Estuarine Urbanism, Survival VS Advancement, finding future in the Landscape, Maputo, Mozambique by Amaranta Vargas Mendoza

ESTUARINE URBANISM

SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT Finding future in the landscape. Maputo, Mozambique Danny Andrés Osorio Gaviria Amaranta Vargas Mendoza Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning, K.U. Leuven, 2016

Promotor: Prof. Bruno De Meulder | Copromotor: Prof. Viviana D’Auria | Tutor: Wim Wambecq | Guest: Ana Beja da Costa

ESTUARINE URBANISM 2016 MAPUTO, MOZAMBIQUE

AUTORS Danny Andrés Osorio Gaviria Amaranta Vargas Mendoza PROMOTOR Prof. Bruno De Meulder COPROMOTOR Prof. Vivivana D’Auria TUTOR Wim Wambecq GUEST Ana Beja da Costa READER Prof. Domingos Augusto Macucule IN COOPERATION WITH Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. Maputo, Mozambique

MORE INFO? Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning Department ASRO, K.U. Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium Tel: +32(0)16 321 391 Email: paulien.martens@kuleuven.be © Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88. A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests. All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors.

ESTUARINE URBANISM

SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT Finding future in the landscape. Maputo, Mozambique Danny Andrés Osorio Gaviria Amaranta Vargas Mendoza Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning, K.U. Leuven, 2016

Promotor: Prof. Bruno De Meulder | Copromotor: Prof. Viviana D’Auria | Tutor: Wim Wambecq | Guest: Ana Beja da Costa

“A cidade não é um lugar. É a moldura de uma vida.” Mia Couto

Mangroves and swamp area in Incassane, Catembe 7

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Danny Andrés Osorio Gaviria I am grateful with life and destiny for giving me this unique opportunity to be part of this adventure and challenging experience. I am indebted to a great many people... I want to say thank you to my family, my father, my mother, my sister and my brother. Thank you for always believe in me and support my crazy impulses and all unpredictable decisions I have made. Thank you for always be there for me, I love u. I am grateful with Valentina, without her I would not be here. To my thesis partner, Amaranta, thank you for being my friend and thank you for long days and nights working together in Mozambique and Belgium. In KU Leuven, I want to thank Professor Wim Wambecq, Professor Ana Beja da Costa, Professor Vivivana D’Auria and Professor Bruno De Meulder who contributed with their guidance and belief in our work and continuously encouraged us to make it better. I want to say thank you to very special people who were part of this process, thank you very much to Elena, Camilo, Rafael, Margarita, Piedá, Sergio, Maritza, Tania, Tarek, Carmen, Spandan, Bebi, Isabelle, Gabriella, Michaël, Benjamin, Valentine, Ravioli, Tim, Maxime and I do not know if I am forgetting someone else, but thank you all, I love u. In the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo, I want to thank Professor Luis Lage and Professor João Tique for sharing their knowledge and experience about Mozambique. Also in Maputo thank you to Eng. Teresa Chissequere and Professor João Carvalho for their collaboration and support. Thank you to Tony, Frank, Kara, Antonia, Andy, John, Sam, Valber, Zelio, Alan, Ben and all the people and friends who were part of my great experience in Africa. I want to say thank you to a beautiful Argentinian girl who was not in my plans but was an important part in our fieldwork with the people in Mozambique. Having met her made everything worth it , thank you for everything Paula. Thank you very much to everyone who made this thesis possible, because what is done with love is done well. Thank you. To the memory of my father Benjamin. 8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Amaranta Vargas Mendoza Dedicated to Elsa & Manuel I would always be grateful with Patricia and Ivette for supporting me in every step I decide to take, for giving me the strength and opportunities to become a better person in every aspect. To my grandmother and grandfather, who I know, are always looking after me and sharing my achievements. To Maxime who was the reason I move to in Europe to start a Master, thank you for pushing me and encourage me for over 4 years. I would like to express my deepest gratitude for the people involved in the outcome of this Master thesis, especially to our promotor Prof. Bruno De Meulder, for sharing his knowledge and experience to address abstract problematics and opportunities in the urban territory of Maputo. To our Professors Wim Wambecq and Ana Beja Da Costa, for pushing us to go in a deeper analyze and understanding of the sites, for their guidance through the thesis project, their constructive critics and their constant support. To Professors Luis Lage and JoĂŁoTique from Universidade Eduardo Mondlane for the help offer during our field work in Mozambique, for the material shared on the city, their experience and insights in the urbanity of Maputo To Universade Eduardo Mondlane to offer their facilities to realize our research. Especial thanks to the friends made along the journey, who share the Mozambican experience with us. Paula for her charisma and ability for communication, Frank, Ben, Cara, Antonia, Sam, Andy, John, Allan, etc. To my thesis partner, Danny Andres for sharing his energy and enthusiasm during our work. Thanks to the many friends that I have made in Leuven, Valentina, Rafael, Andrea, Ben, Alicia, Camilo, Carmen, Elena, Gabriela, Maria and many more. To CONACYT for their financial support during 2015-2016 scholar year. To VLIR-OUS for their financial support during 2014-2015 scholar year. 9

Mangroves, swamp area and highland in Incassane, Catembe 11

Table of contents

Catembe topographical modification

Bairro dos Pescadores water dynamics variation

Introduction

Catembe water dynamics variation

Introduction

Bairro dos Pescadores landscape resources

116

Historical development faces

Catembe landscape resources

130

City under development

Urban development Plans

142

Contextualisation & issues

Coastal landscape and urbanization process

Study cases

Design in vestigation

124

Bairro dos Pescadores: Living in the mangroves

158

Catembe: Water & urban secuences

188

Conclusions

216

Design explorations

Coastline and new developments

Maputo ring road

Urban topographical changes

Bairro dos Pescadores topographical modification

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Mangroves and fichermen in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

Fishing boats in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 15

INTRODUCTION

Fisherwoman in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

INTRODUCTION Maputo, Mozambique

an interesting case of an evolving urban context in constant change, a critical point to act. Ecological systems and landscape are in a continuous conflict with the traditional communities and the new urban developments, adding complexity to the study case, because it is the place where nature, built environment, community and economy converge. The local communities in Mozambique are another important reason to investigate Mozambique. People in Mozambique are wonderful, beautiful and friendly; living there was a unique experience of life where the kindness of Mozambican people was fundamental to the understanding of people´s way of live and local practices.

Mozambique, Southeast Africa

“A terra pode amolecer por força do amor? Só se o amor for uma chuva que nos molha a alma por dentro.” Mia Couto This work is the result of the love for Mozambique. In February 2016 two international students from KU Leuven traveled to Mozambique to live an amazing experience as part of the research process and fieldwork which was the basis of the Master thesis in Urbanism and Strategic Planning. For four weeks of intensive fieldwork, Maputo was their home and for four months in Belgium, Mozambique was their daily life.

Mozambique is located on the East coast of Southern Africa with a population of around 24 million inhabitants living in an area of approximately 812.379 km². The capital and the larger city in the country is Maputo, known as Lourenço Marques before the independence. The city is growing, the urban expansion and the large scale infrastructures and new developments along Maputo´s coastline are not compatible with the everyday needs of the local communities and the coastline estuaries ecological systems [Beja da Costa, 2014]. The city is in a constant dual evolution between urbanization and nature, identity and stranger, local and foreign, formal and informal, high and low, density and sprawl, rich and poor, but also stressed the interdependence between them [Van Orshoven & Ysenbaardt, 2014]. The research question is how can urban expansion and transformation occur in a balanced way between urban and landscape dynamics, and how can the local communities evolve and survive finding in landscape structures a way to improve urban living conditions?

Why Mozambique? Mozambique is another world. It is a place where the scars left by the colonial era are still very recent and as an emergent country, it is living a complex moment: culture, traditions, identity and lifestyle hybridized with the practices imposed by the Portuguese colony are trying to survive and adapt to increasingly strong contemporaneous influences coming from East Asia and the Western world. Mozambique is in a unique context looking for the independence after the independence, trying to go beyond a past that still ties the reins of its future. This African country is in a crucial moment regarding to urban development. Nowadays Mozambique is experienced enormous development pressures triggered by foreign investments which are addressing the urban expansion, for this reason is 18

Maputo city center, Mozambique

Sed es molorer ionectatis suntur, te nos sunt occaerunt quia venimpor alignim illabo 19

Bairro de refugiados nas imediaĂ§Ăľes do rio Infulene, 1990 (Vanin 2013, p.131) 21

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES

Historical development phases timelime. Maputo, Mozambique 23

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES Maputo, Mozambique Disclosing the process of the creation of Maputo, the different periods and important events through its history until nowadays will support the understanding of the urban growth of the city. In this chapter, we will organize the plans of the city since its colonization to present day, showing the different

this plan, some modifications were made, as the adjustment to include the settlements in Ponta Vermelha and the growth of the grid until the ring road among others. With the government of Portugal having an important alliance with Britain because of the location of the colony and therefore South Africa and Mozambique; the creation of the Transvaal railway line was established by the ministry of public works, trade and industry (Jenkins, 2000). The line that will move between Lourenรงo Marques and Pretoria was for the improvement of the urban network in the region connecting different Portuguese ports to other nations in the interior of Africa. The inauguration of the railway took place in 1895. After the railway, the port was the generator for the increasing development of the city and new upgrades in the infrastructure made the city to become the Capital.

Lourenรงo Marques em 1876 (Sousa 2001, p.63)

stages and changes of Maputo City. African population divided in determined clans who shared the same language composed the first settlement of the city, the Portuguese discovered the bay during expeditions to the Indian Ocean, and based a trading system with the local population during the 16th century. After some irregular appearance of Austrian, Dutch, English and French navigators, the lack of interest for the possession of the African territory related its colonization and it was until the 18th century when Portuguese decide to settle and build a fortress in the Espirito Santo Bay, naming the first settlement as Lourenรงo Marques [Vanin, 2013]. The construction of the fortress structured the first strategy to establish the urban limit. The settlement started to acquire relevance for its location and port with the discovery of precious stones and metals, and the farming activities in the neighboring Boer states. In 1887, the settlement was elevated to City status, bringing new plans for the evolution of the urban territory, expanding beyond the fortress to the swamp areas and creating a new city line. This period was the starting point of the projections and vision the colonial government had for the colony. The Plano Araujo was the matrix for the development of the city, and after 24

Transvaal original map, 1875 (Rumsey, http://www.davidrumsey.com/)

Planoo Araujo, 1887 (Vanin 2013, p.41)

The consolidation of the city was characterized for the urban structures and the regulatory processes; however, in parallel the suburban area increased. Spontaneous settlements emerged in the areas outside the ‘cimento’ (the colonial Lourenço Marques) and with these new roads and parcels denominated ‘caniço’ (now ‘bairros’, the indigenous urban part) were established because of increase of population due to the migration from rural areas to the city [Vanin, 2013]. Besides the new expansion in territory, political and military power was set in the south part in Mozambique, overcoming the North clans. The European colonies in Africa were determined by power negotiation among them. Concerning Portugal, the not so strong economic and political aspects brought the subordination of some other colonies; like the British interests, the expanding of mining and farming in South Africa mobilized big migrations labor from Mozambique and several arrangements with it [Jenkins, 2000].

The dependency in South Africa was continuous, the benefits of education and work were designate for Portuguese population, and the local population however was employed as unskilled workers. Most of the local population inhabited in the suburban and unplanned urban areas (caniço). The spontaneously growth of population and the fights for independence in the outsides made the government rethink about the plan of the city, with a vision in the territory and the satellite cities emerging around like Matola and Catembe but taking in account international connections too. The result was the 1969 Master Plan by Mario Azevedo, followed by two other plans, which include the close satellite city of Matola; expanding towards the residential areas, services and industrial features. The plans included the integration of past segregated minorities and to eliminate this isolation by the design of the building block, which would house larger groups of inhabitants and contemplating the integration of cimento and caniço. 25

Plano de estrutura ciudade de Maputo, 1985 (Vanin 2013, p.62) 26

In the plan, the implementation of the ecology was a strong point, recognizing the regeneration for some species and green areas in the city, besides, the plan start to address some surveys that include the agricultural and wetland areas occupied by the local population; For the Caniço it recognized the green spaces, the urban distribution etc. In this case, the intervention had an acupuncture approach for the upgrading of the settlements. The independence in 1975 brought enormous changes and affected every aspect of the city. The country’s human and political landscapes changed radically [Vanin, 2013].

growing of the city for at least the next 10 years. The main point was the accelerated growing of population in the urban scale without taking in account the Greater Maputo area. The socialist government was reflected on the plan, with the introduction of communal villages in the rural areas. The New Structure Plan for the metropolitan area, of 1999, contemplated several factors: the control of the increasing demography, the economic growth including housing developments, transportation, infrastructure and ecological issues that seemed many taking in account the lack of state resources.

The new government (socialist) confronted the new challenge of reestablishing the new order in Maputo that was no longer in service of the colonizers. Most of the Portuguese population started to escape the new order and a new wave of people from the neighboring zones migrate to the city. However, the civil war continued to attract more population fleeing from the periurban areas, affecting services like electricity and damaging the weak economy of the city. This inward migration brought several problems to the new state, lacking of financial and priority means to house the city’s incoming population. The structural plan for Maputo in 1985 was the result for different processes that start after the independence and made a framework for the

The Structure Plan for the Municipality of Maputo in 2008 (Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Município de Maputo, PEUMM) funded by the World Bank program is targeted to issues with the managing of the city, the main strategy is to grant tools to realize the different operations; however the main objective is to eliminate discrimination giving to every social stratus the same opportunities and services. The reformulation of the formal and informal settlements, which becomes more complicated than before, how to distribute land and relocate inhabitants that are in continuous exposure to natural catastrophes, the plan pretend to mark a visible change in the Mozambican society. From this strategy a few plans appear; Maputo Partial Urban Plans (PPU) and Catembe Master Plan.

O Caniço, 1963 (Vanin 2013, p.56)

Plano estrutural, 1999 (Vanin 2013, p.65) 27

Maputo seen from the Ponta Vermelha sand ridge towards the Baixa, 1968 (Van Orshoven & Ysenbaardt 2014, p.63) 29

Marginal Avenue in front of the pier, Maputo 30

City under development Maputo, Mozambique â&#x20AC;&#x153;Maputo is the capital of Mozambique and, together with neighbouring Matola, the city conurbation currently has some 2.5 million inhabitants and is projected to grow to more than four million by 2025. It is one of the 15 largest urban areas in subSaharan Africa and, like other cities in the region, it is expanding beyond its formal boundaries and likely has a substantially higher population than the official figures suggest. Much of this population lives in informal or unplanned settlements, located in areas prone to floods or erosion, along highways and railway lines or beside polluting industries. The health implications of these conditions are detrimental.â&#x20AC;? [Eskemose & Jenkins, 2011].

access and connecting these areas to the city but at the same time is driving the formal urban expansion of the city through the informal neighborhoods in the outskirts.

While the densification process took place in the city center, the development of peri-urban areas close to the city was intensified by the migration of people from rural areas who are settling in places without the basic infrastructure, services and habitability conditions. The construction of new infrastructures is giving

Maputo is in a breaking point where it is necessary an immediate intervention in the way how the city is being developed in coherence with the needs and characteristics with the contemporary urbanism practice and articulated with the logics and dynamics of the ecosystem.

Nowadays the fast economic growth of the country is already visible in the capital city, where the new urban developments triggered by foreign investments are advancing towards informal settlements in peri-urban areas which are creating a conflict between the upcoming developments, communities still living in poverty and the particular geographic conditions of Maputo.

Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol 31

Maputo seen from Guachene beach, Catembe 33

CONTEXTUALISATION & ISSUES 1_On water

2_On infrastructure

In Maputo the access to drinkable water is still limited. Despite the fact that the physical infrastructure exists there are problems with the supply continuity. The country experiences devastating droughts during dry season while heavy rainfall and storms cause severe flooding across the country in rainy season. In 2000 Mozambique experienced the worst flood in 50 years [International Research Institute for Climate & Society, 2007].

The urban development in Maputo is driven by large foreign investments channeled towards upgrade and increase of infrastructures [Beja da Costa, 2014]. The Marginal Avenue is part of the Maputo Ring Road, a new infrastructure looking to improve the flow of road traffic on the outskirts of the Mozambican capital and to connect to the National Roads EN1 and EN4.

The new infrastructures are changing the topography and the water dynamics creating a dyke between the coast and the floodplain with an impact in the way the water flowing from the higher plateau is being retained in the lower plains along the coast. As part of the impact of climate change it is contemplated a sea level rise of 1.0 m by 2098 [Ruby, Canhanga & Cossa, 2008] while from a different perspective an extreme scenario is studying the possible effects of a 5 m high sea level rise in Maputo [Van Logchem & Queface, 2012], which combined with high tides and storms would be a greatest danger for the city.

On the other hand the new Catembe Bridge is under construction and it will cross Maputo bay connecting Maputo to Catembe, Ponta de Ouro and as a connection to South Africa. It would be â&#x20AC;&#x153;the largest single suspended span on the African continentâ&#x20AC;? and it will be completed by the end of 2017 [Macauhub, 2014]. Both Catembe Bridge and the Maputo Ring Road are addressing the future large scale urban development in Maputo as well as in Catembe. These new infrastructures are being implemented by the China Road and Bridge Corporation and funded by the government of the Republic of China [Macauhub, 2014].

Wetland and mangroves close to the Marginal Avenue, Costal do Sol

Marginal Avenue, Costal do Sol

3_On new developments

4_On landscape

After the construction of the Marginal Avenue the development of the area close to the port started while in the North, Costa do Sol it is starting the development phase as one of the main potential areas for touristic developments in Maputo. These large-scale developments are being constructed in the mangrove areas where the floodplain is being filled, changing the water circulation outlets and the dynamics of the ecosystem. Also small-scale new developments are also cutting the mangroves and filling up areas in the beach. The Northern section of the ring road is going to be developed soon, advertisements of new developments are already on site. The ring road created in Zimpeto a new center for commercial activities. Towards the South, the new Catembe Bridge is providing access where the “new modern Maputo” will be developed [Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul, 2010]. The masterplan has already been approved and it is expected to urbanize Catembe in order to give response to the urban growth demands in the Maputo Municipality area [Van Orshoven & Ysenbaardt, 2014].

“The estuaries ecological systems throughout Maputo´s region coastline are not being taken into account in ongoing and (near) future large-scale urban development projects. The exuberant richness of Maputo´s coastal landscape setting is being consumed both by the fast influx of people into the city and by the large investment in urban projects” [Beja da Costa, 2014]. The mangrove ecosystem is being affected by its deforestation caused by the construction of the Marginal Avenue, which together with the informal settlements are affecting the ideal conditions for the mangroves. The Marginal Avenue also flattened the dunes in the coastline weakening the natural protection that dunes provide against the high tides. On the other side of Maputo bay, Catembe´s sensitive coastal dunes still exist but high income housing is settled on the dunes highly sensitive ecosystem destroying the pioneer vegetation on the dunes. Some local communities in Maputo still have economic activities based on the resources of the estuarine ecosystem in the Maputo´s coastline.

New developments in the Marginal Avenue, Costal do Sol

Albazine, Maputo 35

5_On economy

6_On identity

In 2011 were discovered gas fields in the MozambiqueÂ´s coast which it is transforming the economy of the country. Despite of the recent economic growth, Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in Africa. People are migrating to the capital looking for better opportunities, however around 60 % of the population is involved in informal economic activities [Jenkins, 2000].

After the independence from the Portuguese colony and the subsequent communist state and the civil war Mozambique is finding its own identity. People have a hybrid identity between traditions before the colony and the practices imposed by the Portuguese [de Sousa, 1974]. The official language is Portuguese but there are people who mix with Shangaan. The main religion is Catholicism, which was hybridized with pre-colonial religious rites, the second religion is Islamism and there are other beliefs [Instituto Nacional de EstatĂstica de Mozambique, 2007]. The traditional economic activities are an important part of the identity of the local communities who are involved in these activities in a familiar and community level. Western cultural colonization played an important role in the definition of the identity of the population of Mozambique. The influence of the Asian economic activities in Maputo is clear, but is alienated from the local population. In Mozambique there are new forms of identity for more privileged urbanities while the rest of the population is mired in poverty and inequality [Sumich, 2010].

Nevertheless there are traditional communities that still have economies based on the landscape resources management. Some local communities still work in fishing activities in the sea, the beach and the mangroves. These are also used as wood source for fuel, to cook and also for housing construction of informal settlements. The emerging economic activities in Maputo are the construction of infrastructure and new developments and also the tourism, envisioned as one of the most important economies for the future of the city.

Fish market in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 36

Religious practices in the beach and the sea, Costa do Sol

Religious practices in the beach and the sea, Costa do Sol 37

Marginal Avenue before Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 39

Coastal landscape structure and urbanization processes The new Maputo city The urbanization process of the MaputoÂ´s coast areas started with informal settlements established in the peri-urban areas of the city. After the construction of the Marginal Avenue along the coastline, as part of the Maputo ring road, the large-scale urban developments started the colonization of the coast from the city to Marracuene district in the North and in the West Maputo expansion reached the urban areas of the Matola district. Nowadays the city is part of an entire metropolitan area called Greater Maputo. The Marginal Avenue was constructed between the coast and the floodplain flattening the dunes in the coast and deforesting the mangrove forest in the area of Costa do Sol in the North. The new Catembe Bridge is going to connect the city with the Catembe district in the South, considered the future urban expansion areas for the city. The metropolitan area in the coast is polluting the floodplain and the water of the bay and new developments are contributing to the erosion of the

coastal ecosystem [Bandeira & Paula, 2014]. Local communities and the new large-scale developments are modifying and transforming the coastal landscape setting, especially because the deforestation of the mangrove forest, the erosion of the dunes and the urbanization of the floodplain. These alterations of the estuarine ecological ecosystem are decreasing the natural coastal protection against sea level rise, flooding events and coastal erosion. This destruction of the landscape is also harming the traditional communities who live from diverse economic activities supported by the ecosystem. The serious conflict between the advancement of the new developments and the survival of the local communities is the base for this master thesis. The research question is how can urban expansion and transformation occur in a balanced way between urban and landscape dynamics, and how can the local communities evolve and survive finding in landscape structures a way to improve urban living conditions?

Maputo seen from Guachene beach, Catembe 41

Bairro dos Pescadores

Catembe

STUDY CASES Two sites under development pressures The design thesis investigates the concepts of water and forest urbanism, as the ecological concerns of the interdependence between water, forest and urbanism [De Meulder & Shannon, 2013], and how to apply them to the ongoing and the future large-scale developments, in order articulate them with the valuable landscape ecology and the local practices of the communities of the areas under development. In this regard two cases with relevant and specific characteristic were selected as subject of study of the design exploration: Bairro dos Pescadores and Catembe. The first site, Bairro dos Pescadores, is a neighborhood in the Northern area of Maputo and is a clear case of urban development in the estuarine ecosystem. People in Bairro dos Pescadores still live from their fishing activities. However, their living environment is now under serious threat by the Marginal Avenue that crosses the neighborhood and creates a dyke in the floodplain, changing the water and landscape dynamics. In

Fishing boats in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

this site the design thesis investigates how urban development could occur, or not; how the fisherman economy can survive or adapt; how the ecology can withstand the enormous forces and development pressures. The second site is Catembe, a district located in the Southern area of Maputo in the other side of Maputo bay, in this moment is reachable by ferry boat. Nowadays Catembe is a disperse rural settlement over a large territory where there are small communities but also residential areas from high and medium income people living in Maputo city. The new Catembe Bridge is under construction for providing access from the city and preparing the area for the future development. In this site the design thesis investigates how the ecology of the estuarine ecosystem will react to the new urban development and how these sustainable economies (mangroves and fishing) can continue to be the income for local communities.

Fishing boats in Guachene, Catembe 43

Fishing boats in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 45

DESIGN EXPLORATIONS

Wetland in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

Coastline and new urban developments Maputo, an city in constant evolution As it was mentioned before the areas under development started in the city along the Marginal Avenue close to port and then the section of the avenue before Costa do Sol was urbanized by high income housing and some touristic developments as hotels and clubs. However in Costa do Sol started the largescale new developments as targeted by foreign investments, most of them coming from China. The urban expansion is reaching Costa do Sol mangroves which have been deforested for the construction of these new developments. In Bairro dos Pescadores the Marginal Avenue divided the mangrove forest passing by the middle of the floodplain where the large-scale housing developments filled up a considerable area of the floodplain. From Bairro dos Pescadores to the Marracuene district in the North there is some small new development but there are numerous future housing developments in the floodplain, which it is going to be affect even more the water dynamics

along the these floodable areas where the city is envisioned the future urban expansion. On the other hand, in the South, the new Catembe bridge is under construction and the dyke of the road is not there yet, for this reason the effects in the ecosystem are still not visible. Some local industries are filling the lowland close to the main Catembe road without affecting with the landscape setting. However the future urbanization of Catembe is not really clear about the characteristics of the urban expansion not in the higher areas. The new developments along the Marginal Avenue are changing the topography and altering the natural processes of the landscape: the incursion of the tides inside the floodplain, the flows of water along the floodplain, formation of flooding areas, modification of swampy areas and mangroves habitat, etc. In Catembe it can be predicted the same consequences of the Marginal Avenue, leaving space and time to act before the alteration of the ecosystem.

New developments in the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol 49

New developments, mangroves and wetland close to the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol 51

Sed es molorer ionectatis suntur, te nos sunt occaerunt quia venimpor alignim illabo 52

MAPUTO RING ROAD Infrastructural topographical changes The Marginal Avenue starts in the port, where the area in front of the coast and close to the city center is being developed in this moment. These new developments are located in an established urban area in the planned city and are not changing the topography. The avenue continue in the coastline where high income housing projects and touristic developments are already there. In this point the road is on the elevated topography, however when it reaches Costa do Sol it starts to occupy the area between the coast and the floodplain. Here, the road is on top of flattened dunes and of filled areas with molded slopes on the sides. In this section of the road the side in the floodplain is starting to be urbanized. Bairro dos Pescadores is the crucial point where the Marginal Avenue shifts its direction away from the coastline towards the floodplain. Here the filled area has massive slopes for road protection against flooding, which transforms the road in a dyke. The road continues in the same way until it reaches higher land in direction to Zimpeto in the West and in Marracuene district in the North. The new Catembe Bridge is under construction in this moment and after the elevated section over Maputo bay it is going to land in a low area, where, according to the initial design, it will fill the lowland and it will have massive slopes for the road protection, as the Marginal Avenue. The road will cross the lowland in Catembe until reach highland in the South connecting with South Africa [Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul, 2010]. Sections of the nfrastructural topographical changes of the New Catembe Bridge 53

Sections of the nfrastructural topographical changes of the Marginal Avenue 54

Sections of the nfr

rastructural topographical changes of the Marginal Avenue

Sections of the nfrastructural topographical changes of the Maputo ring road 55

Marginal Avenue in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 57

Cutting mangroves Garbage landfill Housing in the lowland Large scale new developments

Local industries Housing in the dunes

Sed es molorer ionectatis suntur, te nos sunt occaerunt quia venimpor alignim illabo 58

URBAN TOPOGRAPHICAL CHANGES From new developments to community After the infrastructure topographic changes the next step is the subsequent urbanization process. In Costa do Sol the coastline change is also visible at the beach, where touristic developments are creating more beach area filling by it with sand and by constructing breakwater walls against the erosion. However the topographical changes caused by infrastructures are going to be accentuated due to the new developments at different scales that are being built at this moment. For example the new large-scale projects in Costa do Sol in low areas have to fill the land to reach the level of the Marginal Avenue, which is accentuating the dyke created by the infrastructure; in certain way this developments are protected against flooding and tides because the filling height. New developments in the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol

However the community is also changing the topography in a small-scale level, which is not enough to protect low-income houses from the flooding events and the high tides. The urbanization process is modifying the topography and changing how the fresh water flows in the floodplain, how the high tide penetrates land, by subsequent mangroves deforestation, dunes occupation and changes the coastal landscape dynamics. The urban topographical changes analysis is fundamental for the design research process, in this regard the changes were analyzed by scale, from large-scale to small-scale, from new developments to community. From large-scale to small scale there are six cases: first, the largescale new developments in Costa do Sol, in second place the large-scale housing projects also in Costa do Sol, as Casa Jovem and in third place the local industries in Catembe, in fourth place the high income houses in Catembe, that are located on the dunes, in fifth place the new medium income houses in Bairro dos Pescadores which are cutting the mangroves and filling the lowland and finally the small houses of low income people from the local communities who are cutting the mangroves and filling the lowland with waste.

Traditional housing in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 59

Large-scale development in the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol

Section before the Marginal Avenue and the new large-scale development

Section after the Marginal Avenue and the new large-scale development

In the first case, after the construction of the Marginal Avenue, the side in the floodplain is starting to be urbanized reinforcing and enlarging the dyke already there. Regardless the Protection Plan for the Costa do Sol Mangroves, the new developments are filling lowland areas not taking in account the polygons established for the protection of the mangroves, which were chopped up and then building on top. In Costa do Sol was preserved a canal under the road where water can flow in and out of the floodplain but it is not enough to accommodate the rising of the sea level or flooding events in rainy season. However the flow of salt water into the floodplain was preserved keeping the ideal condition for the mangroves in this area. Large-scale new developments in the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol 60

Large-scale housing development: Casa Jovem, Costa do Sol

Section before the Marginal Avenue and Casa Jovem

Section after the Marginal Avenue and Casa Jovem

The second case is one of the most complexes due to the transformation and modification of the important landscape structures. Casa Jovem is a large-scale housing project developed in first instance as a low cost housing alternative to relocate settlements moved for the construction of the Marginal Avenue.

Housing in the lowland: Casa Jovem, Costa do Sol (Casa Jovem, 2012)

The area was a wetland where used to converge flows of fresh water coming from the floodplain, the site used to be a convergence of water, usually wet, especially in rainy season. However after the construction of the road this place disappeared to leave place to the slopes of the avenue. Then Casa Jovem was built where water used to flow to the South, the area was totally filled leaving small canals as a drainage system. After these large-scale changes of the topography the water cannot flow and in a flooding event becoming a risk for the inhabitants of the area. 61

Medium-scale industries, Catembe

Section before the medium-scale industries

Section after the medium-scale industries

The third case is the local industries in Catembe which are modifying the topography but not causing a considerable impact in the landscape. Some of these industries are flattening highland and filling part of the lowland in the surroundings but are not interfering in the regular flows of water. In the specific case of an industrial area related to the construction of the bridge, the area was deforested; however the mangroves in Catembe are still intact due to the available space to build in higher areas.

Local Industries in Guachene, Catembe 62

Some of these industries area located in the Catembe main road, which is in highland but close to the floodable areas, the industries are filling the lowland creating highland islands in the wetland. However there are no changes in the flows of fresh water. This procedure could be interesting as a way to occupy the territory without interfering in the dynamics of the landscape structures.

Small-scale housing on the dunes, Catembe

Section before the small-scale housing on the dunes

Section after the small-scale housing on the dunes

The fourth case is a topographical change at small-scale. In the CatembeÂ´s coastline high income houses are located on the dunes, building on top and causing not a significant damage to them. However, the urbanization of this area is deforesting the pioneer vegetation which can produce erosion on the dunes. Some of this high income houses are surrounded by walls and the low density of this area it is preserving some of the remaining vegetation Inside the plots. The dunes in Catembe are still protecting the inner area from the tides. Nevertheless, one of the causes of erosion of the dunes is the walking people, for this reason is important to say that the dunes should be protected especially because the coastline is the potential area for the future touristic development in Catembe. Housing on top of the dunes in Guachene, Catembe 63

Small-scale high income housing in the mangroves, Bairro dos Pescadores

Section before the small-scale housing in the mangroves

Section after the small-scale housing in the mangroves

In the fifth case, in Bairro dos Pescadores, due to the access and connectivity provided by the Marginal Avenue, the areas close to the beach are being urbanized by people coming from outside the community who are building medium income housing in low cost land. Here the dunes were flattened and some houses are creating new beach area, deforesting the mangroves and leaving the beach without protection against erosion, for this reason the plots need breakwater walls to protect the houses against the effects of the high tides.

Housing cutting the mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 64

Behind the area in front of the sea, for the construction of these high income houses the mangrove is being chopped out the lowland is filled to build on top. In this moment a considerable mangrove area was deforested but is still swampy area waiting for the urbanizing process.

Small-scale housing filling the lowland with garbage, Bairro dos Pescadores

Section before the small-scale housing filling the lowland with garbage

Cutting the mangroves, Bairro dos Pescadores Section after the small-scale housing filling the lowland with garbage

The last case, also in Bairro dos Pescadores, it is about the low income people who are also cutting the mangroves and modifying the topography at smallscale, filling the lowland with waste and creating platforms elevated from the swampy area as foundations of the houses. However, this elevation is not enough to protect them from flooding events in rainy season or from the effects of the high tides, but it is the low cost solution for people without economic resources to have protection for their homes. In the most dense areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, the sand paths are the lowest areas draining the storm water and the salt water from the high tides.

Housing filling the lowland with garbage in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

There are cases where the poorest people do not have the possibility of elevate their houses from the low area, building in the swampy areas small wood houses vulnerable to flooding and high tides events. 65

New mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 67

Topographical alterations by the community in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

4 meters topographical alteration

Before Bairro dos Pescadores topographical alterations

After Bairro dos Pescadores topographical alterations 68

0.5 meters topogra

aphical alteration

TOPOGRAPHICAL MODIFICATION Bairro dos Pescadores

Landfill areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

In Bairro dos Pescadores, the sequence of topographical changes started with the construction of the Marginal avenue which is a large-scale infrastructure, with almost 4 meters high filled areas that is located in the middle of the floodplain and sometimes 20 to 30 meters long of slopes in both sides which is the main modification and where mangroves used to be. This modification of the landscape supported the mangrove deforestation cutting them, but also by interrupting the flows of salt and fresh water, which creates the mangrove forest. The high-income houses close to the beach, as it was mentioned before, are another alteration in the topography cutting the mangroves and filling the area with approximately 1 meter of sand/clay soil in the swamp areas. Some of these houses flattened the dunes leaving the settlements between the dunes and the urbanized highland island without protection against natural disasters and risking the life resources of the mangroves.

1 meters topographical alteration

TOPOGRAPHICAL MODIFICATION Bairro dos Pescadores Bairro dos Pescadores is located between the floodplain and the coast. The traditional communities were settled in highland islands where were protected against flooding and tides. However the space in highland was rapidly occupied by the migration of people to the neighborhood as a place to establish informal settlements close to the city.

Natural state topography in Bairro dos Pescadores

After the construction of the Marginal Avenue, which left a scar in the territory, when there was no space left the informal settlements start to urbanize the lowland modifying the topography at small-scale. Although the considerable topographical alteration appeared when the site started to be attractive for the location, high-income people with the possibility to invest in filling a plot and built houses started to create small islands in the swampy areas. Even these small alterations are starting to change the ecosystem in the site.

Topography modification in Bairro dos Pescadores

Cutting the mangroves and filling the lowland in Bairro dos Pescadores 71

New Catembe Bridge filling the lowland in Guachene, Catembe 73

New Catembe Bridge topographical alteration in Guachene, Catembe

4 meters topographical alteration

Before Catembe topographical alterations

After Catembe topographical alterations 74

TOPOGRAPHICAL ALTERATIONS Catembe In the second site, Catembe, the topographical alterations of the territory are under construction; however is a latent issue if they not consider the landscape context.

Landfill areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

The new Catembe Bridge is under construction and it is visible just the elevated section over Maputo bay, however when the bridge arrives to Catembe starts with a serious of columns with a slope until it touches high land, after passing the highland starting with a dike when arrives to lowland, and a part of the same can be seeing on the site, which is already under construction. The dike will interrupt the flows of water in case of rain and flooding events. There are small-scale topographical alterations by local industries, which are filling the lowland next to the main road, which is in highland. This landfill was created with different materials and soils in order to elevate the topography and allocated the developments.

1 meters topographical alteration

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TOPOGRAPHICAL ALTERATIONS Catembe

Natural state topography in Bairro dos Pescadores

In contrast to Bairro dos Pescadores, the topographical alterations are not grave because Catembe is still a rural area waiting for the subsequent urbanizing process, which will come after the construction of the new bridge, which is going to connect Maputo city with the new Catembe. Catembe is composed by traditional settlements along the district, it is important to say that the settlements are located in highland, which protect them against flooding, the topography of the dunes in the coastline are still working as a protection against the tides according to the explorations made in the site, however this could change drastically if regulations are not made. Because of the rural condition of Catembe, this area is relatively a low density , for this reason low-income people are establishing small settlements in lowland, these settlements are not changing the topography what makes them vulnerable to flooding and rain events.

Topography modification in Bairro dos Pescadores

High income housing on the dunes in Guachene, Catembe 77

Cutting the mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 79

Fishing clams and seashells in the low tide, Costa do Sol

Settlements b

Before Bairro dos Pescadores tidal effect alterations

After Bairro dos Pescadores tidal effect alterations 80

blocking tides

WATER ALTERATIONS Tides in Bairro dos Pescadores The dynamics of the tides in Bairro dos Pescadores is a fundamental condition in the way of living of this community which bases their economic activities in the sea in a close relation with the its dynamics. In low tide, the extension of the beach grows for approximately one kilometer and it is when people from the neighborhood fish clams and seashells in the beach; while in high tide is the moment when fishermen from the community use their boats for fishing activities. In the past, tides used to penetrate inside the floodplain through small streams, which crossed the highland island. As the community started to build settlements, they started to block off the tidal flow into the floodplain. In addition, the Marginal Avenue construction created a dyke that interrupts the tidal dynamics on both directions. In addition, large-scale housing developments as Casa Jovem are having the same effect.

High tide in the beach

WATER ALTERATIONS Tides in Bairro dos Pescadores

High tide in Bairro dos Pescadores

Low tide in Bairro dos Pescadores

Former tides in Bairro dos Pescadores 83

Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

Marginal Avenue

Before Bairro dos Pescadores flooding alterations

After Bairro dos Pescadores flooding alterations 84

High

hland

WATER ALTERATIONS Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores Prior to the urbanization process the Costa do Sol floodplain used to accommodate flooding in the low areas permanently wet and in one point flowing to the north and to the south according the topography. The original settlements were located in highland. However, with the population growth, the neighborhood started to build in the low areas and in the small streams where the fresh water used to flow to the sea. In addition the dyke created by the Marginal Avenue block the dynamic flow of the water in the floodplain, leaving just a small canal for the water flow to the other side, which is not enough to accommodate the amount of water coming from the higher areas becoming in a serious risk for the settlements; even the ones located in highland.

High income settlements

WATER ALTERATIONS Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores Moreover, large-scale housing developments as Casa Jovem have a drainage system that is unable to accommodate the amount of water coming to the floodplain looking for the exit to the sea in Costa do Sol. Likewise, large scale housing projects as Casa Jovem; are being develop in the floodplain, even when the new development possess a drainage system, this is not sufficient to accommodate the incoming water from the floodplain.

Settlements affected by flooding in Bairro dos Pescadores

Former flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores

Cutting the mangroves and filling the lowland in Bairro dos Pescadores 87

Flows of water through the mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

Marginal Avenue

Before Bairro dos Pescadores flows of water alterations

After Bairro dos Pescadores flows of water alterations 88

Settlements block

WATER ALTERATIONS Flows of water in Bairro dos Pescadores As it was mentioned before, informal settlements are blocking the small streams where the water used to flow from the floodplain to the sea. However, as it is visible in the following maps, the flow of water in the floodplain was not clearly defined; it can be say that the water used to flow in a floodplain wetland stream towards the north and the south. Nevertheless, after the construction of the Marginal Avenue and the road embankments, water dynamics in the floodplain were altered, not taken in account the logics of the water flows in this specific area, where in this moment there is just a small canal for the flow of water from the floodplain. In the south side, it is happening something similar but because of the enormous filled area in Casa Jovem where the small canals inside the housing project are not following the logic flow of water creating areas in high risk of flooding for numerous settlements nearby.

king flows of water

Cutting the mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

Marginal Avenue

Before Bairro dos Pescadores mangroves alterations

After Bairro dos Pescadores mangroves alterations 92

Settlements blocking in

nterrupting mangroves

WATER ALTERATIONS Mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores The mangrove conditions in Bairro dos Pescadores is the result of the issues related to deforestation, tides, flooding and flows of water. The deforestation of the mangroves started with the construction of the Marginal Avenue; the mangroves were cut to place the new infrastructure.

Mangroves in Maputo Bay, Mozambique

The informal settlements occupying the wetlands are also an important cause of deforestation together with the highincome houses cutting the mangroves and filling the wetland in front of the beach. In addition, the community is cutting the mangroves and using it as fuel, for construction of informal settlements among others. In second place the modifications of the dynamics of the water in the floodplain are one of the inconvenience alterations, the interruption of the natural flows of sea water and fresh water which is decreasing the brackish water, destroying the habitat of the mangroves and damaging the estuarine ecosystem [Spalding, McIvor, Tonneijck, Tol & van Eijk, 2014].

Settlements blocking interrupting mangroves

Informal settlements in the lowland close to Changalane River, Catembe 97

Low tide in Guachene beach, Catembe

Rio Changalane

Before Catembe tidal effect alterations

After Catembe tidal effect alterations 98

WATER ALTERATIONS Tides in Catembe As Catembe is still waiting for the future development, the dunes along the coastline are in certain way safe now. The strip in front of the beach was occupied by high-income houses built on top of the dunes reducing the erosion of the soil. However, there is a deforestation of the pioneer vegetation of the dunes; which could be a cause of erosion, nevertheless the typology of the houses and plots preserve some pioneer vegetation, which helps to create more dunes. . The dunes in Catembe are still protecting the coastline from erosion. The strip in front of the beach has the potential to be developed as a touristic area, which could be a possible danger for the dunes. It is important to say that the dunes should be preserved, protected and even reinforced to guard the future urban areas in the new Catembe against a possible sea level rise.

Dunes protecting from tides

100

WATER ALTERATIONS Tides in Catembe

High tide in Catembe

Low tide in Catembe

Former tides in Bairro dos Pescadores 101

Flooding areas in Incassane, Catembe

Rio Changalane

Before Catembe flooding alterations

After Catembe flooding alterations 102

New Catembe bridge

WATER ALTERATIONS Flooding areas in Catembe In this moment there is not significant changes related to flooding areas and the alterations of the topography. The elevated section of the new Catembe Bridge is going to land after the flooding area in the north, where the columns of the bridge are going to let the water flow in possible flooding events in rainy season. Considering the new bridge is going to continue in the lowlands,the hypothesis is that the crossing of the infrastructure in the low areas will be like the Marginal Avenue; creating a dyke with prominent slopes in both sides. For this reason, it can be assumed that it will be a possible flooding area in the south between the road and the higher topography.

103

104

WATER ALTERATIONS Flooding areas in Catembe

Settlements affected by flooding in Catembe

Former flooding areas in Catembe

Flooding areas in Guachene, Catembe 105

Flows of water in Guachene, Catembe

Rio Changalane

Before Catembe flows of water alterations

After Catembe flows of water alterations 106

New Catembe bridge

WATER ALTERATIONS Flows of water in Catembe In this moment in Catembe there is no alteration of the flows of water from the higher areas to the sea. Although the local industries are filling the lowland in the side of the main road, there is not alteration of the flows of water in the low areas, and it will be the same situation with the elevated section of the new Catembe Bridge where the columns will not alter the existing flows of water. In contrast, in the South; where the bridge lands in the low area of the site,the road will interrupt some of the flows of water coming from the higher areas, which could be a risky situation in possible flooding events in rainy season.

107

108

109

Mangroves and swamp areas in Incassane, Catembe

Rio Changalane

Before Catembe swamp areas alterations

After Catembe swamp areas alterations 110

New Catembe bridge

WATER ALTERATIONS Swamp areas in Catembe The swamp areas in the lowland in the North are decreasing but it seems it is because the construction of the new Catembe Bridge which is creating an interruption of the flow of water to the main stream. This situation will change when the elevated section of the bridge is ready. In the South the swamp areas will be reduced considerably because the construction of the road which is going to interrupt the flow of water and probably creating flooding areas between the road the higher lands. The informal settlements built in the low land close to the water stream are also one of the causes for the reduction of the swamp areas in Catembe.

111

112

113

114

Mangroves and fishing boats in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 115

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LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Functions & activities in Bairro dos Pescadores The informal settlements like Bairro dos Pescadores battle for their growth and economy to survive in a globalized world and with the recent changes in the capital. For them, the landscape is a vital resource, which provides the necessary tools for the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s survival: food, economic activities, fuel and housing among others. The resources the landscape offers are very diverse and different layers compose it. The cycle of the different resources was analyze to be able to understand the trajectory of the products, time, different schedules, actors and the main trading points. This provides an insight on each cycle, in order to identify the opportunities and threats, whether for the consumption of the landscape or the spatial influence in the production areas, as well an analysis on how the society in the Bairro dos Pescadores intertwines with these activities. By investigating the resource cycles, many questions and new ideas arise for the improvement, protection or interrelations of this productive landscape.

Fish market in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 117

Diagram of the fishing economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores

Section of the fishing economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores 118

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Fishing activities in Bairro dos Pescadores In Mozambique, fishing is one of the most important economic activities, which generates labor and food for the local population, artisanal fishing is a very important subsector for the country and helps to maintain the socioeconomic stability in the communities close to the coast. Over 500 000 people in Mozambique depend on artisanal fishing activities, of which 100 000 are directly involved (IDPPE, 1999) The artisanal fishing activities start early in the morning, mostly by locals of the ‘bairro’, the fishermen start arranging the boats, the bait and preparing everything for go out to open sea to fish; this happens with around 7 people per boat and not all of them go out to fish, the fisherman pays the helpers that stay in land. When they finish around mid-day, the boat is ready to sail away; the high tide is the precise moment for them to go out. After a hard day in the sea, the fishermen come back to land with different species of fish (pellona, thryssa, carangoides, and caranx), octopus, lobsters, sea cucumber, etc. The process apply

Fishing activities in Bairro dos Pescadores

to the products is sundry and smoking, but usually they sell it fresh. The market does not count with the proper infrastructure for the fishermen to storage the products, they take it to their houses where they storage to sell it in the fishing market the next day. The fishermen’s spouse is in charge to sell the products from the sea. She wakes up the next day early in the morning and carry by foot the fishing products, the day passes and depending on how the selling activity is going, she takes the ‘chapa’ (public transport) from Bairro dos Pescadores to Costa do Sol, from there walks to the fishing market in Av. Marginal. The day finishes when she comes back home from the market, taking the same route of ‘chapa’ or walking to the ‘bairro’. The spouse comes back after the market and start cooking for her family; they eat some of the products she did not sell in the market.

Preparing the boat for the fishing activities in Bairro dos Pescadores 119

Diagram of the fishing clams and seashells economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores

Section of the fishing clams and seashells economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores 120

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Fishing clams and seashells in Bairro dos Pescadores The artisanal fishing of clams and seashells is one of the simplest activities in Bairro dos Pescadores, this fishing activity does not need much investment and almost any inhabitant could realize this activity, this occurs normally in the estuary ecosystem. The price varies depending where they sell it; in the urban markets, the prices increased even the double. This artisanal fisheries are normally operated without any control, this brings the heavily exploitation of the natural resources of the coastal ecosystem in the urban areas.

After selling the products in the local market, they take the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;chapaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (local transport) or go walking to the fishing market in Costa do Sol. After finishing, the day selling fishing products they go back to Bairro dos Pescadores, any product that has not been sell is for their own consumption or for storage to sell it the next day. This cycle is not so different from the fishing cycle however, the actors and location change.

The collecting of clams and seashells is located in the mud plain when low tide occurs, in the coast line, this activity is realize for woman, men and children. The next day early in the morning, they go to the local market in Bairro dos Pescadores and sell the clams and seashells.

Fishing clams and seashells in Bairro dos Pescadores

Fishing clams and seashells, Costa do Sol 121

Diagram of the fishing mud crab and prawns economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores

Section of the fishing mud crab and prawns economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores 122

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Fishing mud crab and prawns in Bairro dos Pescadores The artisanal fishing of mud crab and prawns in Bairro dos Pescadores is very productive and vast until nowadays however this could dramatically change because the landscape that nursery this product is being damage by new infrastructures, the consumption of the landscape by the inhabitants and new informal settlements. The cycle of the mud crab complex. It inhabits Indo-Pacific shores and recruits to mangroves forests where it resides during the juvenile phase, making burrows in the muddier parts of the forest, among the roots of Rhizophora Murconata. When it matures the crabs move off shore, where reproduction takes place (Robertson and Kruger, 1994). However, mating of the mud crab takes place in the marshland in the neighborhood; this ecosystem has been affected for the informal settlements occupying the area of mating of the mud crab. Residents fish the mud crab in the outskirts of the

Fishing mud crub and prawns in Bairro dos Pescadores

mangrove and digging into the mud to catch them, which brings some issues with the mud crab ecosystem because they sometimes catch them in the juvenile stage, however this action hasn’t decrease much the number of mud crab in the Bairro dos Pescadores. The activity is done by woman and men in the neighborhood, after catching the mud crab and prawns in the mangroves during low tide, they store in their homes to sell it the next day in the local market. They take the products by walking to the market in Bairro dos Pescadores, they spend the morning and part of the afternoon there, when is time to go they take the ‘chapa’ (local transport) or walk to the fishing market in Costa do Sol. They go back home by ‘chapa’ or walking and the product they did not sell is for own consumption or to store and sell the next day.

Fishing mud crab in the mangroves, Bairro dos Pescadores 123

Diagram of the commercial economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores

Section of the commercial economic activities in Bairro dos Pescadores 124

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Commercial activities in Bairro dos Pescadores The informal sector provides employment for about 225,000 people (50% of the active workforce), the main features of the informal sector activities are street vending), an estimated 80% of activities and 66% of informal employment is considering marginal. This sector, however, represents the most important survival mechanisms the urban poor have developed, but is limited in its capacity to provide an adequate livelihood for many of its participants. (Jenkins, 2000)

and from here a ‘chapa’ to Zimpeto. This trajectory takes about 3 hours of the day, the ‘chapas’ stop everywhere to take more passengers and to let them go up and down in different points of the route. After they arrive to their destination the spend time there looking for the best prices on fruits, vegetables, house products, beauty articles, etc. Zimpeto is the major exchange hub in the area with products coming from South Africa to Maputo and some other local products.

Bairro dos Pescadores is not an exception, as one of the major survival economies is the street vending in the market and along the main street in the neighborhood.

After purchasing the products the same route for the way back home is taken, this takes another 3 hours for the inhabitants of the Bairro dos Pescadores. When they arrive, they walk home with the merchandise.

Most of the people that do this are women; they start their day by taking the public transport (chapa) in Bairro dos Pescadores to Costa do Sol, from here, they take another Chapa to get to Anjo Voador-Baixa ou Museu which is one of the larger stations. After they take another ‘chapa’ to connect to Praca dos Combatentes

Commercial activities in Bairro dos Pescadores

The next day start early in the morning, taking the products to the local market to sell since the market doesn’t have the necessary infrastructure to storage, every day they have to come back to their houses with the products.

Bairro dos Pescadores market, Costa do Sol 125

Diagram of the use of mangrove wood in Bairro dos Pescadores

Section of the mangrove wood in Bairro dos Pescadores 126

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Use of mangrove wood in Bairro dos Pescadores The mangrove forest function is a completely consumable and necessary asset. Besides the beneficial ecosystem that the mangroves create for the fishing economy of the inhabitants in Bairro dos Pescadores; the mangrove benefits the locals with the wood; which they use as a building material for their houses, as a fence to separate plots, for the coverage of the latrines, for the stands on the local market, fuel for cooking etc. The usage of the mangroveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wood would come out of control if the inhabitants do not have any regulation for the consumption of this forest; affecting the mud crab ecosystem and other species that help support their economy.

Besides the consumption of the mangroves another activities emerge inside this forest; groups of woman go inside the mangrove areas for ceremonial purposes, this ritual consist in gathering to pray and sing, they do it in the same place every Tuesday, this group of people do not go to do any other activity that day. It is noticeable the importance and meaning the mangrove forest has in the culture of the community, not only as a way to obtain wood, but an important space that impact and form part of their everyday life, which makes it an important space to protect and enhance.

As we have seen in previews sections, the mud crab has decreased its spatial ecosystem because of the informal settlements in the mangroves area. The local inhabitants collect the top part wood of the mangroves during low tide; taking it home for their use.

Use of mangrove wood in Bairro dos Pescadores

Cutting the mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 127

128

Fishing boats, Catembe 129

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LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Functions & activities in Catembe The activities in Catembe are similar to the previous case; however, the dynamics change due to the location and the connectivity to public transport. The maintenance of the landscape resources are in jeopardy because of the Master Plans and projects that will occur in a near future. Most of the people in the community still live from the artisanal fishery, agriculture and street vending activities, however new life resources emerge with the ongoing construction of the new Catembe Bridge connecting to Maputo. The same exercise was applied to Catembe: the life resources cycles are presented in the next pages, to analyze the different activities and find paths for the future development. The map shows the different amenities in the community; this will help to identify the important trade hubs in the site to give a hint for the next future activities and spatial dynamics.

Guachene fish market, Catembe 131

Diagram of the fishing economic activities in Catembe

Section of the fishing economic activities in Catembe 132

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Fishing activities in Catembe As presented in Bairro dos Pescadores, Catembe has a strong artisanal fishery activity, serving local population for its consumption and their economy by selling them. The fishermen leave to open sea early in the morning, in boats with 3 to 4 people. They spend all day fishing and come back to land around 3 pm. They come back to the beach with different species of fish (pellona, thryssa, carangoides, caranx). Spouses or business partners are waiting for them by the beach, to help unloading the products. Women go to the fishing market in Catembe (as shown in the map) and start selling the products.

When they finish they wait until the fish is sold out in the restaurants in front of the fishing market, to receive the money; in a previous agreement with the person that sells the fish, they receive the money and go home. The women that sell the fish keep the unsold product and store it at their houses; because the lack of facilities in the markets for storage, they take the products by foot back home, to sell the next day or for their own consumption. This is the central activity in the market in Catembe and runs as an informal economy.

This lasts until the night; meanwhile the women sell the products, the fishermen start preparing the boat for the next day of fishing.

Fishing activities in Catembe

Fishing boats, Catembe 133

Diagram of the commercial economic activities in Catembe

Section of the commercial economic activities in Catembe 134

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Commercial activities in Catembe The Commercial activities form part of the life resources in Catembe too. The street vending happens just the same as in Bairro dos Pescadores; however, the trajectory of the inhabitants is diverse. Woman, men and sometimes children perform the activity. The journey starts when people arrive to the peer area; they do this normally by foot because public transport (chapa) is not as frequent as in Bairro dos Pescadores. The peer has two transport options, the Ferry (cost: five MZN) that takes around 40 minutes and the Catamaran (cost: ten MZN) that does the journey in 20. After arriving to Maputo, people take a ‘chapa’ with the sign of Anjo Voador-Baixa or Museu, which takes them to the main Bus (chapa) station. The next ‘chapa’ will be to Praca dos

Commercial activities in Catembe

Combatentes, from here to Zimpeto, as mention before this trading hub is the most important and people from Catembe, and from Bairro dos Pescadores buys products here. People spend around two and a half hours in the trajectory to get to Zimpeto, after arriving and choosing their products, they use the same route to return to Catembe. After obtaining the goods in Zimpeto, they take the products to their houses. The next day people will take the products to the market in Catembe and each day they take the products back home for storage. The common products that we see in the market are fruits, vegetables, furniture, house utensils, clothes, animals, etc.

Guachene market, Catembe 135

Diagram of the use of mangrove wood in Catembe

Section of the use of mangrove wood in Catembe 136

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Use of mangrove wood in Catembe The mangrove forests in Catembe are not as accessible as the mangrove forests in Bairro dos Pescadores; this does not mean the local population is not consuming it.

In Catembe, the religious rituals do not occur in the mangroves, but still religion plays and important role in their lives, but they practice the religious activities in the church.

The place of collection for the mangrove wood is indicated in the map, woman and man collect the wood from this place to construction materials, fuel, fences, boat repairing, build the stands for the market, etc.

Mangrove is still important for the survival of the local people and to look f or the best alternative to protect them should be a priority, if not for its consumption, for the protection against flooding and high tides for future developments.

In Catembe the impact in the consumption of the mangrove is less noticeable, this might be for the distance or because its locations and other vegetation that is in the high land in the area. The new construction of the Catembe-Maputo Bridge will interrupt the easy connection in the landscape with the informal settlements, which will take the locals to look for easier ways to obtain wood.

Use of Mangrove wood in Catembe

Mangroves and swamp areas, Catembe 137

Diagram of the construction economic activities in Catembe

Section of the construction economic activities in Catembe 138

LANDSCAPE RESOURCES Construction activities in Catembe This new life resource emerges in the area of Catembe for the construction of the Bridge. The financial means are granted by China.

People that were previously employed in informal activities as artisanal fishing and street vending, form nowadays part of the workforce in the construction area.

The construction and completion of the project is in charge of China Road and Bridge Corporation with entities of the Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of China, which generates employment for workforce in Catembe; however, the high skills employments are for the Chinese. What raises new questions, after the completion of the bridge what is the next life resource for the local population. The local population is employed for hard work, they walk to the work area (map) with a schedule of eleven hours a day, and after that they come back home walking to start the next day with the same routine.

Construction activities in Catembe

New Catembe Bridge construction, Catembe 139

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New housing developments close to the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol 141

Sed es molorer ionectatis suntur, te nos sunt occaerunt quia venimpor alignim illabo 142

URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS Urban Development Plan for Maputo - PEUMM The Urban Structure Plan for Maputo Municipality – PEUMM (Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Município de Maputo) is a planning instrument for the regulation of the occupation of the territory. The priorities of this plan are the upgrade of informal settlements, densification of the occupation of the city, prevention of the unregulated occupation of the land, restoration of the ecological balance and environmental quality [Conselho Municipal de Maputo, 2008].

New envisioned centralities in Maputo, PEUMM

The plan envisioned new urban centers in the two study cases: Bairro dos Pescadores and Catembe. In the first case, the areas for urban expansion and “developable planned areas” are located in mangrove forest, wetlands and floodable areas, which represent a serious risk for new developments and for the ecosystem. In the second case, the site in Catembe is envisioned as a “developable unplanned area” with areas for agricultural activities, in this site the wetlands and floodable areas are not totally conceived as developable areas for urban expansion.

Urban expansion areas in Maputo, PEUMM

New housing developments in the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol 143

The Plan for the Urbanization of the Costa do Sol (PPU) [Conselho Municipal de Maputo, 2014]

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS Partial Plan for Costa do Sol The Plan for the Urbanization of the Costa do Sol Neighborhood (PPU) is following the main guidelines of the Urban Structure Plan for Maputo Municipality (PEUMM) as a planning instrument for the development of the Costa do Sol area focused in the urban expansion areas, the Maputo ring road, the coastal rehabilitation and the upgrading of the Marginal Avenue. The plan establishes the guidelines for the new residential areas, densities, accessibility, mobility, land use and its relation with infrastructures and facilities [Conselho Municipal de Maputo, 2014].

Plan for the protection of the mangroves [INGEROP & UN Habitat, 2011]

Sed es molorer suntur, teofnos suntdo occaerunt quiainvenimpor Plan forionectatis the urbanization Costa Sol located Maputo

However, the Partial Plan for Costa do Sol conceives the urban expansion in the area not in coherence with the coastline ecosystem. The Plan for the Mangrove/Swamp Protection of Costa do Sol considers the area as a fundamental element in the environmental balance of the region, where the urbanization process is causing an imbalance of the water system in the area.

Plan for the urbanization of Costa do Sol located in Bairro dos Pescadores 145

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS Partial Plan for Costa do Sol

New developments in the Marginal Avenue, Costa do Sol

The ecosystem degradation is evident, the polygons for the mangrove protection, established in the plan, are not being taken in consideration for the definition of the areas for occupation and urban expansion [INGEROP & UN Habitat, 2011]. In the specific case of Bairro dos Pescadores, the Plan for the Urbanization of the Costa do Sol Neighborhood (PPU) conceived the existing informal settlements area in the neighborhood as a developable area for low density housing. The areas close to the beach are not clearly defined in the plan because are conceived as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;multifunctional areasâ&#x20AC;? which is not precise in the way how this area is going to be developed. However, the main conflict identified in this plan is the development of the low areas close to the Marginal Avenue and the main road in Bairro dos Pescadores, which is conceived as a medium-density developable area. The development of this area is not taking in account the ecological systems of the site and is going to affect natural processes elevating the risk of flooding for the existing settlements and the new residential areas proposed.

Future new developments in the Marginal Avenue (ZER Architecture, 2013)

Existing housing typology in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 147

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A Nova Katembe - The New Catembe (Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul EP, 2014) 149

General Plan for Catembe (Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul EP, 2014)

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS General Plan for Catembe

The New Catembe (Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul EP, 2014)

The future urban development of Catembe is contemplated in the General Plan for Catembe as the creation of an entire new city. The construction of the New Catembe Bridge and the road network will change the accessibility conditions of the area for the urbanization process. The plan conceived itself as an inclusive project but it is not taking in account the local population. The master plan defines areas for housing, commerce, industry, services and tourism for the upcoming urban expansion in the next 30 years [Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul EP, 2014, 2014]. The new development of the Catembe area is a response to the demographic growth of the urban area of Maputo, which is going to double the present population in the next 30 years. The Maputo Municipality found difficult the urbanization process in the Northern areas because the unplanned urbanization, for this reason Catembe in envisioned as a solution to increase the urban capacity of South Maputo, preparing the area to receive 400 thousand inhabitants years [Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul EP, 2014, 2014].

General Plan for Catembe located in Maputo

General Plan for Catembe located in the study case area 151

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS General Plan for Catembe

The New Catembe (Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul EP, 2014)

In the specific case of the study case in Catembe, the General Plan for Catembe (PGU) conceived the existing informal settlements area in the neighborhood as a developable area to “reorder”, which is not clear in the way this area is going to be developed or reorganized. The low areas where low income settlements are already established are defined as “green urban structural areas for recreation and production”, however, the future visualization of this specific site shows the areas as an empty green area being ambiguous about the urban redefinition of the site and about the future of the informal settlements in the area. The strip in the coastline, nowadays urbanized by high income housing, is conceived as a developable area to consolidate. In this moment the dune system in the Catembe´s coastline is not in a serious risk because the houses are built on the dunes. However, this area has an important potential for touristic development in the future, which represent a serious threat to the dune coast system protecting the inner area in Catembe from high tides and a possible high rise sea level.

The New Catembe (Empresa de Desenvolvimento de Maputo Sul EP, 2014)

Existing housing typology in Guachene, Catembe 153

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Fishingwoman in the Bairro dos Pescadores mangroves, Costa do Sol 155

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DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

Flamingos and fishing boats in Bairro dos Pescadores. Maputo, Costa do Sol

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LIVING IN THE MANGROVES Bairro dos Pescadores Living in the mangroves is a design research proposal for Bairro dos Pescadores structured by the interplay between water, mangroves, infrastructure and urbanism. The serious conflict between the advancement of the new developments and the survival of the local community is the base for the design investigation as an exploration on how urban expansion and transformation can occur in a balanced way between urban and landscape dynamics and how the community can evolve and survive finding in landscape structures a way to improve their urban living conditions. The implementation strategy claims land for building with the minimal footprint inside the mangroves and the recovery of the water dynamics in the floodplain for the accommodation natural processes. The restoration of the estuary ecological system reclaims the ideal conditions for a mangrove afforestation and the establishment of a public space structure as a framework for the new developments, supported by the strengthening of local practices based on the landscape and generating possibilities for income and gathering.

Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol

Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 159

Urban expansion areas

Public space system

Mangrove afforestation

Water system

General map proposal 160

INTERVENTION SEQUENCE Bairro dos Pescadores

Tides

Water flows

In order to restore the estuary ecological system the design investigates small-scale topographical modifications of the area for the recovery of the current encroached water system. In first place, the new landscape creates the conditions for water retention and the capacity to accommodate water flows, storm water and incoming or rising tides in the floodplain. The reclamation of the natural dynamics of the coastal landscape prepare the conditions for the mangrove afforestation as a strategy to treat polluted water coming from the higher urbanized areas and re-establishing the balance between production and consumption of the mangrove wood and the biodiversity in the local area which is the base for economic activities of the community. The topographical modification is creating the spatial conditions for future residential areas inside the mangrove forest, also in the edge between low and highland. New urban developments will be connected by pedestrian circulation and framed by a public space system integrating infrastructures, residential areas and landscape.

Flooding areas

Water system

General map proposal 161

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Living in the mangroves, new housing developments in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 163

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New Topography Bairro dos Pescadores

Landcut in Bairro dos Pescadores

Nowadays the new developments are changing the topography of the floodplain modifying the water dynamics and the habitat of the mangroves. However the modification of the topography in coherence with natural processes can become a potential strategy to address the urbanization process. The intervention envisions the changes of the topography as a cut and fill strategy for the modification of the land at small-scale with the minimal footprint in coherence with natural processes and water dynamics. Through the manipulation of the topography of the site the goal is creating water retention ponds (cut) and generating dry higher platforms (fill) working as piers for the future residential areas in the wetland and inside the mangrove forest. These platforms create the spatial conditions to accommodate pedestrian circulation articulating a public space system as a frame of the upcoming urban expansion. The benefit of this urban design strategy is the redefinition of current procedures in concordance with the landscape dynamics without significant economic implications for the community.

Landfill in Bairro dos Pescadores 165

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Tides Bairro dos Pescadores In Bairro dos Pescadores the rising tides are affecting settlements located in low areas. However informal settlements, occupying areas where the water used to flow from the floodplain to the sea and from the sea to the floodplain, are encroaching the incoming tides affecting the habitat of the mangroves. The strategic modification of the topography creating higher land for urbanization is a solution for the flooding issues related to the incoming tides in the floodplain. As a design exploration the rising tides are coming inside the floodplain are fundamental for the estuarine ecological ecosystem and for this reason the topographical operations conceive the recovery of the flow of salt water as a potential element for the subsequent afforestation of the mangroves.

High tide in Bairro dos Pescadores

The improvement of the water system in Casa Jovem is also an important element for the recovery of the conditions for mangrove grow, increasing the flow of salt water coming inside the floodplain from Costa do Sol in the South.

Low tide in Bairro dos Pescadores 167

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Flooding Bairro dos Pescadores Flooding caused by heavy rainfall is an important issue to tackle. In this moment the construction of the Marginal Avenue, large-scale housing developments as Casa Jovem and informal settlements are changing the topography creating new floodable areas. These floodable areas are a great opportunity for the creation of a water management system through a topographical modification (cut) of the lowland. It is envisioned a collection of ponds as a linear structure of storm water collection and retention that can mitigate the flooding. The new water system has the potential to strengthening economic activities and local practices of the community in the neighborhood. Highest floodable in Bairro dos Pescadores

New ponds in Bairro dos Pescadores 169

Bairro dos Pescadores was a confluence of storm water flows coming from higher areas onto the floodplain. The construction of the Marginal Avenue, large-scale housing developments, as Casa Jovem, and informal settlements changed the dynamic water flow in the floodplain. In this moment the water spills over the floodplain is flowing towards the other side of the dyke created by Marginal Avenue through a small canal close to Casa Jovem.

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The impact of the changes in the water flows in the capacity of the existing canals is not enou floodplain.

The design proposal explores the recovery o salt water coming from rising tides, the flow o flooding and the water flow in mangrove are

Flows Bairro dos Pescadores

n a severe flooding event is unknown because ugh to accommodate water overflows of the

of the water flows reestablishing the flow of of storm water to the sea for the mitigation of eas.

Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 171

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New Mangroves Bairro dos Pescadores

Current mangroves in Bairro dos Pescadores

The community is using the mangrove forest for fishing activities, fuel wood and as a material for construction, for this reason the mangrove forest is important for the local practices of the community in the neighborhood. The strategic mangroves afforestation will recover the estuarine ecological system in areas where the flows of salt and storm water was restored, exploring the relationship between mangrove forest and urban expansion. Mangrove forest is important for the protection of the coastal areas. During rising tides, waves of salt water enter inside the mangroves, which diminished the height of the waves protecting the coast and the settlements from incoming high rise tides. Mangrove forest slows the storm water flow and reducing the impact of high flood levels in low areas creating sediment deposits in the coast reducing the erosion and generating new beach areas. It serves as a natural landscape filtration system of the pollution in the waste water coming from the urbanized areas in the flood plain before discharges in the Maputo Bay [Spalding, McIvor, Tonneijck, Tol & van Eijk, 2014].

Mangrove afforestation in Bairro dos Pescadores 173

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New Economy Bairro dos Pescadores The new large-scale urban developments are reaching Bairro dos Pescadores and the fragile estuarine ecological ecosystem is under serious threat also for the informal settlements consuming the landscape setting of the coastal area. For this reason, the continuity and survival of the activities based on the ecosystem and its faunal resources are in risk, they represent a considerable dietary and economic importance providing income to the people living in the coast who depend of these local practices [Janeiro, 2005]. The afforestation of the mangroves will increase the biodiversity which use the mangroves as a nursery habitat, strengthening the local practices related to the mangroves as the mud crab and prawn fishing. At the same time the mangrove forest will filter the pollution coming from urbanized areas protecting the biodiversity in the beach and the sea, enhancing the clams and seashell fishing in the coast mudplain in low tides [Taylor, Ravilious & Green, 2003]. The envisioned collection of ponds as a linear structure of storm water collection and retention that can mitigate the flooding also can serve as shrimp ponds. The mangroves forest provides the ideal condition for this activity as an alternative to the local economy [Taylor, Ravilious & Green, 2003]. However, this economic activity will preserve the small-scale at community level because the shrimp farm expansion usually has a negative impact in the mangrove forest and the quality of the coastal ecosystem [Barbier & Sathirathai, 2004]. The economic activities related to the mangrove forest will involve sustainable consumption practices with a community involvement through a coastal resource management system which preserve the mangrove forest for the survival of the local community in Bairro dos Pescadores [Fernnell, 2014]. The fisherman economy related to the sea will be preserved through the improvement of the physical infrastructure essential for the development of this local practice.

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Wetland used as public space for sports activities in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 177

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Public Space Bairro dos Pescadores

Hard Infrastructure

Public spaces

Bairro dos Pescadores is located between two infrastructures. First the Marginal Avenue, a large-scale infrastructure part of the ring road and in second place, the main road of the neighborhood, which concentrate the commercial activities and the most important public facilities as the school and the health center. The design proposal defines the mediumscale infrastructural system for the future development of the neighborhood taking in account the traced pedestrian paths and integrating the existing urban fabric of the informal settlements. The infrastructure is the basic structure for the public space system integrating the new residential areas in the mangrove forest by a sequence of small-scale public spaces as the interface between the built environment and the landscape.

Soft Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Pathways

Public space system

The main road of the neighborhood will be physically improved and will continue serving as the most important public space structure concentrating the activities and facilities in the area. The Fishermen Market is articulating local practices related to fishing with the market and serving as a station for the public transport system used also for the transport of the products to the Costa do Sol Fish Market. The public space system is extended to the mangrove forest creating public spaces for the use of the community, for example religious activities, generating appropriation of the mangroves strengthening its function as an important element in the local identity of the community. 179

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Housing Bairro dos Pescadores The urban expansion in Barrio dos Pescadores is envisioned as new residential areas in with different characteristics and density. There are three typologies defined by scale and the specific characteristics of the site. New residential areas

New residential areas

In first place, the new residential areas in the Marginal Avenue are defined as a high rise and high density developments which respond to the scale of the road following the characteristics of the urban expansion of a large-scale infrastructure integrated by the public space network. However, the new urban development of this area is integrating in the water management system and the mangrove forest. In second place, the highland areas can accommodate residential mediumscale, medium density and medium rise new developments structured by the public space system. This new residential areas are integrated with the existing urban fabric and the new infrastructure framework, responding to the housing demand in the neighborhood. Finally, the manipulation of the topography is generating dry higher platforms working as piers for the future residential areas in the wetland and inside the mangrove forest. The new developments in this area are defined as low-scale, low density and low rise housing connected by pedestrian circulation and articulated with the public space system and the mangrove forest as a frame of the upcoming urban expansion in Bairro dos Pescadores. 181

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TEMPORAL SEQUENCE OF CHANGES Bairro dos Pescadores

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Current topography and flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores

Proposal cut & fill areas in Bairro dos Pescadores

Cutted and filled areas for urban expansion in Bairro dos Pescadores

New floodable areas in Bairro dos Pescadores

Linving in the mangroves Bairro dos Pescadores

Living in the mangroves, Bairro dos Pescadores 185

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Informal settlements built in the lowland in Guachene, Catembe 187

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WATER & URBAN SEQUENCES Catembe The design proposal in Catembe takes in account the different landscape conditions of the site, the interweaving of the dunes landscape, the water structure and the new urbanization process as main concepts to delineate a path for the design investigation. The particular concern is how to create a resilient city; with a landscape urbanism approach, that can change during the different seasons and allocate new urbanization incorporating the basic services for the population; meanwhile protecting the site against natural disasters like flooding events, droughts, sea level rising etc. The proposal considered the new infrastructures that will arrive in the next years, granting new opportunities for development and growth of the site. Likewise, how can these new infrastructures benefit and enhance the economy of the local population, without damaging the ecological dynamics in the landscape and the life resources of the local community. In the next drawings, we will disclose the design proposal and the main intentions for the future development and landscape of Catembe.

Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 189

Urban expansion areas

Public space system

Consumable landscape and urban agriculture

Water system

General map proposal 190

INTERVENTION SEQUENCE Catembe

Tides

Water flows

Flooding areas

Water system

The next illustration shows the different layers that compose the design proposal. Considering these layers the basic concepts to tackle in the site. The topography of the site aims to engage the dynamics of the seawater and rainwater, the dune system aims to enhance the protection of the coastal area, and the decline in the middle of the terrain; this one exists but is increased in design proposal, in order to facilitate the rain water run-off. Tidal forces impact will be changed by the topography of the dune system, creating a vast area in front of them use as public natural space. In rainwater flood events, the topography changes will support the discharge of the rainwater to the natural flow system. Besides the discharge of the water, the project proposes retention water basins for the dry season. The flows of water will be imposed by the changes in the topography and the project will reincorporate the original flows path of the water before the construction of the Catembe-Maputo Bridge. Where the bridge becomes a dike the flow will not be interrupted. The local community consumes the wood from the mangrove forest, however the distance and the construction of the Bridge Catembe-Maputo is affecting the collection of this asset. To avoid the misbalance of the mangrove ecosystem and the transportation issues a consumable landscape is being incorporated in the design proposal. The local economy will be supported by the introduction of a productive landscape, that will allowed harvesting seasonal products and will irrigate with retention basinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water. The treatment of the public space will be to upgrade the important existing ones as the fish market, port, parks, etc. and introducing new public areas which the Bridge Catembe-Maputo could originate. The new urban tissue will provide different typologies of housing: a reinterpretation of the traditional cluster and a denser urbanization that will allocate the local population, improving their way of living, as well as the incoming population from Maputo.

General map proposal 191

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Informal settlements and New Catembe Bridge in Guachene, Catembe 193

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New Topography Catembe

Landcut in Catembe

As it was mentioned before the proposal integrates the new topography with the water dynamics, paying special attention in the possible flooding events and natural disasters. Enhancing the dunes coastal system is the main objective to protect the coast and avoid new urbanization in the dunes that could flatten the original topography. Envisioning the coastal zone will evolve to become more natural with time and with small interventions; the design creates a natural public space. The creation of more dunes will be supported by the walls of the existing developments in the coast and an afforestation strategy of pioneer vegetation; this will be explained further in this chapter. Inland, the topography becomes more diverse, with a series of low and high plains (Topographical changes map on the right), which can avoid the flow of water in some points. The design proposal introduces new streams capable to discharge the water from inland to the lowland and the possibility to retain water for other purposes.

Landfill in Catembe 195

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Tides Catembe The change in the dunes topography will affect the incoming tides forces impact, by protecting the coast line. Meanwhile the damages of erosion from the tides will diminish, although is important to have in mind the dynamics of the coastal areas, the wind, tides, storms will keep affecting the coast line and the evolution of it. The design pretend to give a hint on how the erosion from tidal forces could be manage, how the high rise of sea level could be treated with the reinforcement of the dunes system as a protection strategy for the future development of Catembe.

High tide in Catembe

Low tide in Catembe 197

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Flooding Catembe The topographic alterations in the proposal benefit the flooding conditions of the site, when destructive flooding by rainwater occurs. The modifications in the topography happen in strategic locations allowing the discharge of rainwater to the Changalane River and protecting the urban tissue from flooding. By other side, this flooding could be resourceful for the community if managed correctly; the proposal integrates the creation of water retention basins; a collector of water, which would be beneficial for the local population when drought season, crops of corn and other vegetables could be irrigated with this retained water.

Highest floodable in Catembe

As seen in sight the main resource of water was the Changalane River, this source will be interrupted for most of the community by the crossing of the Bridge Catembe-Maputo, which makes important to be aware of the new condition the community will have towards water collection points and the activities they realize using water.

New ponds in Catembe 199

As the construction of the bridge Catembe-Maputo is affecting nowadays the flows of the water and changing them, the proposal will change the flows as well for a more natural path, coming back to the original flows of the water as seeing in maps in earlier chapters. However to come back to this flows will implicate the creation of water passages crossing though the new dike under construction in the South of the site. This changes will allowed the natural flow of water and easier discharge of rainwater in the Changalene River. The new flows of water are shown and compare with the original ones in the next map.

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Flows Catembe

Flooding areas in Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 201

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Consumable landscape Catembe Wood is being used as fuel and construction material, due to lack of coal and high prices for people with low income; as mention in past chapters, local population collect this material by cutting the mangrove forest to obtain the wood, transporting this wood by foot to their houses. The distance to collect the mangroveâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wood is long and the construction of Catembe-Maputo Bridge will make difficult to collect the resources. The design proposal suggests a renewable consumable landscape, which will be located in key points to serve the local population necessities for wood. This consumable landscape will provide the resource and will form part of the proposed public spaces in the project. This will benefit the mangrove balance and stop the afforestation.

Urban agriculture in Catembe

Dunes afforestation in Catembe

Besides the consumable landscape, the project proposes the dune afforestation, which reincorporates the pioneer vegetation typical from the dunes landscape; this new vegetation will help to sustain the new dunes structure.

Consumable landscape in Catembe 203

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New Economy Catembe The creation of a consumable landscape for wood collection is not the only resource that is introduce; a productive landscape is incorporated in the project to improve the economy of the local population, as explain in past chapters the locals population travels to Zimpeto to buy products like vegetable and fruits to sell in the market among others. The idea is the creation of a source of income for the inhabitants of Catembe, like urban agriculture inside the clusters of the houses and in the public spaces to improve the economy. The existing economies are enhance by the upgrading of the public spaces with new amenities, storage places and new vegetation; will benefit the area where the economic activities take place. The new bridge and port will activate the tourism to the site and the new urban areas will attract new population, which will activate the construction sector, giving jobs to the locals. After the construction of the new urban areas is finish, the people working in construction will transition to work in the local services for the new community.

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Informal settlements and public space in Guachene, Catembe 207

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Public Space Catembe

Hard Infrastructure

Public spaces

Soft Infrastructure

Infrastructure

Pathways

Public space system

The main aim is to improve the existing public spaces and enhance them, by other side the creation of new ones that allocate different activities. The port will be renewed to receive new economies of import and export; in addition, the upgrading of the existing public areas like the traditional market in Catembe, which does not count with the necessary infrastructure for simple activities like storing the fish or products the locals sell. A series of public linear structures is presented as shown in the map; the first one is a gradient from hard infrastructure to the more natural public space that connects with the dunes landscape and makes the transition to the beach. The second linear structure of public space will be the new water storm basins, which collect the water and creates a natural public space that can be selfsustainable. The third structure is the urban park, and contains most of the new urban tissue, giving the local population spaces to collect water and practice sports. The fourth structure is located in between the urban area and the Bridge, this space is the one that contains the passages of water to the other side of the dike created by the infrastructure. In the merging point of bridge and land, a flexible space is proposed. This flexibility gives a new condition for the space, becoming a hub for the exchange of products and people, imagined as a spot with the same characteristics of a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;chapaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; station or Zimpeto confluence, where people would gather to take the public transport, buy, load and unload products that come from other communities and exchange of goods complementing the upgrading of the peer and the ferry boat connection in the North. 209

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Housing Catembe We find the proposed urban tissue directly connected with the new linear public structures.

New residential areas

The densities of the tissue become higher as they are closer to the public areas, the new tissue constitutes the reinterpretation of the cluster condition from the structure of the traditional settlements, this clusters combined urban agriculture and public space, to support the economy of the community. The traditional settlements and the new developments co-exist by respecting the original plots, vegetation and paths. This respond to the integration and balance of the two typologies of settlements. The vision for the urban tissue settle in the dunes would be to disappear with time.

New residential areas

This would become possible with the creation of a new regulation for the future developers of Catembe; each developer would have to invest in the reconstruction of the coastal area (afforestation of the dunes coastal system) to be able to develop new projects in the area of Catembe.

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TEMPORAL SEQUENCE OF CHANGES Catembe

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Current topography and flooding areas in Catembe

Proposal cut & fill areas in Catembe

Cutted and filled areas for urban expansion in Catembe

New floodable areas in Catembe

WATER & URBAN SEQUENCES Catembe

Water & urban sequences, Catembe 215

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CONCLUSIONS

New Catembe Bridge and wetland used as public space in Guachene, Catembe

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Natural state topography

Current topography modification

Proposal topography modification

Former flooding areas

Current flooding areas

Proposal flooding areas

Former mangroves

Current mangroves

Mangrove afforestation Bairro dos Pescadores

Catembe

Natural state topography

Current topography modification

Proposal topography modification

Former flooding areas

Current flooding areas

Proposal flooding areas

Former vegetation and swamp areas

Current vegetation and swamp areas

Proposal vegetation and dunes afforestation 219

Living in the mangroves

Water & urban secuences

Survival versus advancement Finding future in the landscape Maputo, Mozambique

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CONCLUSIONS Bairro dos Pescadores & Catembe The different tendencies of the Maputo rapid urbanization have been presented: the topographical changes, the occupation of risk zones by informal settlements, the new developments and infrastructures that treat the landscape dynamics, among others. The understanding of these processes gives us a hint to find the harmony between the strong forces of urbanization and the fragile landscapes. In both cases, the hard infrastructures are the fundamental starting point for the implementation of a reconciliation process with the surrounding context. These infrastructures are closely related to the water dynamics and they are the main trigger for the topographical changes of the sites. Accordingly, topographical strategies were used as a base of the design with the purpose to solve present issues and anticipate future scenarios in both Maputo and Catembe. With the construction of the Bridge Maputo-Catembe, the doors for accelerate changes in urbanization and develop of Catembe are open. This brings the condition of the project in the site to another level. As such, the main challenges to face were founded on how the urbanization could happen without interrupting the existing conditions of the landscape; how to improve the performance of these urbanization processes, and how to bring benefits to the local population. The circumstances in Catembe are based in the dunes landscape and its important role in the coastal regeneration and protection. Intermeshing this specific landscape system with the water structure allows the forthcoming urban developments to interact with precision. At the same time, it allows the unification of the systems as a whole entity. The afforestation with pioneer vegetation intensifies the creation of dunes, which avoids the erosion of the coastal area for tidal forces, winds, storms etc. The urban tissue sets in close connection to the public spaces. These spaces are based in the relationship of the water network and the topography structure, serving the traditional urban tissue necessities as well as the new tissue. These new structures of public space contain the main urban hubs, transportation and exchange of goods and people. The new hubs count with the essential conditions for the realization of these activities, upgrading the nowadays life.

The conditions in Bairro dos Pescadores were more urgent after the Marginal Avenue construction, which has a great impact in the mangrove forest ecosystem strongly connected with the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy. The cut and fill principal is the best answer for the question on how this community and landscape could survive in the era of new developments. By having a small impact in the urban footprint, the network of water is restored; which allows for the afforestation of the mangrove forest in between this network. This operation supports the creation of new economies in balance with the new landscape, giving the possibility of the local communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s survival. The new urban tissue performs in cooperation with the systems of water and vegetation while improving the living conditions of the local population. It also allows for the integration of future developments in the neighbourhood while maintaining the principles of the traditional settlements. Acknowledging the different conditions of Bairro dos Pescadores and Catembe, provides the necessary tools to explore a different scheme; following the same approach for both sites. The design stitches the urban and landscape dynamics together, and presents the coexisting of these two forces in cooperation with each other. Through the design strategies, the balance of landscape and urban growth has been restored and a contribution for the resilience has been set up. The local ecosystems and communities are enabled to face the upcoming changes of the city.

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Bairro dos Pescadores, Costa do Sol 223

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JENKINS, Paul, “Urban management, urban poverty and urban governance: planning and land management in Maputo”, in Environment and Urbanization, V 12, pp. 137 – 152, 2000. JENKINS, Paul, “City proﬁle Maputo”, Pergamon Great Britain: Elsevier Science Ltd, 2000. MACAUHUB, “Construction of the Maputo/Catembe bridge in Mozambique begins in 2015”, December, 2014, <http://www.macauhub. com.mo/en/2014/12/15/construction-of-the-maputocatembe-bridge-inmozambique-begins-in-2015/>, May 25, 2016. PESTANA, Carlos, CHIVANGUE, Andres, SAMAGAIO, Antonio, “Urban Dynamics in Maputo, Mozambique”, in Cities, No. 36, pp. 74-82, 2014. RUBY, Jafar, CANHANGA, Sinibaldo, COSSA, Obadias, “Assessment of the impacts of climate change to sea level rise at Costa do Sol Beach in Maputo, Mozambique”, Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme – UNEP, 2008.

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This forever... 227

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“Em criança não nos despedimos dos lugares. Pensamos que voltamos sempre. Acreditamos que nunca é a última vez.” Mia Couto

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Maputo, Mozambique

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ESTUARINE URBANISM SURVIVAL VERSUS ADVANCEMENT Finding future in the landscape. Maputo, Mozambique Danny Andrés Osorio Gaviria Amaranta Vargas Mendoza Mozambique is located on the East coast of Southern Africa with a population of around 24 million inhabitants living in an area of approximately 812.379 km². The capital and the larger city in the country is Maputo, known as Lourenço Marques before the independence. The city is growing, the urban expansion and the large scale infrastructures and new developments along Maputo´s coastline are not compatible with the everyday needs of the local communities and the coastline estuaries ecological systems [Beja da Costa, 2014]. The city is in a constant dual evolution between urbanization and nature, identity and stranger, local and foreign, formal and informal, high and low, density and sprawl, rich and poor, but also stressed the interdependence between them [Van Orshoven & Ysenbaardt, 2014].

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