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IV CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE

PRATICHE TRADIZIONALI E TECNOLOGIE INNOVATIVE PER L’END OF WASTE a cura di Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Comitato Scientifico Scientific Committee | Comité Científico Rossano Albatici

Università degli Studi di Trento

Paola Altamura ENEA

Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Graziella Bernardo

Università degli Studi della Basilicata

Laura Calcagnini

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Eliana Cangelli

Atti del IV Convegno Internazionale PRE|FREE - UP|DOWN - RE|CYCLE Pratiche tradizionali e tecnologie innovative per l’End of Waste

Sapienza Università di Roma

Agostino Catalano

Università degli Studi del Molise

Michela Dalprà

Università degli Studi di Trento

Michele Di Sivo

Università degli Studi “Gabriele D’Annunzio”

Ornella Fiandaca

Università degli Studi di Messina

Fabio Enrique Forero Suárez

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference PRE|FREE - UP|DOWN - RE|CYCLE Traditional solution and innovative technologies for the End of Waste

Universidad del Bosque

Francesca Giglio

Università Mediterranea

Roberto Giordano Politecnico di Torino

Raffaella Lione

Università degli Studi di Messina

Antonio Magarò

Università degli Studi Roma Tre

Luigi Marino

Università degli Studi di Firenze

Acta de el IV Congreso Internacional PRE|FREE - UP|DOWN - RE|CYCLE Prácticas tradicionales y tecnologías innovadoras para la disposición de los desechos

Luigi Mollo

Seconda Università di Napoli

Antonello Monsù Scolaro Università degli Studi di Sassari

Elisabetta Palumbo

a cura di | edited by | editado por Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule

Hector Saul Quintana Ramirez Universidad de Boyacà

ISBN: 979-12-5953-005-9

Alessandro Rogora Politecnico di Milano

Andrés Salas

Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Camilla Sansone

Università degli Studi del Molise

Marzia Traverso

Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule

Antonella Violano

Università degli Studi della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”

Copyright Questo lavoro è distribuito sotto Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - No opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale

Editore Anteferma Edizioni Srl via Asolo 12, Conegliano, TV edizioni@anteferma.it Prima edizione: maggio 2021 Progetto grafico Antonio Magarò www.conferencerecycling.com

Tutti i contributi sono stati valutati dal Comitato Scientifico, seguendo il metodo del Double Blind Peer Review. All papers were evaluated by the Scientific Committee, following Double Blind Peer Review Method. Todas las contribuciones fueron evaluadas por el Comité Científico, siguiendo el método de Peer Review doble ciego.

PRE|FREE - UP|DOWN - RE|CYCLE pratiche tradizionali e tecnologie innovative per l’End of Waste traditional solutions and innovative technologies for the End of Waste prácticas tradicionales y tecnologías innovadoras para la disposición de los desechos

Premessa / Foreword 14

Premessa. Il riciclaggio come ambito di ricerca per la pratica virtuosa Foreword. Recycling as a research field for virtuous practice Adolfo F. L. Baratta

Saggi / Essays 28

Upcycling dei materiali del patrimonio architettonico nella progettazione circolare Upcycling of heritage materials in circular design Graziella Bernardo

La qualità delle architetture con tecnologia di riciclaggio The quality of architecture with recycle technology Agostino Catalano

Informazione materiale: strumenti per l’implementazione dello urban mining in edilizia Material information: tools for the urban mining implementation in the building sector Massimiliano Condotta, Elisa Zatta

Da rifiuto a risorsa: il contributo dell’Italia al programma LIFE From waste to resource: Italian contribution to the LIFE programme Gigliola D’Angelo, Monica Cannaviello

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Uso e riuso delle plastiche viniliche in edilizia Use and reuse of vinyl plastics in construction Camilla Sansone

Ricerche / Researches 88

The environmental impact evaluation of building elements in architecture: the design for disassembly Laura Calcagnini

100

Guardare al passato per migliorare il futuro Upcycle approach per l’Isola di Vetro A glimpse into the past to develop a better future Upcycle approach for the Isle of Glass Paola Careno, Stefano Centenaro, Filippo De Benedetti

112

DRINC Beer: Designing Recycle IN Concrete with Beer DRINC Beer: Designing Recycle IN Concrete with Beer Denis Faruku, Roberto Giordano, Stefania Riccio

124

Lane minerali di vecchia generazione: la pericolosità del rifiuto dismesso Old generation mineral wools: the riskiness of discarded waste Ornella Fiandaca, Alessandra Cernaro

Table of Contents

140

156

Diseño de productos y espacios desde el reciclaje y la reutilización de desechos Design of products and spaces from recycling and reuse of waste Fabio Enrique Forero Suarez

172

E-waste recycling for monitoring the microclimate in sub-Saharan Africa Antonio Magarò

186

Sistemi di logistica del materiale per la gestione dei rifiuti nelle strutture ospedaliere Material logistic systems for waste management in hospital Massimo Mariani

198

Effect of moisture content and mixing procedure on the Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Silica fume Beatriz E. Mira Rada, Andres Salas Montoya

210

Uva, nocciola e frumento: nuovi ingredienti per l’architettura e il design? Grape, hazelnut and wheat: new ingredients for architecture and design? Elena Montacchini, Silvia Tedesco, Jacopo Andreotti

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222

Verso il circular building quale prassi progettuale. Un esempio di Design for Disassembly Towards the circular building as design practice. A Design for Disassembly case study Elisabetta Palumbo, Massimo Rossetti, Francesco Incelli, Francesca Camerin, Chiara Panozzo

236

Reuse of salt waste in 3D printing: Case study Vesna Pungercar, Martino Hutz, Florian Musso

248

Il recupero di materiali attraverso la demolizione selettiva: un’analisi costi-benefici The recovery of materials through selective demolition: a cost-benefit analysis Giulia Sarra, Paola Altamura, Francesca Ceruti, Vito Introna, Marco La Monica

262

Il riciclaggio come propulsore innovativo nel settore produttivo del vetro Recycling as an innovative driver in the glass production sector Luca Trulli

Table of Contents

Architetture e Design / Architectures and Design 276

Dallo scarto al valore. Quando dalla forma dei residui litici emergono vocazioni nascoste From waste to value. When hidden vocations emerge from the shape of the stone residues Laura Badalucco, Luca Casarotto

290

Il riciclaggio come pratica per la sostenibilità sociale. I mattoni in plastica riciclata di Gjenge Makers in Kenya Recycling as a practice for social sustainability. Gjenge Makers’ recycled plastic bricks in Kenya Laura Calcagnini, Luca Trulli

304

Rifiuti e ospitalità in spazi urbani comuni: un’esperienza didattica nel laboratorio CIRCO Waste and hospitality in common urban spaces: a didactic experience in the CIRCO laboratory Francesco Careri, Fabrizio Finucci, Enrica Giaccaglia, Marco Mauti

316

Promuovere la cultura del riciclo: i Centri di Riuso Promoting the culture of recycling: the Reuse Centres Francesca Castagneto

328

Criteri di smontaggio e riciclaggio di componenti edilizi nei progetti di recupero e di nuova progettazione modulare. Qualità architettonica ed edilizia per costruzioni sostenibili Criteria for disassembly and recycling of building components in restoration and new modular Architectural design. Building quality for sustainable construction Agostino Catalano, Camilla Sansone

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342

Distanze di cartone: sperimentare un Living Lab per l’Upcycling degli imballaggi Carboard Distances: An experiment on an Upcycling Living Lab for envelopes Stefano Converso

354

Fallimenti e successi di una start-up dell’economia circolare: il caso di studio Sfridoo Failures and successes of a circular economy start-up: Sfridoo case study Mario Lazzaroni, Marco Battaglia, Andrea Cavagna

366

Il recupero del legno rigenerato: l’esperienza olandese di Superuse Studios The remanufacturing of reclaimed wood: the Dutch experience of Superuse Studios Rosa Romano

380

Profili degli Autori Authors Profiles

Table of Contents

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Scarabeo stercorario. Dung beetle [drawn by Adolfo F. L. Baratta].

Foreword. Recycling as a research area for virtuous practice

È per me oramai un’abitudine quella di introdurre gli Atti di questo ciclo di Convegni Internazionali sul tema della gestione delle risorse materiche con un aneddoto proveniente dal regno degli animali. Nella prima edizione “Il riciclaggio come pratica virtuosa per il progetto sostenibile” nella premessa dal titolo “I rifiuti non esistono” ho descritto la tilapia, un pesce d’acqua dolce che cresce in fretta e costa poco [Baratta e Catalano, 2015]; nella seconda edizione “Il riciclaggio come risorsa per il progetto sostenibile” nella premessa dal titolo “Una società a zero rifiuti” ho descritto il paguro, un crostaceo che nei suoi frequenti cambi di “casa” si trova a riciclare i rifiuti umani [Baratta e Catalano, 2017]; nella terza edizione “Il riciclaggio di scarti e rifiuti in edilizia” nella premessa dal titolo “Ridurre (prima) e riciclare (sempre)” ho descritto l’uccello giardiniere, il “più umano degli uccelli” che arreda il proprio nido con scarti e rifiuti [Baratta, 2019]. In questa quarta edizione introduco gli Atti che vi apprestate a consultare citando un animale verso il quale ho avuto fin da piccolo una grande simpatia: il coleottero stercorario, uno scarabeo. Questo meraviglioso animale rappresenta un mosaico etologico di straordinarie curiosità. Infatti, noto per fabbricare con gli escrementi delle pallottole più grandi di lui che poi fa rotolare sul suolo con le zampe posteriori fino all’imboccatura della propria tana, utilizzandole come riserva di cibo e incubatrice per le uova, il coleottero stercorario lungo il suo tragitto percorre sempre una linea retta. Con uno studio svolto alla Lund University e pubblicato su Current Biology [Danke et al., 2013], è stato dimostrato che questi animali per orientarsi e muoversi seguono le stelle della Via Lattea. La sua attività di raccoglitore di sterco non è certo invidiabile ma risulta comunque preziosa per l’ambiente perché, per seppellire le provviste, scava delle gallerie che raggiungono i 60 cm di profondità, arricchendo il suolo di concime. Inoltre, grazie a speciali secrezioni emesse dal suo corpo, il coleottero stercorario riesce a non sporcarsi risultando particolarmente pulito: forse sarà per queste eccezionali peculiarità che gli antichi egizi lo adoravano, identificando

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It’s become a habit for me to introduce the Proceedings of the International Conferences on the management of material resources with an anecdote from the animal kingdom. In the first edition “Recycling as a virtuous practice for sustainable design” in the foreword entitled “Waste does not exist” I described the tilapia, a freshwater fish that grows quickly and costs little [Baratta and Catalano, 2015]; in the second edition “Recycling as a resource for sustainable design” in the foreword entitled “A zero-waste society” I described the hermit crab, a crustacean that in its frequent changes of “home” finds itself recycling human waste [Baratta and Catalano, 2017]; in the third edition “The recycling of scraps and waste in construction” in the foreword entitled “Reduce (first) and recycle (always)” I described the gardener bird, the “most human of birds” that decorates its nest with scraps and waste [Baratta, 2019]. In this fourth edition, I introduce this Proceedings by mentioning an animal towards which I have had great sympathy since childhood: the dung beetle. This wonderful animal represents an ethological mosaic of extraordinary curiosities. In fact, the dung beetle is known to make round balls larger than itself from its droppings, which it uses as a food source or breeding chambers. The dung bettle rolls the balls on the ground with its hind legs up to the mouth of its burrow and during its journey it always follows a straight line despite all obstacles. A study carried out at Lund University and published in Current Biology [Danke et al., 2013] shown that this animal follows the stars of the Milky Way in order to orient and move. Its activity as a collector of dung is certainly not enviable but it is valuable for the environment because, to bury the supplies, it digs tunnels that reach 60 cm deep, enriching the soil with fertilizer. Moreover, thanks to special secretions emitted by its body, the dung beetle is not able to get dirty and is particularly clean: maybe it will be for these exceptional peculiarities that ancient Egyptians adored it, identifying in its dung ball the sun and the god Amon Ra.

Foreword. Recycling as a research area for virtuous practice

nella sua palla di sterco il sole e il dio Amon Ra. Credo che, in qualche modo, il coleottero stercorario ci indichi una direzione, quella del rispetto dell’ambiente e del riuso dei rifiuti, e ci inviti a percorrerla senza esitazioni, per la via più breve. Ridurre, se non annullare, il processo distruttivo legato all’estrazione di risorse naturali a favore di un processo di recupero, riuso e riciclo di scarti e rifiuti appare sempre più l’unica strada da percorrere. Ecco, quindi, che la transizione verso la circolarità è l’unica possibile soluzione in grado di rimediare agli impatti dell’andamento lineare dei modelli di produzione e consumo. Dal punto di vista del consumo di risorse naturali, la sfera delle costruzioni è all’origine di circa il 50% delle estrazioni di materiale e, al contempo, responsabile di oltre il 35% della produzione totale di rifiuti dell’Unione Europea: gli effetti dei processi edilizi contribuiscono a generare fino al 12% delle emissioni di GHG [Commissione Europea, 2020]. Una ridotta produzione dei rifiuti può e deve iniziare con una accurata progettazione del manufatto edilizio. Nei loro rispettivi campi d’attività, i progettisti dovrebbero avere pertanto un’adeguata conoscenza dei rifiuti derivanti dalle lavorazioni, nonché delle loro prospettive di riuso e riciclaggio. Così facendo, a prescindere che adottino una strategia di Design for Longevity ovvero la progettazione di soluzioni durature o di Design for Deconstruction ovvero la progettazione di soluzioni reversibili, essi sarebbero in grado di proporre progetti che prevedono una scarsa produzione di rifiuti, o comunque una loro corretta gestione, e di adottare prodotti già usati o riciclati. In questo senso, la presente raccolta di Atti può essere un piccolo strumento per far orientare gli studiosi e gli attori del processo edilizio in questa direzione. Infatti, cinquanta autori provenienti da venti strutture di ricerca, di cui cinque non italiane, hanno descritto una trentina di esperienze virtuose.

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I believe that, in some way, the dung beetle shows us the direction of respecting the environment and reusing waste, and invites us to follow it without hesitation by the shortest route. Reducing, if not cancelling, the destructive process related to the extraction of natural resources in favor of a process of recovery, reuse and recycling of waste seems the only way to go. Therefore, the transition towards circularity is the only possible solution to remedy the impacts of the linear models of production and consumption. From the point of view of consumption of natural resources, the construction sector is at the origin of about 50% of material extraction and, at the same time, responsible for more than 35% of the total production of waste in the European Union: the effects of construction processes contribute to generate up to 12% of GHG emissions [European Commission, 2020]. Reducing waste should begin with careful design of the building. In their respective fields of activity, designers should therefore have an adequate understanding of the waste resulting from their work, as well as its potential for reuse and recycling. By doing so, regardless of whether they adopt a strategy of Design for Longevity or Design for Deconstruction, they would be able to propose design projects with a low production of waste, or at least their proper management, and to adopt products already used or recycled. In this sense, this Proceedings can be helpful to orient scholars and actors of the building process. In fact, fifty authors coming from twenty research institutions, five of them non-Italian, have described about thirty virtuous experiences. In this edition, as in the previous one, the papers have been divided into three sections: a first section dedicated to “Essays”, which includes reflections on actions that promote reuse and recycling within the logic of circular economy; a second section reserved for “Research”, which gives an updated picture of some ongoing activities in the academic field; a

Foreword. Recycling as a research area for virtuous practice

Anche in questa edizione i contributi sono stati articolati in tre sezioni: una prima sezione dedicata ai “Saggi”, che accoglie riflessioni sulle azioni che favoriscono il riuso e il riciclaggio nell’ambito di logiche di economia circolare; una seconda sezione riservata alle “Ricerche”, che restituisce un quadro aggiornato di alcune attività in atto in ambito accademico; una terza sezione destinata ai “Architetture e Design”, a dimostrazione che esistono esempi virtuosi di applicazioni di riuso e riciclaggio che costituiscono un orizzonte concreto a cui rivolgersi. Ai fini dei necessari sviluppi futuri, la sezione che raccoglie i contributi probabilmente più pregnanti è quella relativa alle “Ricerche”. I contributi raccolti in questa sezione sono legati ad attività di indagine svolte nell’ambito della tecnologia dei materiali e degli aspetti procedurali. Relativamente al primo gruppo di ricerche, si può fare un’ulteriore distinzione tra le ricerche sulle proprietà dei materiali più propriamente edilizi e le ricerche che, sebbene impiegate nel settore delle costruzioni, provengono da altri settori produttivi. Alle prime appartengono le sperimentazioni legate alla produzione di prodotti e derivati del vetro (IUAV Università di Venezia, Università degli Studi di Verona, Università degli Studi di Messina e Università degli Studi Roma Tre), di malte e calcestruzzi (Universidad Autonoma di Manizales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia e Technische Universität Munchen), del legno (RWTH Aachen e IUAV Università di Venezia). Alle seconde appartengono i contributi relativi ai sottoprodotti agricoli (Politecnico di Torino), alimentari (Politecnico di Torino) ed elettronici (Università degli Studi Roma Tre). Relativamente alle ricerche inerenti gli aspetti procedurali, spiccano le analisi sulla demolizione selettiva (Università degli Studi Tor Vergata ed ENEA), sulla logistica in ambito ospedaliero (Università degli Studi di Firenze) e sui processi sociali riconducibili alle azioni ri riuso e riciclo (Universidad El Bosque e Università degli Studi Roma Tre). Il risultato complessivo è un panorama di grandi sfide che la ricerca ci

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third section for “Architecture and Design”, demonstrating that there are virtuous examples of reuse and recycling applications that are a concrete horizon to address. For the future developments, the section “Research” collects probably the more relevant papers. The papers of this section investigate research activities carried out in the field of materials technology and procedural issues. A first group of these papers are about the properties of building materials that come from other productive sectors but are used in the construction sector. To this group belong experiments related to the products and their derivatives such as glass (Università IUAV di Venezia, University of Verona, University of Messina and Roma Tre University), mortars and concretes (Universidad Autonoma di Manizales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Technische Universität Munchen), wood (RWTH Aachen and Università IUAV di Venezia). To a secondo group belong the papers related to agricultural by-products (Politecnico di Torino), food (Politecnico di Torino) and electronics (Roma Tre University). With regard to the research on procedural issues, the most outstanding paper are the ones about analyses on selective demolition (University of Tor Vergata and ENEA), logistics in hospitals (University of Florence) and social processes related to reuse and recycling actions (Universidad El Bosque and Roma Tre University). The overall result is a panorama of great challenges: the research will allow us to face with greater awareness to respond effectively to the complex environmental and social dynamics and to guarantee the quality that the construction sector should always have for live better. The transition to a circular economy requires major changes, and support for research and innovation is a key factor in boosting that transition. I conclude by quoting the Indian architect Samira Rathod who states that every building effort must represent a responsible solution in terms of service infrastructure, costs and functions as well as having to weigh the consequences of its constitution towards the environment: for this rea-

Foreword. Recycling as a research area for virtuous practice

consentirà di affrontare con maggiore consapevolezza, per rispondere in modo adeguato ed efficace alle complesse dinamiche ambientali e sociali, garantendo, al contempo, quella qualità che il settore delle costruzioni dovrebbe sempre avere per aiutarci a vivere meglio. La transizione verso un’economia circolare richiede grandi cambiamenti e il sostegno alla ricerca e all’innovazione è un fattore determinante per dare impulso a tale transizione. Concludo citando l’architetto indiano Samira Rathod che afferma che ogni sforzo edilizio deve rappresentare una soluzione responsabile in termini di infrastruttura di servizi, costi e funzioni oltre a dover pesare le conseguenze della propria costituzione nei confronti dell’ambiente: per tale motivo il suo Studio opera ritenendo fondante il principio secondo il quale ogni architettura deve essere BLIRS ossia “Beautiful, Local, Indigenous, Recycled and Small” [https://srda.co/studio.php]. Bibliografia / Bibliography Baratta, A.; Catalano, A. [2015]. “Premessa. I rifiuti non esistono” in Baratta, A.; Catalano, A. (a cura di). Il riciclaggio come pratica virtuosa per il progetto sostenibile, pp. 9-16. Baratta, A.; Catalano, A. [2017]. “Premessa. Una società a zero rifiuti” in Baratta, A.; Catalano, A. (a curi di). Il riciclaggio come risorsa per il progetto sostenibile, Dario Flaccovio editore, Palermo, pp. 9-18. Baratta, A. [2019]. “Premessa. Ridurre (prima) e riciclare (sempre)” in Baratta, A. (a cura di). Il riciclaggio di scarti e rifiuti in edilizia, Timìa edizioni, Roma, pp. 15-25. Commissione Europea [2020]. Comunicazione della Commissione al Parlamento Europeo, al Consiglio, al Comitato Economico e Sociale Europeo e al Comitato delle Regioni. Un nuovo piano d’azione per l’economia circolare per un’Europa più pulita e più competitiva, COM (2020) 98.

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son her Studio operates considering fundamental the principle according to which every architecture must be BLIRS “Beautiful, Local, Indigenous, Recycled and Small” [https://srda.co/studio.php].

Foreword. Recycling as a research area for virtuous practice

Danke, M.; Baird, E.; Byrne, M.; Scholtz, C. H.; Warrant, E. J. [2013]. “Dung Beetles Use the Milky Way for Orientation”, Current Biology, volume 23, Issue 4, pp. R149-R150. https://srda.co/studio.php

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Graziella Bernardo Ricercatore universitario Università degli Studi della Basilicata Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo graziella.bernardo@unibas.it

Upcycling dei materiali del patrimonio architettonico nella progettazione circolare Upcycling of heritage materials in circular design

Deconstruction, Heritage materials, Circular economy, Heritage conservation, Materials life

Summary The work describes the principles and tools supporting the circular design of new buildings according to the guidelines recently adopted in the European Union, highlighting the potential for integration between heritage conservation and sustainable building design. Circular construction design introduces a new vision of construction as a set of functional components composed by materials that can be easily assembled and disassembled. The digitalisation of information with the support of BIM makes possible to have a passport for both the construction and its materials, in which all the performance characteristics and transformations undergone during the entire life cycle are recorded. The digital identity of the materials together with innovative deconstruction practices extends the life of the materials beyond the useful life of the construction, which at the end of its life becomes a source of materials for new constructions. The materials circularity reduces the amount of demolition rubble and promotes economies of scale based on recycling and valorisation of architectural heritage materials. The up cycling of heritage materials can turn the loss of the building into a potential gain, opening new scenarios for creative design of sustainable constructions that go beyond the time-line and the confinement of the place in an endless history of use, deconstruction, and reuse.

Agostino Catalano Professore Associato Università degli Studi del Molise Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche Sociali e della Formazione agostino.catalano@unimol.it

La qualità delle architetture con tecnologia di riciclaggio The quality of architecture with recycle technology

Technology, Performance, Building quality, Architectural quality, Earthquake safety

Summary The recycling of materials was already present in the manuals of the 18th and 19th centuries before the industrial revolution caused operators to lose interest. The techniques were the result of building site practice, in some cases dictated by a lack of financial resources, and in any case they performed well in terms of good overall building quality. In addition to the industrial revolution, the new technology relating to reinforced concrete architecture in the twentieth century led to the formal abandonment of these solutions, which in the last twenty years of the last century saw a resurgence of a certain importance, this time scientifically, leading to the first experiments with concrete using recycled aggregates in seismic areas. A further possible development of research is the interface of constructions with recycled materials with diversified technologies for seismic safety, such as exoskeletons and nanotechnologies. Much is being achieved with recycling technology. It is certainly surprising the step forward that the research has made and is making by allowing the application of design techniques typical of ordinary concrete and buildings with conglomerates with recycled aggregates, which makes it possible to obtain ever greater possibilities also in the regulatory field.

Massimiliano Condotta PhD, Ricercatore universitario Università Iuav di Venezia, Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto condotta@iuav.it Elisa Zatta PhD Student Università Iuav di Venezia, Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto ezatta@iuav.it

Informazione materiale: strumenti per l’implementazione dello urban mining in edilizia Material information: tools for the urban mining implementation in the building sector

Construction and Demolition waste, Building stock, Material resources, Reclamation, Circular economy

Summary The contribution deals with the implementation of circular economy practices in the construction field, examining the strategies that allow the recovery of material resources stored in existing buildings once they reach their end of life. Considering the constantly growing amount of embodied carbon in the products and materials embedded in the contemporary building stock, it appears essential to promote decarbonization by encouraging the recovery of building components through their remanufacturing and reuse. The paper investigates the possible role that some recent tools, developed to evaluate the material flows deriving from Construction and Demolition activities, can play in supporting the preservation of resources through urban mining processes. The examined tools were produced within three different recent guidelines: the “Guidelines for the waste audits before demolition and renovation works of buildings” by the European Commission (2018), the “UNI Reference Practice” (2020), and “A guide for identifying the reuse potential of construction products” (2020) developed through a bottom-up approach in the Interreg NWE FCRBE project. The investigation examines how these tools fit into the building demolition process, depicting the most considered aspects of the overall workflow. In the second place, it evaluates their potential interaction with urban mining strategies, as instruments capable to “inform” the subsequent design and construction processes with a view to maximizing the reuse and remanufacturing of the recovered material resources. The results highlight the benefits of merging the top-down and bottom-up approaches as a means to enhance more efficient circular strategy in the built environment management. This would allow combining the selective demolition broader framework with the reclamation strategies fostered by the tools developed by the practitioners, blending environmental management and design processes together.

Gigliola D’Angelo PhD Student Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, CITTAM Centro Interdipartimentale di ricerca per lo studio delle Tecniche Tradizionali dell’Area Mediterranea gigliola.dangelo@unina.it Monica Cannaviello Professore a Contratto Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Dipartimento di Architettura e Disegno Industriale monica.cannaviello@unicampania.it

Da rifiuto a risorsa: il contributo dell’Italia al programma LIFE From waste to resource: Italian contribution to the LIFE programme

Construction and demolition waste, Upcycling, Life programme, Circolar economy, Building sector

Summary In the last decade there has been a growing interest in so-called construction and demolition waste. For several years great efforts have been devoted to their recovery mainly from quantitative point of view without considering innovative recovery in terms of quality and performance. Today, however, research is increasingly focusing on solutions aimed at circular design and construction, thinking about the closing of the circle by up-cycling waste. This article analyses the Italian projects that have won the European LIFE programme and are moving in this direction, with the aim of identifying the actions implemented to achieve the objectives proposed by the European Union. It follows that the initial tendency to tackle recycling as the recovery of large quantities of waste, without added value, has turned into greater attention to the innovative reuse of waste, which is increasingly moving in the direction of the circular economy. It can also be found that although this type of approach leads to a lower environmental impact, not all projects tend to explicit and quantify the benefits in terms of limiting consumption and reducing emissions.

Camilla Sansone Professore a contratto Università degli Studi del Molise Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche Sociali e della Formazione camilla.sansone@unimol.it

Uso e riuso delle plastiche viniliche in edilizia Use and reuse of vinyl plastics in construction

PVC, Integral recovery, High performance, Recyclability, Innovative technologies

Summary Plastics, in particular vinyl or PVC, are more and more widespread in building production: they join traditional materials, such as wood and metal, for highly specialized technological uses and integrate building systems, such as masonry, foundations and floors, thanks also to new experiments and patents for eco-sustainable design. PVC is one of the most widely used plastics, especially in the construction field. The use of PVC in construction has many advantages: it adapts to many different shapes, it can be elastic or rigid, transparent or opaque, it can have an infinite number of colors, it does not get damaged, it does not oxidize and it keeps its initial shape and performance for a very long time; moreover, PVC components are easy to assemble and require little maintenance. The disadvantage of plastic is in the end-of-life phase of the material, because when it is not properly recycled it seriously pollutes the environment. In recent years, the PVC industry has increased production from PVC waste and scrap to regenerate a high-performance raw material. PVC gets its unique properties from a compound between the polymer and various additives. Many research projects have developed procedures to regenerate PVC by breaking down the waste, with chemical or physical processes, and separating the additives and plasticizers present in the original compound. This produces high-quality polymer granules or powders that can be blended into a new compound with similar or better performance than the original product. In fact, in many cases the additives eliminated from the waste are outlawed or not very effective, while the new ones introduced in the mixture are the result of a more advanced technology. With the regenerated mixtures, the industry produces building systems, such as panels for facades, to build buildings designed from the beginning with the deconstruction and recycling program.

Laura Calcagnini Architetto, PhD, Ricercatore universitario Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura laura.calcagnini@uniroma3.it

The environmental impact evaluation of building elements in architecture: the design for disassembly

Environmental design, Disassembly, Recycling, Low environmental impact, Building elements

Summary This paper is part of the broader research issues on the environmental quality of the technological design. In this context, an advancement of knowledge is being investigated with reference to the tools for environmental evaluation of the building elements in architecture. The theoretical assumptions are motivated because on building elements much has been defined to date for the scientific and technical control of the energy issues and less for that of the environmental ones. Furthermore, the adoption of design choices that contemplate construction technologies more compatible with the directives and practices connected with the life cycle of the building is an essential action for reducing environmental impacts in architecture. The design for disassembly is a strategy which contributes to the environmental impact of the architectural design. In the framework of the research on the environmental impact evaluation of building elements, disassembly represents one of the themes whose definition needs to be deepened. This paper declines the dimension of disassemblability in the framework of the first phase of the research on the environmental impact evaluation of building elements in architecture. Some recent studies focus the attention to the possible strategies of the technological project for the reduction of the environmental impact represented by the disposal activities in the end of life phase with the aim of giving continuity between this last phase and the extraction of raw material and production of building elements. The assessment of the disassembly at the end of the building’s life, with the determination of the percentages of recyclability and reusability of buildings materials that characterize the technological system, is a phase of the design process. This phase is the one in which the issue of environmental evaluation needs to be further investigated with reference to the technical elements.

Paola Careno Assegnista di ricerca Università IUAV di Venezia, Dipartimento Culture del Progetto pcareno@iuav.it Stefano Centenaro Assegnista di ricerca Università IUAV di Venezia, Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi stefano.centenaro@unive.it Filippo De Benedetti Assegnista di ricerca Università IUAV di Venezia, Dipartimento Culture del Progetto fdebenedetti@iuav.it

Guardare al passato per migliorare il futuro Upcycle approach per l’Isola di Vetro A glimpse into the past to develop a better future Upcycle approach for the Isle of Glass

Glass cullet, Murano’s glass, Craftsmanship, Upcycled, Output

Summary Murano’s glass, between art, craftsmanship and science, is part of the lagoon ecosystem with its economic importance, recognized excellence at an international level, historical and cultural value. Since the early 2000s, the economic crisis, new safety regulations in the workplace and gas emissions limits into the atmosphere have, well before the current health emergency, put at risk the functioning of such delicate dynamics. This paper describes the first results and future objectives of an ongoing research, funded by the Veneto Region with POR-FSE 2014-20 funds: the aim is to investigate Murano’s traditional glass manufacturing processes in order to identify, quantify and then classify the waste resulting from the different craftsmanships activities that are part of Murano’s history and are still present in the Island of Glass. Through an analytical and multidisciplinary approach, the final objective of this work is to design an innovative pathway for successfully reusing waste resulting from the manufacturing of Murano’s glass, by developing and then creating a new composite material to be used in the construction and design sector, without neglecting the aspect of environmental and economic sustainability. Greater attention will be given to approaches of reusing waste that can be easily implemented and applied by the master glassmakers themselves, thus favoring a circular economy for the relaunch of Murano.

Denis Faruku Architetto Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design denis.faruku@polito.it Roberto Giordano Professore Associato Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design roberto.giordano@polito.it Stefania Riccio Laureanda Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design stefania.riccio@studenti.polito.it

DRINC Beer: Designing Recycle IN Concrete with Beer DRINC Beer: Designing Recycle IN Concrete with Beer

Circular Economy, Agro-industrial waste, Brewer’s spent grain, Lightweight concrete, Building recycling

Summary The materials of the circular economy are a non-obvious outcome related both to product and process innovation. An innovation that affects the investigations about the reuse of several by-products and wastes even in production processes different from those they were generated. The DRINC Beer project (Designing Recycle IN Concrete with Beer) is included in a cluster of researches aimed at investigating the potential for transforming certain waste from agro-industrial manufacturing into secondary raw materials for the building sector. In particular, the research aims to produce lightweight concrete by replacing traditional aggregates with brewer’s spent grain and to develop a semi-industrial supply chain that could lead to a recovery closedloop, especially in locations where wastes are still disposed in landfills or poorly reclaimed. The paper deals with two relevant phases of the project. The first concerns the experimental activities carried out on the brewing dregs in order to produce specimens to be tested and assessed. The brewer’s spent grains have been mixed with traditional materials, such as cement, water, sand and perlite. The paper focuses on the research carried out to improve the mix design until a cohesive mixture was obtained. The second phase is addressed to designing a circular supply chain in which the brewer’s spent grains are appropriately stored and processed. A crucial investigation aspect, necessary for optimising the recoverable quantities and for outlining new - hopefully circular - local development scenarios.

Ornella Fiandaca Professore Associato Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Ingegneria ornella.fiandaca@unime.it Alessandra Cernaro PhD Student Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Ingegneria alessandra.cernaro@unime.it

Lane minerali di vecchia generazione: la pericolosità del rifiuto dismesso Old generation mineral wools: the riskiness of discarded waste

Energy retrofitting, Mineral wool, ManMade Vitreous Fiber, Construction and demolition waste, Carcinogenicity

Summary The projections on the effects of the current state incentives (EcoBonus, Facades Bonus, SuperBonus) for energy efficiency are encouraging for an effective renovation of the construction sector; it is hoped not only to raise the entire supply chain from the economic and working immobility of the last period but also to extend, to a wider fabric, the principles of sustainability and circularity, by now conceptually assimilated but operationally less pursued. The removal of degraded plasters, of obsolete insulating panels or those that do not comply with the new directives, and of windows with poor performance will result in a substantial amount of material for which it will be necessary to evaluate the future in view of the end of waste. The topic becomes of particular interest if applied to insulation in Man-Made Vitreous Fiber (MMVF) of which the healthiness of the entire life cycle has been questioned, and recycling opportunities have been experimented with scraps derived from production but not from demolition. The study concerns mineral wools, whose dismantling and recycling would require a preliminary knowledge of the generation they belong to, if prior or subsequent to Directive 97/69/EC with which Note Q and Note R were introduced to declare the non-carcinogenicity of the MMVF products. The complexity of the issue required its articulation into two complementary contributions, one regarding the riskiness of discarded waste and the other the solutions that research and industry are applying or considering for circularity. This first in-depth analysis has become an opportunity to identify the criteria on which to base a plausible “genealogical certificate” of mineral wool waste and to estimate the extent of dismantling that wide energy efficiency measures can produce. The assessment has been carried out on production data available for the past, in view of applications presented in the paper “Old generation” mineral wools: the circularity of discarded waste.

Alessandra Cernaro PhD Student Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Ingegneria alessandra.cernaro@unime.it Ornella Fiandaca Professore Associato Università degli Studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Ingegneria ornella.fiandaca@unime.it

Informazione materiale: strumenti per l’implementazione dello urban mining in edilizia Material information: tools for the urban mining implementation in the building sector

Superbonus 110%, Minimum Environmental Criteria, Mineral wool, Construction and Demolition Waste, End Of Waste

Summary The conceptual transition from waste to resource continues to encounter various resistances, be-cause it is necessary to compose a regulatory, cultural, training framework, being defined for less than a decade, therefore still “immature”. The absence of structured supply chains certainly creates a setback in this virtuous path and where - despite glimpsing potentialities - phases, operators and actions cannot be traced, it is necessary to intervene on different levels in order to resolve the obstacles. On the basis of the “genealogical certificate” prepared in the paper “Old generation” mineral wools: the riskiness of discarded waste, the consequent application aspects have been analysed in this complementary contribution to understand how to treat discarded products following state incentives and to verify which policies of recycling are in progress or in prospect. Investigating the production landscape as well as the scientific research, the obstacles for the structuring of a mineral wool recycling chain have been intercepted: from the absence of a centralized collection centre to the lack of characterization of hazardous and non-hazardous waste; from the lack of industrial research to the inertia of companies in the face of a recycling of post-consumer mineral wool waste. The circular management of this category of waste is therefore only in its in-fancy, although with some good intentions.

Fabio Enrique Forero Suarez Arquitecto, PhD, Profesor Universidad El Bosque forerofabio@unbosque.edu.co

Diseño de productos y espacios desde el reciclaje y la reutilización de desechos Design of products and spaces from recycling and reuse of waste

Collaborative and participatory design, Recycling, Reuse, Disposal of materials, Co-creation

Summary Historically, Bogota D.C. has received a large number of people from all over the country in search of opportunities but also, it is a city that has been a recipient of the processes of violence that mark his history and his growth along with other cities and here it is worth taking up the phrase of Jacques Aprile -Gniset (2007) when he says that violence is the main midwife of urban growth in Colombia. The inhabitants of the marginal areas, with few job opportunities, have made the recycling and reuse of urban waste an economic option for their survival and also, a source of provision for the arduous and slow process of self-construction of their homes, due to the impossibility of access to the construction market, gathering a “collage” of materials that the city discards. Examples will be shown of how, based on recycling and reuse, participatory and collaborative design dynamics can be promoted between social actors such as informal neighbourhood communities and the academy that among students and teachers seek to give a more technical application to these “waste” and forging an economic alternative for the most vulnerable inhabitants in the urban edges, focused on products and spaces that go beyond what is done in Design or Architecture schools and transcend to other confines of greater prospecting than the educational institutions through the Dialogue of Knowledge.

Antonio Magarò Architetto, PhD, Assegnista di Ricerca Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura antonio.magaro@uniroma3.it

E-waste recycling for monitoring the microclimate in sub-Saharan Africa

E-waste, Climate changing mitigation, Microclimate monitoring, Low-cost weather station

Summary The paper presents some microclimate monitoring actions, in sub-Saharan African countries, where activities is taken to mitigate the water crisis, through the installation of weather monitoring stations built with components recycled from e-waste. The whole research was leaded by the Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University in partnership with Gente d’Africa, a non-profit organization, and involves the Department of Architecture of the University of Florence, and the École supérieure d’ingénierie, d’architecture et d’urbanisme of Bamako. The Italian and Malian universities and the international cooperant involved Romagna Acque Società delle Fonti SpA, an italian manager of drinking water sources in Romagna. The operational contribution of AES Architettura Emergenza Sviluppo, another non-profit association operating in depressed areas of the world, have allowed the reconstruction and performance improvement of two small dams (barrages also known as sand dams) around Kita, the capital of the Kayes region. The contribution focuses not only on the water problem, but also on the environmental issue, linked to incorrect behavior in the e-waste management. Therefore, in order to achieve the target of monitoring and acquisition of microclimatic data, aimed at verifying the mitigation of overheating due to the presence of artificial water basins, weather stations are designed using, when possible, recycled e-waste.

Massimo Mariani Architetto, PhD Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Architettura massimo.mariani@unifi.it

Sistemi di logistica del materiale per la gestione dei rifiuti nelle strutture ospedaliere Material logistic systems for waste management in hospital

Hospital building systems, Material logistic systems, Waste management, Flows, Layout

Summary The article has its origin from a research subject of a PhD thesis discussed in 2020, through which the peculiarities of the auxiliary activities in the hospital context were investigated in terms of spatialization of flows, dealing with the logistics systems of the material in the technologies for handling in and out of the hospital. The research project fits into general framework of hospitals building system management, with a specific reference to non core services (not care) in the operation phase of these building system. In order to understand the features of material logistic activites through direct and indirect investigations. The integration of the research program with direct investigation activities of Italian and European hospitals has allowed the in-depth knowledge of specific operational practices and processes, in terms of sustainability and consumption of resources, as well as optimization of functional performance. In the hospital sector, the studies relating to logistics of materials and management of flows are advanced in the field of operational management, employing concepts of logistics consolidated in the industrial field, but still poorly treated in architecture and engineering hospital. Contexts of this type require specific indepth studies for design support purposes, also starting from analysis and verification of practices already in place, supporting the development of tools capable of increasing the quality of the space addressed by operational management. The contribution introduces issues by correlating them transversally with global sector data, significant in terms of quality of such consumption and efficiency. Subsequently, it frames the logistics of materials through the reference of management methodologies and technologies. Finally, it exposes a general framework for understanding the types of hospital waste and reports the operational flow in relation to the operating department.

Beatriz E. Mira Rada Professor Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Facultad de Ingenieria beatrize.mirar@autonoma.edu.co Andres Salas Montoya Associate Professor Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Civil Engineering Department asalasmo@unal.edu.co

Effect of moisture content and mixing procedure on the Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Silica fume

Silica Fume, Strength, Elastic Modulus, Aggregates, Recycling

Summary This document summarizes the results of a laboratory study to determine the effect of the moisture state of aggregates and mixing method on some of the mechanical properties of concretes produced using natural (NA) and recycled concrete aggregates (RA) including silica fume (SF). Concrete wastes were crushed and used as 100% replacement for natural coarse aggregate to produce concrete mixtures. The study includes the evaluation of the compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity of the concrete mixes produced following the standard mixing procedure and the two-stage mixing approach, using aggregates in different moisture states: oven dry (OD), air dry (AD) and saturated surface dry (SSD). Based on the results, it was feasible to produce high quality concretes using recycled aggregates in the concrete by manipulating the parameters of the mix, such as the mixing procedure, and the moisture content of the aggregates.

Elena Montacchini Professore Associato Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design elena.montacchini@polito.it Silvia Tedesco Ricercatore tdA Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design silvia.tedesco@polito.it Jacopo Andreotti Dottore in Architettura Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Architettura e Design jacopo.andreotti@polito.it

Uva, nocciola e frumento: nuovi ingredienti per l’architettura e il design? Grape, hazelnut and wheat: new ingredients for architecture and design?

Agri-food waste, Circular approach, Ecological building products, Upcycling

Summary The circular economy represents a sustainable development model and an opportunity to innovate production processes by eliminating the concept of waste. In line with the growing interest of public and private actors on this issue, the article intends to illustrate the developments of the research activities carried out by the circular design team from the Department of Architecture and Design of the Politecnico di Torino. In particular, the paper describes an experience based on two closely related activities: CIBUS’ research project (CIrcular economy in the BUilding Sector from agri-food waste) and the innovative educational course Progettare e sviluppare l’economia circolare. The two activities, conducted in collaboration with companies in the Piedmont region, focus on the study of waste from the grape, hazelnut, and wheat sectors to outline new “ingredients” for architecture and design. By exploring the current (linear) production model, the annual quantities of residues were identified and, subsequently, the potential for valorizing agricultural by-products was outlined. The results of the researches are encouraging and show how it is possible to design new scenarios of cross-sectoral collaboration between agriculture and architecture.

Elisabetta Palumbo Ricercatore universitario RWTH Aachen University,INaB elisabetta.palumbo@inab.rwth-aachen.de Massimo Rossetti Professore Associato Università Iuav di Venezia, Dipartimento Culture del Progetto rossetti@iuav.it Francesco Incelli Ingegnere francescoincelli@gmail.com Francesca Camerin Assegnista di Ricerca Università Iuav di Venezia, Dipartimento Culture del Progetto fra.camerin@gmail.com Chiara Panozzo Architetto chi16pan@gmail.com

Verso il circular building quale prassi progettuale. Un esempio di Design for Disassembly Towards the circular building as design practice. A Design for Disassembly case study

Dry-built architectural envelopes, Life Cycle Assesment, End of life, Design for Disassembly, Circular Building

Summary According to Goal 12 of UN Agenda 2030, “Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”, one of the targets is to “substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse” by 2030. This is particularly true in the construction sector, which is responsible for 40% of global energy consumptions and 35% of greenhouse gases emissions. The paper is part of the design strategies for the reassembly and reuse of architectural artifacts with a view to the transition to the Circular Economy. Specifically, the paper deals with the issue of dry-built architectural envelopes and their executive design according to a Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) approach, based on a case study of a temporary wooden housing unit for which different usage scenarios are envisaged, and end of life at the end of the first cycle of use of the casing components. The paper, in particular, based on the collection of the environmental profiles of the products through the Environmental Product Declarations (EPD), aims to define a balance between the environmental impacts incorporated in the materials used and the benefits associated with the adoption of dry construction techniques.

Vesna Pungercar Research Associate, PhD Candidate Technical University of Munich Chair of Building Construction and Material Science EBB vesna.pungercar@tum.de Martino Hutz Research Associate Technical University of Munich Chair of Building Construction and Material Science EBB martino.hutz@tum.de Florian Musso Full Professor Technical University of Munich Chair of Building Construction and Material Science EBB musso@tum.de

Reuse of salt waste in 3D printing: Case study

Salt waste, Printing mortar, Printability, Case Study, 3D printing

Summary Salt waste from desalination plants and potash mining industry already presents an environmental problem. Salt (NaCl) in combination with other materials shows promising mechanical and physical properties and has already been used as a building material in the past. This experimental study focuses on using salt in 3D printing technology to improve the resource efficiency of both the building material and construction process (speed, cost, accessibility). To analyze the printability of salt mortars, four different material groups (SS- salt and starch, SC – salt and clay, CS – salt and concrete, SG – salt and gypsum) each prepared in six different mixes were evaluated according to a range requirements (pumpability, printed shape maintenance before it hardens, proper binding time around 30 minutes, possibility to build another layer and surfaces). The most promising printing mortar was selected for a 3D printing process with a clay printer (Potter Bot Micro 10) for more complex print objects. The SC printing mortar performed the best in terms of printability requirements, stayed stable after the hardening period and also preserved the complex printing shape. However, SC print objects showed high efflorescence on the surface and connection problems between printing layers on some positions. In the future special attention should be given to the further development of the printing mortars. In general, experimental results demonstrate that salt printing mortars provide a promising method for 3D printing.

Giulia Sarra Ingegnere Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Impresa giuliasarra1993@gmail.com Paola Altamura Assegnista di Ricerca ENEA, Dipartimento SSPT paola.altamura@enea.it Francesca Ceruti Ricercatore ENEA, Dipartimento SSPT francesca.ceruti@enea.it Vito Introna Professore Associato Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata” Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Impresa vito.introna@uniroma2.it Marco La Monica Ricercatore ENEA, Dipartimento SSPT marco.lamonica@enea.it

Il recupero di materiali attraverso la demolizione selettiva: un’analisi costi-benefici The recovery of materials through selective demolition: a cost-benefit analysis Selective demolition, Circular economy, Reuse, Recycling, Break Even Analysis

Summary From the point of view of Circular Economy and Urban Mining, cities represent real “mines of anthropogenic resources”: increasing the recovery of construction materials at the end of their useful life makes it possible to reduce the exploitation of primary resources and the production of waste. This contribution reports the results of a study that evaluates the possibility of reclaiming/recycling Construction and Demolition waste (C&D) by investigating the applicability of the selective demolition process through a cost-benefit analysis. The selective demolition of a housing unit, contextualized in the Piedmont region, is examined and evaluated in two different scenarios: only demolition and demolition plus rehabilitation of the site, with the use of natural or recycled aggregates. For the reclaimed components and materials, two scenarios - sale for the reuse market or economic enhancement for recycling purposes – is assessed. The methodology used involves a temporal analysis of the demolition process, using a GANTT diagram, an economic evaluation, using Break Even Analysis and finally a sensitivity analysis, to assess the impact of the main items considered on the analysis model adopted. The results show that the optimal context in which to operate is one in which it is possible to subject to demolition materials equal to and / or greater in quantities of 380,658 kg, and that in which it is possible to use recycled aggregates for site remediation (presenting a BEP of 723,679 kg compared to that with natural aggregates equal to 1,181,879 kg). The present contribute also demonstrates how the large-scale adoption of Design for Disassembly, together with monetary incentive policies for the use of recycled aggregates, would allow to optimize the cost-benefit ratio in the selective demolition process.

Luca Trulli Architetto, PhD Student Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura luca.trulli@uniroma3.it

Il riciclaggio come propulsore innovativo nel settore produttivo del vetro Recycling as an innovative driver in the glass production sector

Recycle, Flat glass, Building envelope, Windows, Neutral emissions

Summary One of Europe’s most important goals is to become the first carbon neutral continent in 2050. In 2019 the building and construction sector has been accounted 50% of greenhouse gases. Currently in Europe, more than 50% of the building stock dates back to the 1970s. One of the measures needed to improve the environmental performances in buildings is to intervene on theirs envelopes and windows. To this day, glass production in Italy and Europe is growing steadily, demonstrating that this material is of great interest in all its applications. The largest production sector is food glass, which accounts for 2/3 of total production, and the second largest is flat glass, mainly used in the construction sector. If we look at the building stock, we can see that most of these windows and doors are now inadequate to fulfil the requirements and will have to be replaced. In addition to glass production, the recycling of glass is a growing sector. Starting from the characteristics of this material, which is 100% recyclable, and analysing the existing building stock, this paper aims to investigate the possibility of replacing old windows and doors with glass recycling. Flat glass, a post-consumer material, difficult to recycle, could be integrated with positive results into the production process, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of raw materials.

Laura Badalucco Professore Associato Università Iuav di Venezia, Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto laurabada@iuav.it Luca Casarotto PhD, Ricercatore universitario Università Iuav di Venezia, Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto luca.casarotto@iuav.it

Dallo scarto al valore. Quando dalla forma dei residui litici emergono vocazioni nascoste From waste to value. When hidden vocations emerge from the shape of the stone residues

Zero Waste, Innovation, Circular Economy, Basic Product Design, Upgrading

Summary Transitioning to a Circular Economy requires to rethink our production and consumption models. Design is hence considered as a powerful impact catalyst. The contribution of design in the production with stone materials offers examples and ideas of particular value. From the optimization of processes to waste prevention strategies and to the circularity of processes, it’s not only a matter of recognizing the quality and potential use of these materials, but also of bringing out hidden vocations, working on the combination of the uniqueness of the material and potentiality of its geometry. This paper deals with this last topic. The here-mentioned examples allow to highlight the relationship between the skills on the geometric-formal configurations of the products of the designers and the ability to glimpse and explain the potential for use that these forms possess. It believes that a careful experimentation on Basic Design with a view to circularity, and a consequent (possible) revision and enhancement of the exercises born from this activity, could strengthen some of the skills that will be particularly useful for the reintegration of waste in the production and consumption processes.

Laura Calcagnini Architetto, PhD, Ricercatore universitario Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura laura.calcagnini@uniroma3.it Luca Trulli Architetto, PhD Student Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura luca.trulli@uniroma3.it

Plastic waste, Africa, bricks, recycling, environment

Summary The world production of plastics has been in continuous growth since the 1950s; the production today amounts to over 322 million tons per year. Currently this material is among the most commercialized in the world. Parallel to the production the recycling process manifests critical issues due to the complexity in the differentiation of the components of the marketed products. The problem of plastic waste is tackled differently in the various countries, trying as much as possible to implement a virtuous recycling process. In some cases, such as for the European continent, this recycling process has begun to give its results by managing to recycle a large part of these materials to use them as secondary raw materials, but not all over the world the condition is the same. In some countries, such as Africa, the problem of recycling plastics is a critical issue especially concerning a particular type of product: single-use plastics. In particular, Kenya is a country with great problems in disposing of these products, so much so that, in 2017, it banned its production and marketing. In response to this great environmental emergency, in 2018 Nzambi Matee, founded her laboratory aimed at recycling plastic waste to building materials. In almost three years and with the improvement of the production process today, this laboratory is a consolidated reality, which produces from 1.000 to 1.500 bricks/day in recycled material and has managed to recycle over 20 tons of plastic waste since its birth.

Francesco Careri Professore Associato Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura francesco.careri@uniroma3.it Fabrizio Finucci Ricercatore universitario Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura fabrizio.finucci@uniroma3.it Enrica Giaccaglia Architetto Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura enricagiaccaglia@gmail.com Marco Mauti Architetto Junior Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura mrc.mauti@gmail.com

Rifiuti e ospitalità in spazi urbani comuni: un’esperienza didattica nel laboratorio CIRCO Waste and hospitality in common urban spaces: a didactic experience in the CIRCO laboratory CIRCO laboratory, hospitality, waste, waste cycle, informal living

Summary Bringing together hospitality and rubbish, urban and human waste, are the goals of the riCIRCOlo project, the result of an educational experience carried out in the CIRCO Laboratory, at the Department of Architecture of the Roma Tre University. CIRCO is a joint research and didactic path whose objective is the transformation of the countless abandoned spaces of the city of Rome into a network of intercultural condominiums, mixed between residences for all categories (including migrants, families in need or housing emergency) with services and other special integrated activities based on the concept of Hospitality. Among the various projects addressed over the years, RiCIRCOlo concerns a particular combination between the recycling of some waste and the temporary forms of living. The key issues that RiCIRCOlo holds together and addresses are: a. the residual public space of the contemporary city, abandoned for multiple reasons; b. the thorny issue of the waste supply chain; c. the urgent implications of housing deprivation. The CIRCO Laboratory has been investigating these phenomena for years through direct experience, highlighting the contradictions and opportunities of contemporary living. The riCIRCOlo proposal, after having directly investigated and reconstructed the informal recycling chain in Rome, makes up the residual value that lies in the various forms of waste and proposes a project, which we hope can be replicated and implemented, consisting of two civic acts: recycling and hosting. Currently, the riCIRCOlo project is one of the proposals that will be brought to the table of the actors present at the former slaughterhouse. The paper, after an introduction of the CIRCO Laboratory, exposes the main contents of the specific riCIRCOlo project.

Francesca Castagneto Professore Associato Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Architettura – SDS Architettura Siracusa f.castagneto@unict.it

Promuovere la cultura del riciclo: i Centri di Riuso Promoting the culture of recycling: the Reuse Centres

Reuse Centers, Recycling, Urban Regeneration, Circular Economy

Summary European Waste Directives and the Italian legislation transposing them provide prevention, among the most significant actions in the perspective of environmental protection. Avoiding the production of waste, even before questioning what to do and how to transform waste, is indicated as virtuous and strategic behavior. The pursuit of this objective requires the implementation of training and social awareness-raising activities, but also the installation on the territory of equipment for collection, selection, repair of all those goods that are discarded and discarded while still having the possibility of being used. The product categories are many and range from furniture to small appliances, from clothing to linen, from tools to electronic and telephony equipment that, with small repairs, can be made available, low cost, for those who need it. This urban equipment, often operated in collaboration between public and private, are called Reuse Centers; in some cases located near the Municipal Collection Centers, much more often in abandoned buildings managed by voluntary associations, represent in the Italian panorama a growing reality. The contribution, referring to these premises and international experiences by now consolidated, proposes a design experimentation for the City of Acireale. The recovery of a disused industrial building transformed into a Reuse Center takes the form of a dual intervention aimed at reinject a resource built into the dynamics of urban use with the innovative role of promoting sensitivity to environmental issues.

Agostino Catalano Professore Associato Università degli Studi del Molise Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche Sociali e della Formazione agostino.catalano@unimol.it Camilla Sansone Professore a contratto Università degli Studi del Molise Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche Sociali e della Formazione camilla.sansone@unimol.it

Materials, Recycling, Authenticity, Performance, Quality, Disassembly

Summary When an architectural design is defined as sustainable, whether for new construction or renovation design, it is assumed that its design follows those criteria that allow it to meet the required performance without compromising the future possibilities of maintenance and useful life of the building. Environmental impact, economic and sociological analysis are primary factors in assessing the sustainability of an architectural project. Conceived from this perspective, the process needs a finely tuned approach, especially for technical evaluations, such as the choice of materials and components, as well as architectural and building quality. For refurbishment projects, where the total cost is difficult to determine initially, it appears necessary to develop a conservative practice that includes the possibility of reusing and recycling materials recovered from the same building as well as from others. Such an approach defines, with elastic criteria, the possibility to work with historically consolidated elements allowing to solve effectively the problems of cost and of materials and elements. In fact, restoration often puts the designer in the condition of operating on buildings of particular architectural value, enriched with finishing elements built with materials that are not easily available, and with traditional techniques that are not easily reproduced, considerably increasing the costs of the project. Similarly, for new constructions, modular technology makes it possible to create building systems that can be assembled and subsequently dismantled to be built on different sites, finding particular utility, for example, in interventions immediately following an earthquake.

Stefano Converso Ricercatore universitario Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Architettura stefano.converso@uniroma3.it

Distanze di cartone: sperimentare un Living Lab per l’Upcycling degli imballaggi Carboard Distances: An experiment on an Upcycling Living Lab for envelopes

Upcycling, Design, Cardboard, Fab lab, Living lab

Summary Cardboard Distances is a research conducted at the Digital Fabrication Lab of Roma Tre University Department of Architecture between September and December 2020 when a design exercise was used to test the establishment of an Upcycling center for Cardboard Envelopes. The work was conducted using standard envelopes sent to recycle: no pre-treatment was done before bringing the material to the Laboratory for laser cutting, so the process included the recognition, classification, and digitalization of the pieces to feed them into the digital design environment. Projects have been based on the rules of the so called “press-fit” technique: a dry assembly of flat components, all cut from the recycled boards. From the design point of view the research was testing a “performative” attitude on dealing with the material available and take advantage of its unexpected patterns and shape, including holes and folds. From the process point of view the research showed the potential of the upcycling process for cardboard envelopes. The process changed the perception of “waste”, and the laboratory became a hybrid between a fabrication lab (normally working with new material) and a recycling point (normally not providing a “second life” to materials delivered: they pass a gate and immediately become “waste”). For the weeks of the experimentation the laboratory became an open environment, with students bringing materials and testing projects, simulating a similar activity by citizens proving their envelopes to take project out of them, from a digital library build based on the shape of the sources (designs “embedded in envelopes”). During the Maker Faire exhibition, it also was open partially to public: families walking past the campus stopped by and kids opened up their curiosity to these strange models, with students letting them play, disassemble, bringing pieces home. The most unplanned outcome that provides probably the deepest sense of this research: its social potential.

Mario Lazzaroni Architetto, CEO e Co-founder Sfridoo mario@sfridoo.com Marco Battaglia Architetto, CEO e Co-founder Sfridoo marco@sfridoo.com Andrea Cavagna Architetto, CSO e Co-founder Sfridoo andrea@sfridoo.com

Fallimenti e successi di una start-up dell’economia circolare: il caso di studio Sfridoo Failures and successes of a circular economy start-up: Sfridoo case study

Start-up, Circular economy, Industrial symbiosis

Summary According to the definition of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, circular economy “is a generic term to define an economy designed to be able to regenerate itself. In a circular economy, the flows of materials are of two types: the biological ones, capable of being reintegrated into the biosphere, and the technical ones, destined to be revalued without entering the biosphere “. The circular economy is therefore an economic system planned to reuse materials in subsequent production cycles, reducing waste. The article illustrates the story of experimentation of an Italian stratup on the ways of integrating circular economic principles in the productive world of the Italian territory, recounting failures and successes to understand how Sfridoo was able to identify the current incentive model of the processes of industrial symbiosis. Sfridoo, an innovative startup born in 2017, immediately set itself the goal of helping companies in the transition to the circular economy, using technical-consulting and digital tools. The company operates in the environmental sector, offering targeted services to companies for the optimization of production residues and leftovers. It uses innovative tools that exploit the power of the cloud and the latest technologies to innovate the waste management sector according to circular economy principles.

Rosa Romano PhD, Ricercatore universitario Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Architettura rosa.romano@unifi.it

Il recupero del legno rigenerato: l’esperienza olandese di Superuse Studios The remanufacturing of reclaimed wood: the Dutch experience of Superuse Studios

Wood, Superuse Studios, Blue economy, New use, Remanufacturing

Summary Wood can be considered one of the primary materials used in the construction sector globally because of its universal field of application. However, over the centuries, the tradition of wooden constructions has spread to the Nordic countries, while in the Mediterranean area; it has almost totally disappeared due to the decrease in wood areas in relation to the growing number of inhabitants. Endemic forest depredation, which began in the classical era and continued over time, also due to many wars in the old continent, resulted in the enactment of various laws which, from the end of 1200 until the last century, have regulated tree cutting, eventually banning the wood use because of the problems concerning its resistance to fire. After the II World War, the counter trend takes place as wood use has increased considerably despite reducing deforestation. Recent studies estimate that its consumption and the consequent deforestation processes will triple by 2050 due to the growing demand from developing countries, transforming it once again into a precious and endangered material. In the light of these reflections and starting from a synthetic analysis of the current wood reclaimed typologies, the article describes the experience of the Dutch studio Superuse Studios, which, through the development of original design philosophy and various interesting projects (Upstyle Woodguide, Villa Welpeloo in Enschede, etc.), promotes new forms of sustainability inherent in the reuse of building “waste.” Superuse Studios’ design philosophy divulgates the precepts of the blue economy, which encourages further development models based on the idea that someone’s “waste” can be someone else’s resource.

Finito di stampare nel mese di Maggio 2021

Il IV Convegno Internazionale PRE|FREE - UP|DOWN - RE|CYCLE, dedicato alle “Pratiche tradizionali e tecnologie innovative per l’End of Waste”, si è tenuto sulla piattaforma Microsoft Teams il 28 maggio 2021. I contributi sono stati distribuiti, a seguito della procedura double blind peer review, all’interno delle tre sezioni che caratterizzano il Convegno Internazionale: Saggi, Ricerche, Architetture e Design. La partecipazione ha visto il coinvolgimento di numerosi atenei, centri di ricerca e start-up oltre al nutrito numero di membri del Comitato Scientiﬁco. La raccolta degli Atti fornisce lo stimolo alla riﬂessione sulle pratiche tradizionali e la loro intersezione con le azioni più innovative, attraverso un ripensamento dell’End of Waste. L’elemento più interessante degli Atti è la varietà di prospettiva: sebbene non vi sia la possibilità di leggere i contributi in continuità, essi restituiscono un panorama che promuove la conoscenza e stimola ulteriori indagini e ricerche.

Adolfo F. L. Baratta è Architetto e Dottore di Ricerca. Dal 2014 è Professore Associato in Tecnologia dell’Architettura presso l’Università degli Studi Roma Tre e, dal 2018, è abilitato come Professore Ordinario. È stato docente presso l’Università degli Studi di Firenze e Sapienza Università di Roma, nonché Visiting Professor presso la Universidad de Boyacá di Sogamoso (COL) e la HTWG di Konstanz (DE). Dal 2020 è esperto della Struttura Tecnica di Missione del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e delle Mobilità Sostenibili. È autore di oltre 200 pubblicazioni.

ISBN 979-12-5953-005-9

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