Water Urbanism, River & Road as Warp & Woof

WATER URBANISM

RIVER & ROAD AS WARP & WOOF Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in the deltaic Territory, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 2015 K.U.Leuven, Master of Human Settlements, Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning

VOLUME 1_EXPLORATIONS VOLUME 2_DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

Spring Studio 2015, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

WATER URBANISM STUDIO 2015 STUDIO TEAM Guido Geenen, prof ir-arch KULeuven Tom Van Mieghem, arch Stefanie Dens, ir-arch SUPPORTING STUDIO TEAM Bruno De Meulder, prof dr ir-arch KULeuven, program director MaHS/MaUSP Cynthia Susilo, phd KULeuven IN COOPERATION WITH UN-Habitat, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific The City of Banjarmasin, Indonesia YKKS/P5 UNDIP, Indonesia Arcadis MORE INFO ?

MAHS / MAUSP / EMU Master Programs Department ASRO, K.U.Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium Tel: + 32(0)16 321 391 Email: paulien.martens@kuleuven.be ISBN 978-94-6018-973-9 Wettelijk depot D/2015/7515/29 © Copyright by K.U.Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication.

Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Engineering – Kasteelpark Arenberg 1, B-3001 Heverlee (België). Telefoon +32-16-32 13 50 & Fax. +32-16-32 19 88.

A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests.

All images in this booklet are, unless credits are given, made or drawn by the authors (Water Urbanism Studio Banjarmasin, 2015).

WATER URBANISM

RIVER & ROAD AS WARP & WOOF Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in the deltaic Territory, Banjarmasin, Indonesia 2015 K.U.Leuven, Master of Human Settlements, Master of Urbanism and Strategic Planning

VOLUME 1_EXPLORATIONS VOLUME 2_DESIGN INVESTIGATIONS

Spring Studio 2015, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

Banjarmasin, the city of 1000 rivers, seen from the Martapura River

INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY

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STUDIO TOPIC across sectors. The focus of UN-Habitat on urban planning is framed against the very rapid and often uncontrolled urbanization, looking for more sustainable, empowering and inclusive ways to guide this expected massive urban growth or urban sprawl. Again Banjarmasin and the Banjarbakula region feature as pilot case.

Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, feature prominently in the medium-term plan Indonesia 2014-2019 of the Indonesian government: as large cities, as priority location for a new town, as future growth center, and mainly as (the only) metropolitan area in Indonesian Borneo. It explains the prospects of a doubled population by 2030 (from 652.000 inhabitants in 2010 to 1.27 million in 2030). Simultaneously Banjarmasin is undergoing a dramatic transformation, shifting its water-based origins towards road-based transport.

Recently between 2011 and 2012, Banjarmasin – together with Pekalongan and Solo – was chosen to pilot the ‘City Development Strategies’ (CDS) approach: a tool that helps local city governments develop comprehensive strategies for urban development, in order to link public funding with local amenity investments. This initiative “Making Urban Investment Planning Work” is implemented

by UN-Habitat in partnership with the Directorate General of Human Settlements (DGHS) of the Ministry of Public Works. A ‘City Visioning Profile’ was drawn from participatory workshops with local city officials: “Gateway to Kalimantan” . It is based on a threefold vision of Banjarmasin as regional economic hub, as traditional river city, and as livable city. This City Vision Profile is today being implemented by strategic projects within a timeline until 2016.

Today both mentioned partners renew their focus towards ‘Advocating Urban Planning for City Leaders’, revising their guidelines towards a more integrated comprehensive planning 6

This studio therefore positions itself within this ambition, thus in a way picking up with the 2009 International Ideas Competition ‘Urban Eco-Planning Concepts and Ideas’. It is clear that growth prospects pose major challenges in the specifically vulnerable and flood-prone context of Banjarmasin. It is also clear that this can only be tackled in a broader perspective, not only focusing on the Banjarmasin city boundaries nor on the short-term feasibility.

The studio will learn and comprehend the rather autonomous forces (economies, ecologies, culture…) that may be steered but cannot really be altered. It will subsequently engage with the more supporting systems that translate these rather autonomous systems spatially and thus are able to generate urbanity (mobility, centralities, settlement patterns, identity…). The challenge is to thus try and guide the projected growth in a more structured and qualitative way, addressing different stakeholders public and private; to find ways where a coherent future spatial organization is matched with the very specific site conditions without a necessary fixed and final outcome; to find in other words flexible urban frames that allow for different potential growth paths…

The studio starts from ‘the assumption that even growth of the Asian kind can be canalized in sink with natural processes of the dynamic landscape and in relation to the legacy of the city/region. (…) A productive interplay between water structures and urban structures can once again become a fundamental identity for the city and its environs.’

City Visioning Profile of Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan, Banjarmasin River City Gateway to Kalimantan, outcome of the “Cities Development Strategies: Making Urban Investment Work” (CDS) process UNHabitat Indonesia in partnership with DGHS of the Ministry of Public Works, 2012 GEENEN Guido, DERDEN Daan, River and Road as Warp and Woof. Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in Banjarmasin Delta, in: DE MEULDER Bruno & SHANNON Kelly, Water Urbanisms East.

Emerging Practices and Age Old Traditions, Zurich, Park Books, UFO Explorations in Urbanism 3, 2013, p. 70-78

Kalimantan Selatan

Banjarmasin

0

Kalimantan Selatan - hydrology, topography and administrative borders - map based on google maps

10

20 km

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STUDIO ISSUES 1_on water The confluence of Martapura river and Barito river is the ‘raison d’être’ of Banjarmasin: the very reason of its existence. Where Martapura river is the main artery of the city and the connection with its region, the mighty Barito river is the (sole) connection with the Kalimantan hinterland. During the Dutch colonization, Banjarmasin developed into a thriving merchant city. It remained a completely water-based city existing amidst the mangrove and palm tree forest. Trisakti Harbor today is the deepwater port and the centre of the Barito Basin, exporting rubber, pepper, timber, petroleum, coal, gold and diamonds. The city is laced with floodprone waterways, influenced by the tides of the Java Sea. The elevation of the city centre is 1m above sea level, whereas the city is stretched in an area of 98.46 km2 with an average elevation 0.16m under sea level!

This presents very serious environmental challenges, in the light of the (projected) city growth and especially in the light of climate change issues and flooding. Even if this may until now not have been identified as a major issue by its residents who have long adapted to the river’s changing conditions , it challenges the existence itself and the future survival of the city. Banjarmasin: city of thousand rivers or water city?

According to the Head of Department of Water Resources and Drainage of Banjarmasin City, Mr. Muryanta, flooding is mostly caused by Martapura river combined with the high tides of the Java Sea. Figuratively speaking the ‘city blocks the way to Barito river’ for the Martapura river . Today little or no dams upstream can moderate this effect of rainwater running down from the Martapura Basin. Moreover apparently, the mining and quarries in the eastern mountain range pollute the Martapura river in a serious way. The colour change of Martapura river east of the city of Martapura, when it receives the water from the quarries, is remarkably visible on the satellite image. The overall brownish 8

1863, banjarmasin at the confluence of Martapura and Barito river ( source : archives of Delft, the Netherlands)

colour of the major Kalimantan rivers is probably related to erosion as a result of upstream deforestation? Resulting sedimentation contributes to the silting and closure of smaller tributaries in Banjarmasin. It is the cities ambition to open up these tributaries again, while it is building public awareness for this issue .

However local residents “Urang Banjar” still depend highly on the river in their daily lives, bathing in the river and still using it as a source for household water. Recently the city administration is justly proud of a coverage of 98% of fresh water distribution, basically depending on the Martapura reservoir. The Regional Company for Wastewater Management was established in 2006, and is since implementing an operational system for processing wastewater through pipe and non-pipe network (off site/on site), as was explained by its Head of Technical Field . While the Wastewater Management Installations (WMI) today still have big idle capacities for black-and-grey water and are therefore not optimized, the restricted scope of piping networks is a major challenge. With a work program until 2028 for off-site system, and parallel building public awareness for on-site systems, and providing tourist toilets, these issues seem to be well on track.

Hence the very common foundation of lightweight construction on stilts of Galan wood. The Galan wood is rather fragile when dry, but apparently very strong in wet conditions. Many heavier constructions obviously tilt and suffer from inadequate foundations.

Can we imagine a blue-green structure that prepares the region for expected climate change and SLR, and that is simultaneously able to structure future growth?

The Masterclass should therefore try to find out about and learn from the historical drainage systems during the Dutch colonization, and should be able to access the Arcadis study in the making , in order to relate urban planning and design issues to an improved drainage system in the city and the region, dealing with climate change and sea level rise and potential increase of more unpredictable heavy rains. The structuring power of water issues for urban planning cannot be denied. MaHS/MaUSP program has elaborate experience in “water urbanisms” in casu in the South East Asia region .

Other water-related issues: - tidal impact and saline intrusion and how these affect aquacultures and agricultures?

- a fast growing local hydrophyte often blocks smaller tributaries and is seriously disturbing water transport when it is adrift, and is as such a major concern of the city water administration.

- geologic features regarding the delta location: the existing soil is a thick clay layer with very little foundation capacities, collapsing and expanding according to moisture conditions. Good foundation soil can only be found at an approximate depth of -40m! (TBC).

1863, banjarmasin at the confluence of Martapura and Barito river ( source : archives of Delft, the Netherlands) 9

2_on road infrastructure Banjarmasin population grew from 66,000 in 1930, towards 444,000 in 1990, towards 652,000 in 2010 and is expected to double by 2030 to 1.27 million . As in so many Asian cities today, Banjarmasin is undergoing a dramatic transformation. Conventional thought supposes that entry into the global economy requires a shift from localized, water-based origins towards an imposed generic road-based transport. Usually this ‘catching up’ with standard large-scale infrastructure is seen as a precondition for changes in the economy, scale of production and access to worldwide markets. Banjarmasin seems to accept this logic. Following this contemporary pace of development, the existing city and its lowlying, flood-prone periphery are being overlaid with a new scale of urban fabric and programmes. New infrastructures adequately canalize development but, in general, as in so many Asian cities that are experiencing rapid growth, this transformation happens without a clear direction or long-term strategy .

Probably the most explicit reproduction of a generic kind of infrastructure was experienced during the preparatory site visit November 2014: the ongoing construction of a new (double!) ring road. Even if new bridges and vast stretches of the new ringroad through vacant land are being executed today, it seems to be obvious that major pieces through the existing tissue will not for a long time - if ever - be realized. How will the industrial area connect to this ringroad piercing through (and mutilating) the delicate urban tissue? At the same time it appears that the new infrastructure that is being realized, already opens up the potential of building former vacant lands (after significant landfills).

But maybe these areas would better stay unbuilt because of their flood-regulating capacity? As to underline this potential, it seems there are plans to move the future city hall from the centre of town towards these newly accessible areas . Soon then the new city hall would totally depend on car accessibility?

One can’t help to wonder if a ringroad like anywhere else is really appropriate in the case of Banjarmasin? Banjarmasin is everything but a radial system where a ringroad makes sense. The Barito 10

River to the east and wetlands in the west are physical barriers for continued growth in central Banjarmasin . Why not examine easier ways of avoiding heavy (industrial) traffic through the city centre?

And is it too soon to imagine public transport as an essential part of the city’s future mobility scheme?

On the other side of the mobility spectrum along Jalan Ahmad Yani that leads to Martapura and Banjarbaru - in between the city centre and Syamsudin Noor Airport - vast gated communities are being constructed. Many of these expensive new housing units however remain vacant and therefore appear to have a rather speculative nature.

Of the city’s 400 bridges, the 70% that are wood construction are over 15 years old and need upgrading . But prioritizing road infrastructure automatically challenges water transport, since only Martapura river is wide enough to include the necessary ramps for car traffic within its width. For smaller tributaries new bridges will very often hamper the water transport.

The preliminary site visit shows that the main water transport arteries and major road infrastructure can indeed intertwine and complement each other. But also that roads and drainage systems are inseparable within the fabric of Banjarmasin: drainage canals and roads are juxtaposed or superimposed in many different profiles. Here definitely lies a big challenge of creating a delicate balance between both, and as such enriching the infinite catalogue of Banjarmasin public space.

Finally, via the Barito suspension bridge (1096m, 1997), Jalan Transkalimantan/Jalan Jenderal Ahmad Yani is the one and only connection that links West Kalimantan, over Central and South Kalimantan to East Kalimantan. This Transkalimantan road now cuts straight through Banjarmasin city centre. Sure it makes Banjarmasin an unavoidable hub for regional traffic, but at the same time it is co-responsible for an significant increase of vehicles crossing Banjarmasin centre and thus for traffic congestion inside the city.

Can the Masterclass start from the assumption that even growth of the Asian kind can be canalized in sink with natural processes of the dynamic landscape and in relation to the legacy of the city?

The culture of the Banjar people traditionally has been one of assimilation. The expected wave of development can be regarded as simply another layer of this process, another challenge that can be interwoven with the city structure and its landscape . Certainly, the design exercise following the Masterclass could still examine alternative scenario’s that equally meet the aspirations of all stakeholders?

How to balance new road-based infrastructure with the water-based legacy of the city? Can new infrastructure install a more sustainable frame for future development? Can it prepare for modes of public transport?

3_on city upgrading The Banjarmasin “Gateway to Kalimantan” vision expresses the threefold idea for Banjarmasin as “regional economic hub/ traditional river city/livable city” being a main spatial frame shared by all stakeholders. It aspires a better “relation between current sectorial planning documents with city strategic vision” . Strategic projects are being implemented since: upgrading of riverbanks as public space, sustainable city sanitation strategies, water supply improvement plan, prioritization of slum upgrading and Kampung improvement, public housing (Rusunawa), harbour expansion, revitalization and development of markets, tourism initiatives, and vulnerability reduction strategies...

The Rusunawa public housing project appears to be very successful.

It is considered a transit housing facility, helping residents to improve their residential condition. By now, the Rusunawa project has a considerable waiting list of new residents for applying and therefore uses a very transparent system of allocating housing units. 10% of the units is kept temporarily vacant in order to organize necessary maintenance in a good way . The project is to be considered a pilot project also from an environmental point of view: a separate wastewatertreatment plant; a comfortable climate only attained by natural ventilation without the need of artificial cooling devices; a clever positioning of shafts and ducts that can be reached without intruding the housing units.

As such the CDS-plan is well on track for implementation, according to the timeline that is set out until 2016. It has proven to collect different city strategies into an overall and operational framework.

Today city responsibles have new ambitions, encounter new challenges and face new dilemma’s: how to enhance the envisioned city upgrading further and in the light of expected growth - housing typologies, a more elaborate frame of public space, public functions and sports facilities, incremental strategies for commercial areas and markets, centrality schemes and CBD, economies and industries...

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The Urban Planning and Design Masterclass can surely engage through interviews, surveys and fieldwork in mapping the existing fabric (qualitative and programmatic classifications). It will try to highlight renewed ambitions and translate them in spatial project definitions for the longer term.

What can the future metropolitan area look like, what kind of a city can it be? How can it relate to local urban realities, cultures and traditions, but also how and where will it be renewed or upgraded?

4_on sprawl However it is clear that the expected growth will not be achieved within the city limits only. Today we see a huge pressure and uncontrolled growth along Jalan Jenderal Ahmad Yani towards the airport. Ciputra developments and others tend to grow from the transkalimantan road infrastructure. New local road infrastructures only attach to this main road, but do not add to the regional infrastructural system; instead and piecemeal all together they add to the traffic congestion of this main traffic artery. Eventually this might lead to a silting of the traffic flow between Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru/Martapura. Certainly a lot of flood-prone area might get filled without an overall vision on urban sprawl. This uncontrollable urban growth must be tackled for reasons of ecology and sustainability.

12

This issue thus extends the Banjarmasin city boundaries, and needs to be considered on a regional scale. Regional dynamics must be understood through engaging more stakeholders: Banjar Bakula region and adjacent cities, provincial administrations.

Accessibility means potential urban growth. Certainly on the regional scale this should be considered together with possible public transport in the near or far future? Can a clear landscape strategy hold a frame for urban growth? Could a clear blue and green structure be derived from general geological, topographical and hydrological conditions in order to restructure existing and guide future urbanization? Undisputable decisions on where not to build can form what Kongjian Yu calls ‘ecological infrastructure’ (EI) in tandem with landscape ‘security patterns’ (SP) as a powerful tool for open public space conservation .

5_on production Such a green and blue structure aims to balance urbanization with productive landscapes, simultaneously agricultures and aquacultures. Masterclass fieldwork will therefore also have to build an understanding of these productive landscapes in the Banjarmasin, Banjar Bakula and Kalimantan Selatan regions. It will engage with its productive, social and economical characteristics, and suggest problem formulations in order to improve food production and strengthen the landscape potential within water adaptive strategies in the light of climate change. Eventually re-

naturalization of wetlands, riverbanks or islands, or mangrove and peat swamp forests afforestation can be an essential part of such landscape strategies. Brackish water plants can help to stabilize soil, prevent erosion and enrich the indigenous riparian wildlife and biodiversity.

How to balance urban sprawl and productive or protective landscapes?

How to organize the typical mix of rural and urban in the desakota?

6_on identity The traditional river city issue of CDS expresses Banjarmasin’s pride: “In order to improve its image, the city is re-orienting itself towards its rivers. (...) Key to this strategy is improving the environmental quality of the river and public spaces, and embracing the river as an asset. Programs to revive the floating market highlight the city’s traditional river culture and link the river to other cultural assets will strengthen Banjarmasin’s image. (...) Banjarmasin seeks to leverage its unique and attractive river culture to attract tourism and support the local economy.”

optimized ventilation system in this tropical savanna climate with relatively constant high temperature throughout the year and moist air with significant precipitation. In a traditionalist reflex, this roof form not only appears in the city’s logo, but also in a supersized version above new public buildings like the city hall and post offices, however loosing its climatological functionalities. It indicates an architectural search for a local identity combined with globalizing building sizes and programmes, that should certainly be taken serious. But a critical regionalist architectural language that knows how to reconcile both aspirations is still to be examined further.

The Urban Planning and Design Masterclass may be a good opportunity to also engage in this search for a stronger city image and urban identity.

What exactly constitutes the typical identity of Banjarmasin and its environs? How to strengthen the Traditional River City? Can it inspire a search of renewed urban and architectural identity?

Simultaneously Banjarmasin cherishes very much its architectural legacy, from the traditional floating houses and colonial houses on stilts , to historical monuments along the river such as the Sultan Surian Syah Mosque, the Sungai Jingah historical neighbourhood and the Museum Waja Sampai Ka Puting in one of its former houses. A very typical Banjar roof structure originated from an

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METHODOLOGY A strip of 25 x 80 km along the territory of Banjarbakula was chosen to frame the fieldwork. The strip spans from the Barito River, over Banjarmasin (-0,16 m), Martapura and Banjarbaru, to the Rian Kanan Dam in the mountains ( 200 m above sea level).

By focussing on a concrete area, the main problematics of Banjarbakula are highlighted, always referring back to the bigger ecological / urban / economical / social system they are part of. The strip tends to fully understand a part of the territory, to be able to tackle the occuring issues, and make a strategy on a bigger scale.

Banjarmasin RIVERBED

This publication gives an overview of the issues highlighted during fieldwork, following the 4 main themes of water, infrastructure, urban tissue and production.

Each theme was given to a mixed group of 8 to 10 KULeuven / local participants.

South Kalimantan Road Barito Bridge

Fieldwork strip as a part of Banjarbakula, a regional metropolitan cooperation which name is derived from the names of the 5 participating cities/ regencies: Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar, Barito Kuala and Tanah Laut 14

Banjarbaru PLAINS / SWAMPS

South Kalimantan Road Banjarmasin Airport

Martapura FOOTHILLS

Riam Kanan Dam Power plant / drinking water reservoir

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TISSUE

KULeuven Participants Claire Bosmans Saima Musharrat Joyce Stijnen Sadia Subrina Quynh Nhu Le Eleni Kasselouri Vidya Spaye Local Participants Raudati Hildayati Indah Mutia Theodorik Rizal Manik Shirley Adillah

SYNTHESIS MAP

SHRINKING AND DISPERSION Under the hypothesis of a decentralization process along with a shrinking inner city, which are the possibilities to reactivate the kampung system in order to both improve the living conditions as well as to facilitate the new city in a balanced dipolar conurbation?

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Fieldwork area 400x400 m Mosque Graveyard Historical evolution 19 0

1

2

5

10

HISTORIC EVOLUTION OF THE URBAN TISSUE The evolution from the initial settlements along Kuin river and Martapura river to gradual spread of tissue towards Banjarbaru.

1530

20

Colonial Era

1850

1930

0

1

2

‘53 - ‘56: from forest to BANJARBARU

5

1970

Fieldwork area 400x400 m Historical evolution

Riverfront Kampung

Ruko New development

Productive house Planned city

1530

1850

1900

1950

1970

2010

1980’s

2000’s

2010

21

SOCIAL NETWORK The radius of the social network and activities as a whole and as individual stories.

22

0

1

2

5

Fieldwork area 400x400 m

23

STRUCTURE AND TYPOLOGIES Different textures and patterns show different typologies with the landscape.

0

24

1

2

5

400x400 m Riverfront Kampung Ruko New development Productive house Planned city

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SECTIONS THROUGH THE TYPOLOGIES RIVERFRONT The oldest typology in Banjarmasin, initially thriving on water but gradually the consumption of land put the water in the back.

social network

KAMPUNG

0

1

2

5

The densest neighbourhoods with closely-knitted community feelings.

filling up the gap

shrinking kampung 0

RUKO

1

2

5

Mixed use in the building where mercantile activity in the ground floor and inhabitants or other functions are in upper floors.

underused capacity

rootless development

26

0

1

2

5

NEW DEVELOPMENT

A new way of expanding the city with better facilities at cheaper landproprety prices.

endless expansion

new development+ 0

1

2

5

PRODUCTIVE HOUSE

Settlements integrated with the surrounding landscape.

live + work

urban threat

0

1

2

5

PLANNED CITY

Planned with the vision of garden city providing urban services and public squares.

planned public space

formal informality

0

1

2

5

27

ZOOM IN URBAN TISSUE

400m x 400m

DENSITY

KAMPUNG MELAYU traditional settlement Built

Unbuilt

JALAN AHMAD YANI shophouses

MARTAPURA LAMA river settlement

= 5000/km2 waterbody

road tissue waterbody

waterbody road

road

waterbo

waterbody waterbody

population/sqkm

road

road

tissue

tissue

road

tissue

tissue population/sqkm

tissue

population/sqkm

populatio

SOLID / VOID

population/sqkm population/sqkm

1:10 000 Location section Zoom 100m x 100m

waterbody

road tissue

ROAD / WATER

waterbody waterbody

population/sqkm

waterbod

road

tissuetissue

tissue

population/sqkm population/sqkm

populatio

EVOLUTION

road road

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The definition of 6 squares is a tool to analyse the urban tissue based on attributes and diversity in topography and urban character.

JALAN PANGERAN MOCH. NOOR industry

BANJARBARU planned city

JALAN PADAT KARYA new development

waterbody

wa

road

roa

tissue

tiss

population/sqkm

pop

waterbody

road tissue

population/sqkm

waterbody

waterbody

road

road

tissue

tissue

population/sqkm

population/sqkm

waterbody

road tissue

5000 people/sqkm

29

warung Kampung Melayu

Veteran 2

mosque

100m x 100m

cemetery ruko

Veteran 2

informal activity

shadow cemetery

ng

ue

KAMPUNG MELAYUinformal activity ruko traditional settlement

MARTAPURA LAMA river settlement

informal Banjar Baruactivity

w

New development

mal activity

PUBLIC / PRIVATE

New development

cemetery

gs y

ruko

warung

cemetery

mosque

ruko

official buildings warung informal activity

informal activity

informal activity industry

Banjar Baru

ustrial harbour

informal activity

New development

industry New development

PLOTSYSTEM

Industrial harbour 2

y

official buildings informal activity

Location section

SECTION

Industrial harbour 2

30 informal activity

ruko warung

informal activity

informal activity 2

ruko

ruko

shadow

ruko informal activity warung

ruko

industry

industry

informal activity

informal activity

warung

informal activity

JALAN AHMAD YANI ruko

Closer zooms within the squares help to understand the impact of shadow on the use of public space, and the transition from a family-based structure to the definition of plots.

JALAN PANGERAN MOCH. NOOR industry

BANJARBARU planned city

JALAN PADAT KARYA new development

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LIVING WITH WATER tissue, topography and tides

10 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.5m

The drawings study the relations between water (daily tides and rainy season) and urbanisation, for each selected square.

Matapura

wet season dry season

MARTAPURA LAMA 0

5

10

20

10 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.5m

Kampung

wet season dry season

0

5

10

20

KAMPUNG MELAYU

10 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.5m

Banjarbaru

wet season dry season

BANJARBARU 0

32

10 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.5m

5

10

20

Industrial site

wet season dry season

JALAN PANGERAN MOCH. NOOR 0

A.yani JALAN AHMAD YANI

5

10

20

10

20

10

20

wet season dry season

0

5

10 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 3.8 3.4 3.0 2.5m

New development wet season dry season

JALAN PADAT KARYA

0

5

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FIELDWORK CONCLUSION From the initial core along Kuin River, the urban tissue of Banjarmasin started covering the territory, growing at first along the riverfronts. Currently, Banjarmasin has two urban tentacles, an older and a newer extension. The oldest compact linear development along Martapura River until Martapura City on the north, coexist with the newest dispersed development of the south, along Ahmad Yani road until the newly built area of Banjarbaru. The urban tissue is concentrated in two main cores that contradict but also complement each other: Banjarmasin on the one hand, lying on a deltaic riverbed, and the complex of Banjarbaru and Martapura cities on the foothills. Considering the wider area as a single urban agglomeration and monitoring at the same time the tendencies of the ongoing urban development, which are the new centralities that emerge in the area, and how are the boundaries of the urbanized part being transformed or scattered? How is the changing relation to the water affecting the way that the city is being developed?

Through on site interviews, several scenarios were extracted and illustrated to demonstrate the radius of the everyday activities of the residents. A network showing the radius of neighborhood activities is formed hierarchically according to scale and provides an evaluation on the way that the social patterns reflect on the urban form and vice versa. The components of this network are the mosques, the cemeteries, educational and main market places. Banjarmasin has a very compact small scale network, along with one or two central points, while Banjabaru has a loose supra local network with provincial or regional entities.

Towards the vision for a sustainable metropolis, which is the spatial expression of the existing transforming dualities in a new equilibrium between local and global components?

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The historical layering combined with the variety of different typologies reveals the structure of the city. Various patterns combined are forming a patchwork of urban and rural elements coming together, producing a desakota figure. The urban tissue is part of the interplay between water and landscape, including elements with weak or strong embeddedness in the territory.

The expanding outer city is changing the dynamics between the city center and the agricultural land. Under the hypothesis of a decentralization process along with a shrinking inner city, which are the possibilities to reactivate the kampung system in order to both improve the living conditions as well as to facilitate the new city in a balanced dipolar conurbation?

The 6 urban samples of 400x400m squares are reviewed based on attributes and diversity in topography and urban character.

Each sample is a synthesis of different typologies showing how they adapt or interconnect with each other. According to some features such as: void-solid structure, density, relation to public– private systems, relation in social-cultural organization and relation with water, a comparison can be made among these samples.

They show both the advantages and disadvantages according to different contexts. As a part of the effort to identify the character of the wider area of Banjarmasin and understand the frame of the new metropolis, the opportunities for open public spaces and new housing models seem crucial. Reconsidering the social housing alterative as a shift to a vertical kampung, which are the possibilities for sustainable housing in higher density?

Co-existence of two urban layers in Banjarmasin : the low-rise traditional settlements along the water, and the recent four-floors social housing in the background.

35

WATER

KULeuven Participants Amaranta Vargas Mendoza Danny Osorio Valentine Van den Eynde Marion Mukolwe Yantri Dewi Local Participants Ermawan Rekshi Wibowo Teguh Iman

WATER DYNAMICS Water as Structure of the Territory Banjarmasin and the greater region of Banjarbakula are part of a territory structured by water in the watershed of the Barito River system. The strip area sits on Barito River’s downstream and experiences the challenges of the delta joining the Java Sea. These are tidal fluctuations, saline intrusion and rise in water levels during the rainy season. The water hierarchy is from the Barito River starting from the central ridges of South Kalimantan, the Martapura River formed by the meeting of Riam Kanan and Riam Kiwa, the structured irrigation canals, numerous smaller secondary and tertiary rivers and storm water drainage system.

The natural system has been superimposed by an artificial system which has evolved historically.

However, it cannot be considered as a purely natural or artificial system but an in between hybrid structure because there are artificial manipulation of the natural system for water intakes, normalization and canalization. Simultaneously, the artificial system has influences of the natural forces, arising from its connection to the natural water system. The irrigation canals have fish breeding naturally and colonialization by plant life in certain sections.

This hybrid system can be a means of examining our modification of the water for appropriation in a city that is expected to double and the hinterland that supports it.

How can we achieve an optimal relationship with the water in a conversational manner rather than defensive control strategies?

How can hard engineering be integrated in a natural water system to work with the water instead of combating it?

38

Water has been discussed following three different approaches : the relation between water and land, the relationship between water and people and the relationship between water, land and time. These three dynamics that allow the appreciation the the entire water system, its challenges and capabilities. They provide a means to the identify opportunities and form a basis for strategies for development of the region of Banjarbakula.

Equalizer of Rhythms

Migration of Landscape

Temporal Landscape

Water Uses & Appropriation

Changing Topographies

Time as Element of Landscape

In Kalimantan context, landscapes are mainly made of the outstanding character of the water body and of human uses.

The main goal of this approach is to give way to the water by interweaving the rhythms of nature and humans. The point is to create a chart putting in dialogue the different uses of water following five different environments along the strip we are studying, using photomontages. Those montages are made of several pictures showing how the uses express themselves.

Those five images play with opacities to show the intensity of appropriation following the five contexts.

The chart is made of two axis. The vertical one shows the intensity of uses of the water interface with natural rules and the effect on the landscape. The horizontal axis indicates how the uses work with nature, from completely in symbiotic with it to against it.

The uses and appropriations are organised in nine stripes of five pictures. Those nine stripes are classified in three categories : - Social appropriations : considering water as a place to live, share and move - Economical appropriations : considering water as a space to grow, produce and trade - Technical appropriations : considering water as a space that flows, evolves and supports

The region demonstrates the codependent connection between the land and the water. The new developments prompt excavation from hilly sites in Banjabaru and surrounding areas. The cut of the hill changes the topography to relatively flat.

The fill area in Banjarmasin’s periphery shifts topographically from swamp with water storage capacity to level landfill for construction. This is the creation of new land. The mining areas, most of which have abandoned sections have resulted in gaping holes in the ground up to 20m deep. They fill up with water from natural small rivers or rainfall to form new contaminated water landscapes. This migration of landscape shifts the relationship between land and water and imposes a new kind of artificial landscape. It bears serious implications for the region. The increase of filled area reduces swamp area which affects food production area and water storage points within the watershed. It also increases impervious surface which can lead to a lower ground water table. The creation of new water areas and leveling of the hilly areas causes deforestation leading to sedimentation and creates drainage problems that pose a flood risk in the lower areas. This evolving migration of landscape will be amplified with increased growth.

The delta setting of the Martapura River subjects the region to time-based forces that change the landscape formation hourly and by season. Time creates in-between zones where the water and land gradients are altered.. The quantity of land and quantity of water are dynamic when based on time. The tidal fluctuations change with high and low tide. This tidal effect creates a reverse flow that is experienced up to 39km on Martapura River from Barito River. The tidal effect meets the downward flowing river at Martapura city.

The two forces create a flood zone during the rainy season. The water quantity and levels increase significantly by 1 to 3m during the rainy season. The dry season creates a contradictory landscape due to significant decrease in water levels when some smaller rivers almost dry up. The dam operates at half capacity which means reduced energy and shortage of piped clean water. Since the water pressure is lower in the dry season, saline water backflows into the river consequently causing clean water intakes to be closed.

This approach allows to estimate the priorities in term of improvement. The ideal location of all the buttons is up the chart. So for example we can assume that the water used as a place to live or produce affect deeper the way water flows than using it to grow.

This equalizer allows to work on dynamics that optimize the interweaving between water and people.

What kind of system can be introduced to maneuver these extreme inversions of topography arising from urban growth and livelihoods without severely breaking the water-land balance? How can the scars created on the landscape be transformed into opportunities for the expanding region?

The water acts as a protection system during the dry season on the Gambut layer.

The Gambut layer ignites during the dry season when the water level reduces and it is exposed to the sun. The rising smoke spreads into the cities and has forced the Banjabaru Airport to suspend flights due to visibility. It is a demonstration of the conflict of urban functions and water levels changing through time.

How can cities plan and expand within the context of unpredictable natural movement of water?

39

WATER DYNAMICS Hybrid system as the structure of a territory

Main Rivers and Dam Secondary Rivers Tide

Wetland Canals (irrigation and drainage) Flooding area

Barito River Section 40

0

5m

10m

20m

Sections scale

The natural system has been superimposed by an artificial system. However, it cannot be considered as a purely natural or artificial system but an in between hybrid structure because there are artificial manipulation of the natural system for water intakes, normalization and canalization. Simultaneously, the artificial system has influences of the natural forces, due to its connection to it

0 0 1m 2m

5m

1km 2km

5km

10km

10m

Sections scale

Martapura River Section

Canal (Irrigation System) Section

Perigi River Section

Ahmad Yani Canal (Drainage) Section 41

EQUALISER OF RHYTHMS Water uses and appropriations

Social uses Economical uses

42

FROM NATURE

ENCOURAGED BY NATURE

TRADE

MOVE

EVOLVES

FLOWS

GROW

This chart represents the different uses people can have of the water between the Dam and the Barito river. Social uses, economical uses and technical uses are analysed following three different appropriations in five different contexts represented by the diagrams of the map and of the sections on the left.

The map diagram is also used to show how the uses interfere with how easy the water can find its way

A SPACE TO - THAT

Technical uses

W

Water as a space for economical appropriations

WITH NATURE

SUPPORTS

P RODUCE

Water as a space for technical appropriations

SHARE

LIVE

Water as a space for social appropriations

AGAINST NATURE 43

LAND MIGRATION Changing topography : Creating land and Creating water

Mines - creating water Excavation - migrating land Filled settlement - creating land Limestone Volcanic Soil Gambut Soil

Land Excavation (Areas up to 500m wide, up to 10m height) Hilly Terrain (Cut)

Flat Terrain

467m

Exposed Subgrade Ground Water Table Creates Water Recolonialization | New Growth

Original swamp conditions (Average depth 0.2-0.7m) 95m

0 1m 2m

5m

Sections scale 44

10m

Land fill for building base

(Fill)

Creating Land

The fill area in Banjarmasin’s periphery shifts topographically from swamp with water storage capacity to level landfill for construction by creation of new land. The mining areas, with gaping holes, fill up with water to form new disturbed water landscapes. This migration of landscape shifts the relationship between land and water and imposes a new kind of artificial and scarred landscape.

0

1km 2km

5km

10km

Remediate

Store

Protect

Balance

Infiltrate

Drain

Swamp and Secondary River

Mine Pits

(Cut)

Low-Lying Terrain

Digging of Mines

Mine pits fill up with water

Exposed Mine Pits/scars River and Rain Water Fill the Pits New development on Rehabilitated Mines

Creating Water 45

TEMPORAL LANDSCAPES Time as element of landscape

Rivers Rivers affected by tides Rivers affected by dry season Saline marine Gambut soil Urbanized area

0 1m 2m

5m

Sections scale 46

10m

The tidal fluctuations cause the water levels to change with high and low tide. The tidal effect meets the downward flowing river at Martapura city. The two forces create a flood zone during the rainy season.

0

1km 2km

5km

10km

Store

Protect

Infiltrate

Drain

47

20

PRODUCTION

KULeuven Participants Sheeba Amir Emerald Upoma Baidya Kathleen De Beukelaer Ashim Manna MichaĂŤl Stas Trung Vinh Tran Local Participants Jony Rakhman Miftahani Zakiati Maya Damayanti

migr atio

p r od u c t

p r od u c t

ive land

ns

sc a pe

dr ainage

soil t ype

to p og r a

DECONSTRUCTING A PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE 50

s

at phy & w

er

PRODUCTION (co-)production and product migration in a water-based economy The productive landscape shows a big diversity that is strongly defined by fundamental layers. Most importantly, water and topography are a dynamic thing that through time, due to sedimentation, erosion and certain productions, influenced the territory. In addition, the latent layers of soil types and drainage convey the charactics of this landscape, determining the productive capacity.

Further the region of Banjarbakula can be looked at from two perspectives. On one hand, the city of Banjarmasin is surrounded by a productive landscape marked by a gradient of different relationships between water and land. On the other hand, the port and the markets of the city enforce the trading position of the region. Merged together they show multiple product migration flows that go beyond our focus strip and even have interisland connections. Barito becomes an important spine to the South Kalimantan. The migration flows are an interwoven bundle of lines from resources to trading point where markets function as points of exchange between the region and city, production and consumption.

The questions arised: 1. How can we strengthen the co-productive water-based economy against the speculative land claims?

2. Could a shift from raw materials to processed goods for transaction, be the progressive step in defining the city’s economic vision?

Starting from an analysis of the region’s main products, a cycle offers a deeper understanding of the steps that this product undergoes.

This allowed to discover small gaps in each cycle and giving insight on opportunities and treats. Moreover an interconnected network of products appears. This also has a strong spatial impact both on the specific location of production as well as the flows it generates through space and time. In this, the relation between road and waterways gives an insight in the shift towards road infrastructure.

Strenghtened by statistical data of production and trade, the scale of each product and its value comes forth.

In the end we tried to adress both opportunities as threats to the whole system. Mainly the mining industry, deforestation due to the wood industry, big palm oil plantations and urban development add pressure to this system by claiming productive land. This increased pressure can be used as a catalyst for increasing clever investment, rationalization and optimalization. But on the other hand, it could push out the local, small scale industries.

51

A CHAIN OF PRODUCTS The region of Banjarbakula holds many different products. Each of them has its own specific cycle, scale of business, trading steps and time schedule. A further study shows a strong interwoven network of products. These interrelationships are part of a system of use and re-use of sideproducts.

By looking closely to each cycle, questions and opportunities arise on the scale of each cycle as well as the whole network

LEGEND. PALM OIL

RUBBER

GEM STONES

BRICK FISH RICE

QUARRY

CHICKEN

PLYWOOD

COW RATTAN

SASIRANGAN

FRUIT

one man business

small-scale enterprise

household business

large-scale corporation

RICE balance between water and production increasing efficiency in seasons and species; rice mills as a strategic hub 52

FISH value >< volume diversification, up-scaling and localization

BRICK impact on the land, pollution regularisation and quality control

RUBBER balance between natural & industrial production water balancing impact

FRUIT mixed farming, diversification and rationalization 53

CHICKEN localization and intensification

SASIRANGAN transition from local to large scale industries strengthening network and local culture 54

COW linking to new industries (flour industry)

RATTAN pressure due to scarce resources and international industries

QUARRY influencing water buffer capacity and higher erosion, monofunctional community big companies in harmony with the community

GEM STONES dying out resources, radical changed landscape reuse of land

PLYWOOD scarce wood resources and deforestation human resources and technical knowledge

PALM OIL domination of large scale companies, exhausted soil less monofunctional implementation 55

A PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

56

SPATIAL RELATION OF THE PRODUCT CYCLES. The agricultural products occupy larger areas, while other products have a more specific location in the territory.

57

PRODUCTIVE TISSUES CULTIVATION ON THE WEST SIDE OF THE BARITO RIVER The west side of the river is predominantly used for agriculture, mainly consisting of rice fields and fruit plantation. The road infrastructure in this area are poorly developed and the canals are frequently used for communication and trading. The structure of the rice fields are mainly linear and perpendicular to the canals. From this observations, it can be said that the irrigation system is better engineered here than the those of the east side of the river.

The dikes of the rice fields are frontally planted with fruit trees.

Tentatively 50 percent of the farmers here work in lands owned by other people and they rely on customers from other side of the river for business of agricultural produces.

MARKET ON THE WEST BANK OF BARITO RIVER The big plywood industries which used to employ a large number of locals on the west bank of the river got bankrupt in 2005.

From these, some buildings are now used as warehouses. The canal along Barito river is extensively used for bringing goods from and to the markets across the river.

RICE FIELDS ON THE WEST BANK

0 50 100

200m

MARKET CROSSING THE BARITO

0 50 100

200m

BOAT MAKING INDUSTRIES ALONG ALALAK RIVER On the bank of the Alalak river there is a steel boat industry. The organic structure of the riverside land suggests of possibilities of past and future encroachment of the river by the growing industry.

BOAT MAKING ALONG ALALAK RIVER 58

0 20

50

100m

rice field

orchard

canal

market

road

boat workshops

rice fields

Canal along Barito

market

Quin river

boat workshops

road

road

1 hectare plantation farm

road

chicken farm

road

cow farm

59

RICE PRODUCTION IN THE EAST On the east side of Barito, most of the paddy farmers work on their own land. For processing the harvested rice, the farming communities as dependant on rice mills in proximity of 1-3km from their homes.

Depending on the topography, water level, irrigation, soil type and farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preference, the lands produce one crop or two crops per year.

RICE

0 50 100

200m

FISHING

0 50 100

200m

PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES ALONG THE FOOTHILL AREA The households around the foothill area make their living mostly on fishing, rubber plantation and working at the stone quarries.

The fish farmers here use Keramba nets in the Martapura river, while n the plain lands, artificial pond fishing industries are growing day by day.

The stone quarrying is controlled by 9 big companies who employ the local people for working the quarry sites. Through some agencies, the locals can buy the excavated stones to break them into small pieces and sell them to construction industries.

The stone quarrying activities are largely responsible for the deforestation , and thus influencing the water balance, the erosion of soil and sedimentation in the river system.

STONE 60

0 20

50

100m

riverside farming households

brick kiln

martapura river

riverside farming households

road

rice mill

road

paddy field

farming households

paddy field

rice field

dike

brick kiln

Some paddy fields are used for collecting soil for brick factories. If the depth of excavation is limited to 1m, the field can be re-used for paddy again.

natural plantation

rubber plantation

Martapura river

Martapura river

fishing households

quarry side households

road

road

stone quarry

61

PRODUCTION, PROCESSING & TRADING PORT

LANTING SHOPS

FLOATING BOAT MARKET

FISHERY KERAMBA

FRESH WATER FISHERY

WATER TRANSPORTATION

WATER POWER PLANT

RIVER

WOOD CUTTING INDUSTRY

SWALLOW BREEDING RUBBER MANUFACTURE

BOAT MAKING

LOGGING

PLYWOOD

SASIRANGAN KAMPUNG

KETUPAT VILLAGE

SAGON RUMBA VILLAGE

TRADITIONAL MARKET

ROAD

RAPID URBANIZATION

NEW HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

AIRPORT

WAREHOUSES

TRANSPORTATION / DISTRIBUTION TOURISM PRODUCTION

PRODUCTION ANALYSIS Production, processing & trading activities in relation with water & road network

62

AGRICULTURE HARUAN

RUBBER PLANTATION

CROPS (ton)

AGRICULTURE, AQUACULTURE & LIVESTOCK (ton)

ANIMALS (ton)

PRODUCTION STATISTICAL DATA The paddy is an important product: spatially, statistically and socially. Secondly the palm oil business has a large share due to the upcoming big corporations and large scale plantations.

FRUITS (ton)

Source: Fruit Productio, Statistics of kalimantan Seltan Province< http://kalsel.bps.go.id/> 63

TRADE AND PRODUCT MIGRATION

64

65

INTER-ISLAND IMPORT & EXPORT

Source: Inter Island Trade (In tonnes) Statistics of kalimantan Seltan Province< http://kalsel.bps.go.id/> 66

INTER ISLAND FLOW OF PRODUCTS

0

Export by water Import by water flour Export by water water woodwood flour Export by air Import by rattan Import by air fish Export by air rattan Import by air furniture fish wheat furniture chiken wheat chiken

200

500 KM

cows swallow nest sasirangan coal cows swallow nest sasirangan coal motorbikes wood plywood shrimps motorbikes wood plywoodcpo shrim eggs raw rattan rubber eggs raw rattan rubber cpo

The trade network between Kalimantan and the other islands is primarily managed by Banjarmasin. The Presence of extensive water routes, developed deep river port and the abundance of natural resources also retain the importance of banjarmasin as a key trading city.

Banjarmasin exports Coal, Rubber, Crude Palm Oil and Plywood, followed by Sasirangan, Swallow bird nest and precious Gem stones to international markets. Inter-island exports includes rice, crude palm oil, plywood, unfinished rubber. Timber, iron-ore, raw rattan.

Our primary research brings out the fact that there is a strong trade relation between Kalimantan and Java Island, Surabaya port is the key to the trade. A large number of raw materials are sent for further processing and manufacturing of finished goods. The region relies heavily on Java and Bali for its supply of finished products such as textiles, vehicles, machinery, food and everyday use products.

For inter-island trade major products which are imported are Javanese rice, sugar, milk, cooking oil, fruits, Livestock, chicken, eggs, vegetables, processed foods and beverages. A lot of finished products such as textiles, vehicles, electronics, consumer goods, Energy fuels, fertilizers, finished rattan products are also imported through Banjarmasin for kalimantan region.

67

IMPACT ON PRODUCTION

The Teritory to the west of Banjarmasin shows a highly complex relation ship between water and different kind of productive landscape. The trans migration program of the 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brought Cut and fill system to have rice + orchard in the area of flood risk.

Intense rice farming developed with better irrigation. Aquaculture in the south where fresh and salt water meet each other and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also the place of sedimentation. Mangrove along the sea coast not only protect hinter land but also make more soil and clean water.

68

Secondly, it also show the contradiction between two sides of Barito river, one is very nature and one is very urban. Currently the irregularities in irrigation, increased salinity is resulting in reduction of pady harvest and afinity towards cash crops such as palm oil plantations.

REDUCTION IN RAINFALL - The Decadal reduction in rainfall has increased the dry season.

Source: Banjarmasin in Figures 2014, BPS Statistics of Banjarmasin City

REDUCTION IN AGRICULTURE - Agriculture is replaced by Plantations and Construction activities Source: Banjarmasin in Figures 2014, BPS Statistics of Banjarmasin City 69

70

SYNTHESIS MAP The synthesis map shows the development of the regional infrastructure over the productive landscape. The two anchor points are the port, the regional market centre of Banjarmasin and the Riam Kanan Dam, regulating the flow of water through the territory. The anticipated changes in the structure appear due to increased importance of Banjarbaru as the regional centre, the development of the north-south and east-west corridors of the trans Kalimantan roads and growth of the port.

71

INFRASTRUCTURE

KULeuven Participants Hanne Van Gils Spandan Das Tarek Morad Isabelle Matton Aurora Dias Lokita Local Participants Andi Susanto Rudi Hartono Reny Revariah Bachtiar Noor Rekyan Puruhita Sari

74

INFRASTRUCTURE Combining systems of infrastructure Looking at infrastructure in the city of Banjarmasin is quite an extensive task.

Therefore, during our fieldtrip, our team decided to focus on three main subjects that seemed to be the most challenging for future perspectives/projects for the city.

Finally but not the least, we put emphasis on the interplay between road and water infrastructure. What is organizing the shift between the two systems and how can we combine them instead of juxtaposing one over each other?

As a starting point, we firstly tried to apprehend Banjarmasin within its territory to point out how connections are made to a larger scale and thus understand the coherence or incoherence of its current network.

In sum the future work will be, in this matter, to seek into solutions to make the current infrastructure work better instead of constantly adding new systems of mobility (ring road, railway). The question is actually, is there a need for more infrastructures? Or can we recycle the existing network to create new forms of urbanity?

Secondly the theme of waste(d) infrastructure where we consider pollution of the living environment and water system as one of the main threats for the growing city. Zooming in on city scale gave us more insight in the waste management and its flows throughout the city.

During our fieldwork our team from the KU Leuven was enforced by local experts Rudi Hartono, Reny Revariah,Andi Susanto and alumni Aurora Dias Lokita.

75

INTERCONNECTIONS Zooming out to the Borneo’s island we can observe how the connections are made to other cities and regions. The striking fact was, among other, to note that the main artery of the region – the Transkalimantan road – was crossing the city center of Banjarmasin to make the link between Balikpapan (9 hours) and Pontianak (32 hours). This situation has its consequence on the city’s congestion andMempawah justifies, in a way, the attempt of the government to provide an ambitious peripheral road. Now they are plannning a new ring road. But does the new system fit the pattern of the city ?

Sintang PONTIANAK Nangapinoh

1h 25

Tamanglayang

mi nu

Tamanglayang

tes

s ute min 55

Nangatayap

nutes 5 mi

Sukamara

to Bojonegoro

utes min

1h2

Ketapang

Samarinda

BALIKPAPAN

Buntok

Kasongan

5 1h2

To Batam

Tenggarong

Purukcahu

PALANGKARAYA Tamanglayang

Pangkalan bun

Sampit

Pulangpisau Kualakapuas BANJARMASIN

harbour

to Surabaya

to Semarang

airport map that represents the connections to the city of Banjarmasin on Borneo scale

barito river

neigbourhood 8 m harbour road

Section over outer ring road in the harbour area 76

to Semarang and Surabaya

10 m outer ring road

to Bitung

Ring road or a ring of roads ? The profile of the new outer ring road measures 60 m with an exception for the zone in the harbour that will be 50m wide. The inner ring road has a profile of 30m. As becomes visible when you look at the figure the ring road system is based on an existing patterns of streets with an average with of 10m. Implementing the new profile will cause major damage to the surrounding tissue.

The plan is to first complete the inner ring road on short term ( 5 years) and than start with the outer ring road ( aim is to be finished in 2035). The road to the harbour is already under construction because of the expansion of the harbour activities and the warehouse destrict. con nder nly u cur r e wide. m of 3 0 s t r uc t ion: new pr ofi

str eetprofile now is 9 m, in the fut ure this will be 50 m

le

to Surabaya

1

ne o n:

r ofi

le

cti stru con -2016 r e 12 nd ly u de. 20 i r en cur 0m w of 3

1 Ayani road : peak hour (7.30-8.30)=6178 vehicles and 15.45-16.45=6128 vehicles 2

cu of r r e n l 60 y u m n w i der de . 2 cons 01 t r u 1-2 c t 01 ion :n 8 e

2 future double bridge system, Soebarjo : peak hour (7.30-8.30)= 734 vehicles and 15.45-16.45=912 vehicles

wp

w

pr

ofi

outer ring road inner ring road local roads outer ring road under construction overlap new inner ring road under construction alternative outer ring road ring road planned local road planned planned train tracks

le

77 0 0,1 0,2

0,5

1

2km

WASTE(D) INFRASTRUCTURE

TPS point

TPS waste collection point TPST R3 waste depot transfer point waste bank market harbour slum area burn waste

landfill TPA point

dumping of waste in the water abandoned harbour infrastructure 78 0 0,1 0,2

0,5

1

2km

Developing integrated answers to the current pollution is one of the conditions for a healthy environment within the growing city. Many different factors have an impact on the quality of the soil and water such as the mining industry and fish cultivation on the regional scale. Banjarmasin itself has the reputation of being â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; the longest rubbish bin in the world â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;. The nearly 700 000 inhabitants together produce 560 tons waste a day of which 20 % ends up in the river or gets burned by inhabitants. This has a major impact in the pollution of the river and the living environment. By zooming in on city scale and focussing mostly on the cycle of household waste we discovered that what at first sight seemed organized actually consist of efficient small scale systems ( for example waste bank and scavengers) that can create economical and environmental profit. Do these small scale systems hold potentials for improvement and upscaling so they can set sustainable guidelines for the future city ?

Landfill Within the region there are multiple sources that cause pollution of the Martapura river and surroundings.

Antasari market organic material garbage man or individual

TPS

Household

compost

Transfer depot

an-organic material

TPST - recycle point Scavengers

Waste bank sapu sapu garbage boat cleans the river

harbour

individuals who live near the river and who earn money by cleaning recyclable waste and selling it to the garbage bank

export

recycle industry at Java island

scheme of waste flow

The list of goods that can be sold to the waste bank. The waste bank has created a system on RT scale where it offers people the chance to earn money by selling their garbage. Besides the economical value it also has a social, environmental and educational function. Head of the Regional Environmental Banjarmasin, Drs Hamdi said, there have been 30 waste bank in Banjarmasin, of these activities are generating value for money Rp30 million per month.

79

Jalan Trans

Kalimantan

WATER AND ROAD: juxtaposition or interplay

2

1

3 Jala

Jal

an

lin

ka

rS

ela

t an

Ba

n ja

rm

asi

nJ

en

dA

. Ya

ni r

oa

4

d

n Jala

main artery: trans kalimantan network artery collector

. Ya

ni r

oad

waste managment

local neighbourhood

burning in water

swamp area

waste system in drainage

swamp area 8m

nJ

A end

section 1 over Sungai Tabuk Kota area

cannal

8M

paddy field

swamp area 8M

80

river 8m

cannal

paddy field

section 2 over Telok Selong area 0 10

20m

Artery 1 m1 m

Martapura

3.5 m

1.5 m

3.5 m

1m

Collector .75 1 m Banjarbaru

Local .75 1 m

3.5 m

Neighbourhood different types of roads

.25 1 m

2.75 m

SECTION 1: A. YANI - BANJARMASIN

0

1

2

5

10km

SECTION 1: A. YANI - BANJARMASIN

section 3 over Jalan Jend A. Yani road

swamp area

small scale housing

ca

commercial activities 28m

SECTION 2: A. YANI - OUTSIDE THE CITY

section 4 Jalan Jend A. Yani road

swamp area

SECTION 2: A. YANI - OUTSIDE THE CITY

industrial lot 20m

commercial activities

field

81

WATER AND ROAD: bridges as connectors

large scale bridge medium scale bride small scale bridge hybrid terminal future hybrid terminal informal terminals

looking back in history we even can see that the bridges had a different design, providing full acces to the canals

As we can see on this picture the bridges were often used as public space offering an overview on the city.

public transportation hub 82

0 0,1 0,2

0,5

1

2km

Bridges constitutes important infrastructural elements where the water and road systems cross/meet The best way to mention the interrelation between water and road infrastructure is by looking at their crossing point, in other words, bridges. By doing so we realised how bridge constitutes important infrastructural elements.

Indeed, bridges can act as hubs, intense points of social, functional and economical activities where the formal and informal are coming together as complementary systems that support each other. But Banjarmasin contains probably more than 400 bridges and that frequency is often obstructing a certain numbers of canals throughout the city.

And even if the spaces around the bridges are intensely used, the bridge itself is often a space of transition and not a somewhere to be still. Maybe it is the occasion to create new civic point in the city that could give character where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sometimes lacking.

small scale bridge

informal terminal

large scale bridge

formal terminal

bridges as points where the water system and road system meet

bridges can act as hubs, where the formal and informal are coming together

bad engineering / design can cause transportation and pollution problems Looking at the map we see that some rivers, canals became almost unrecognizable because of the amount of small scale bridges 83

PARTNERS & PARTICIPANTS

PARTNERS

PARTICIPANTS

UN-HABITAT Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bruno Dercon Nini Purjawati Agung Ramadhan

City of Banjarmasin Government Miftahani Zakiati Shirley Adillah Raudati Hildayati Andi Susanto Jony Rakhman

YKKS/P5 UNDIP Holi Bina Wijaya Achmad Rifai Indra Hadi PEMDA BANJARMASIN Fajar Desira Windiasti Kartika & team K.U. LEUVEN Bruno de Meulder Guido Geenen Tom Van Mieghem Cynthia Susilo Stefanie Dens ARCADIS Bert Smolders David Osorio Robert Titus Alex Brook Fransisco Bernadeth Nuri

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South Kalimantan Province Government Theodorik Rizal Manik Teguh Iman University of Lambung Mangkurat Rudi Hartono Reny Revariah Indah Mutia IAP South Kalimantan Bachtiar Noor Ermawan Rekshi Wibowo University of Diponegoro Maya Damayanti Ministry of Public Works and Housing Rekyan Puruhita Sari

KULeuven Participants Sheeba Amir Claire Bosmans Spandan Das Kathleen De Beukelaer Eleni Kasselouri Quynh Nhu Le Ashim Manna Isabelle Matton Amaranta Vargas Mendoza Tarek Morad Marion Mukolwe Saima Musharrat Danny Osorio MichaĂŤl Stas Joyce Stijnen Sadia Subrina Trung Vinh Tran Emerald Upoma Baidya Hanne Van Gils Valentine Van den Eynde Indonesian KUL Alumni Aurora Dias Lokita Yantri Dewi Vidya Spaye

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Banjarmasin, Indonesia

RIVER & ROAD AS WARP & WOOF Interweaving Ecologies and Economies in the deltaic Territory, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

Banjarmasin had a population of 625 000 in 2010 and is moving fastly towards the one million inhabitants. The city is laced with floodprone waterways, influenced by the ebb tide of the Java Sea. At a certain moment it counted more then hundred canals, creeks and riverways. Following this contemporary pace of development, the existing city and its lowlying flood prone periphery are being overlaid with a new scale of urban fabric and programs. New infrastructures and allotments adequately canalize development but, in general, and in so the Studio aims to explore ( and simultaneously test) in strategic projects development visions for Banjarmasin that could guide its sustainable development in spatial and socioeconomic and cultural terms.

MaHS, MaUSP Spring Design Studio 2015 Leuven, Belgium