bodies By Michael Karl
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Omnivore’s D i l e m m a : Yo u n g Reader’s Edition is an engaging, yet informative novel that captures the same raw emotions as the critically-acclaimed adult version. This science-based, nonfiction title for younger audiences follows author and nutrition expert Michael Pollan, whose goal is to uncover “What it is we’re eating. Where it came from. How it found its way to our table. And what it really costs.” This piece published by The Penguin Group in 2009 includes tips for meals and responses to the adult version’s controversy. Omnivore’s Dilemma contrasts the four major food chains, including the conditions, the health benefits, and the prices. The first section follows the industrial chain, where animals are treated inhumanely with cheap prices. It revolves around corn, which appears as animal feed, an alternative to sugar, and many other products. The industrial chain produces quick, yet unhealthy food. The organic food chain uses a similar style, but with fraudulent labels (required
by the United States Department of Agriculture) that “add value” to draw customers. It is slightly healthier, with natural ingredients instead of chemical ones. The 3rd food chain is characterized by local farms that treat animals with respect for their ways of life. It helps to create a community where food is trusted to be healthy, not phony. F i n a l l y, M i c h a e l Pollan investigates a completely manmade meal, with food that is hunted or gathered. Food is monitored through every process and step of the way it took to create a masterpiece. “In the end, I did feel it was a perfect meal. It wasn’t my cooking that made it perfect, but the connection we felt with the food.” Through this journey, Pollan must travel to multiple locations to meet multiple characters. He finds farmers in discreet towns like Greene Country, Carmel Valley, Finney Country, and Swoop. He visits other Midwest locations and the forests of the northern California.
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Michael Pollan posing outside his home.
ByChristy Charbonnet
He meets George Naylor, an almost bankrupt corn farmer. He meets Joel Salatin, a hardworking agriculturist who works with his family. He meets Angelo, a generous man who finds his passion in his food. The cast of characters show a strong role that develops the plot. This book can educate young viewers about how modern culture hurts the environment by polluting the air and ruining land. It also explains how wasteful the industrial food chain is, because it uses thousands of fossil fuels. The book sometimes demonstrates the truth in a serious tone, detailing the horrible, violent treatment of many animal. Many other times Pollan uses a fun, quirky tone to describe interesting facts. Pollan manages to describe a major issue in modern culture in a captivating manner. The Omnivore’s Dilemma is beyond exceptional. It presents current issues in an eclectic mood that is unmatched by any other book. Anyone interested at all in modern culture, the environment, or what is on your dinner plate, should read this book immediately.
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ART PG. 28 October Mourning: A Song for Matthew Shepard Top of Barnes and Noble Sales List By: Phoebe Roussel October Mourning: A Song for Matthew head.” His mother, Judy, talks about how she wrote to the killers' parents but always tears Shepard explores 68 heart wrenching poems. them up in the end. Russell Henderson, one of This poetic novel published in 2012 by Matt’s murderers, starts to regret what he did to Candlewick Press shares different point-ofMatt, but Aaron McKinney, Henderson's views of the murder of Matthew Shepard in partner in crime, shows no remorse for what he 1998. The author, Lesléa Newman, has written has done. Matt's heart states how he kept the poems to take place in a small town in beating seven though he thought it will be best Wyoming called Laramie. for Matt if he stopped. Five days after Matt's beating Lesléa By no surprise Henderson and McKinney Newman arrived on the campus of the are both charged with,"2 life sentences served University of back to back." They were charged with Wyoming. She was kidnapping, robbery, and murder. there for one reason, Gay rights is a major factor, theme, and to give a keynote subject in this book. October Mourning: A Song speech for Gay for Matthew Shepard shows multiple views on Awareness Week. She gay rights. “Who cares if he’s gay”, said his later had another mother. “He asked for it”, said an anti-gay reason, to grieve protester. Matthew being a gay student who about Matt's death. was murdered led She took the feelings to more than just she had grieved and life-sentences, it led turned them into a to years and years great book. to come of reform The main character, Matthew Shepard, and passing laws. was a gay student at the University of October Wyoming . He was taken one night from a bar Mourning: A Song by two men who later beat him and tied him to for Matthew a fence to die. October Mourning: A Song for Shepard is a well Matthew Shepard shows more than 60 different w r i t t e n p o e t i c Lesléa Newman poses point-of-views. This includes the fence he was novel. Some points outside her home. tied to, the stars, the doe, his parents, his killers, are sad, but there is always a inspirational quote and himself. to come. The only negative is an occasional At the beginning the fence wonders, “Will curse word here and there. This book is a most I ever know why I was put on this earth?” By read. the end of the book his question will be On November 4, 1999 Dennis Shepard answered. The stars comforted Matthew when said, "Mr. McKinney, I give you life in the he was tied to the fence dying. The doe shares memory of one who no longer lives." the experience of keeping Matthew comfortable throughout the night. His father, Dennis says, Matthew is “ Too trusting...Never uses his
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The Vote, a Striking Look at the Struggle for Women’s Rights By: Arabella Peters
The Vote by Sybil Downing, published by the University of New Mexico Press in 2006, is an insightful book on the struggle to achieve voting rights for women. Downing portrays real women of the National Women’s Party accurately and it is obvious the author looks up to these brave characters. Even though The Vote is fiction, it continually references real people and events. The Vote begins in 1918 with Kate Brennan visiting her carefree friend Millie, in Washington, D.C. Kate witnesses men harassing National Women’s Party suffragists from her cab window and rushes out to help. Kate becomes a victim of circumstance when the police arrive and round up all of the picketers, including Kate. They are carted off to the downtown prison, where the suffragists are sentenced to either 14 days in the O c c o q u a n Wo r k h o u s e , a forced labor prison, or a fine of 25 dollars. All of K a t e ’s f e l l o w protesters pick the O c c o q u a n Workhouse. She is faced with a life changing decision, whether to pay the fine and get on her way or to spend 14 days in a forced labor prison. Kate, surprising herself, chooses the Occoquan Workhouse and is swept up in a whirlwind of women’s rights. Kate meets Lucy Burns and Alice Paul, two persevering and strong willed suffragists and members of the National Women’s Party, and becomes a member to participate in the fight for the 19th Amendment. She realizes that the
fight for women’s rights is a tough one and it takes sacrifices. Her relationship with her parents and a dear family friend is broken and she puts her relationship Sybil Downing, the author of The with her Vote. newfound man, Charlie, in jeopardy because of her dedication to the National Women’s Party. Kate also discovers how difficult it is to change someone’s view or vote when tradition is involved. Kate verbalizes this realization when she says “Traditions died hard.” Kate pairs up with Mary, a tough, rough around the edges member of the National Women’s Party. She helps teach Kate that she should never give up no matter how difficult the fight for women’s suffrage may get. Even after Mary is mournfully injured she still urges Kate saying “Don’t ya dare quit”. The Vote makes readers grateful to have the right to vote and knowledgable of the challenges the suffragists surpassed to achieved the right to vote. Throughout The Vote, the war in France and the influenza has a a major influence on the characters Kate befriends. Many of their sons, brothers, husbands, or fathers have been killed or very sick, causing some members to be unable participate in the National Women’s Party’s movements. The Vote manages to focus on all aspects of the women’s suffrage movement, even the politics. The Vote is an educational yet intriguing book on the women’s suffrage movement for history buffs and students alike.
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Black Duck, Skyrockets Up the Bestseller’s List By: Hackett Cummins
Black Duck is an exciting combination of breaking and r e f o r m i n g friendships and smuggling and rumrunning. The novel is a historical fiction piece, published by Scholastic in 2006. “Black Duck” was Janet Taylor Lisle, the author written by Janet of the Black Duck. Taylor Lisle. She also wrote The Newbery Honor Award Winner Afternoon of the Bees. Black Duck is about young David Peterson interviewing Ruben Hart about his days back in 1929 and 1930, during prohibition. The Black Duck itself is a fictional, rumrunner ship that could outfox any Coast Guard boat. Ruben’s best friend was Jeddy Mckenzie. Nothing could ever split them apart, until they found something on Coulter’s Beach that would change everything. It was a dead body. That was when everything started to go downhill. On some nights Ruben would go out on the beach or on a bike ride and encounter rumrunner meetings on the beach. He would try to watch them from a distance. One night, Ruben couldn’t sleep, so he went on a walk. He saw a light on in the Mckenzie’s house, which he had not been in for a few months. He peeked in the window and it was Mr.
Mckenzie, who was a police officer, counting enormous amounts of m o n e y . Ruben’s dad owned a store, so Ruben had seen salaries before. Officer Mckenzie was counting the cash and putting it in an envelope, again and again. These were no regular salaries, something was different. Ruben was encountering more and more people who seemed suspicious and one day an older teenager came to Ruben’s house and was looking for some sort of ticket. Supposedly the ticket was with something that Ruben took. Ruben lied and said he did not take anything at all, but Ruben actually took a pipe and a pouch of tobacco from the body at Coulter’s Beach. He later finds something inside the tobacco pouch. A fifty dollar bill that was ripped in half, but it was only one half of the bill. Ruben assumed that the bill was the “ticket” that the person asked him about. This was when Ruben really got into trouble with the rumrunners and this was only the beginning of it all.
Laramie, the town where Matthew Shepard went to college and was beaten.
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Matthew Wayne Shepard Perishes from the Earth December 1, 1976 - October 12,1998 By: Phoebe Roussel
Matthew “Matt� Shepard was born in Casper, Wyoming and died at the age of 21 in Fort Collins, Colorado. Matt was the son of Judy Shepard and Dennis Shepard. He had one brother, Logan Shepard. Matt attended the University of Wyoming. On October 6, 1998 Matt met with Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson at a bar in Laramie, Wyoming. After he admitted to being gay, McKinney and Russell seized him and beat him with a pistol. They then tied him to a fence and left him to die. 18 hours later a bicyclist was passing by and saw Matt. It was later discovered that he fell into a coma. Sadly, Matt died 6 days later. On October 28, 2009 President Barack Obama signed the Hate Crimes Bill. This bill was named for Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr., an African American who was dragged to death, in 1998.
President Barack Obama signing the Hate Crimes Bill in honor of Matthew Shepard.
McKinney and Henderson the men who were both convicted for the murder of Matthew Shepard.
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Art Deco- A Modern Art Style By Michael Karl
During the 20th Century, new modern art styles changed society’s thoughts on the true definition of art. Many different methods adjusted to fit a time period, since that type of artwork was admired since it was declared c o n t e m p o r a r y. O n e prominent method was art deco, a new form of fine art that could be seen in jewelry, visuals, painting, clothing, and most notably, architecture. It can be defined as having repeated geometric shapes, a curved outline, and containing vivid colors. This modern technique inspired new ideas of creative blueprints for buildings. It could be gradually seen, as new buildings were constructed. Nowadays, it
can be seen in buildings like the Chrysler Building and Rockefeller Center, especially Radio City Music Hall. They all contain blends of art deco in all aspects of the design structure. Many artists with personal courage felt free to step outside their comfort zones to a very creative, innovative, and decorative style that still incorporated beauty into the layout. However, art deco was not entirely original or recent, as it had been invented by the French many years ago. Yet Americans felt their version differed and that “Art Nouveau� (the French title for their type of art) was just used as a foundation for art deco. So through the Reform Era Americans lobbied The Chrysler Building stands tall in New York City, integrating many art deco characteristics in its model.
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The interior of Radio City Music Hall is one of the best representations of art deco, with a curved designs that gives it an unique sense of beauty. At the entrance to one building that makes up Rockefeller Center, this inspirational art deco.visual stands.
for major changes in politics, economics, society, or some other major category that required tremendous bravery and effort. Artists did the same by feeling free to step outside of their comfort zone to create a distinct work that fitted the time period they lived in.
This elegant piece of jewelry includes refined detail that completes it as a glorious art deco pice. The woman wears a dress with a vibrant shade of green and other art deco features.
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Poems and Poets of By: Christy Charbonnet
“You cannot rob us of the rights we cherish, Nor turn our thoughts away From the bright picture of a "Woman's Mission" Our hearts portray. We claim to dwell, in quiet and seclusion, Beneath the household roof,-From the great world's harsh strife, and jarring voices,
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To stand aloof;--
-Annie Louisa Walker
Annie Louisa Walker (1836-1907) posing for a picture.
Annie Louisa Walker, best known for her dramatic poetry, helped influence women’s rights through her writing. This novelist, children’s playwright, and poet commanded a school for women. Walker published her poems mostly in newspapers. In her twenties, he went back to her home country, England, to work for her cousin who was a novelist. There, Annie Louisa Walker edited her cousin’s autobiography and letters. Once she married, her new name became Mrs. Harry Coghill. She was one out of many who helped shape and change this country to what it is today.
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the 20th Century
“So let us, unobtrusive and unnoticed, But happy none the less, Be privileged to fill the air around us With happiness; To live, unknown beyond the cherished circle, Which we can bless and aid; To die, and not a heart that does not love us
”
Know where we're laid.
- Annie Louisa Walker Two women supporting the right for women to vote.
A parade in New York City supporting women’s rights.
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One Woman, One Vote By Stephen Ecuyer
One Woman, One Vote is a movie about the women’s rights movement. It was made in 1995 and was narrated by Susan Sarandon. The women’s rights movement is about when women came out and protested against men having all the power. Thousands of women came to protest.
Protesters crowd the streets. Susan B. Anthony
One of the most famous suffragists was Susan B. Anthony.
The 19th Amendment was emitted to the Constitution in 1920.
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By.: Hackett Cummins
Susan B. Anthony was found guilty in trial. Susan B. Anthony said this when she was found guilty "In your ordered verdict of guilty, you have trampled underfoot every principle of our government: my natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights. I have been tried by law made by men, interpreted by men, administered by men, in favor of men, and against women. May it please, your honor, I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty. Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God." In 1920, the 19th amendment was passed, allowing women to vote.
Vote Smart,Vote Democratic, Vote Roosevelt.
Above: Members of the The National Women’s Party leading a protest down Fifth Avenue.
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Iconic Images of the Women’s Suffrage Movement By:Arabella Peters
The National Women’s Party worked hard to gain publicity throughout the U.S., the organization achieved this through newspaper articles and photographs. The National Women’s Party staged various protests in order to gain attention by way of the news. At first many newspapers were not interested in documenting the National Women’s Party’s actions, but as the organization grew and their protests became more dramatic the newspapers became interested. It was not until 1917, when members began picketing outside of the White House that the National Women’s Party gained recognition in the news.
National Women’s Party suffragists protest outside of the White House.
A National Women’s Party suffragette imprisoned at the Occoquan Workhouse
The organization received immediate attention on November 15, 1917, known as the “Night of Terror.” This took place at the Occoquan Workhouse, a forced labor prison, where 30 suffragettes were beaten, threatened, and mistreated by the largely male staff. Following that the National Women’s Party made the news continuously, helping them gain national acknowledgement and support.
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Melodies that Mended America By: Hackett Cummins
Music is a form of art that can be used to entertain, to express feelings, or to rally people together. The song “Happy Days Are Here Again” was Franklin D. Roosevelt’s campaign song. The song was written by Jack Yellen. “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?” , written by Yip Harburg, is a song that was made during the Great Depression to express the anger of some workers in that time. The workers were angry because they put in so much effort, time, Yip Harburg, the writer of “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?” and work and the salary was minimal.
An orchestra playing “Happy Days Are Here Again.” (Left)
Jack Yellen, the writer of “Happy Days Are Here Again.”(Above)
JOIN THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOOD, CULTURE, IMPROVEMENT By Michael Karl
By Arabella Peters