RECYCLING

le grafiche sono realizzate mediante tecnologia TTI (Text to Image) ovvero tramite un algoritmo di intelligenza artificiale che interpreta prompt basati sulle parole chiave relative agli argomenti trattati nel presente volume degli atti.

the graphics are produced using TTI (Text to Image) technology: an artificial intelligence algorithm that interprets keyword-based prompts related to the topics covered in this volume of proceedings.

los gráficos se elaboran mediante la tecnología TTI (Text to Image): un algoritmo de inteligencia artificial que interpreta indicaciones basadas en palabras clave relacionadas con los temas tratados en este volumen de actas.

Atti del V Convegno Internazionale

Il valore della materia nella transizione ecologica del settore delle costruzioni

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference

The value of building materials in the ecological transition of the construction sector

Acta de el V Congreso Internacional

El valor de la materia en la transición ecológica en el sector de las construcciones

a cura di | edited by | editado por Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Laura Calcagnini

Antonio Magarò

ISBN: 979-12-5953-046-2

Anteferma Edizioni Srl via Asolo 12, Conegliano, TV edizioni@anteferma.it

Prima edizione: maggio 2023

Progetto grafico

Antonio Magarò

www.conferencerecycling.com

Copyright

Questo lavoro è distribuito sotto Licenza Creative Commons

Attribuzione - Non commerciale - No opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale

Il valore della materia nella transizione ecologica del settore delle costruzioni

The value of building materials in the ecological transition of the construction sector

El valor de la materia en la transición ecológica en el sector de las construcciones

COMITATO SCIENTIFICO

Rossano Albatici - Università degli Studi di Trento

Paola Altamura - Sapienza Università di Roma

Adolfo F. L. Baratta - Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Graziella Bernardo - Università degli Studi della Basilicata

Laura Calcagnini - Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Eliana Cangelli - Sapienza Università di Roma

Agostino Catalano - Università degli Studi del Molise

Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca - Universitat Politècnica de València (Spagna)

Giuseppe Cultrone - Universidad de Granada, Spagna

Michela Dalprà - Università degli Studi di Trento

Michele Di Sivo - Università degli Studi “Gabriele D’Annunzio”

Carlos Alberto Duica Cuervo - Universidad El Bosque (Colombia)

Ornella Fiandaca - Università degli Studi di Messina

Camilo Alberto Forero Pineda - Universidad de Boyacà Tunja (Colombia)

Fabio Enrique Forero Suarez - Universidad El Bosque (Colombia)

Francesca Giglio - Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria

Roberto Giordano - Politecnico di Torino

Martino Hutz - Technische Universität Wien (Austria)

Rafaella Lione - Università degli Studi di Messina

Antonio Magarò - Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Luigi Marino - Università degli Studi di Firenze

Luigi Mollo - Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”

Antonello Monsù Scolaro - Università degli Studi di Sassari

Florian Musso - Technische Universität München (Germania)

Luis Manuel Palmero Iglesias - Universitat Politècnica de València (Spagna)

Francisco Palomino Bernal - Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Guzmán (Messico)

Elisabetta Palumbo - Università degli Studi di Bergamo

Claudio Piferi - Università degli Studi di Firenze

Hector Saul Quintana Ramirez - Universidad de Boyacá Sogamoso (Colombia)

Ramiro Rodríguez Pérez - Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Guzmán (Messico)

Alessandro Rogora - Politecnico di Milano

Monica Rossi Schwarzenback – HTWK Leipzig (Germania)

Andrés Salas Montoya - Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Colombia)

Camilla Sansone - Università degli Studi del Molise

Marzia Traverso - RWTH Aachen University (Germania)

Antonella Violano - Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”

Jacopo Andreotti – Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Massimo Mariani – Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Antonella G. Masanotti – Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Daniele Mazzoni – Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Mónica Alexandra Muñoz Veloza - Politecnico di Torino

Luca Trulli – Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Indice Table of Contents Índice

Premessa / Foreward / Prólogo

Premessa. Il Riciclaggio come processo creativo di innovazione

Foreword. Recycling as a creative process of innovation

Adolfo F. L. Baratta - Laura Calcagnini - Antonio Magarò

Saggi / Essays / Ensayos

_26

Decarbonizzazione dei manufatti edilizi: metodologie per la valutazione della Whole Life Carbon e focus sulla fase di fine vita

Decarbonising buildings: Whole Life Carbon assessment methods and end-of-life stage focusing

Jacopo Andreotti - Roberto Giordano

Re-manufacturing and re-use practices for extending the value of short-life building components

Nazly Atta - Anna Dalla Valle - Serena Giorgi - Salvatore

Viscuso

Il vetro piano in edilizia: dati e considerazioni in merito a produzione e riciclo

Flat glass in the construction industry: production and recycling data and considerations

Maria Antonia Barucco

Vivienda circular: Minimización de impactos ambientales y residuos de la construcción

Circular housing: minimizing environmental impacts and construction waste

Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca - Juan Francisco Palomino

Bernal - Ramiro Rodríguez Pérez

Lost in transition. The burden of material resources for renewable energy sources

Massimiliano Condotta - Chiara Scanagatta - Elisa Zatta

La gestione dei rifiuti edili in Europa: stato dell’arte e prospettive future

Construction waste management in Europe: state of the art and prospects

Marco Giampaoletti - Fabrizio Amadei

Dalla cultura del riciclo alle buone pratiche

From the recycling culture to the best practices

Enza Santoro - Gigliola Ausiello

Ricerche / Researches / Investigaciones

Stampa 3D in argilla e lolla di riso. Dall’architettura al design per la transizione ecologica

3D printing in clay and rice husk. From architecture to design for the ecological transition

Paola Altamura - Anna Chiara Perotta

La circolarità delle risorse come driver d’innovazione nel settore dei laterizi

Circularity of resources as a driver of innovation in the brick sector

Jacopo Andreotti

Il rovesciamento della piramide. Superiuso dei Termovalorizzatori di Colleferro

The reverse Pyramid. Superuse of Colleferro Incinerators

Serena Baiani - Paola Altamura - Gabriele Rossini

Note per la lettura ambientale di uno stock edilizio scolastico

Notes for the environmental survey of a school buildings’ stock

Roberto Bosco - Savino Giacobbe - Renata Valente

_158

L’evoluzione normativa dei Criteri Ambientali Minimi per l’economia circolare nel settore edile: materia riciclata e disassemblabilità dei prodotti

The regulatory evolution of Minimum Environmental Criteria for the circular economy in the building sector: recycled material and disassemblability of products

Laura Calcagnini

_174

Territorial Ecosystem for circular economies: Eco3R research project

Guido Callegari - Guglielmo Ricciardi - Giuseppe Roccasalva - Paolo Simeone

_184

BIM for recycling management in architectural design

Agostino Catalano - Luigi Mollo - Camilla Sansone

_194

L’innovazione circolare dei blocchi per murature: soluzioni che nobilitano il rifiuto

The circular innovation of wall blocks: solutions that ennoble waste

Alessandra Cernaro

_210

Contribución a la economía circular:incorporación de vidrio en la producción de ladrillos

Contributing to the circular economy: glass addition in brick making Laura Crespo-López - Giuseppe Cultrone

_220

Modelo International Standards para la sostenibilidad de edificios (Etapa de uso y mantenimiento)

International Standards Model for Building Sustainability (Stage of use and maintenance)

Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca - Consuelo Gómez-GómezAndrés Salas Montoya

_236

Harvest map of tangible and intangible resources in Watamu for sustainable architecture

Stefania De Gregorio

_248

Estudiando el pasado para construir el futuro. La Arquitectura Vernácula y su aporte a la construcción del futuro como medida de mitigación del cambio climático

Carlos Alberto Duica Cuervo

_262

L’innovazione tecnologica dei serramenti in PVC verso “modelli di produzione e consumo sostenibili”

The technological innovation of PVC window-frames toward production and consumption sustainable models

Ornella Fiandaca

_274

Valutazioni multicriteriali per l’efficienza nei processi di riciclaggio

Multicriteria evaluation for recycling process efficiency

Fabrizio Finucci - Antonella G. Masanotti - Daniele Mazzoni

_286

Fotovoltaico tra prestazione e sostenibilità: una sfida per il futuro

Photovoltaics between performance and sustainability: a challenge for the future

Letizia Giusti - Marianna Rotilio - Gianni Di Giovanni

_296

Il riutilizzo di spolia edili: Qasr Rabba in Giordania. Un caso esemplare

The reuse of building spolia: Qasr Rabba in Jordan. An exemplary case

Jacqueline Gysens Calzini - Luigi Marino

_308

Calcestruzzo con aggregati di laterizio riciclato. Machine learning per la previsione prestazionale e trattamento dei dati per la gestione dell’errore

Recycled brick aggregate concrete. Machine Learning for performance prediction and data processing for error management

Antonio Magarò

_366

Assessing the externalities of a waste management system via life cycle costing: The case study of the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy)

Chiara Magrini - Alessandro Dal Pozzo - Alessandra Bonoli

Potenzialità d’utilizzo nell’ambiente costruito delle risorse di prossimità

Potential use of proximity resources in the built environment

Marco Migliore - Matteo Clementi - Giancarlo Paganin

Scarti di granito e cave dismesse per futuri scenari eco-innovativi in Sardegna

Granite scraps and abandoned quarries for future eco-innovative scenarios in Sardinia

Antonello Monsù Scolaro - Cheren Cappello

Valutazione BIM-based ex ante dei rifiuti da C&D per la demolizione selettiva

BIM-based preliminary C&D waste assessment for selective demolition

Marina Rigillo - Giuliano Galluccio - Federica ParagliolaSara Piccirillo - Sergio Tordo

Concretos de alta resistencia con humo de sílice y con diferentes fuentes de agregados gruesos

High strength concretes with silica fume and three different sources of coarse aggregates

Andrés Salas Montoya - Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca

_376

Circular strategies within building processes: emerging needs and perspectives

Cinzia Talamo - Giancarlo Paganin - Nazly Atta

_390

Il vetro piano: potenziale inespresso di un rifiuto da costruzione e demolizione

Flat Glass: untapped potential of a construction and demolition waste

Luca Trulli

Architetture / Architectures / Arquitecturas

Valorización de residuos de producción industrial en elementos de cierre de edificios

The valorisation of industrial production waste in building closure elements Graziella Bernardo - Luis Manuel Palmero Iglesias

_418

Architectural jam sessions. Harmonized improvisations from recycled components in Casamatta, Mulini di Gurone, Malnate, Italy

Gian Luca Brunetti

Il recladding degli edifici per uffici. Un esempio applicato di progettazione integrata

The recladding of office buildings. An applied example of integrated design Michele Conteduca - Valerio Fonti

_442

Riuso e riciclo di elementi e componenti prefabbricati per gli stadi di Qatar 2022

Reuse and recycling of prefabricated elements and components for Qatar 2022 stadiums

Massimo Mariani

Construcción circular en asentamientos informales: de residuos a hogares

Circular construction in informal settlements: from waste to home Mónica Alexandra Muñoz Veloza

Esperienze di progetto attraverso processi di “urban mining” Design experiences through “urban mining” processes

Alessandro Rogora - Paola Leardini

_482

C’erano una volta vecchi attrezzi e scarti agricoli: il progetto di un Parco Circolare

Once upon a time there were disused farm tools and agricultural wastes: the Circular Park project

Silvia Tedesco - Elena Montacchini - Annalisa Gino - Jacopo Gasparotto

Ringraziamenti / Acknowledgment / Agradecimientos

Acknowledgement _496

Ringraziamenti

Premessa Foreword Prólogo

Foreword. Recycling as a creative process of innovation

Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Laura Calcagnini

Antonio Magarò

Now in its fifth edition, it is customary to introduce the Proceedings of this series of International Conferences on the topic of material resource management with an anecdote from the animal kingdom. In the first edition, “Recycling as a virtuous practice for sustainable design,” the tilapía, a freshwater fish that grows fast and costs little [Baratta and Catalano, 2015] was described; in the second edition, “Recycling as a resource for sustainable design,” the hermit crab, a crustacean that for its frequent changes of “home” recycles human waste [Baratta and Catalano, 2017] was described; in the third edition, “Recycling waste and drosses in buildings,” the gardener bower bird, a fowl that decorates its nest with scraps and waste [Baratta, 2019] was described; in the fourth edition, “Pre-

Figura 1. Zophobas Morio [disegno di (drawn by) Adolfo F. L. Baratta].

Premessa. Il Riciclaggio come processo creativo di innovazione

Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Laura Calcagnini

Antonio Magarò

Giunti alla quinta edizione, è oramai consuetudine introdurre gli Atti di questo ciclo di Convegni Internazionali sul tema della gestione delle risorse materiche con un aneddoto proveniente dal regno degli animali. Nella prima edizione “Il riciclaggio come pratica virtuosa per il progetto sostenibile” è stata descritta la tilapía, un pesce d’acqua dolce che cresce in fretta e costa poco [Baratta e Catalano, 2015]; nella seconda edizione “Il riciclaggio come risorsa per il progetto sostenibile” è stato descritto il paguro, un crostaceo che nei suoi frequenti cambi di “casa” si trova a riciclare i rifiuti umani [Baratta e Catalano, 2017]; nella terza edizione “Il riciclaggio di scarti e rifiuti in edilizia” è stato descritto l’uccello giardiniere, un volatile che arreda il proprio nido con scarti e rifiuti [Baratta, 2019]; nella quarta edizione “Pre-Free-Up-Down-Re-Cycle. Pratiche tradizionali e tecnologie innovative per l’end of waste” è stato descritto il coleottero stercorario, uno scarabeo che dimostra come sia possibile ridurre l’estrazione di risorse naturali a favore di un processo di recupero e riciclo di scarti [Baratta, 2021]. In questa quinta edizione, “Il valore della materia nella transizione ecologica del settore delle costruzioni”, gli Atti sono introdotti dalla descrizione del Zophobas Morio, un piccolo verme conosciuto in Italia con il nome comune di caimano. La diffusione della plastica è tale che alcuni scienziati hanno proposto di chiamare “Plasticene” l’epoca che parte dagli anni Cinquanta dello scorso secolo. Il polietilene costituisce il 30% della produzione complessiva di plastica e viene utilizzato per la produzione di imballaggi e sacchetti, una parte significativa dell’inquinamento da plastica a livello mondiale. Uno studio, descritto sulla rivista Microbial Genomics nell’edizione del 9 giungo 2022 e condotto dagli scienziati della School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences presso l’Università del Queensland in Australia, ha scoperto che la larva del Zophobas Morio è in grado di assimilare rifiuti di plastica [University of Queensland, 2022]. Questo piccolo animale è capace di mangiare e digerire le sostanze a base di plastica grazie a un enzima batterico presente nel suo apparato digerente. La scoperta è interessante non

Free-Up-Down-Re-Cycle. Traditional solutions and innovative technologies for the End of Waste” the dung beetle, a beetle that demonstrates how it is possible to reduce the extraction of natural resources in favor of a waste recovery and recycling process [Baratta, 2021] was described. In this fifth edition, “The Value of Matter in the Ecological Transition of the Construction Sector,” the Proceedings are introduced by a description of Zophobas Morio, a small worm known in Italy by the common name of caiman. The spread of plastics is such that some scientists have proposed calling the era since the 1950s “Plasticene.” Polyethylene makes up 30 percent of total plastic production and is used to make packaging and bags, a significant part of global plastic pollution.

A study, described in the journal Microbial Genomics in the June 9, 2022 edition and conducted by scientists at the School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences at the University of Queensland in Australia, found that the larva of the Zophobas Morio is able of assimilating plastic waste [University of Queensland, 2022]. This tiny animal can eat and digest plastic-based substances thanks to a bacterial enzyme in its digestive system. The discovery is interesting not so much for the possibility of disposing of millions of metric cubes of plastic through these animals, but for understanding what biochemical processes allow the degradation of this material and try to replicate them [Cong et al., 2023]. This is the point: the potential of research and technological innovation. Many of the papers published in this volume begin with a warning: the construction sector is energy-intensive, is responsible for large amounts of emissions into the atmosphere and consumes a huge amount of resources; those resources that, on the contrary, we should be called upon to preserve for future generations. The construction sector is responsible for more than 34 percent of energy demand and about 37 percent of total CO2 emissions. Of the latter, about one-third are due to the production of materials according to traditional production processes, i.e., which do not adopt practices related to the use of secondary raw materials. Globally, the waste produced by construction, renovation and demolition actions is about 100 billion tons per year, of which, 35 percent is simply landfilled, with no alternative pathways of reuse provided for it. The consumption of raw materials, in relation to the production of materials such as steel, concrete and cement, will double by 2060, together with greenhouse gas emissions [UNEP, 2022].

tanto per la possibilità di smaltire milioni di metricubi di plastica attraverso questi animali, quanto per comprendere quali processi biochimici consentano la degradazione di questo materiale per provare a replicarli [Cong et al., 2023]. Il punto sta proprio nelle potenzialità della ricerca e dell’innovazione tecnologica. Molti dei contributi pubblicati nel presente volume iniziano con un monito: il settore delle costruzioni è energivoro, è responsabile di grandi quantità di emissioni nell’atmosfera, consuma un’enorme quantità di risorse; quelle risorse che, al contrario, dovremmo essere chiamati a preservare per le generazioni future. Al settore delle costruzioni si imputa oltre il 34% della domanda di energia e circa il 37% delle emissioni complessive di CO2. Di queste ultime, circa un terzo sono dovute alla produzione di materiali secondo processi produttivi tradizionali, ovvero che non adottano pratiche legate all’impiego di materie prime seconde. A livello mondiale, i rifiuti prodotti dalle azioni di costruzione, ristrutturazione e demolizione sono circa 100 miliardi di tonnellate l’anno, dei quali, il 35% viene semplicemente conferito in discarica, senza che per esso siano previsti percorsi alternativi di reimpiego. Il consumo di materie prime, in relazione alla produzione di materiali quali acciaio, calcestruzzo e cemento, raddoppierà entro il 2060, di pari passo con le emissioni di gas serra [UNEP, 2022].

Eppure, l’Italia sta provando a invertire la tendenza e inizia ad avere delle performance interessanti.

Intanto, per iniziare, il nostro Paese si riconferma leader in Europa per tasso di riciclo a parimerito con la Francia. Nonostante una generale flessione dei dati globali, con il tasso di circolarità sceso dal 9,1% all’8,6% tra il 2018 e il 2020, l’Italia si colloca al primo posto nella classifica dei principali indicatori di circolarità. Per fare alcuni esempi: il consumo annuo pro-capite di materiali ammonta a 7,5 tonnellate in Italia, contro una media europea di 13,5 tonnellate. Il tasso di uso circolare della materia raggiunge il 21,6% contro una media europea del 12,8% corrispondente a una quota di riciclo complessiva del 68%, quasi il doppio della media europea (35%) [CEN, ENEA, 2022]. Ovviamente siamo ancora lontani dal raggiungere un comportamento virtuoso. Vale la pena ricordare che il 78,4% della nostra economia non è circolare, ma si affida al consumo di risorse naturali vergini. Per questo motivo, i produttori, i professionisti, gli studiosi e gli stakeholders del mondo della produzione non possono restare indifferenti al richiamo internazionale sull’importanza del riciclaggio. Anche quest’anno, il 18 mar-

Yet, Italy is trying to turn the tide and is beginning to have some interesting performances.

Meanwhile our country once again leads Europe in recycling rates, tied with France. Despite a general decline in global data, with the circularity rate dropping from 9.1 percent to 8.6 percent between 2018 and 2020, Italy takes first place in the ranking of key circularity indicators. To give some examples: per capita annual material consumption amounts to 7.5 tons in Italy, compared to a European average of 13.5 tons. The circular material use rate reaches 21.6 percent against a European average of 12.8 percent corresponding to an overall recycling rate of 68 percent, almost double the European average (35 percent) [CEN, ENEA, 2022].

Of course, we are still far from achieving virtuous behavior. It is worth mentioning that 78.4 percent of our economy is not circular, but relies on the consumption of virgin natural resources. For this reason, manufacturers, professionals, scholars and stakeholders in the manufacturing world cannot remain indifferent to the international call on the importance of recycling.

Again, this year, Global Recycling Day was celebrated on March 18 through with thousands of events around the world. The use of social media allowed for the launch of initiatives in which people from all parts of the planet participated, giving rise to a global discussion on the issues of recycling, virtuous practices, and the limits and potential offered by technology today. This year’s theme was “Creative Innovations”: this is an invitation to each citizen to approach recycling in a creative and innovative way, with the aim of achieving effectiveness, including thinking outside the box.

Previous editions of the International Recycling Conference had already suggested a creative approach: the 3R rule, which later became the 5R rule, and a final proposal to use a sixth [Baratta, 2021]. The last edition intended to broaden the horizons to Recycling practices, talking about Precycling, Upcycling and Downcycling, all the way to Freecycling: all proactive ways of reducing, reusing, recycling.

Comparably, the 5th International Recycling Conference was born with a specific goal: to suggest overcoming the apparent opposition between producer, consumer and the world of research.

In this regard, research has a duty to make concrete and realistic proposals. Several research in the field of materials and production processes are de-

zo è stato celebrato il Global Recycling Day, attraverso lo svolgimento di migliaia di eventi nel mondo. L’impiego della comunicazione social ha consentito il lancio di iniziative alle quali hanno partecipato persone di ogni parte del pianeta, dando vita a un confronto globale sui temi del riciclaggio, delle pratiche virtuose, dei limiti e delle potenzialità che sono offerte oggi dalla tecnologia.

Il tema di quest’anno è stato “Creative Innovations”: si tratta di un invito a ciascun cittadino ad approcciarsi al riciclaggio in maniera creativa e innovativa, con lo scopo di conseguire efficacia, anche pensando fuori dagli schemi. Le edizioni precedenti del Convegno Internazionale Recycling avevano già suggerito un approccio creativo: la regola delle 3R, diventata poi quella delle 5R, vedeva una proposta di utilizzarne una sesta [Baratta, 2021]. L’ultima edizione intendeva allargare lo spettro alle pratiche del Recycling, parlando di Precycling, Upcycling e Downcycling, fino ad arrivare al Freecycling: tutti modi proattivi di ridurre, riutilizzare e riciclare.

Sulla medesima scia, la V edizione del Convegno Internazionale Recycling nasce con un obiettivo preciso: suggerire il superamento dell’apparente contrapposizione tra produttore, consumatore e mondo della ricerca.

A tal proposito, la ricerca ha l’obbligo di fare proposte concrete e realistiche. Nel volume sono descritte diverse ricerche nel settore dei materiali e dei processi produttivi, in particolare nei settori produttivi del laterizio, del vetro, del cemento e calcestruzzo, dei materiali metallici e delle plastiche.

Nel settore dei componenti edilizi, il volume riporta alcune esperienze di ricerca molto interessanti relative soprattutto ai serramenti e ai componenti di involucro, riconfermando la pelle dell’edificio al centro dell’attenzione del mondo dell’innovazione, in ogni fase del suo ciclo di vita.

Creatività e innovazione riguardano anche il procedimento, includendo nel ciclo di vita dell’edificio le fasi ulteriori alla produzione: su questo tema, si rinnovano le pratiche LCA nella End of Life dell’edificio, così come si studia con interesse la fase d’uso e di manutenzione del costruito.

Il volume presenta anche ricerche intersettoriali che valutano la possibilità di riciclare scarti di altri settori produttivi, come quelli agroalimentari, con le pratiche di additive manufacturing nel settore delle costruzioni. Infine, nel V Convegno Internazionale Recycling si sfiora anche il tema delle intelligenze artificiali in relazione al riciclaggio dei materiali.

Sperimentando i predittori di linguaggio e gli algoritmi Text to Image, le gra-

scribed in the volume, particularly in the production sectors of brick, glass, cement and concrete, metal materials and plastics. In the field of building components, the volume reports some very interesting research experiences about windows and doors and envelope components, reconfirming the building cladding at the center of attention of the world of innovation, at every stage of its life cycle. Creativity and innovation also concern the building process, including in the life cycle of the building the phases further to production: on this theme, LCA practices on the building End of Life are renewed, as well as the use and maintenance phase of the building is studied with interest. The volume also presents cross-sectoral research that evaluates the possibility of recycling waste from other production sectors, such as agribusiness, with additive manufacturing practices in the construction sector. Finally, the 5th International Recycling Conference also touches on the topic of artificial intelligences in relation to materials recycling. Experimenting with language predictors and Text to Image algorithms, the graphics in the proceedings volume were filtered by artificial intelligence algorithms, currently at the center of the debate on new technologies. In this regard, the editors wanted to test what was the visual scenario, of a world that learned its lesson on recycling, according to the virtual eyes of an artificial intelligence.

Probably during the next edition, artificial intelligence-based technologies will be more widespread and we will understand their potential more fully, perhaps when they begin to be transformed into services. By then, the smart transition that the city is facing from the perspective of accessibility, transportation, and infrastructure can be complemented by the most advanced recycling practices, and, as there have been the slogans “Zero emissions” and “Zero land consumption,” the motto will be “Zero waste.”

fiche del volume degli atti sono state filtrate dagli algoritmi di intelligenza artificiale, attualmente al centro del dibattito sulle nuove tecnologie. A tal proposito, i curatori hanno voluto testare quale fosse la restituzione visuale, di un mondo che ha appreso la lezione sul riciclaggio, secondo gli occhi virtuali di un’intelligenza artificiale. Probabilmente nel corso della prossima edizione, le tecnologie basate sull’intelligenza artificiale saranno più diffuse e ne comprenderemo più a fondo le potenzialità, magari quando inizieranno a trasformarsi in servizi: per allora, la transizione smart che la città sta affrontando dal punto di vista dell’accessibilità, dei trasporti e delle infrastrutture, potrà essere integrata dalle più evolute pratiche di riciclaggio e, come ci sono stati gli slogan “Zero emissioni” e “Zero consumo di suolo”, il motto sarà “Zero rifiuti”.

Referenze bibliografiche

Baratta, A. [2019]. Il riciclaggio di scarti e rifiuti in edilizia. Dal downcycling all’upcycling verso gli obiettivi di economia circolare, Roma: Timia edizioni.

Baratta, A. [2021]. Pre | Free – Up | Down – Re | Cycle. Pratiche tradizionali e innovative per l’End of Waste, Conegliano, Treviso: Anteferma edizioni.

Baratta, A.; Catalano, A. [2015]. Il riciclaggio come pratica virtuosa per il progetto sostenibile, Pisa: Edizioni ETS.

Baratta, A.; Catalano, A. [2017]. I rifiuti come risorsa per il progetto sostenibile, Palermo: Dario Flaccovio Editore.

CEN, ENEA [2022]. “4° Rapporto sull’economia circolare in Italia. La sfida è sostenere la ripresa e diminuire il consumo di risorse”, disponibile da https://circulareconomynetwork.it/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ Rapporto-sulleconomia-circolare-2022-CEN.pdf (Ultima consultazione 31.03.2023).

Cong, C.; Li-Qun, Z.; Wenjun, J. [2023]. “Biodegrading plastics with a synthetic non-biodegradable enzyme”, Chem, 9, 2, pp. 363-376.

UNEP [2022]. “Global status report for buildings and construction”, disponibile da https://globalabc.org/our-work/tracking-progress-global-status-report (Ultima consultazione 31.03.2023).

University of Queensland [2022]. “Superworms capable of munching through plastic waste”, disponibile da www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/954751 (Ultima consultazione 31.03.2023).

Saggi Essays Ensayos

Decarbonizzazione dei manufatti edilizi: metodologie per la valutazione della Whole Life Carbon e focus sulla fase di fine vita

Decarbonising buildings: Whole Life Carbon assessment methods and end-of-life stage focusing

Jacopo Andreotti _jacopo.andreotti@uniroma3.it

Ph.D. Student

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Dipartimento di Architettura

Roberto Giordano _roberto.giordano@polito.it

Professore Associato

Politecnico di Torino

Dipartimento di Architettura e Design

Summary

In recent decades, the dependence of human activities on fossil fuels and linear economic models (produce, use, and throw away) have caused the emission of vast quantities of GreenHouse Gas (GHG) into the atmosphere, causing the rise of the earth’s temperature. In response to climate change, world governments have signed several pacts to reduce GHG emissions and limit temperature rise to 2050 below 1.5°C. In this context, the European Union has shown to be sensitive to environmental issues and a promoter of a network of plans to tackle global warming. Among the main areas of intervention, the construction sector is predominant in pursuing decarbonisation by 2050.

Being able to manage and control the emissions in the life cycle of a building becomes a pivotal element in reaching decarbonisation’s objectives. It is, therefore, necessary to develop methods and tools for measuring all stages of the life cycle of buildings, from construction to final disposal. The paper deals with some results of the research project “Tool for Decarbonisation”, promoted by the Green Building Council Italy in collaboration with the Department of Architecture and Design of the Politecnico di Torino. The research aims to develop an accounting methodology for the Embodied Carbon in all the stages of a building’s life cycle.

The research outcomes contribute to assessing the building’s Whole Life Carbon. Finally, the paper focuses on the final stages of the building’s life cycle, highlighting the complexity of accounting Embodied Carbon in the End-of-Life stages and the different influence on reducing emissions caused by Construction and Demolition waste.

Circular Economy, Decarbonise, Embodied Carbon, End-of-Life, Whole Life Carbon

Re-manufacturing and re-use practices for extending the value of short-life building components

Nazly Atta _nazly.atta@polimi.it

Assistant Professor

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction

Engineering

Anna Dalla Valle _anna.dalla@polimi.it

Assistant Professor

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering

Serena Giorgi _serena.giorgi@polimi.it

Research fellow

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering

Salvatore Viscuso _salvatore.viscuso@polimi.it

Assistant Professor

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering

Summary

Tertiary buildings are characterized by quick cycles of renewal and reconfiguration of interior spaces, determining fast functional obsolescence and frequent reshaping activities. Hence, the majority of tertiary sector waste consists of products characterized by high residual value.

Aiming at making the most of the potential unexploited useful life of building elements – according to a circular economy perspective – the present paper introduces re-manufacturing, recondition, re-use and repurpose as winning strategies for reducing tertiary sector waste and extending the lifecycle of products. In this perspective, the contribution shows the key results of two experimentations conducted within the project “Re-NetTA (Re-manufacturing Networks for Tertiary Architectures). New organizational models and tools for re-manufacturing and re-using short life components coming from tertiary buildings renewal”.

The experimentations focus on the development and testing of new circular organizational models for extending the lifecycle of short-term products, through the active involvement of key stakeholders of the sector. Afterward, an overview of the main challenges and opportunities for the application of virtuous circular processes within building sector is outlined, together with the definition of “enabling” conditions for the spreading of circular practices in the construction sector, referring to product design, information traceability and value-chain.

Circular economy; Organizational model; Reuse; Re-manufacturing; Stakeholder networks

Il vetro piano in edilizia: dati e considerazioni in merito a produzione e riciclo

Flat glass in the construction industry: production and recycling data and considerations

Maria Antonia Barucco _barucco@iuav.it

Professore Associato

Università Iuav di Venezia

Dipartimento di Culture del progetto

Summary

Flat glass production is a massive industry. Much of the glass is used in the construction industry, but not only that, other sectors such as automotive, energy and glass for technological devices spur innovation. The data on recycled glass are comforting, but the end-of-life and flat glass recycling chain can improve and innovate in view of new targets related to the upcycling of secondary raw materials.

To do this, policies, tools and working methods are needed which, based on transparency and communication, can open new horizons for development, work and research.

The paper proposes an interpretation of the glass industry based on the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s considerations of the circular economy, it is proposed to characterise the recycling of flat glass (especially that used in the construction sector) in such a way as to enhance research, innovation and the development of recycling-oriented supply chains.

Flat glass, Production, Recycling, Policies, Innovation

Vivienda circular:

Circular housing: minimizing environmental impacts and construction waste

Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca _fabiola.colmenero@aulagrupo.es

Postdoctoral researcher, Dr. Arquitecta The American University of Europe

Training Department

Juan Francisco Palomino Bernal _juan.pb@cdguzman.tecnm.mx

Mtro. Arquitecto

Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Guzmán

Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra

Ramiro Rodríguez Pérez _ramiro.rp@cdguzman.tecnm.mx

Mtro. Arquitecto

Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Guzmán

Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra

Minimización de impactos ambientales y residuos de la construcción

Summary

The analysis of the life cycle of a house allows us to know the amount of waste generated and the consumption of resources necessary for its construction, which makes them transform the environment in which they are available. That is why the objective of this article is to analyze the consumption of resources, waste, and the impacts generated by housing on the environment from the control of resources, CO2 emissions, and traceability of trash, to contribute to the transformation of housing construction towards circularity, to apply strategies from design to construction and then its maintenance for the minimization of environmental impact. For this, a methodology was designed that starts by studying raw material, recycling, and their life cycle, from manufacturing, distribution, use, repair, maintenance, and finally, waste. This allowed us to find parameters to quantify environmental impact through the toolkit. A comparison of the same house built with conventional materials and then with natural materials was made, verifying the circularity of the same; later, it was confirmed with the ISO 14040 standard: the Life Cycle Assessment, which focuses on an inventory of the relevant inputs and outputs of the system, evaluating the possible environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs, and interprets the results of the inventory and impact phases about the objectives of the study. Finally, the data were quantitatively contrasted with the support of the Energy Building Modeling (BIM) program and the Toolkit tool.

The results show that twice the consumption of resources is required if it is done with conventional material; however, in terms of costs, it is more economical, which also means a more significant impact on the environment of its manufacturing process.

Circular housing, Sustainability, Construction waste, Life cycle assessment (LCA)

Lost in transition. The burden of material resources for renewable energy sources

Massimiliano Condotta _condotta@iuav.it Associate professor

Università Iuav di Venezia

Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto

Chiara Scanagatta _cscanagatta@iuav.it Research fellow

Università Iuav di Venezia

Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto

Elisa Zatta _ezatta@iuav.it Research fellow

Università Iuav di Venezia

Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto

Summary

Although wind and photovoltaic (PV) systems will inevitably be the cornerstone of the European ecological transition, being the more advanced and widespread technologies, some issues about the related material supply chain and End of Life management must be addressed. Considering the future pervasive presence of these renewable energy sources, questions on how sustainability patterns can merge energy and material resources preservation arise.

The contribution depicts the current obstacles emerging in the wind and PV systems material demand and waste management, highlights the related main criticalities, and outlines an overview of current studies and research that aim at overcoming such known issues.

At first, it will identify the materials required in both the supply chain and production of renewables systems, with a focus on critical raw ones and rare earth elements. It will later examine the current waste management patterns, to highlight the technical, economic, and environmental obstacles which reveal how the sustainable management of wind and PV systems should be significantly improved.

Three main areas of interest for future implementation will then be identified, and suggestions for sustainable improvements through both existing and missing lines of research are discussed. These latter addresses design strategies, material efficiency, and policy.

Renewables,

Material supply, Recycling, Wind technologies, Solar panels

La gestione dei rifiuti edili in Europa: stato dell’arte e prospettive future

Construction waste management in Europe: state of the art and prospects

Marco Giampaoletti _marco.giampaoletti@uniroma1.it Ricercatore universitario

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura

Fabrizio Amadei _fabrizio.amadei@uniroma1.it

Ph.D. Student

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura

Summary

The construction sector accounts for more than one-third of all waste generated in Europe related to demolition, construction, and reconstruction activities (phases that include urban planning and development work). In terms of volume produced, construction and demolition (C&D) waste is among the largest sources of waste in Europe. Although much of it is recyclable or reusable, reuse and recycling rates vary widely among member countries within the European Union. Moreover, the building sector itself is strategic to the energy-environmental performance of buildings and infrastructure throughout their life cycle. Given the long lifespan of buildings, it is essential to encourage better design with the aim of reducing their environmental impact while improving their durability and the recyclability of their components.

Therefore, waste management becomes a key element of circular construction, as it allows for the recovery, recycling, and reuse of those waste materials from the construction process due to C&D phases, putting them back into the product supply chain, thus avoiding the extraction of new resources. This paper aims to define the state of the art of this sector in Europe, outlining its current regulatory apparatus and its application in an experimental case study.

Waste management, Waste recovery, Urban regeneration, Energy redevelopment, Circular economy

Dalla cultura del riciclo alle buone pratiche From the recycling culture to the best practices

Enza Santoro _enza.santoro@unina.it

Ph.D. Student

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale

Gigliola Ausiello _ausiello@unina.it

Professore Ordinario

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale

Summary

The building sector needs to pay attention to the environment because it is one of the most energy-intensive sectors; it consumes large amounts of natural raw materials and produces a large amount of waste that goes to landfill. The main materials used in construction have a mining cycle that will be exhausted in a not too long. The extraction of materials, such as sand, gravel and stones require a lot of energy consumption, and also changes the environment. There are many solutions to protect the environment, including the use of recycled materials. Urban landfills can be a waste of raw materials that are already used in other sectors and would be suitable for new purposes. This practice, born in ancient times and developed especially in Roman times, is difficult to spread today compared to the achievements with traditional materials. The aim of the paper is to show, through the analysis of pilot projects, what objectives can be achieved through the use of reused or recycled materials. This objective is to raise awareness among citizens, professionals, policymakers and construction companies to extend recovery, reuse and recycling to the construction.

Examples from real buildings and data collected from research make it possible to demonstrate that recycled materials can be a real alternative to raw materials. Increasing attention to this issue could incite the promulgation of new standards for these products in order to spread their use.

Building materials, Circular economy, Recycling, Urban waste, Roman architecture

Ricerche Researches Investigaciones

Stampa 3D in argilla e lolla di riso. Dall’architettura al design per la transizione ecologica

3D printing in clay and rice husk. From architecture to design for the ecological transition

Paola Altamura _paola.altamura@uniroma1.it Ricercatore universitario

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura

Anna Chiara Perotta _annachiara.perotta@gmail.com

Designer

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura

Summary

The transition from a linear to a circular economy, oriented towards reuse, recycling and recovery, is an essential step within the ecological transition. Designers, within a life cycle design approach, must consider how materials, as tangent physical elements and as limited resources, impact the planet. In a circular and material resource efficiency perspective, therefore, waste materials - especially those coming from bio-economy - represent a strategic investigation and experimentation field for both architecture and product design. This contribution illustrates the case study of an Italian company, Ricehouse, which has created a material for bio-architecture reusing waste of the rice cultivation with various innovative production techniques, including 3D printing. Starting from the experience of Ricehouse, using rice husk and clay for 3D printing in architecture, this study implemented an experimentation in the field of product design, with the objective of expanding the material’s application possibilities. From the point of view of Material Driven Design, the study started with the analysis of the properties, characteristics and technical performances of the material, in order to identify and explore its potential further uses. The results of this research phase showed that indoor use of the material is possible, for the design of modular elements for furniture. Then the experimentation saw the development of a conceptual and detailed design solution for a modular system printed in 3D and assemblable by the user, and therefore flexible and apt to modifications over time. The design project of the modular system Future research could investigate further data and technical specifications that characterize the material to verify its feasibility and explore further areas of application.

Circular economy, Life cycle design, 3D printing, Bio-based materials, Rice husk

La circolarità delle risorse come driver d’innovazione nel settore dei laterizi

Circularity of resources as a driver of innovation in the brick sector

Jacopo Andreotti _jacopo.andreotti@uniroma3.it

PhD student

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Dipartimento di Architettura

Summary

Tackling the consumption of resources, the production of waste, and the emission of greenhouse gas are the main challenges that the construction sector will have to face in the immediate future to achieve the climate neutrality foreseen by the European Union by 2050.

Extracting, producing, using, and throwing away is, therefore, a sequence of operations unsuitable for pursuing sustainable development goals. However, even though European policies foster the recovery and recycling of waste, activities related to the construction process are still mainly responsible for its production. Moreover, reusing recovered or recycled material still needs to be improved. Consequently, there is a growing demand to address research pathways that can trigger a change in how construction actors manufacture products and buildings. These experiences encourage applying production and resource-use circular models. Within this perspective, the “Circularity of Material Resources” project – financed by European PON funds on a Green theme – intends to act operationally on a case study in the brick sector. It investigates strategies and actions to prevent the waste of resources and reduce environmental impacts. Currently engaged in the first phase of studying the critical issues and the opportunities affecting the brick sector, the project exploits a combination of traditional and innovative approaches to research new circular processes and product solutions.

In this regard, the article illustrates the qualitative-quantitative analysis of the partner company’s product system, carried out by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, and then reflects on the opportunities for innovation related to the use of waste and by-products in the brick sector.

Bricks, Circular economy, Recycling, Resources recovery, Sustainable solutions

Il rovesciamento della piramide. Superiuso dei Termovalorizzatori di Colleferro The reverse Pyramid. Superuse of Colleferro Incinerators

Serena Baiani _serena.baiani@uniroma1.it Professore associato Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura

Paola Altamura _paola.altamura@uniroma1.it Ricercatore universitario

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura

Gabriele Rossini _gabriele.rossini@uniroma1.it PhD student

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento Pianificazione Design Tecnologia dell’Architettura

Summary

Industrial sites, repositories of memory, find a new meaning as urban mines in which to redirect the design actions, at the different scales of intervention, towards Zero Land Consumption in order to contribute, through the adoption of Zero Waste-Zero Energy strategies, to the European objectives of eco-compatibility, decarbonisation and circularity of the built environment, understood as a renewable resource in the perspective of a closedloop city.

The case of Colleferro incinerators opens up new actions of intervention, in a sensitive and complex area, for the reuse of the existing building, defining new circularity of matter and energy. The methodology adopted in the project envisages an articulated approach, both from a strategic and technical point of view, in an attempt to identify complementary solutions to the complex problems identified. In this sense, the themes of the soil and landscape were the guide for the design of the interventions, starting from the operational reflection on the existing structures.

The waste-to-energy plant, having completed the waste incinerator phase, becomes the very subject of the reuse of its waste components, which are valorised in an up-cycling process: the second life of the complex, obtained through selective demolition and superuse processes, constitutes the socially, environmentally and economically viable alternative.

Adaptive reuse, Industrial sites, Circular design, Eco-compatibility, Superuse

Note per la lettura ambientale

di uno stock edilizio scolastico Notes for the environmental survey of a school buildings’ stock

Roberto Bosco _roberto.bosco@unicampania.it Ph.D. Student

Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli

Dipartimento di Ingegneria

Savino Giacobbe _ingsavinogiacobbe@gmail.com

Ingegnere

Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli

Dipartimento di Ingegneria

Renata Valente _renata.valente@unicampania.it

Professore Associato

Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli

Dipartimento di Ingegneria

Summary

Understanding urban building stock resource consumption provides practitioners and decision makers with tools to effectively help minimize direct and embedded use of energy, water and materials and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By collaborating with the Université Catholique de Louvain (BE), authors flank the Nested Phoenix project that resulted in the EPiC (Environmental Performance in Construction) database, to test applications of the data to the school building stock manged by the Metropolitan City of Naples. The aim is to incorporate analyses of environmental flows of building materials within an integrated redevelopment process model. By calculating energy, water consumption and CO2 emissions, sustainable building stock regeneration projects are evaluated, detailing materials and building elements whose reuse can be planned, obtaining precise estimates of the resulting environmental and economic benefits. Applying the database coefficients, the environmental flows incorporated in the materials used for the construction of two school buildings are analysed. The obtained quantity and quality of environmental information contributes to estimate school buildings sustainability. Including material characteristics and technological components within public education plexus registries is an additional element for the environmental assessment of the existing stock. The presented results include the initial, recurring, and lifecycle requirements embedded in the materials, obtained applying the model. Initial evidence from the intersection of spatial and material databases on a case study provides quantitative data on embedded local environmental flows and methodological experience for process reiteration toward broader strategic considerations. This information is crucial to apply the principles of circular economy and to transform processes of the publicly owned construction stocks where environmental redevelopment policies can be most effectively tested.

Database EPiC, Secondary raw materials, Embedded environmental flows

L’evoluzione normativa dei Criteri Ambientali Minimi per l’economia circolare nel settore edile: materia riciclata e disassemblabilità dei prodotti

The regulatory evolution of Minimum Environmental Criteria for the circular economy in the building sector: recycled material and disassemblability of products

Laura Calcagnini _laura.calcagnini@uniroma3.it

Ricercatore Universitario

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Dipartimento di Architettura

Summary

Regulatory mechanisms can be understood as possible drivers of innovation and their evolution and the obligation of new absolutions assume significance and potential not only for all the people legally obligated to fulfill the law, but also because for the research direction and, in particular, for the applied one.

The reference legislation on the Minimum Environmental Criteria (CAM) strongly conditions the materials manufacturing industry sector and, in particular, the so-called Building CAM, referred to in the Ministerial Decree of June 23, 2022 conditions the sector of innovation of construction products and materials in the building sector toward the objectives of resource saving and reuse or circularity of the project.

In five years from the first Building CAM (2017) to the updated decree in 2022 the quality and the quantity of the minimum contents of recycled or recovered materials in building materials had changed. The evolution of this criterion shifts to the benefit of researching reuse materials and by-products on the diffuse territory by drawing more freedom in terms of material innovation and mix design. Also, the requirements on disassemblability had changed: the increase of this percentage for dry and prefabricated elements and components guide the research on new techniques for selective installation and demolition and on design and technological approaches.

This paper aims to investigate the new Building CAM (2022) decree in comparison with the previous one (2017) to summarize the direction that this tool has traced in the building sector both in terms of the technical specifics in the design and implementation of public procurement and in the research fields.

Minimum environmental criterial, Recycled building materials, Product innovation, Materials’ requirements

Territorial Ecosystem for circular economies: Eco3R research project

Guido Callegari _guido.callegari@polito.it Associate Professor

Politecnico di Torino

Architecture and Design Department

Guglielmo Ricciardi _guglielmo.ricciardi@polito.it

Ph.D. Student

Politecnico di Torino

Architecture and Design Department

Giuseppe Roccasalva _giuseppe.roccasalva@polito.it Senior Research fellow

Politecnico di Torino

Architecture and Design Department

Paolo Simeone _paolo.simeone@polito.it

Adjunct Professor and Research fellow

Politecnico di Torino

Architecture and Design Department

Summary

Among the transitional processes that could lead to building consistent sustainable solutions, circular economies practices (CE) are complex processes which must take into account different topics such as stakeholder engagement, material flows opportunities, end of life expectations and EU limit perspectives or targets. This paper introduces briefly the concept of circular territorial ecosystems with respect to the Eco3r research project, carried on by the Politecnico of Turin (DAD) from 2020, in collaboration with CCS, the in-house providing company of 19 municipalities in the area of Turin. Some crucial data on waste management and the main project’s targets are presented. Some Eco3r projects’ outputs are outlined in order to show this local experiment can become a model to scale or replicate in other communities in Europe. The paper is structured as follows: Section 1 describes the background problem with main data and critical issues regarding the case study; Section 2 is describing the target of the research project Eco3R and the scientific approach adopted; Section 3 is dedicated on the main output of Eco3R project and the discussion on the further research developments.

BIM for recycling management in architectural design

Agostino Catalano _agostino.catalano@unimol.it

Associate Professor

Università degli Studi del Molise

Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche Sociali e della Formazione

Luigi Mollo _luigi.mollo@unicampania.it

Associate Professor

Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli

Dipartimento di Ingegneria

Camilla Sansone _camilla.sansone@unimol.it

Adjunct Professor

Università degli Studi del Molise

Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche Sociali e della Formazione

Summary

The paper aims to analyse and propose the modelling of buildings for the purpose of the recycling concept. In this way, a more up-to-date and innovative concept can be concretely considered that allows a more exact prediction of the useful life of both individual components and the entire building.

This modelling, of an exquisitely technological nature, can allow right from the initial design, in the case of new constructions, an increase in design quality in synergy with the maintenance design in order to significantly raise the achievable performance levels with both economic and environmental benefits. A more in-depth study will concern already realised buildings to which criteria will have to be applied with corrective input parameters according to the residual useful life. Furthermore, a case study is presented concerning a building constructed in 2006 in the municipality of Frattamagiore in the province of Naples.

A digital twin of this building was realised according to the BIM methodology, using the Edificus software of ACCA, a leading company in the sector, moving from geometric modelling to technological modelling. It should be noted that for the purposes of the research no destructive surveys were carried out, and that for the knowledge of construction techniques, a visual survey was adopted, supplemented by the study of available documentation.

BIM, LCA, Sustainability, AEC sector, Digital product passport

L’innovazione circolare dei blocchi per murature: soluzioni che nobilitano il rifiuto

The circular innovation of wall blocks: solutions that ennoble waste

Alessandra Cernaro _acernaro@unime.it

Ph.D.

Università degli Studi di Messina

Dipartimento di Ingegneria

Summary

The challenges to be overcome for the ecological transition are numerous, including giving value to waste by reintroducing it into processes from the point of view of the circular economy.

The construction sector is responsible for 35% of waste and 50% of raw material extraction in Europe. The latest document on the Building CAM-Minimum Environmental Criteria (Ministerial Decree 23.06.2022) brought back to Italy some solutions proposed at a European level: encouraging the use of recycled content in construction products and conceiving innovative materials. The comparison between the minimum percentages of Secondary Raw Material (SRM) required by the CAM decrees, issued from 2011 to today, seems to highlight a slow innovation, despite the ferment that the sustainability objectives are producing.

To verify which solutions the research area is proposing, the in-depth study was conducted on blocks for opaque vertical external closings/internal partitions, a category of products that is the expression of a tradition that over time has been able to renew itself to respond to updated construction and comfort needs. By intercepting research groups experimentations on a global scale, the study showed that in the last decades innovative blocks have been conceived with a high content of recycled material deriving from special and urban waste. However, few products are already on the market and efforts are needed to promote awareness.

The sustainability of traced elements goes beyond the type and entity of SRM, for example production processes with low CO2 emissions and full recyclability at the end of their life which contribute to reducing the environmental footprint.

The topic development will have to be followed to understand how many patents and unpatented experimental research will become commercialized products but also what is the predisposition of designers and clients to accept this kind of innovation.

Wall block, Minimum Environmental Criteria, Secondary Raw Material, Construction and Demolition Waste, Municipal Waste

Contribución a la economía circular: incorporación de vidrio en la producción de ladrillos

Contributing to the circular economy: glass addition in brick making

Laura Crespo-López _lcrespo.geo@gmail.com

PhD candidate

University of Granada

Department of Mineralogy and Petrology

Giuseppe Cultrone _cultrone@ugr.es

Full professor

University of Granada

Department of Mineralogy and Petrology

Summary

Brick is the most common ceramic product and is widely used in both historic and modern buildings. In this work, in order to reduce clayey earth consumption and recycle waste glass, 20 wt.% crushed household glass was added to two raw materials from Granada province (Spain) with different mineralogical composition to manufacture handmade and extruded bricks that were fired at 800, 950 and 1100 °C.

Household glass acts as a flux due to its Na2O content and amorphous composition, which reduces the temperature required for brick sintering. The addition of glass alters the porous system of the bricks, which absorb less water and dry more quickly than conventional bricks, making them less porous with a greater strength and durability. Moreover, the presence of glass leads to a decrease in pore interconnection and augments matrix vitrification. Extruded bricks are found to be less porous than those handmade.

Recycling, Solid bricks, Household glass, Strength, Durability

Modelo International Standards

para la sostenibilidad de edificios (Etapa de uso y mantenimiento)

International Standards Model for Building Sustainability (Stage of use and maintenance)

Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca _fcolfon@upvnet.upv.es Postdoctoral researcher. Dr. Arquitecta Universitat Politècnica de València Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales

Consuelo Gómez-Gómez _magogo@doctor.upv.es Estudiante de Doctorado

Universitat Politècnica de València Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales

Andrés Salas Montoya _asalasm@unal.edu.co

Dr. Ing. Civil

Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Manizales Departamento de Ingeniería Civil

Summary

A key stage in the life cycle of any type of building is that of use and maintenance. This article aims to develop a model for selecting International Standards as Management Systems (SG) whose application allows the systematization of management focused on building sustainability. There currently needs to be an adequate policy to manage sustainability at the strategic use and maintenance stage. It is through a qualitative study (Grounded Theory) and surveys carried out with technicians to obtain the perception of maintenance specialists in a company and establish a strategy for implementing standards for knowledge management. To do this, a search methodology is designed in the standards writing bodies, then applied in each agency, and a list of the criteria found is established. Finally, the degree of implementation of the selected measures in the organizations is analyzed, obtaining a classification of bars with different levels of application that allow improvement in the management of maintenance processes, energy efficiency, and rehabilitation. The results show that a high level of control and tacit knowledge is required in this activity, which would imply more time in applying each of the regulations in force by companies. It was obtained that the companies’ explicit knowledge compared with the maintenance technicians’ understanding. In conclusion, the most relevant standards are established whose application improved in the life cycle of buildings.

International standards, Maintenance, Rehabilitation, Energy efficiency, Sustainability

Harvest map of tangible and intangible resources in Watamu for sustainable architecture

Stefania De Gregorio _ stefania.degregorio@univaq.it Research fellow

Università degli Studi dell’Aquila

Dipartimento di Ingegneria civile, edile-architettura e ambientale

Summary

Kenya is a low-income country with an average annual economic growth rate of 4.8 percent. As a leading industry in Kenya, tourism is a driving force for construction due to the need for increased services and infrastructure. Construction is, however, changing the land indiscriminately, especially near the coast, which has negative consequences on the landscape. In addition, new construction uses Western building materials and techniques, most notably those related to concrete and steel. These Western techniques have pushed aside traditional local building culture, which is handed down orally from generation to generation. One such traditional technique is the utilisation of a self-supporting torchis system of unfired earth and wood and makuti roofs.

The reuse of waste materials is not culturally widespread, and when it does occur, it is due only to economic needs and not dictated by a desire to protect the environment. In this context, the paper addresses the definition of a harvest map of material (traditional and waste) and intangible (related to construction knowledge) resources in the local context of Watamu. This research suggests possible to enhance the local building culture, which is currently relegated to use by the lowest socioeconomic sections of society. Additionally, there is an opportunity to innovate on traditional practices through techniques and technologies that include the integration of waste materials, and to channel economic investments related to growing tourism via the development of sustainable local supply chains.

Harvest map, Sustainable architecture, Reuse, Raw earth, Makuti

Estudiando el pasado para construir el futuro. La Arquitectura Vernácula y su aporte a la construcción del futuro como medida de mitigación del cambio climático

Carlos Alberto Duica Cuervo _cduica@unbosque.edu.co

Arquitecto

Universidad El Bosque Programa de Arquitectura

Summary

Colombia is a tropical developing country. Its history has been marked over the last 200 years by conflicts expressed in cyclical and continuous civil wars. These conflicts were based on the struggle for land tenure and have generated, in addition to death and destruction, a backwardness in the development of the country. Today, by virtue of the peace agreements reached in the Havana Accords in 2016 with the former guerrillas, a historical juncture has arisen. From the principle of resilience, this agreement is seen as an opportunity to build a sustainable future to face the planetary challenges of survival. In the field of construction the picture has only just awakened a few decades ago.

For a long time, the building tradition of native cultures, which have been adapting their territories for hundreds of years and have incorporated into their cultural tradition a wide range of adaptive technological development in the construction of habitats, was disregarded. Faced with this new reality, we take on the educational challenge of instilling in our students and future architects the decision-making tools that will enable them to design their careers with ethical criteria and in accordance with the new global demands.

Cultural respect, respect for the natural landscape, exhaustive research into the friendliest and best adapted construction technologies, systematisation of this information and creative proposals will be some of the elements to be considered in the new teaching of architecture.

Vernacular architecture, Mitigation, Building technologies, Sustainability, adaptive design

L’innovazione tecnologica dei serramenti in PVC verso “modelli di produzione e consumo sostenibili”

The technological innovation of PVC window-frames toward production and consumption sustainable models

Ornella Fiandaca _ornellafiandaca@unime.it

Professore Associato

Università degli Studi di Messina

Dipartimento di Ingegneria

Summary

An imposing framework of European Community and national legislation, binding or guiding, pushes the rethinking of all building products towards increasingly green, sustainable, and circular solutions. The segment investigated, returning to it with a different perspective after five years, is the windows, a product sector certainly in constant evolution to sustainable models of production and consumption.

The request of the answerable use of raw materials and production energy, of a waste reduction and greenhouse gas emissions, has concerned the conception of this building component orienting an increasingly conspicuous part of the production lines near modular and flexible solutions, that make use of multiple materials in the composition of the various constituent parts - core, reinforcements/thermal breaks, covers, gaskets, glass, edge channel - that experiment the opportunity for even partial disassembly and open up themselves to performance and aesthetic customization. The aim is to verify the contribution provided by virtuous production chains of PVC windows that accept the 5R strategy for a responsible waste management in line with objective 12 of the 2030 Agenda and, more generally, are conscious of the energy-environmental problems of our planet.

Window-frames, Innovative technologies, PVC scrape and waste, Uses of R-PVC

Multicriteria evaluation for recycling process efficiency

Fabrizio Finucci _fabrizio.finucci@uniroma3.it

Professore Associato

Università degli Studi Roma Tre Dipartimento di Architettura

Antonella G. Masanotti _antonellagiulia.masanotti@uniroma3.it Ph.D. Student

Università degli Studi Roma Tre Dipartimento di Architettura

Daniele Mazzoni _dan.mazzoni1@stud.uniroma3.it

Borsista di ricerca

Università degli Studi Roma Tre Dipartimento di Architettura

Valutazioni multicriteriali per l’efficienza nei processi di riciclaggio

Summary

Disposal and management of construction and demolition waste (C&Dw) is a substantial part in the different phases of the construction process and accounts for 35% of the waste disposed of in landfills worldwide [Kabirifar et al., 2020], adressing the environmental impact of such waste as a global concern. Meanwhile, the treatment of waste and raw materials involves considerations of their economic and social impact. The End of Waste (EoW) concept of the EU Directive 2008/98/EC and its subsequent amendment 2018/851, directs waste to a recovery operation including recycling and preparation for re-use and priorities the management of the waste stream due to the large quantities produced. Within the construction process, the choices faced by the different actors involved in the recycling macro-issue are part of a decision-making environment that can be defined as complex: it concerns different situations, falls on different actors and, potentially, can include infinite evaluation criteria. This suggests the possibility that multicriteria evaluation techniques may be a useful tool for decision-making. In this regard, a preliminary analysis of the existing literature has allowed the identification of two decision-making macro-environments: a. the definition of input design choices for the future recyclability of materials and artefacts (field defined in the paper as input); b. the choice for the efficiency of C&Dw management or for the tracking of the waste flow (a field defined in the paper as output). The contribution intends to return some multicriteria applications aimed at the efficiency of the disposal and recycling processes of recyclable construction and demolition waste, providing an overview of the possible supports for this phase of the decision-making process.

Multicriteria evaluation, Decision-making, C&D waste, Input design choice, C&Dw management

Photovoltaics between performance and sustainability: a challenge for the future

Letizia Giusti _letizia.giusti@graduate.univaq.it Ph.D. Student

Università degli Studi di L’Aquila

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale

Marianna Rotilio _marianna.rotilio@univaq.it Ricercatore universitario

Università degli Studi di L’Aquila

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale

Gianni Di Giovanni _gianni.digiovanni@univaq.it Professore Associato

Università degli Studi di L’Aquila

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile-Architettura e Ambientale

Fotovoltaico tra prestazione e sostenibilità: una sfida per il futuro

Summary

Renewable and sustainable energy generation technologies have been at the forefront because of concerns about the environment, energy independence, and the high cost of fossil fuels. Much of the renewable energy research has been devoted to photovoltaic technology which is fundamental to sustainable energy supply, and it is currently in transition to a new generation of efficient and low-cost products.

Despite these environmental benefits, however, the growing photovoltaic installation capacity achieved worldwide brings with it an increasing number of decommissioned modules.

Consequently, there is also growing concern about the environmental impact due to the risks associated with the improper management of PV waste to which proper attention has not been paid. In fact, successfully recovering them is of paramount importance because it would reduce resource extraction and waste and generate sufficient economic return and value to finance the production of other PV modules.

To support the establishment of appropriate strategies and realistic eco-friendly goals, this review presents a comprehensive discussion of the importance of PV technologies for the decarbonization of energy systems but, more importantly, systematically reviews “state of the art” PV research to identify areas along the value chain where circular strategies could be implemented to promote the PV industry’s transition to circularity.

Photovoltaic technology, PV recycling, End-of-Life PV modules, Sustainability, Circular economy

Il riutilizzo di spolia edili: Qasr Rabba in Giordania. Un caso esemplare

The reuse of building spolia: Qasr Rabba in Jordan. An exemplary case

Jacqueline Gysens Calzini _gysens@yahoo.it Archeologa

Istituto italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente IsIAO Roma

Luigi Marino _luigi.marino@unifi.it

Professore Associato

Università degli Studi di Firenze

Dipartimento di Architettura

Summary

It is certainly during the Roman empire, and later in the Byzantine period, that the re-use of building materials became systematic up to constituting a fundamental economic fact. Columns, capitals, panels, cornices... become resources and, as we say today, can be formulated as Prime Secondary Material ready for instant use or suitable once all the necessary adaptations were made. “Spolia” can be found in all building types, with differences related to their expected function. Occasionally the architectural remains are not only exploited as a quarry for building stones, they could be the basis for new constructions. The recovery of former remains inclusive of their reconversion, was a frequent phenomenon in the so-called “transition periods” when drawn by new requests and the necessary improvements, experiments were made for finding the best way to use the available materials. The use of spolia may present different characteristics such as structural, functional, decorative, documentary, Damnatio memoriae, market, necessity.

The example we are here to present might be considered the perfect match because of the exceptional number of incorporated spolia in the structures. An ample corpus of architectural remains includes friezes decorated with acanthus leaves and flowers and with the so-called “peopled scrolls” type, column bases, coffers with stylized floral motifs, lion heads from the acroterion, Corinthian capitals, figural capitals, frontal busts of divinities. The houses of the old Ottoman village, only recently destroyed, displayed all the characteristics of a regional vernacular architecture. In fact, house building is where all the traditions of technical know-how concentrate, and that are transmitted in a semi nomadic context orally from one generation to another. The incorporation of spolia materials follows as a rule first of all its immediate usefulness, and second, understanding the shape of the construction under way, so as to use at its best the characteristics of all the single categories of elements.

Architectural spolia, Recycling of removed elements, Structural function, Qasr Rabba, Ottoman village

Calcestruzzo con aggregati di laterizio riciclato.

Machine learning per la previsione prestazionale e trattamento dei dati per la gestione dell’errore

Recycled brick aggregate concrete.

Machine Learning for performance prediction and data processing for error management

Antonio Magarò _antonio.magaro@uniroma3.it

Assegnista di Ricerca

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Dipartimento di Architettura

Summary

The paper reports the first results of research aimed at testing the possibility of employing machine learning techniques for the purpose of predicting the performance of materials. It focuses on predicting the strength of concrete, containing recycled brick aggregates. This kind of aggregates find great difficulty in own spread in concrete mixes because of their hydrophilicity. This characteristic affects the water/cement ratio, which must find a necessary re-balancing in the mix-design to avoid dehydration and carbonation phenomena that would affect the setting and hardening of the concrete.

In addition, the lower density of such aggregates, compared with natural ones, is directly related to lower compressive strength of them.

To assess the strength of concretes there is no other way than leading destructive tests on enough samples. Such an operation, often carried out on mixtures whose composition is empirically defined, is certainly costly, in terms of money, but above all in terms of time.

A predetermination of the strength performance (but also of any others), when mitigated in error, can provide useful predictive support, at the very least, in defining the components of the mixture. The model presented in this contribution still needs strong refinements before it can be deployed, however, initial results on improving prediction accuracy are encouraging.

Concrete with recycled clay brick and tile, Compressive strength, Machine learning, Error management, Predictive models

Assessing the externalities of a waste management system via life cycle costing: The case study of the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy)

Chiara Magrini _chiara.magrini@unibo.it Ph.D.

Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali

Alessandro Dal Pozzo _a.dalpozzo@unibo.it Associate Professor

Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali

Alessandra Bonoli _alessandra.bonoli@unibo.it Full Professor

Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali

Summary

Effective and efficient urban waste management systems (WMSs) are a cornerstone for a sustainable society. Life cycle costing (LCC) provides a useful framework for the joint analysis of economic and environmental impacts of a WMS, by considering both financial and external costs. The present study, published in the journal Waste Management [Magrini et al., 2022] applies the methodology of societal LCC to the WMS of the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna to provide a case study on how the available information on waste flows and budget costs of a real WMS can be used to obtain an estimate of the total cost of waste management, including externalities.

The analysis considered the complete urban waste management cycle, including street sweeping and cleaning services, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of both urban waste and residual waste streams originated from sorting and treatment operations.

Following Massarutto et al. [2011], three categories of externalities were considered: externalities from the transportation of waste, externalities from the operation of treatment plants and externalities from the production of recycled materials. External costs are related to emissions of pollutants or consumption of scarce resources, while benefits are related to avoided emissions or consumptions, thanks to energy and material recovery from waste.

LCC, Waste treatment, Waste prevention, Scenario analysis, Incertainty analysis

Potential use of proximity resources in the built environment

Marco Migliore _marco.migliore@polimi.it

Assegnista di Ricerca

Politecnico di Milano

Dipartimento DASTU Architettura e Studi Urbani

Matteo Clementi _matteo.clementi@polimi.it

Professore Associato

Politecnico di Milano

Dipartimento DASTU Architettura e Studi Urbani

Giancarlo Paganin _giancarlo.paganin@polimi.it

Professore Associato

Politecnico di Milano

Dipartimento DASTU Architettura e Studi Urbani

Potenzialità d’utilizzo nell’ambiente costruito delle risorse di prossimità

Summary

Territorial proximity is a fundamental condition for generating efficient circular economy scenarios. Geographical location within a limited radius, together with the sharing of tangible and intangible resources, very often represents the starting point for the development of synergies between different players, in a logic of industrial symbiosis.

The European Union has repeatedly expressed itself in favor and support of industrial symbiosis which is understood as a fundamental element for stimulating new sustainable production and consumption models, for guaranteeing a rational and efficient use of resources and for exploiting all their advantages in environmental, economic and social terms. What has already been expressed in various Communications of the European Commission has been integrated into a set of measures on the circular economy of 2018 and revised following the presentation of the European Green Deal of 2021.

This research project, which is part of the initiatives “off-campus” of the Politecnico di Milano, intends to deepen and broaden the concept of industrial symbiosis towards territorial symbiosis by developing its potential and widening the boundaries to include not only the production activities traditionally considered in industrial symbiosis but also other activities that produce output flows such as waste or refusal in the local area (residential, commercial areas, agricultural production and services).

The objective of the research is to develop territorial tools for the activation and support of local supply chains through the mapping and management of shared local resources in accordance with the principles of circularity.

Circular economy, Proximity, Material flows, Local environmental impact, Co-design

Scarti di granito e cave dismesse per futuri scenari eco-innovativi in Sardegna

Granite scraps and abandoned quarries for future eco-innovative scenarios in Sardinia

Antonello Monsù Scolaro _amscolaro@uniss.it Professore Associato

Università degli Studi di Sassari

Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica

Cheren Cappello _c.cappello@studenti.uniss.it

Ph.D. Student

Università degli Studi di Sassari

Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica

Summary

For years, scientific and cultural debate has focused on the need to adapt traditional economic models to pressing environmental emergencies. The construction sector in particular, from the extraction of raw materials through the manufacturing phase to the demolition one, has a wide range of environmental impacts.

The 2022 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction shows a post-pandemic increase of 5% in CO2 emissions and 4% in energy demand. On the other hand, the OECD predicts that global resource consumption will double by 2060 as a result of economic growth and improved quality of life in housing. This will have a further impact on the climate and environmental changes that are already affecting our planet. Therefore, the valorisation of secondary raw materials is an opportunity to address both the depletion of natural resources and the alteration of the landscape and local environment, including the reduction of waste and possible eco-innovations in products and processes.

Fifteen researchers from the University of Sassari are carrying out a research and development project, funded by the Ministry of Economic Development, on possible valorisation strategies for granite waste and abandoned quarries in north-eastern Sardinia (one of the largest mining basins in Italy).

The valorisation of the large quantities of granite waste abandoned in disused quarries is the starting point for both the landscape and environmental regeneration and the creation of new green jobs; the numerous quarries become potential territorial centres of historical, sociocultural and economic value.

Here are the first findings and future research activities of the research project, which will end in December 2023.

Quarries reuse, Resource circularity, Waste valorisation, Eco innovation

Marina Rigillo _mrigillo@unina.it

Professore Associato

Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”

Dipartimento di Architettura

Giuliano Galluccio _giuliano.galluccio@unina.it

Assegnista di Ricerca

Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”

Dipartimento di Architettura

Federica Paragliola _federica.paragliola@unina.it

Ph.D. Student

Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”

Dipartimento di Architettura

Sara Piccirillo _sara.piccirillo@unina.it

Ph.D. Student

Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”

Dipartimento di Architettura

Sergio Tordo _sergio.tordo@unina.it

Borsista di Ricerca

Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”

Dipartimento di Architettura

Valutazione BIM-based ex ante dei rifiuti da C&D per la demolizione selettiva BIM-based preliminary C&D waste assessment for selective demolition

Summary

The paper outlines a methodology for the preliminary assessment of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. In particular, the work focuses on the possibility of implementing selective demolition procedures, aimed at the punctual “deconstruction” of the building in order to streamline the materials and components reclamation operations, maximizing their reusability and/or recyclability potential.

In this sense, the aim of the study is the elaboration of a BIM-based protocol for the pre-determination of material flows from demolition, through the standardization of the C&D waste production process. The protocol is in line with the Italian legislation and designed in the framework of the selective demolition site in compliance with the guiding criteria of the European legislation. The information derived from the application of the methodology fuels the knowledge system needed to frame the labelling of C&D products towards their possible reuse or recycling. Starting from the analysis of a case study, identified in the former Corradini industrial complex, located in the eastern area of Naples, the research experimentally developed the methodological articulation of the protocol, aiming at the quantification and management of waste flows, their pre-characterization according to the CER code, and the planning of material flows towards reuse, recycling or landfill chains.

The research is the result of the PROSIT project - “Designing in Sustainability”, carried out by the Department of Architecture and the Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture of the University of Naples

“Federico II” with the public-private consortium STRESS scarl and in collaboration with the Municipality of Naples.

Preliminary assessment, Selective Demolition, Building Information Modeling - BIM, Construction and Demolition - C&D Waste Flows, Recycle

Concretos de alta resistencia con humo de sílice y con diferentes fuentes de agregados gruesos

High strength concretes with silica fume and three different sources of coarse aggregates

Andrés Salas Montoya _asalasmo@unal.edu.co Profesor Asociado

Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales Departamento de Ingeniería Civil

Fabiola Colmenero Fonseca _fcolfon@upvnet.upv.es

Postdoctoral researcher. Dr. Arquitecta

Universitat Politècnica de València Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales

Summary

This paper presents the results of a study evaluating the effect of three types of coarse aggregates, limestone, basalt and river gravel, on the workability, compressive strength and flexural strength of concretes produced with two levels of compressive strength at 28 days of curing: a strength of 30 MPa (M30) and a strength of 80 MPa (M80). To obtain these strengths, two water-to-cement ratios (a/cm) of 0.27 were used to produce highstrength concretes and 0.42 to produce conventional-strength concretes. The high strength mixes included silica fume (HS).

The aggregates contained two maximum particle sizes of 12.5 millimetres and 19 millimetres. The results showed that, for a given water/cement ratio (a/cm), the strength of the concrete is strongly influenced by the types of aggregates, especially in the case of high-strength concrete. Conventional strength concretes with all three types of aggregates have shown similar compressive strengths, indicating that aggregate is not a strength limiting factor for normal strength concretes. However, high strength mixes have shown noticeable variations in compressive strength, indicating that aggregate type does influence concrete performance. Similarly, the flexural strength of the concretes followed the same trend as the compressive strength, the highest being that with basaltic rock aggregates and the lowest flexural strength was for concretes with river aggregates.

Among all aggregates, basaltic aggregate produced concrete with higher compressive strength, followed by limestone and river aggregate, indicating that surface texture, structure and mineralogical composition play a dominant role in the behaviour of concretes, especially in high strength concretes.

Concrete, Coarse aggregates, Mechanical properties, Compressive and flexural strength, High strength concretes

Circular strategies within building processes: emerging needs and perspectives

Cinzia Talamo _cinzia.talamo@polimi.it

Full professor

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture, Built environment and Construction engineering

Giancarlo Paganin _giancarlo.paganin@polimi.it

Associate professor

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture, Built environment and Construction engineering

Nazly Atta _nazly.atta@polimi.it Researcher

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture, Built environment and Construction engineering

Summary

Circular Economy approaches and practices have been widely experimented, with proven benefits, over the last years in several economic sectors, with the support of various initiatives promoted by the European Union under the Green Deal.

There is a growing interest in in developing circular strategies for extending the useful life of building products, with particular attention to reuse and remanufacturing practices.

The implementation of these virtuous circular practices within the building industry is still an ongoing process which requires the review of traditional building design and management practices. Right now, the stakeholders of the construction industry are showing a growing interest for circular practices – targeting environmental benefits as well as competitive advantages – but in the same time they feel the need of shared references and operative tools to practically implement these circular practices with satisfying results. In light of this premise, the paper: (i) outlines the circularity regulatory framework, (ii) describes possible circular models based on reuse and remanufacturing and (iii) outlines the emerging needs and market preconditions for the triggering and implementation of circular models in the building sector.

Il vetro piano: potenziale inespresso di un rifiuto da costruzione e demolizione

Flat Glass: untapped potential of a construction and demolition waste

Luca Trulli _luca.trulli@uniroma3.it

Ph.D. Student

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Dipartimento di Architettura

Summary

This contribution is developed within the Ph.D. course conducted by the author at the Department of Architecture of the University of Roma Tre. The research has as its focus the development of new mix designs through the use of recycled glass, as a secondary raw material, to replace classic fine aggregates of stone origin.

The measures implemented on a global scale, starting from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda and the European Green deal, have highlighted how much the construction sector, throughout its supply chain, contributes significant percentages in harmful gas emissions. In particular, recent studies on the state of conservation of Europe’s building stock have shown how it is one of the most energy-intensive sectors of the entire industry, in relation to the years of construction. These aspects will necessarily condition the strategic choices that will have to be made in this sector, with particular reference to interventions aimed at the energy efficiency of the building heritage of the 20th century. The results that, as a consequence of these actions, will lead this heritage to a lower demand for energy and a lower emission of harmful gases will, at the same time, contribute to an increase in Construction and Demolition waste. This contribution, given these predictions, will evaluate, with particular reference to glass as a secondary raw material from windows and doors, the possibility of its reuse for new mix designs in a circular economy perspective.

Building heritage, Recycle, Glass, Waste, Secondary raw material

Architetture Architectures Arquitecturas

Valorización de residuos de producción industrial en elementos de cierre de edificios

The valorisation of industrial production waste in building closure elements

Graziella Bernardo _graziella.bernardo@unibas.it Assistant Professor

Università degli Studi della Basilicata

Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo

Luis Manuel Palmero Iglesias _lpalmero@csa.upv.es

Full Professor

Universitat Politècnica de València

Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas

Summary

The work focuses on the formal and functional value of materials for building enclosing elements. They form the skin of the building, giving it an identity and recognizability in which the designer leaves his mark. Closing elements also serve the important function of a filter with the external environment. In recent years, the construction of double facades with metal load-bearing structures and closure panels made of various materials has become widely used as a passive energy-saving systems system. In the perspective of new models of circular economy to which the construction sector will also have to adapt, the work proposes a critical reinterpretation and a rediscovery of tectonics architecture. Tectonics indeed deals with the understanding of the syntax of building components with their dual formal and functional value, eschewing the fashions of the moment based on the search for increasingly surprising formal solutions. The recognition of the essential link between the form and function of the individual building component and the understanding of the role it plays in the construction are necessary conditions for making buildings sustainable. The other important aspect is the choice of sustainable materials that can no longer be produced and used according to the models of the linear economy with the use of non-renewable raw materials and energy-intensive production processes. The work presents as a case study an innovative example of the use of perforated galvanized steel sheets with automated laser cutting in the construction of the double facade of the building of the company Intertronic in the industrial zone of the park technological of Valencia. Sheet metal is the production waste of an industry located a few kilometers away from the construction site that produces metal components for industrial machinery. The building built in 2004 with a project of the Architects Carmel Gradolí and Arturo Sanz received the Prize and recognition Official College of Architects of the Community of Valencia for its innovative and sustainable design.

Tectonics, industrial symbiosis, Industrial waste, Double skin perforated metal panel, Creative reuse

Architectural jam sessions. Harmonized improvisations from recycled components in Casamatta, Mulini di Gurone, Malnate, Italy

Gian Luca Brunetti _gianluca.brunetti@polimi.it

Associate Professor

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture and Urban Studies

Summary

This paper presents the experiences cumulated in three stages of design-build experimentations through the work of graduate theses on a building that is being redesigned and retrofitted since more than a decade by volunteer work, utilizing recycled materials and re-used components with criteria of environmental sustainability and ultra-low economic cost. The lessons learned have been valuable under several viewpoints. The paper described, in particular, the works that have been built in the first two editions of the workshops, seeking the traces of an evolution within the experience, and attempting some considerations about the challenges and opportunities stemming from component reuse in participated building rehabilitation.

Reuse, Timber, Retrofit, Energy efficiency, Low cost

Il recladding degli edifici per uffici. Un esempio applicato di progettazione integrata

The recladding of office buildings. An applied example of integrated design

Michele Conteduca _michele.conteduca@uniroma1.it

Ricercatore universitario

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento di Architettura e Progetto

Valerio Fonti _valerio.fonti@uniroma1.it

Ph.D. Student

Sapienza Università di Roma

Dipartimento di Architettura e Progetto

Summary

The tertiary sector of Italy’s building heritage is outdated, energetically inefficient, and not suitable to address the challenges of the climate crisis or the changes in post-pandemic society. Its redevelopment is one of the main strategies of the Italian government’s policies, in accordance with the European Union’s guidelines, aimed at reducing land consumption and promoting economic recovery and energy transition.

The recovery of this building stock is essential from a perspective that considers waste not as rubbish, but as a resource to reduce inequalities, social exclusion, and respond to the new needs of living and working spaces. This article aims to investigate how recladding as well as energy and seismic retrofitting of buildings, applied through a multidisciplinary and integrated design approach, can constitute a valid strategy for the recovery of this building stock. This strategy will increase energy efficiency and structural stability, and functional flexibility, while at the same time giving these buildings a new architectural identity. This paper presents a pilot project carried out by a multi-disciplinary team of Sapienza University on an office building in Rome. The experiment is described in detail, highlighting the critical aspects and the potential of the integrated design approach.

Recladding, Facade engineering, Integrated design, Energy and seismic requalification, Construction site management

Riuso e riciclo di elementi e componenti prefabbricati per gli stadi di Qatar 2022

Reuse and recycling of prefabricated elements and components for Qatar 2022 stadiums

Massimo Mariani _massimo.mariani@uniroma3.it

Assegnista di Ricerca

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Dipartimento di Architettura

Summary

The article provides an overall picture of architectures which, in terms of construction technologies and systems as well as materials and application techniques, have been identified during global events generally with a multi-year frequency of sporting interest such as, among the most media-relevant, the Olympic Games - winter or summer - the World Cup or the Continental Football Championship, and of international socio-political involvement such as the Universal Exhibitions.

The article intends to focus on the impact of such constructions within a complex and common planning process for which, in most cases, the aim is to decommission, move, convert or reuse them in relation to the strategies and provisions defined by the competent bodies. An approach aimed at sustainability in the broadest sense of the term whose general application struggles, more and more often, to identify the right direction in respect of social, economic, technological and environmental principles and performance.

In this sense, while embracing the undoubted avant-garde power of international events, these manifest weaknesses that inevitably constantly characterize any process of this magnitude and, therefore, there is an ongoing investigation into the possibilities of developing strategies for the recovery of elements and places through techniques capable of reducing their overall impact.

Construction systems, Exhibition architecture, Prefabrication, Recycling, Reuse

Construcción circular en asentamientos informales: de residuos a hogares

Circular construction in informal settlements: from waste to home

Mónica Alexandra Muñoz Veloza _monica.munozveloza@polito.it

Assegnista di Ricerca

Politecnico di Torino

Dipartimento di Architettura e Design

Summary

In the last few years, there has been an increasing number of projects on different scales made with reused or recycled materials. These can vary from building materials or construction elements to furniture, urban equipment, or large structures.

The most striking are those signed by well-known architects or internationally renowned architecture and design studios. However, there are interesting examples of circular economy applied to construction that the inhabitants develop in an autonomous, organic, and spontaneous way. This way of building can be found in several informal settlements, where emergency conditions lead people to self-build their homes with the few materials and resources available.

Generally, in informal self-built housing, the materials used are construction and demolition waste and everyday items that are in the last phase of their life cycle. While there is no doubt that the misuse of such materials can diminish the quality and comfort of housing, the reuse is a practice that can be improved through the relationship between the community and the professionals of the building environment.

This article aims to illustrate how a virtuous circular economy could be implemented in informal contexts by combining the knowledge and skills of the inhabitants with the expertise of the professional architect.

Circular construction, Self-building, Retrofitting, Waste, Harvest mapping

Esperienze di progetto attraverso processi di “urban mining” Design experiences through “urban mining” processes

Alessandro Rogora _alessandro.rogora@polimi.it

Full Professor

Politecnico di Milano

Department of Architecture and Urban Studies

Paola Leardini _p.leardini@uq.edu.au

Senior lecturer

The University of Queensland

School of Architecture

Summary

The built environment remains the biggest consumer of natural resources globally, with construction and demolition materials among the main sources of waste in developed countries. Technolgical advances in construction methods and materials alone are not sufficient to offset the environmental impacts of design and construction processes; thus, circular design strategies should be developed and implemented to extend the lifespan of buildings, construction components and materials, keeping resources in use longer and at their highest value. Stretching this approach, this paper discusses potentials and limitations of urban mining for turning products at the end of their useful life (classified as urban waste) into a source of ‘as-new’ building products. Challenging conventional building design approaches, the paper explores alternative construction methods with low-grade materials and interrogates the potential of using urban waste in high performance building construction.

A temporary seaside facility in Liguria (Italy) is presented as an example of urban mining-based design, where type of recoverable materials, distance from the building site, and collection time become additional, and yet critical, design criteria. Environmental and social impacts of urban mining at the city scale and further research opportunities are then discussed as possible venues to increase the uptake of this alternative design approach.

Urban mining, Waste, Circularity, Temporary building

C’erano una volta vecchi attrezzi e scarti agricoli: il progetto di un Parco Circolare

Once upon a time there were disused farm tools and agricultural wastes: the Circular Park project

Silvia Tedesco _silvia.tedesco@polito.it Ricercatore universitario

Politecnico di Torino

Dipartimento di Architettura e Design

Elena Montacchini _elena.montacchini@polito.it Professore Associato

Politecnico di Torino

Dipartimento di Architettura e Design

Annalisa Gino _annalisa.gino@polito.it

Dottore in Architettura

Politecnico di Torino

Dipartimento di Architettura e Design

Jacopo Gasparotto _jacopo.gasparotto@polito.it

Dottore in Architettura

Politecnico di Torino

Dipartimento di Architettura e Design

Summary

Enhancing local resources, rethinking the concept of waste, promoting low environmental impact architecture, fostering industrial symbiosis and cooperation among stakeholders, designing without waste are all actions that link to the goals of the 2030 Agenda (2015) and the European Green Deal (2019), urgent objectives at the attention of international policies. In this context, the article aims to present research that experiments with a circular approach to the design by activating new synergies among local actors through the design of a Circular Park in the Monferrato hills. The park tells the story of how waste from a specific territory can become a resource for that place and, through the dimension of physical-visual experience, it encourages future generations of citizens towards new values, by transmitting circularity.

In particular, the article describes materials and methods for designing the Circular Park, that led to the development of a micro-architecture, built with disused farm tools and equipment and agricultural waste recovered from local producers.

Moreover, the article highlights the importance of challenging new ways of teaching and learning, carried out in the field, and demonstrates how even a ‘small-scale’ intervention can be a promoter of local development, with transferable results to other contexts.

Circular design, Reuse, From waste to resources, Territorial development

Ringraziamenti Acknowledgment Agradecimientos

Acknowledgement

The International Conference Recycling is a regular meeting that, every two years, brings together contributions from scholars, researchers, practitioners, and operators from the world of production: they constitute a multitude of viewpoints, relating to recycling issues, that describe a current panorama that is at the centre of international policies.

For this appointment to be repeated, sincere and heartfelt thanks go to all those who made themselves available for the event’s success and for the editing of this volume, starting with the young members of the Organising Committee. At the same time, thanks are due to the Scientific Committee, that is wider in each edition, attracting personalities of international standings, in recycling sector.

The members’ group of the Scientific Committee, undoubtedly constituted the cultural framework within which the contributions of the numerous authors could be installed, enriching the volume: special thanks are addressed to the latter, with reference to the young researchers who, in this edition, are particularly numerous. Finally, sincere thanks go to the Director of the Architecture Department Giovanni Longobardi who facilitated every organisational phase, along with the administrative staff who made their management and operational skills available.

The appointment, already set for spring 2025, will be an opportunity for fruitful encounters and comparisons, under the banner of interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral exchange, with the awareness, acquired also in this edition, that it can be protagonists of innovation.

Ringraziamenti

Il Convegno Internazionale Recycling è ormai un appuntamento fisso che, con cadenza biennale, raccoglie i contributi di studiosi, ricercatori, professionisti e stekeholders del mondo della produzione, relativi alle tematiche del riciclaggio, attraverso una moltitudine di punti di vista che descrivono un panorama attuale e al centro delle politiche internazionali.

Affinché tale appuntamento si possa ripetere, un ringraziamento sentito e sincero va a tutti coloro i quali si sono resi disponibili per la riuscita dell’evento e per la pubblicazione di questo volume, a cominciare dai giovani membri del Comitato Organizzatore.

Al contempo, un ringraziamento doveroso è rivolto al Comitato Scientifico, che si amplia ad ogni edizione, attraendo personalità di spicco nel settore del riciclaggio dei materiali, dalla caratura sempre più internazionale.

Senza dubbio, il gruppo dei membri del Comitato Scientifico ha costituito l’impianto culturale all’interno del quale si sono potuti installare i contributi dei numerosi autori che hanno arricchito il volume: un ringraziamento speciale è diretto ad essi, con particolare riferimento ai giovani ricercatori che, in questa edizione, sono particolarmente numerosi.

Infine, un ringraziamento sincero va al Direttore del Dipartimento di Architettura Giovanni Longobardi che ha agevolato ogni fase organizzativa, insieme al personale amministrativo che ha messo a disposizione le proprie capacità gestionali e operative.

L’appuntamento, già fissato per la primavera del 2025, sarà occasione di incontro e confronto proficuo, all’insegna dello scambio interdisciplinare e intersettoriale, con la consapevolezza, acquisita anche in questa edizione, che si può essere protagonisti dell’innovazione.

Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Laura Calcagnini

Antonio Magarò