REV[IV]AL : An Attempt to Re-think of an Ideal Village_Design Dissertation_2021-22

REV[IV]AL : An Attempt to Rethink of an [Ideal Village] By Pradyumna Lalit Pritee Vikharankar Guided By Ar. Yashwant Pitkar A Dissertation submitted in partialfulfillment of the requirements for SEM-IX The Degree

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE MUMBAI UNIVERSITY MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA. 5TH YEAR, SEM-IX, BARD 911, OCT’ 2021 Conducted at:

RACHANA SANSAD’S ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, UN-AIDED COURSE RACHANA SANSAD, 278, SHANKAR GHANEKAR MARG, PRABHADEVI,MUMBAI 400025.

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE The following Under-Grad Design Dissertation Study is hereby approved as satisfactory work on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite and partial fulfillment of the requirement to the 5th Year Sem IX of Bachelor Of Architecture Degree for which it has been submitted.

This is to certify that this student (Pradyumna Lalit Pritee Vikharankar) is a bonafide Final Year student of our institute and has completed this Design Dissertation under the guidance of the Guide as undersigned, adhering to the norms of the Mumbai University & our Institute Thesis Committee.

It is understood that by this approval and certification the Institute and the Thesis Guide do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed, or conclusions drawn therein; but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfied the requirements laid down by our Thesis Committee.

Name of the Student : Date:

Approved By

Pradyumna Lalit Pritee Vikharankar Tuesday 26th October 2021

Principal Ar. Prof. Rohit Shinkre

Certified By

College Seal

Thesis Guide Ar. Prof. Yashwant Pitkar

Examined By

External Examiner-1 (

)

Certified Seal

External Examiner-2 (

)

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “REV[IV]AL : An Attempt to Rethink of an Ideal Village”, represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media, and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the sources cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave offenses in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion, or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student Name of the Student: Pradyumna Lalit Pritee Vikharankar Exam Roll No : 1740

Date: 26th October’ 2021

Place: Mumbai

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: 1. the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgment; 2. the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgment; 3. unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; 4. the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions, and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations, and essays and online resources.

i | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS uli As the dissertation is complete, I would love to express my gratitude to those numerous people who have been through the thick & thin of this process. It would have not been possible without them to not just complete the dissertation, but also experience a different learning process.

A hearty thank you to my thesis guide Ar.Prof. Yashwant Pitkar for his valuable supervision & constant encouragement that always led me to a vast scope of knowledge in various tangents. I am also thankful to Ar.Prof. Shripad Bhalerao & Ar.Prof. Harshada Bapat Shintre for their vivid perspectives that helped me shape the dissertation.

An unmatchable work experience at Design Jatra under the guidance of Ar.Pratik Dhanmer, Ar.Shardul Patil & Ar.Vinita Chiragiya has helped me channelize my thoughts in the right direction that eventually has led to this final compilation of the dissertation.

A constant moral support by my mentors Siddha Kannur, Ar.Omkar Nandlaskar & colleagues Ar.Tina Kedia, Soham Tulaskar, Prajwal Pembarti, Sarvdip Pitale, Raviraj Karke, Shruti Sahasrabudhe, Harshvardhan Jhaveri, Aishwarya Balsekar, Prajwal Satvidkar, Adish Rathod, Anjali Mangale, Falguni Sakpal, Aashi Jain, Dhruvi Jain, Dhanashree Jadhav & Simran Ajgaonkar has always been a ray of positivity.

Lots of love to my aai Pritee Vikharankar, baba Lalit Vikharankar, sisters Ar. Aishwarya Kshirsagar, Chinmayee Shah & Vidhi Rathi for their unending support throughout the ups & downs of this wonderful journey.

A final thanks to all my batchmates & those loving people, whom I may have missed unintentionally, for their selfless inputs that have helped me complete the dissertation.

ii | TABLE OF CONTENT ⿏ iii | LIST OF FIGURES | iv | ABSTRACT |

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⿏ …...………....……...……………………..…....…....01

lil ……………………………………...………………….…...…...03

1.0 INTRODUCTION | ‫׹‬i 2.0 ARGUMENTS |

……………………………………..…………...……….....05

…………………..………………………………….……….....08

2.1 Argument 01 - Hierarchical Growth Pattern 2.2 Argument 02 - The Shift of Origin 2.3 Resultant Theory 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW | l‫⿏׹‬ EVil  V ………………….……….……….....16 3.1 Readings 3.1.1 Panchayat Raj 3.1.2 Rural Community Buildings

3.2 Movies 3.2.1 Idiocracy 3.2.2 I Am 20

4.0 GANDHIAN PHILOSOPHY |

⿏

lV …………………………….……….....26

4.1 Gandhian Philosophy of Decentralization 4.1.1 Political Concerns 4.1.2 Socio-Cultural Concerns 4.1.3 Core of the Philosophy

4.2 Gandhian Philosophy of 5 Mile Radius 4.2.1 The Swadeshi Architecture 4.2.2 An Ideal Village 4.2.3 Laurie Baker - The Pioneer Architect

4.3 Challenges in Present Day 4.4 Relevance in Present Day 5.0 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS |

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5.1 Centralized Economy 5.1.1 Theoretical Advantages 5.1.2 Theoretical Disadvantages

5.2 Decentralized Economy 5.1.1 Law of Supply & Demand 5.1.2 Theoretical Advantages 5.1.3 Theoretical Disadvantages

5.3 Mixed Economy

‹l ⿏ …….…………..…..……….……….….....36

5.3.1 Modern Day Concerns

6.0 GOVERNMENT SCHEMES |

i li⿏

 Vl ……………………….……….….....48

6.1 Conceptualization 6.1.1 The Colonial Outlook 6.1.2 A Post - Independence Outlook 6.1.3 The Contemporary Outlook

6.2 An Overview 6.3 Schemes Under Consideration 6.3.1 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin 6.3.2 Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana 6.3.3 The Convergence Structure

7.0 CASE STUDY |

i‹

l

……………….……………………….…...…….....56

7.1 Dhun, Rajasthan 7.1.1 Phase 01 - Water 7.1.2 Phase 02 - Forest 7.1.3 Phase 03 - Architecture 7.1.4 Inference

7.2 Proto Village, Andhra Pradesh 7.2.1 Phase 01 - Ecology 7.2.2 Phase 02 - Architecture 7.2.3 GRAMAM 7.2.4 Inference

8.0 POLICY PROPOSITION |

i‹ rl Vl

……………..……………………........70

8.1 Potential & Trade 8.2 Quantifying the Policy 8.3 Core of the Policy 8.4 Structure of the Policy 8.5 Role of Government 9.0 SITE IDENTIFICATION |

l ⿏

l 䁌

⿏



…………....…………….…….....80

9.1 Patoda Adarsh Gram, Aurangabad 9.1.1 An Overview 9.1.2 Scope

9.2 Kesapuri, Aurangabad 9.2.1 An Overview 9.2.2 Scope

v | BIBLIOGRAPHY |

J u䁌ZJ

………………………………….……...……….….….....91

iii | LIST OF FIGURES 㠮‹

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Illustrations : Ill.iv.a The Diminishing Barrier …..…….…………………...………………….…….….....04 Ill.1.0.a The Abundance of Resources ………………......……..…………….…….….......06 Ill.2.1.a Hierarchichal Growth Pattern …………………….…………………….…...….....10 Ill.2.2.a Shift of Origin ...………………………....……………………………….…...….....12 Ill.2.3.a Balanced Chaos ...………………………………………....……….………...….....14 Ill.4.1.a Delegation, Humanitarian & Means of Production ……………..………..….....27 Ill.4.2.a Ecological, User Centric & Swadeshi ………………....………….….…...……....29 Ill.4.2.3.a Pioneer of Ecological Architecture ………………….………….….…………..32 Ill.5.1.a Centralized Economy …………………………......……………….….…..….…...37 Ill.5.1.b Centralized Transaction ………………………......……………….….…..….…...38 Ill.5.2.a Decentralized Economy ...………………………………………....….…………..41 Ill.5.2.b Decentralized Transaction ……………………....……………….….……….…...42 Ill.5.3.a Mixed Economy ...………………………....……………………....…..…..…..…..45 Ill.8.0.a The Parameters of a Resilient Community …..……………….…….…..…..…..72 Ill.8.1.a Correlation of Potential & Trade ……………...……………….…….….….……73 Ill.8.3.a Core of the Policy …………………....………...……………….…….…...…...….76 Ill.8.4.a Structure of the Policy …………………….…...……………….…….…..……….77 Images : Img.3.1.1.a Panchayat Raj ...…………………………….…………....…………...….….....17 Img.3.1.2.a Rural Community Building ……....…...…………...……………………….....19 Img.3.2.1.a Idiocracy ………………...……………...……..………....………….…..……...21 Img.3.2.2.a I Am 20 ……………….………………...……..……………….…………….....23 Img.7.1.a.b Dhun ……………….………..………...……..……………….…..…..……….57 Img.7.1.1.a.b Dhun Phase 01 ….…………….………..………………….…..…..……….58 Img.7.1.2.a.b Dhun Phase 02 ….…………….………..………………….…..…...………59 Img.7.1.3.a.b Dhun Phase 03 ….…………….………..………………….…..…...………60 Img.7.2.a.b Proto Village ……………..…………...……..……………….…..…...………63 Img.7.2.1.a.b Proto Village Phase 01 ….……………..………………….…..…...………64 １

Img.7.2.2.a.b Proto Village Phase 02 ….……………..………………….…..…...………65 Img.9.1.a.b Patoda Adarsh Gram ……....…………...…..……………….…………….....81 Img.9.2.a.b Kesapuri …………………………..……...…..……………….………...….....85 Figures : Fig.9.1.1.a Patoda Overview I ………………………….…………....……………….….....82 Fig.9.1.1.b Patoda Overview II ………………………….…………...…………...….….....82 Fig.9.2.1.a Kesapuri Overview I …………………….….………........…….…………….....86 Fig.9.2.1.b Kesapuri Overview II ………………….…....…………....…………...….….....86 Tables : Table.3.0.a Research Material ………………………………....…....…….………...….....16 Table.6.3.a Overview of Government Schemes ……………...…....…….….…...……….52

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iv | ABSTRACT 

lil “India lives not in a handful of its cities, but in her 7,00,000 villages.”

- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

India emerged as an economic hub since the early 1990s post the economic liberalization. It opened the doors for free trade through the government policies in the name of development. Over the years these reforms have led to a centralized economy in the nation, recently leading the private organizations to influence the drafting of government policies.

The effects of the centralized system is evidently seen through the “development” of the urban centres, solely. The development pattern depends on these urban centres which somehow have ill effects on the rural parts of the nation. This leads to an unhealthy connection between the rural & urban parts of India, usually in the form of Brain Drain, through the medium of migration.

M.K.Gandhi through his writings & speeches always preached about the importance of a decentralized economy wherein the villages forms the foundation of nation building in all aspects. The Gandhian Philosophy of Decentralization aims to envision all the distinct authorization bodies at different levels to be on one equal platform, with equal delegation of authority, unlike the centralized system that follows a hierarchic pattern leading to discrepancies in terms of monetary as well as authorization factors.

The enhancement of a decentralized system is a path ahead towards a sustainable habitat of the nation, not just economically, but also to attain a lovable living condition.

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Ill.iv.a The Diminishing Barrier | Author

KEY NAMES : M.K.Gandhi KEYWORDS : Economic Liberalization ; Development ; Centralized System ; Brain Drain ; Migration ; Decentralized System ; Gandhian Philosophy of Decentralization ; Lovable Living Conditions.

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1.0 | INTRODUCTION ‫׹‬i The rural contexts of India were known to be self-sufficient in their survival. Post the economic liberalization, there was a sudden emergence & acceptance of the Western lifestyle that dominated the urban centres of the nation. The concept of wealth was redefined by these new economic reforms. This new concept, where wealth was just confined to monetary factors, spread rapidly, eventually targeting the rural population of India, which comprised a massive 70 - 75% of the total population [as in 1990 2000]. The urban contexts today still follow & are caged under the transactional living conditions. This economic pattern, wherein the power lies in a hierarchic flow, leads to exploitation of the lower economy classes, hence prevailing the notion - Rich becomes richer ; Poor becomes poorer.

Rural India is a hub of abundant resources. The wise usage of which will solve nearly all issues that the “poor” face. Unlike urban centres, where transactional living demands for dependency in every aspect, the rural context is capable of independent survival. An encouraging step towards reviving the resourceful management in the rural contexts of India can enhance the self sufficiency of the villages & settlements.

A local approach, along with the rural population can act as a medium to the revival of the resourceful management, also lighting a spark of the spirit of service towards one's own settlement & community.

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Ill.1.0.a The Abundance of Resources | Author

KEYWORDS : Self-Sufficient ; Wealth ; Monetary Factors ; Transactional Living ; Resourceful Management

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2.0 | ARGUMENTS

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2.1 | ARGUMENT 01 - HIERARCHICAL GROWTH PATTERN In India, cities can be categorized into tiers, as Tier 1 [X], Tier 2 [Y] & Tier 3 [Z] cities, out of which, Tier 3 cities are unclassified. A sum of 8 cities come under Tier 1, namely - Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune & Ahmedabad, & these are commonly termed as the metropolitan cities of India.

97 other cities from all over the nation fall under Tier 2 category which are also established, or are establishing as major urban centres.

India practices a centralized economic system, where the authority lies in limited hands, leading to a hierarchical distribution of authority. The government, industrialists & capitalists run the economy for our nation. The 8 metropolitan cities act as the hubs of the national economy & also are the bridge between the higher authority holders & 97 other Tier 2 cities. Such a hierarchic distribution of authority ensures a hierarchic growth pattern in the nation.

Tier 1 cities experience a vast & fast development process that demands for consumption from the population. The lifestyle is rapidly changing as the world, or Western world to be precise, progresses in terms of consumption. The nationwide practice of consumerism has a direct impact on the Tier 2 cities. The development of these 97 Tier 2 cities finds its base on how the metropolitan cities, or cities in Western world grow. Not the authorities, but the population is manipulated by the economic & commercial agendas of these industrialists that leads to a large scale consumption at the consumer end. Tier 2 cities develop to become urban centres that act as the economic hubs in their respective states & union territories. As is the role of metropolitan cities to the national economy, is the role of Tier 2 urban centres to the state economy. (add migration)

The number of Tier 1 & 2 cities indicate that India is a nation of small towns, Gram Panchayats & community settlements. These 105 Tier 1 & 2 cities are a minute part of the larger nation, yet due to the centralization of authority, they have a hold on the economy of the nation. As M.K.Gandhi talked, & wrote about the foliation of the village industries, they need an immediate market that serves these industries to keep the economy running at the grassroot levels of India.

Tier 2 cities of India play a major role in provision of markets for these small scale village industries that belong to the unclassified sectors of India. On the contrary, these Tier 2 cities aim to practice a lifestyle that consumes more & propagates a living that is influenced by the metropolitan cities & the Western parts of the

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world. To summarize, the aims of an urban centre that is immediate to a local industry does not match with the function it is to carry out. A void in the economy is created at such instances that break the flow of economy & denies the full foliation of village industries, instead making way for a biased development of the urban centres solely.

The ways of living in the Tier 1 & Tier 2 cities of India, have changed drastically in the past few decades. A cycle is formulated where the consumer is asked to consume the goods that are glorified through commercial media. A sense of dissatisfaction is imbibed through the media that keeps on demanding consumption from the consumers. In case 1, the metropolitan cities look glorified in terms of their lifestyle & a sense of dissatisfaction runs through a large portion of the population residing in Tier 2 cities. These people migrate to the metropolitan cities to seek better lifestyles & improved amenities.. Similar scenario rises in the unclassified cities of India which becomes the case 2. The lack of job opportunities in the village industries forces the population to move out towards the Tier 2 urban centres in hopes of a better job & daily wage to be minimum. In both the cases, it is the sense of deprivation that drives the population to move out & migrate aiming for better opportunities, that are subjective to the individuals or a group of individuals.

Ill.2.1.a Hierarchical Growth Pattern | Author

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2.2 | ARGUMENT 02 - THE SHIFT OF ORIGIN Architecture in urban centres of India opt to build comparatively higher structures, catering to the issues of space crunch, that arises due to the exponential growth in the rates of migration. Metropolitan cities are seen to experience a wave of highrises whereas Tier 2 cities are experiencing the same in midrise complexes.

Construction industry is one of the major industries that contributes to the national economy through the processes of material extraction, its sales & exports. Steel & cement are the two high economy generating material industries that also add significantly to the state economies of the state their mines & plants are present in. Since the emergence of steel & concrete as a material in construction throughout the world, modern architecture has seen these two materials as the replacement of any pre-existing, local material in any given context. The heights that are achieved by these materials acts as an assurance of its strength & stability as a material. Apart from the delusional assurance, the commercial agendas & mass media promote the usage of these materials in abundance. Like the cycle that exists in the economic pattern of India, as mentioned in previous argument [refer to Chapter 2.1],a similar cycle exists in the extracting, manufacturing, procuring & usage of these materials. The consumer sees a glorified image of the materials to eventually opt for the same for his / her construction needs.

The way these materials are portrayed by the industrialists through multiple techniques of commercialization & the way it is perceived by the population, it gives rise to a misconception that these materials are the only solution for a strong & lost lasting structure. Breaking down to just the housing typology of architecture, households can be broadly categorized into two parts - Kutcha & Pucca building. As the names suggest, a Kutcha building is a temporary dwelling unit whereas a Pucca building is a permanent & a strong dwelling unit. As per the Instruction Manual for Houselisting & Housing Census 2011, Government of India, following are the definitions of the two categories discussed Kutcha Building : A household, the walls & roof of which are built out of materials like unburnt bricks, bamboo, mud, grass, reed, thatch, loosely packed stone, plastic & or polyethene.

Pucca Building : A household, the walls & roof of which are built out of materials like duly packed stone [cement / lime mortar], G.I. / metal / asbestos sheets, burnt bricks, cement bricks, concrete, machine-made tiles & or cement tiles.

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As it becomes quite evident through the government definitions as well, also where the roots of misconceptions are, that the role of portrayal of a material plays an integral part in how the population perceives it.

Kutcha & Pucca are terms that are used in layman language across the country, that carry a literal meaning of an object being temporary & permanent, respectively. Local construction techniques that have lasted for thousands of years are generalized as temporary. In the recent decades, a drastic change is seen in the rural context of India, where people opt to build using the modern materials since they are termed as Pucca. Irrespective of what the local climate demands, to overcome the tag of Kutcha, which has become a societal taboo, the rural population has drifted off from their original construction methods to build using the new conventional methods of construction.

Ill.2.2.a Shift of Origin | Author

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2.3 | RESULTANT THEORY To summarize in singular statements, Argument 01 talks about the current economic pattern in the nation that indicates evident prevailment of the sense of deprivation, in the population of rural as well as the emerging urban contexts of India, whereas, Argument 02 talks about the rural population, to be precise, drifting apart from the age old local construction methodologies due to the rising misconceptions of their households & methods being generalized as temporary solutions for a shelter.

Merging the two arguments, it can be concluded that the ill effects of the existing economic pattern directly has an impact on the rural population & their local & traditional architectural practices. The rural population in the present day is quite efficiently targeted, influenced & manipulated by the commercialization agendas. Misconceptions rise up within the rural population, wherein owning commercialized goods & living an urban life are seen as measures of development. This gives rise to large scale migration of the rural population to the neighboring urban centres. Eventually this gives rise to mass Brain Drain in the rural contexts of the nation. As per the theory, Brain Drain at one end results in Brain Gain at the opposite end, thus maintaining an equilibrium. But, the mass migration is destined to urban centres of Tier 1 or 2, where the market is dominantly run & based on mass production, hence resulting in exploitation of the rural population. The existence & domination of mass producing industries negates the theory which hampers the equilibrium.

Fragmenting down to rural architecture & rural economy, they function parallely. If the economy revolves within the community or the village under consideration, based on the principles of self-sufficiency, a decentralized economic pattern can be achieved. The local governing bodies can ensure, through the government policies that are drafted in favor of rural development, the issues to be resolved on a grass root level, with the community, by the community & for the community.

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Ill.2.3.a Balanced Chaos | Author

KEYWORDS : Hierarchy ; Tier ; Metropolitan City ; Urban Centre ; Centralized Economy ; Consumerism ; Gram Panchayat ; Community ; Village Industry ; Migration ; Sense of Deprivation ; Space Crunch ; Construction ; Misconception ; Kutcha ; Pucca ; Commercialization ; Brain Drain ; Brain Drain ; Mass Production ; Exploitation ; Self Sufficient ; Decentralized Economy ; Grass Root Level

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3.0 | LITERATURE REVIEW l‫⿏׹‬

EVil

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The dissertation has learnt from the following readings, movie, short film & documentary, out of which, inferences from readings of Panchayat Raj, Rural Community Buildings & from the watch of Idiocracy & I Am 20 have helped the dissertation to be directed in a concise way :

RESEARCH MATERIAL SR NO

READING / MOVIE

BOOK

MOVIE

AUTHOR / FILMMAKER

1

Economics of Happiness

-

Y

Helena Norberg - Hodge

2

Idiocracy

-

Y

Mike Judge

3

Village Industries

Y

-

M K Gandhi

4

Panchayat Raj

Y

-

M K Gandhi ; R K Prabhu

5

Rural Community Buildings

Y

-

Laurie Baker ; COSTFORD

6

I Am 20

-

Y

S.N.S.Sastry

Table.3.0.a Research Material | Author

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3.1 | READINGS 3.1.1 | PANCHAYAT RAJ

Img 3.1.1.a Panchayat Raj | Author

Author : Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Compilation : R.K.Prabhu Reading : Since the return of M.K.Gandhi to India, in 1915, he emphasized on revitalizing the villages as he believed & hence quoted that real India lives in its 7,00,000 villages. He envisioned powering these villages & reconstructing the concept of a rural context as a Gram Swaraj. His scheme of a Gram Swaraj comprehended every department of rural activity which eventually makes the village selfgoverning & self-sufficient. The idea not just confines to a particular area, but further aims a connection between neighboring villages as well, but on the basis of not only economy, but also mutual understandings, for mutual benefits.

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Specifically, the referred compilation of M.K.Gandhi’s writings aims to draw attention of the reader to the healthy profits of his futuristic vision then. A connect of dots is seen that, in a wholesome way, focuses on the village movement that M.K.Gandhi was drawn towards. He throws light from a larger perspective to a micro level idea of what Gram Swaraj is & how it benefits India as a nation & also to varied individuals residing in it.

Inference : Summarizing the certain chapters referred from the compilation of writings by M.K.Gandhi, his visions form a set of guidelines upon which an ideal village can be relooked as. The guidelines act as a foundation for the efficient functioning & growth of the Gram Swaraj. These guidelines are organic enough so as to apply to the existing villages & aim for a positive change in the required direction.

The guidelines as discussed in the compilation of writings, when put in distinct terms, can be referred as the Parameters to Gram Swaraj. These comprise of basic departments of the rural context namely - Agriculture, Education, Governance, Water supply, Sanitation, Electric supply, Public spaces [community, religion], Housing, Industries, Connectivity [transitions], Market, Potential [of the village community] & the 5-Js [jal, jungle, janwar, jameen, jan].

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3.1.2 | RURAL COMMUNITY BUILDINGS

Img 3.1.2.a Rural Community Buildings | Author

Author : Laurie Baker Compilation : Centre of Science & Technology for Rural Development Reading : Laurie Baker, after his first meeting with M.K.Gandhi in 1944, was introduced to India & its heritage. He was drawn towards the 5 Mile Principle of M.K.Gandhi & henceforth practiced in rural architectural techniques in Kerala & around.

The compilation of writings by Laurie Baker focuses on his works with the rural communities as the name of the book suggests. A basic pre-study of a village is seen that leads to the absentees of certain departments in that particular village.

The concerned departments are strictly confined to community purposes, namely - Governing offices, Healthcare units, Library, Bank, Hotel, Anganwadi [Primary education unit], Market area & Art & craft centre. Plans for the same are proposed by Laurie Baker that can be tweaked & relooked based on contextual requirements. Possible permutation & combinations of the master planning is

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also discussed to achieve an efficient functional result. Usage of local materials is encouraged based on the 5 Mile Principle.

Inference : Laurie Baker worked not only for the rural communities but also with them.

Hence his works explore the efficient functionality of a program as the user adapts to. The primary aim of the book was not to provide a bank of the prototypes, but to enlighten the reader with the process of catering to these built forms in response to the context & user group.

As mentioned in the segment above [refer to 3.1.1], about the Parameters to Gram Swaraj, a similar approach is seen in the process followed by Laurie Baker, but on a macro scale, catering to the community programs. A blend of Gandhian ideologies can be seen not only architecturally but also philosophically. The empowerment of the rural community through architecture is achieved as Laurie Baker produces his works with the community.

*Reference of the same to be followed in Chapter 4.2.3.

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3.2 | MOVIES & DOCUMENTARIES 3.2.1 | IDIOCRACY

Img 3.2.1.a Idiocracy | Rotten Tomatoes

Genre : American Sci-Fi / Comedy [2006] Producer : Mike Judge Director : Mike Judge Narration : Earl Mann Plot : Idiocracy is a commercial Hollywood film which explores the futuristic approach of filmmaking in its production as well as its script. The fictional plot revolves around two protagonists - an American soldier & a prostitute. The two are subjects of a classified experiment of hibernation for years unknown. Accidentally they are left frozen in the machinery, eventually to open up 500 years later.

The two protagonists see themselves exposed to a dystopian world where dysgenics, commercialism & mass production dominate the future present.

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Mankind lays its new foundation on anti-intellectualism & society is devoid of traits like intellectual curiosity, social responsibilities, justice & human rights.

Due to the mediocrity of the soldier & profession [considered to be low profile] of the lady as a prostitute, the two are chosen for the experiment of hibernation.

The same two individuals go on to become the highest ranked citizens of the nation in the dystopian society 500 years later, considering their intellectual levels relatively higher. Eventually the two protagonists come together to be partners after accepting their new present.

Inference : The film abstracts the consequences of the present day [as in 2006] in a prediction theory. The film was produced 15 years back with a future narrative that talks about the domination of the transactional living system due to factors like commercialization, mass production & machinery outputs, which unfortunately is to some extent the situation of the present day [as in 2021].

The overdependence of the human race on these machines & mass production eventually will & is leading to a degradation in the intellectual levels of self. The same also contradicts the ideologies of self-sufficiency & develops greed. The harmonious habitation as a society & as individuals is at stake which further leads to a hampered productivity at a micro level. The film, if perceived from an art point of view, exaggerates these dystopian aspects of the future which can be seen as caricatures of the present.

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3.2.2 | I AM 20

Img 3.2.2.a I Am 20 | YouTube

Genre : Indian Documentary - Interview [1967] Producer : J.S.Bhownagary, K.L.Khandpur, Films Division Director : S.N.S.Sastry Narration : Varied respondents Plot : The short film shot in 1967 films multiple teenagers of India, aged 20, who were born on 15 August 1947, the day India got its independence. Irrespective of where the teenager belongs to geographically, economically, religiously or culturally, the only criteria for them to be interviewed was their date of birth.

Considering the age number, it is evident that the views of youth then, are captured. Distinct questionnaire was put across to the respondents in the film & their unbiased views were filmed. The questions were directed towards two major concerns of the youth, namely - India & self. As mentioned above, irrespective of any other factor, these questions were to be answered by these distinct individuals.

The interview starts with questions about one’s self. The distinct answers recorded throws lights on the ambitions of these individuals in their personal as well as professional lives. Further the questions direct towards the nation. As youth, these individuals put forward their views about the goods & bads of the situations in India, in the fields of education, film, technology, agriculture,

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economics & industry. A final compilation of these question & answer sessions results in the referred short film.

Inference : The short film, as it tries to capture the views of youth then, seems to be universal for the age group under reference. The views of today’s youth also, to a larger extent, fall on similar lines as were in 1967 to be precise. Talking of India, the current generation of youth tries to be a critique of the nation’s progress & its governance. Not all these views have a constructive foundation, but are influenced as well, like observed in the film. As rightly mentioned by one of the speakers, few individuals find it as a fashion to have an opinion, considering self as the righteous one to speak out. As a simplified analogy, the platform which the filmmakers provided to the respective individuals, in present that very platform is replaced by the social media.

On an individual level also, the views as observed in the film find its relevance in present day youth. Since the speakers were not selected on any grounds of a geographical, economical, religious or cultural background, but solely based on the age group, the mindsets find its relevance on psychological aspects hence making the film relatable to the youth of India, even today.

*Reference of the same to be followed in Chapter 4.4.

KEYWORDS :

Gram Swaraj ; Self Governing ; Self-Sufficient ; Parameters to Gram Swaraj ; 5 Mile Philosophy ; Rural Community ; Functionality ; Response to Context ; Gandhian Ideology ; Dystopian ; Commercialism ; Mass Production ; Transactional Living ; Overdependence ; Greed ; Youth ; Ambitions ; Critique ; Social Media ; Psychological

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4.0 | GANDHIAN PHILOSOPHY ⿏

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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, envisioned the villages & the governance, back in 1900s, in a way that empowers all with equality. His vision was not just confined to the rural context, but the whole nation to be surviving on the principles of self-sufficiency. For a sustainable habitat, his ideologies would still imply, but economic liberalization has changed the ways of governance that can lead the nation to a stage of so-called“development”. ２６

4.1 | GANDHIAN PHILOSOPHY OF DECENTRALIZATION M.K.Gandhi, from a social perspective, insisted on implementing the decentralization of the means of production, hence decentralizing the economic pattern in the country. Decentralization means to delegate power to different bodies for democratic decision making & beneficial outcomes. The idea & thought behind opting for a decentralized economy was not just to counter the economic liberalization, but also cater to political, social & cultural concerns of the society that may & will arise due to the large scale industries.

Ill.4.1.a Delegation, Humanitarian & Means of Production | Author

4.1.1 | POLITICAL CONCERNS Large scale industries form the base of a centralized power distribution wherein a handful of bodies hold the authoritative position. The idea of democracy is negated by the centralization of power & it takes a form of totalitarian system.

Few of the capitalists, technocrats & bureaucrats manage the accumulated power which leads to an unfair hierarchisch distribution pattern. This economic concentration results in nation-level issues that affect the functionality of the country as a whole further having an ill impact on the citizens giving rise to the socio-cultural concerns of the nation.

4.1.2 | SOCIO - CULTURAL CONCERNS The centralized economy prefers machineries & a labour free working system that mass produces. A labour driven system where a person is rooted to the soils of his / her work is shifted away from the same. This leads to ubiquitous production of goods that loses its quality in terms of its finesse, color & explorations. Where a labour himself used to add these qualities through his self expression in the course of his work, the subtraction of labour eventually subtracts these nuances that adds to the quality of a product. A complete ２７

foliation of a person’s natural skill is obstructed by the unwanted replacement by the machines.

A human body has its biological needs in a work environment, where it responds to the basic aspects of nature like temperature, light, ventilation, humidity & food. A body equilibrium is attained when all these general boxes are ticked. Machines are meant to help a person get his / her job done with ease & efficiency when needed. The upsurge in machinery has changed the scenario vice versa. Humans are called in a collective to work for a machine, in an environment that primarily caters to the needs of a machine. A person becomes oblivious of his own sovereignty & merges him / herself with the collective, unknowingly compromising on the self skill & personality.

The problem lies not only in the limited authorization of power, but the unfortunate fact of the population being slaves of these machines. As Karl Marx believed, a reform in authorization would be a solution, but it resulted in a diverse form of issue. Liberty was disappearing.

4.1.3 | CORE OF THE PHILOSOPHY M.K.Gandhi agreed & accepted the theory proposed by Karl Marx, but it was valid to a particular extent. Apart from the delegation of power, the means of production had to be catered to as well. The meaning of the term decentralization was not just confined to power but also production. Large scale industries need to make way for the small scale industries.

The notion of enhancing small scale production, or labour driven production is often misunderstood as a mindset opposing technological changes & evolution.

The idea is to encourage the use of machinery when & where needed. The indiscriminate multiplicity of these is an issue & is to be resolved, where the human craze for the same is a salient culprit that has to be changed for a harmonious balance between machinery & labour.

Concentrated power & inhumane usage of machines tends to rob a person of his liberty to explore & apply his / her natural skill. As a simplified solution to it, was delegation of power as well as encouraging small scale industries that are human conscious at primary level. Application of science that helps advancement in the general aims of a human, is what is to be taken ahead.

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4.2 | GANDHIAN PHILOSOPHY OF 5 MILE RADIUS M.K. Gandhi believed art & architecture to be a pure manifestation of nature.

He saw the buildings as a living body that breathes and builds a connection with the human residing or working in it. He did not consider these forms of expression as a distinct entity, but saw them as an integral part of nature itself.

He also believed that the Earth’s resources are enough to fulfill the human race’s needs, but when these needs take the form of greed, humans tend to consume the natural wealth to its benefit in an injudicious way. In architecture, one can say that exploitations come into picture in terms of the materials used, & the energy consumed behind extracting them for the construction processes.

Ill.4.2.a Ecological, User Centric & Swadeshi | Author

4.2.1 | THE SWADESHI ARCHITECTURE As mentioned evidently in the previous chapters as well, the ideologies of M.K.Gandhi are inclined towards a simple living lifestyle that finds its base on self-sufficiency & self-reliance. In economic terms, it is termed as being Swadeshi.

In a simplified manner, it can be put that he encouraged an architectural practice that uses a local & traditional material palette, found in the immediate context of 5 mile radius.

The primary thought behind this philosophy was not just to become Swadeshi, to enhance the local economy, but also apply simple logic of environmental science. A building, built out of local materials will live longer compared to a building built out of any other invasive material, since the local materials have lived through the extreme climatic conditions of the site & its context, for millions of years.

M.K.Gandhi knew that architecture is much more than the tangible aspects of a building. It also considers intangible design decisions in the project & hence, his

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idea of being Swadeshi also catered to the response to local climate, site conditions & most importantly the culture & people one is building for.

The term local is at times misinterpreted as an approach that either does not go hand in hand with the technology or is completely against it, to be extreme.

On the contrary, experimenting with the permutation & combinations of the local materials to fetch possible outcomes can also be categorized under technology that is considerate to nature.

4.2.2 | AN IDEAL VILLAGE A model village was ideated by M.K.Gandhi, that aimed to suffice all the needs, services & amenities a community would rely on for their survival. The foundation of the functioning of the village was of course the factor of self-sufficiency. A village, broadly can be broken down into two categories - built & the un-built.

The un-built focuses on the factors that help the growth of community as one, & the built primarily deals with the architecture, which is aimed to follow the philosophy 5 Mile Radius.

The basic most need to be achieved was a perfectly functional sanitation system. Cleanliness & health was the real sense of wealth, is what M.K.Gandhi believed in. Smooth & efficient transition between different nodes within the village was considered as a bridge to attain & maintain a sense of community, hence road networks were aimed to be built & kept clean, free of dust. Also, community gathering spaces that may vary depending on the culture of the community, would be built for the community to grow together. Such gatherings may also happen in spaces of religion, hence provision of the House of God was considered for all different communities living together in one village.

A community can be identified by the potential they carry, may it be art, a common profession or the ways of their daily living. Local industries, also termed as village industries for the same can be built & economy can be generated out of the same that helps the community survive. The flourishing of these industries ensures the secured survival of the village.

Education builds a foundation for the youth, the age group that is a major contributor to the well being of the nation, as considered by M.K.Gandhi.

Building primary & secondary schools that not just focuses on textbook knowledge, but also helps a child explore & learn about real life practical issues were aimed for. Nai Talim was considered as a learning system to educate children in an all-round manner.

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Households were aimed to be naturally lit & well ventilated. Courtyards are a design element that adds to the sense of community within the house as well as with the neighboring households. Small scale farming can be performed within these courtyards or around the households that the families & the community can survive on. Surpluses of the same can help the population earn & generate an economy for themselves.

Apart from these built or un-built elements that amalgamate to become an ideal village as envisioned by M.K.Gandhi, one more concern to be catered is the acceptance of these elements by the community they are meant for. The culture & background study of the village is equally important to understand the voids to be filled. Once an emotional connection between the community & the process of village reconstruction is attained, the members of the community can themselves work with mutual co-operation & voluntarily contribute for the common good.

4.2.3 | LAURIE BAKER - THE PIONEER ARCHITECT Laurie Baker, from his youth, was inclined towards non-violence & had been a part of the Quakers [Society of Friends]. In 1941, he travelled to Kutsing, China, as a volunteer in a medical camp there. His journey back to England got delayed by three months & hence he had a halt in India for the time being.

A stay in India resulted in Laurie Baker visiting the talks & prayer meets conducted by M.K.Gandhi. The influence of Gandhian ideas on Laurie Baker made him change his mind to reside in India eventually, to work & build for the parts of the population that are needy & struggle in affording their own house. In his meetings with M.K.Gandhi, Laurie Baker was introduced to the philosophy of 5 Mile Radius which forms one of the bases of his architectural practice.

In 1963, the Bakers shifted to Kerala & started their architectural practice that was unique in itself as it seamlessly blended the three important aspects - the human, architecture & nature. The practice redefined the housing typology as it conceptualized around factors like cost-efficiency, affordability & ecological.

Even though a significant deduction in costing was observed, there was no compromise on the functionality, natural lighting, ventilation, spatial quality & aesthetics of the design. A minimal approach was opted throughout the design process, also reflecting in the final output.

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Following on the lines of an Ideal Village, as envisioned by M.K.Gandhi, Laurie Baker produced a book - Rural Community Buildings [refer to Chapter 3.1.3], that helps one understand the process of reconstructing a village at a community level. It can be deduced that the philosophies of M.K.Gandhi related to art & architecture were implemented & seen in a tangible form through the works & writings of Laurie Baker, that acted as a pure medium to communicate the same.

Ill.4.2.3.a The Pioneer of Ecological Architecture | Author

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4.3 | CHALLENGES IN PRESENT DAY The generation in the current decade [2000 - ] is comparatively more vocal than that of three or four decades back. Youth today questions the existence of multiple aspects in life, may it be tangible or intangible, making them inquisitive in different ways. The universal concept of acceptance & denial is redefined by each individual in the present. Unlike past decades, the population is exposed to vast commercialization that manipulates the systems around & also the way an individual sees the economy.

Looking at the present day affairs in India, one can question the relevance of the Gandhian philosophies or a term made up for the same - Gandhism. It can be said from a generalized overview that except for certain of his devotees & their organizations, presence of Gandhi can only be seen on his birth anniversary or in political agendas. His teachings, writings & thoughts are limited to textbook knowledge in the educational realm as well as professional world. The communal riots, political conflicts & discrimintaion based on religious, geographical & social grounds are an evident proof of confinement of the Gandhian philosophies to theoretical preaching with minimal or no implementation.

The nation today is experiencing a vast exposure to a form of economics that demands consumption. The sole purpose of self-sufficiency is denied by the means of economy. An unhealthy competitiveness has arised on the grounds of consumption, where community, which used to form the base of a habitable living in India is neglected. Population believes in what is shown & hence is manipulated by the commercial agendas to further accept the consumption.

As in commercialization, the same manipulative techniques are also observed in the portrayal of M.K.Gandhi. This forms the base to the misconception of him being a Godly figure, a saint to be precise. A saint is worshipped by many & they follow his / her teachings knowingly or blindly. Today people know about the saints based on their writings, verbal stories & lately through commercial daily soaps & web series. These saints are perceived as pious figures with calm & composure personalities, seen as a prototype of an ideal human being.

Following different billboards & posters that carry a photograph of M.K.Gandhi in it, the portrayal is on similar lines as that of the saints. He is used as an Avatar of a simple saint figure to draw an emotional empathetic connection with the reader or viewer.

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4.4 | RELEVANCE IN PRESENT DAY “Many ancient Indian masters have preached ahimsa, non-violence as a philosophy. That was mere philosophical understanding. But Mahatma Gandhi, in this twentieth century, produced a very sophisticated approach because he implemented that very noble philosophy of ahimsa in modern politics, and he succeeded. That is a very great thing.”

- Dalai Lama

To understand the relevance of the Gandhian philosophies today, one must first understand Gandhi. Unlike how it is portrayed in mass media, he is neither a saint, nor an Avatar of the same. In his times as well, there were generalized statements claiming M.K.Gandhi to be a saint trying to be a politician. He explained himself to be a politician trying to be a saint. He was a simple human like other common men with a knowledge of what is better for the nation, relevant not just in early days but throughout the future, hence it being valid in the present as well.

When it comes to the future of a nation, the youth of the country is always seen as the prime contributor in the long run, as was seen by M.K.Gandhi. His preachings of self-sufficient lifestyle, non-materialistic ideas was a clear message to the younger population towards their own futures as an individual & as a citizen of the country. It can be stated that ideologies of M.K.Gandhi related not to the population as individuals, but to their mindsets & approaches in their lives.

As mentioned in one of the chapters above [refer to Chapter 3.2.3], the short film I Am 20 captures the mindsets & point of views of the youth then, in 1967, based on a set questionnaire. A study based on a similar set of questionnaires was carried out with the present day youth, in order to observe the [extent of] relevance in the mindsets of the youth & hence obtaining a relevance of the Gandhian philosophies in present day as well.

KEY NAMES : M.K.Gandhi ; Karl Marx ; Laurie Baker ; Dalai Lama KEYWORDS : Self-Sufficiency ; Equality ; Economic Liberalization ; Decentralization ; Totalitarian Ubiquitous ; Liberty ; Small Scale Production ; Art & Architecture ; Self - Reliance Swadeshi ; Environmental Science ; Culture ; People ; Technology ; Amenities Potential ; Nai Talim ; Household ; Non - Violence ; Housing ; Cost - Efficiency Affordability ; Ecological ; Inquisitive ; Commercialization ; Gandhism ; Consumption Avatar ; Youth ; Non - Materialistic.

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5.0 | THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ‫̠ ؘ‬

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An economic system, in corporate terms, can be defined as the means by which authorities or governments organize & distribute available resources, goods & services across a geographical region or nation. Based on the distinct regulations & delegation of authority, economic systems can be categorized as a Centralized economy, Decentralized economy or the intermediate system that is a Mixed economy. ３６

5.1 | CENTRALIZED ECONOMY A centralized economic system, also termed as command economy, can be defined as a system wherein the central authority, usually the government dictates the means & levels of production. The prices for all goods & services are predetermined. The system is a component of communist economic ideologies.

As the term suggests, the ownership of the industries & organizations lies under a community & not individuals. Government plays the role of a community in the national economy, that governs the guidelines of all do’s & don’ts of the practices in the economic system of the nation.

Ill.5.1.a Centralized Economy | Author

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Ill.5.1.b Centralized Transaction | Author

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5.1.1 | THEORETICAL ADVANTAGES The proponents of the centralized economy argue that the primary aim of the system is to allocate the gained resources to achieve the goal of social welfare.

Since the system is operated from a central point, the allocation is fair & serves the nation as one without any discrepancies.

An expansion in the job opportunities throughout the nation in varied sectors is a key aspect that can be achieved through a centralized economy. Since the guidelines are set & implemented by a single authority at the top of the hierarchy, the process of job creation can also be worked out even if there is no legitimate need for the same. This not only serves the national economy but also ensures the accomplishing of certain political agendas set by the government.

One of the most important factors where a centralized economy works efficiently is during the periods of national emergency. A single authoritative body ensures maximum coordination between distinct sectors to avoid any delays & respond as quickly as possible to maintain national security.

A nation runs not only on its economy, but also the varied sectors it comprises.

The government of a nation has to ensure a well amalgamated system that eventually results in a well functioning & well developed nation. All the varied sectors are interlinked & interdependent on their functioning. A downfall in one of the sectors affects the others & hampers the stability of a nation. The most impacted sector becomes the economy since it becomes the node where all other sectors meet. Hence centralizing the economy becomes a solution to achieve all the set agendas for the nation as well as the sectors individually. This also ensures the ruling government to hold their political position strong in the nation.

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5.1.2 | THEORETICAL DISADVANTAGES The influence of a political perspective to the policy framework in the economy leads to incentive problems. In order to meet certain political agendas in the favour of the government, economic policies are drafted in a biased way. Wages of the workers are predetermined & are fixed according to the set guidelines.

The profits are eliminated out from the fixed wages & are termed as an incentive for the central authorities. This issue negates the advantage a centralized economy is supposed to offer - a fair distribution of resources for social welfare.

The incentive problem also leads to an issue that is termed as tragedy of the commons. The incentives left for the worker class are so minimal, that they tend to exploit the resources, which has a significant impact on the larger scale. As per the theory, it is deduced that the issue will result in the rate of demand exceeding the rate of consumption at the same given time, which would eventually lead to depletion of the resources.

A problem in the economic calculations was first described by Australian economists Ludwig von Mises & F.A.Hayek. The central authorities must quantify the amount of goods & services to be provided to make sure the consumer needs are satisfied. The absence of this practice results in the failure of consumer satisfaction on ground reality. As mentioned above, that the rate of demand exceeds the rate of consumption is also a result of the lack of quantification of the goods & services.

Overtime, the incentive problems & the lack of economic calculations has led to misuse of the goods & services, which aim to suffice the consumer needs without having an initial check of the actual needs. The surplus resources are wasted & the resources that are deficient give rise to opportunities of malpractices in manufacturing, procurement & transportation of the same.

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5.2 | DECENTRALIZED ECONOMY A decentralized economic system, also termed as a free market economy, is a system wherein the business interactions carry out directly between the supplier end & the consumer end. Classical economists namely Adam Smith, David Ricardo & Jean-Baptiste Say argued in favor of a free market, that liberalized the industries & businesses of different scales to have a fair amount of profit based on the personal service they provide. A central authority may or may not intervene to monitor the transactions between the two ends, but the major decision making lies in the hands of these two bodies - supplier & consumer. The system runs on the principles of a theory stated as supply & demand, that explains the transactional relation between the supplier & consumer.

Ill.5.2.a Decentralized Economy | Author

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Ill.5.2.b Decentralized Transaction | Author

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5.2.1 | LAW OF SUPPLY & DEMAND The law of supply & demand states a relationship between the price of the goods & services set by the supplier end & the willingness of the consumer to buy it. Generally, when the prices hike up, the supplier end is keen on supplying more goods & services, & demand less comparatively. Vice versa happens when the price falls in the market. The law is an amalgamation of two distinct laws - law of supply & law of demand. The interrelation between the two laws determines the actual pricing & volume of goods & services in the market.

As per the law of demand, higher the price of the goods & services, the demand for the same will be less. Eventually the consumer will avoid consuming the product due to the higher prices & will be forced to buy some other product that may be of a greater value.

The law of supply demonstrates the quantities of the goods & services sold at a specific price. Unlike the law of demand, here the slope is upwards, denoting that the price & supply rate are directly proportional.

To summarize, the law explains how the price of a product increases when the supply of the same decreases, making the product a rare piece in the market. On the contrary, it also states how the price of a product decreases when its supply is so abundant that the product becomes a common piece in the market, losing its unique identity.

5.2.2 | THEORETICAL ADVANTAGES The amount of flexibility the free market offers to all scales of industries & businesses makes it a more democratic form of economic system. Unlike the command economy, where the incentives are shared across the central authorities, the free market provides an open platform to village industries, small scale industries & entrepreneurs to establish themselves & also acquire the share of profit they earn.

From the consumer’s perspective, they too have a flexible opportunity to choose the goods & services they want or need to consume, not just in terms of the volumes of varied products, but also in a varied range of pricing. A mutual & a direct transaction between the supplier end & consumer end, without a significant interference from a central authority ensures a trustworthy economic output that benefits both suppliers & consumers individually & also benefits the market as a whole. ４３

A rational quantification of the goods & services required results positively in decrease of the rate of wasteful resources. The market graphs evidently indicates at the goods & services that the consumer is in need of, & in how much volumes.

Accordingly the suppliers maintain their rates of manufacturing & set their prices independent of any external interference.

5.2.3 | THEORETICAL DISADVANTAGES An absence of a central authority creates space for multiple permutation & combinations in terms of the economic possibilities in the market. The means of production & consumption are in varied forms that are difficult to be categorized in general brackets. Economic issues at a national level seem difficult to be handled efficiently under the absence of a central authority. In the aim of achieving personal profits, the national economy can suffer to some extent in terms of its balance. Monitoring these multiple possibilities becomes a complex process hence resulting in an imbalance in the functioning of the system.

National economy runs as a network of distinct sectors, as mentioned earlier. A weakening in the interlink between these sectors has a direct negative impact on the national economy. With no parity between these sectors, a downfall in one of the sectors also affects other sectors. At certain instances, it may be a possibility that an upgrade in one of the sectors negatively affects the other sectors & hence the economic progress can be non-uniform.

During periods of a national emergency, it is argued that a control of the central authority on the security as well as the economy is a feasible option to have quicker decision making for faster & efficient results. On the contrary, it can be said that the introduction of additional bodies that maintain & monitor the balance of the economic situations in the nation can assist the central authorities, the government to be precise, in achieving the solutions during the periods of emergency, with utmost efficiency.

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5.3 | MIXED ECONOMY A pure form of economic system has its own advantages & advantages. Hence a perfectly efficient system is difficult to achieve & implement. The centralized & decentralized economic systems are two extreme ideologies that primarily differ in the authorization & flexibility in the power. A system that blends these two systems is termed as the mixed economy.

The modern economies of the world are all technically a mixed economy, wherein most of the economic decisions are taken by the supplier & the consumer as in a free market economy, but under a set of specified guidelines that are governed by the central authority, that is the government, in order to maintain uniformity to a certain possible extent.

As of now, the concept of a mixed economy is vague & wide. The idea in a simpler way is to amalgamate the two extreme economic systems to introduce a third category of economic system that aims to incorporate the principles of the two extreme economic systems - command economy & free market. The interference of the central authority in the free market is how a centralized economy blends into the decentralized economy. The point of argument being, the amount of interference by the central authorities is not yet quantified universally & is a reason of economic conflicts globally as well as within the nations.

Ill.5.3.a Mixed Economy | Author

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5.3.1 | MODERN DAY CONCERN The interference of the central authority in the free market usually handles the matters that cater to setting of the prices, licensing, reservations, quotas & industrial subsidies. Apart from these specific matters, the government also ensures the provision of a fundamental, legal & institutional framework for the efficient functioning of the market throughout the nation.

Based on the political situations in different nations, the respective governments try to influence the free market in order to serve their own political agendas. In the name of public goods, often a government monopoly is tried to be established. The framework is set on guidelines that favor the practices of the central authority itself in order to show an evident progress. This adds to the strength of their political stand in the nation.

A free market comprises industries & businesses of different scales.

Comparatively, the market is largely influenced by the decisions made by the large scale industries. On the interference by central authorities in the free market, lobbies are established wherein the large scale industries & the government form allies that leads to a totalitarian system. The framework again is influenced by these handful of bodies that to some extent dictate the economic situations in the nation.

KEY NAMES : Ludwig von Mises ; F.A.Hayek ; Adam Smith ; David Ricardo ; Jean-Baptiste Say KEYWORDS : Command Economy ; Communist ; Social Welfare ; Job Opportunities ; National Emergency ; Political ; Incentive ; Profit ; Demand ; Consumption ; Free Market Economy ; Supplier ; Consumer ; Supply & Demand ; Democratic ; Imbalance ; Parity ; Uniformity ; Framework ; Public Goods ; Allies ; Totalitarian

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6.0 | GOVERNMENT SCHEMES i li⿏

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According to the World Bank, rural development is a strategy to improve the economic & social life of the rural population including small & marginal farmers, tenants & the landless.

Post independence, the government of India has made sure that rural housing becomes an integral part of their agendas & accordingly schemes have been drafted for the same. Apart from housing, many welfare schemes are also drafted parallely that cater to the social aspects of the communities. As in 2020, 65% of the Indian population resides in the rural context of India. The huge percentage clearly indicates to the workforce required behind the efficient functioning of the respective schemes & policies in order to implement & achieve the set goals considered under the respective welfare schemes.

Considering the vast rural population to cater to, there are drawbacks that are bound to exist with each of the government schemes. These drawbacks can be studied ahead to identify & minimize the loop holes for further efficient implementation of the schemes.

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6.1 | CONCEPTUALIZATION Depending on the situations & issues that prevail in the rural contexts of the nation, a policy can be drafted catering to these issues. Primarily it has an economic dimension that aims for a development in the opportunities for the rural population, precisely to eradicate income disparities. Considering various other possibilities, the policies can also revolve around a social dimension that promotes gender equality, upliftment of the marginalized groups, or revolve around a political dimension that encourages the delegation of authority to local-self governments through the medium of Panchayat Raj system. In recent years, a key consideration throughout the world has been the issue of climate change & global warming. This adds to an environmental dimension that finds humanitarian solutions to the crisis the human race is & will be facing.

6.1.1 | THE COLONIAL OUTLOOK Dating back to the feudal period, it is evident that the governing bodies did not neglect the issues faced by the rural contexts. Efficient functioning of the kingdoms was largely dependent on the revenue generated by the small farmers & peasants.

The British rule also was largely dependent on the peasants for their revenue generation. During the industrial revolution in the 18th century, British governance brought in steam engines, which was the first step towards rural development under their rule. It was a paradoxical situation where the transport system connected the rural population with other markets for the sale of their products, but at the same instance, rural areas were taken over by industries, factories & rail networks. This led to a scenario where the industries & the landlords produced well, but the peasants failed to gain much.

Over the years, the traditional barter system was weakening, which led to the introduction of the Cash economy. The system encouraged the peasants to grow commercial crops that fetched them money as per the market rates. Excess of commercial crops led to famines as it had adverse effects on the fertility of the soils.

Every second or third year there used to be a famine year, which put British governance under a bad light. The greatest famine took place in the year 1899. In 1901, a Famine Commission was appointed to comprehend the agricultural issues.

Based on the analysis by the new body, expansion of irrigation was achieved in their initial years of action.

To summarize, as per the perspective of the British authorities, they took three major steps to achieve rural development, that primarily targeted only the agriculture sector : ４９

[a] Provision & expansion of irrigation facilities. [b] Establishment of cooperative societies. [c] Introduction of multiple committees to comprehend agricultural issues.

6.1.2 | A POST - INDEPENDENCE OUTLOOK The time when India got its independence was the period of cold war between the United States & the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [Soviet Union / USSR]. In order to gain support from India, the US offered economic aid to Jawaharlal Nehru for the community development program that targeted the rural population. The program was formulated with a multi-purpose approach. The scheme aimed to cover multiple aspects under a single scheme. The aspects included agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, health & sanitation, education, communication, small scale industries & housing. Over the decade of the 1950s, this approach was implemented, which eventually concluded with no observable & evident positive results. A deficiency in the needful resources was mentioned as the primary reason for the failure of the scheme.

Considering the reasons for the failure of the initial approach, a sectoral approach was implemented, under the leadership of Lal Bahadur Shastri, wherein particular aspects were to be covered depending on the priority of the issue. India depended on the produces of agriculture for its functioning. Post the colonial regime, due to their exploitative policies, agriculture was in a dark state where it had to depend on imports majorly, unlike the previous years. Hence, agriculture was the first sector to be considered for the new policy framework. The decade of the 1960s saw the sectoral approach, which over the years experienced a degradation due to weakening in the linkage of agriculture with other sectors. The benefits of Green Revolution were unevenly distributed where Punjab, Uttar Pradesh & Tamil Nadu reaped in maximum benefits & regions of East & North-East India lagged significantly. Due to the sectoral approach, agriculture flourished in India, but the allied sectors like food processing, storage & transportation were left in a poor state.

Learning from the experiences of the past two decades, the 1970s implemented policies that had a target approach. A specific sect of rural population was targeted that included small farmers, marginalized & landless agricultural labourers.

Throughout the decade, multiple agencies were introduced & development programmes were initiated under the leadership of Indira Gandhi that aimed to overcome the national issue of poverty.

The idea behind these agencies had a colonial approach that gave bureaucrats liberty to draft policies in their interests. It was in the decade of 1970s, where a centralized governance was given preference over a decentralized system to manage ５０

the policies. All the distinct programmes succeeded in achieving the set goals to a particular extent but failed in multiple allied aspects. A philosophy by Amartya Sen tried to throw light on the drawback of the centralized approach that led to consumption-centric programmes. He argued to opt for a capability approach that utilizes the capabilities of an individual or a community for their personal survival & development.

6.1.3 | THE CONTEMPORARY OUTLOOK An external body, usually a Non-Governmental Organization [NGO] collaborates with the governing bodies to implement the policies for rural development. This is a participatory approach wherein the communities themselves are made an integral part of the policy framework. The process of drafting the policies makes the overall process reach the grass-root levels of the rural contexts. On the contrary, there is criticism stating that the benefits fail to reach all the beneficiaries & the monetary funds are utilized in various other functions through unknown malpractices. Minimal intent is observed in encouraging local occupations like horticulture, agroforestry & fisheries.

A sustainable approach has come into global discussions post pressures from the worldwide population & detected issues of global warming & climate change. The approach not only targets the environmental crisis but also aims to strengthen the rural population on the grounds of self-sufficiency & the make the living sustainable.

To achieve the sustainable development goals [SDG], the government has to reach the rural context at its grass-root level, which is possible when the local authorities receive more autonomy for their functioning.

The philosophy by Amartya Sen still stands true in the present day. Policy framework with an Economic approach is consumption-centric, unlike an Ecological approach that will be people-centric, which would not just enhance rural development but will also have a positive impact on nation building.

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6.2 | AN OVERVIEW Few of the government schemes that have been implemented for rural development on a large scale in the recent decade are briefly studied. Each of these schemes are seen to have an approach based on a set intent & it can be concluded that based on the time frame of a particular scheme, resources are assigned.

Table.6.2.a Overview of Government Schemes | Author

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6.3 | SCHEMES UNDER CONSIDERATION Considering that the rural development schemes implemented by the government have distinct agendas & target distinct user groups, two of the above mentioned government schemes are considered to be relevant for the intended policy proposition.

6.3.1 | PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA - GRAMIN Indira Awas Yojana [IAY] over the years got converted into the existing Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana [PMAY - G] post multiple changes based on the known inferences.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act [MGNREGA] was introduced as a scheme parallel to the PMAY - G that functioned as a provider of the beneficiary list for PMAY - G. PMAY - G focuses on provision of free housing to rural populations that can be broadly categorized as the population below poverty line [BPL]. Housing becomes a sector that directly connects the development program with the end user. A direct connection adds to the opportunity of a singular approach wherein a single unit is under consideration that is subjected to an intervention that aims for development of the individual unit which eventually helps the development of a larger context.

A policy [to be proposed] that may converge with PMAY - G can form a base of a community development program of a larger context. A small-scale intervention through housing & its allied sectors, by the means of resources under PMAY - G can act as an exemplar & an experiential program that helps the community to understand, accept or deny the newly framed proposal.

6.3.2 | SANSAD ADARSH GRAM YOJANA Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana [SAGY / SAANJHI] is a time based government scheme that delegates authorities to the local Member of Legislative Assembly [MLA] to undertake the development of a village under their governance.

Considering a local individual to monitor the development program, the scheme provides an opportunity to have a process aligned with the grass root issues & also gain a direct connection with the community. The primary focus of the scheme is to build a model village that focuses on all-round development as envisioned by M.K.Gandhi.

A convergence of SAGY / SAANJHI with the policy [to be proposed] can help & guide the MLA with a directive for the development program. The resources assigned ５３

under SAGY / SAANJHI can be channelized through the policy [to be proposed] to achieve the goal of a model village, which is termed as an Ideal Village as suggested

by M.K.Gandhi.

6.3.3 | THE CONVERGENCE STRUCTURE A community development program to be proposed through the medium of a policy is a staged process. The process has to grow with time that also demands for a voluntary participation from the community. Unless the rural population builds a connection with the process, a community level development program fails to achieve the desired goals.

Considering these sensitive factors of community development, the policy [to be proposed] can converge with the two existing government schemes directing them with a reframed process that helps them gain the emotional connection with the rural population. A voluntary participation of the community & provision of autonomy to them can add to the valuable & efficient growth of the community.

To summarize the structure, the existing MGNREGA scheme functions parallely with PMAY - G that provides a database of the beneficiaries to be responded to. The addition of the policy [to be proposed] aims to enhance the process of development on a singular approach. This convergence applies in the initial stages of the community development program. On building a foundation for the larger program, further convergence of the policy [to be proposed] with SAGY / SAANJHI directs the local MLA to scale out the development program on a community level. Hence in a decentralized method, with a processed amalgamation of these above mentioned schemes & policy aims to achieve a stage that can be termed as an Ideal Village.

KEY NAMES : Jawaharlal Nehru ; Lal Bahadur Shastri ; Indira Gandhi ; Amartya Sen ; M.K.Gandhi KEYWORDS : Rural Development ; Rural Housing ; Welfare Scheme ; Income Disparity ; Gender Equality ; Local-Self Government ; Humanitarian ; Feudal ; Industrial Revolution ; Cash Economy ; Famine ; Community Development ; Agriculture ; Green Revolution ; Bureaucrats ; NonGovernmental Organization ; Malpractices ; Global Warming ; Self-Sufficiency ; Autonomy ; Time Frame ; Agenda ; User Group ; Policy ; Beneficiary ; Intervention ; Converge ; Exemplar ; Experiential ; Grass Root ; Participation ; Amalgamation

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7.0 | CASE STUDIES i‹

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Based on the idea of re-building a village, following are the two case studies that throw light on the process that goes behind achieving the set goal.

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7.1 | DHUN, RAJASTHAN Pioneer : Manvendra Singh Shekhawat Location : Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Area : 500 acres Project Typology : Rural Upliftment ; Housing [Semi-Urban] Year : 2013 -

Dhun is a planned community project on the outskirts of Jaipur that currently targets the ecological aspects of the planning. The 500 acre land was barren & salinated back in 2013, which on treatment by traditional methods of landscaping has turned into a forest land in the present day, that serves as a habitat for over 120 distinct species of flora & fauna.

Img.7.1.a.b Dhun | Dhun Life

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7.1.1 | PHASE 01 - WATER In the year of 1981, Dhun experienced severe flooding that led to the removal of topsoil, eventually leaving the land barren. Over the years, salt content increased making the land unfit for agriculture. The land had lost its water retention capacity.

Based on the word of mouth by the estate pundits, it was concluded that the land has lost its value due to its incapability of sustaining any development.

In 2013, Manvendra Singh Shekhawat along with his team acquired the land & aimed at finding solutions to increase the water table. The historical means of water storage were identified & adjacently a topography study conducted that indicated the possibilities of digging a pond. The color of the land in the immediate context changed from browns to greens. Based on further studies two more ponds & water channels were dug.

Cattle from neighboring villages were invited on site for grazing that helped the soil to loosen further adding to the quality of the land. The interdependency between the flora & fauna yielded positive results for the fertility of the land. All these basic principles were inspired by the means of traditional water conservation techniques practiced in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

Img.7.1.1.a.b Dhun Phase 01 | Dhun Laboratory ; Aastha Johri

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7.1.2 | PHASE 02 - FOREST Following the success in regaining the levels of water table, the next step was to increase the forest cover in order to establish a local climate that suits varied species of flora & fauna. An intensive study of the indegenous plants was carried out that provided a palette of the plants to be grown. An additional tangent to the study indicated the adaptive plants that would complement the indegenous plants & not take the form of an invasive planter.

A traditional planting technique practiced in Japan - the Miyawaki’s Method was implemented in order to achieve a faster growth rate. According to the method, a sapling of a particular species is grown & nurtured in a nursery in the same climate.

Gradually the planter is nurtured in the open under a specific amount of shade. The amount of shade is reduced as the planter grows. Eventually it is transplanted under a tree cover where it grows along with different species of flora. The seeds of a matured tree of the same species is again nurtured in a nursery & the cycle continues to produce a forest as the end result. The overall land mass of 500 acre was divided into sectors that were grown into mini forests which over the years added to become a large forest cover.

As in 2021, the 500 acre land is dominated by a forest cover that houses more than 120 distinct species of flora & fauna. Existence of indegenous animal life as well as the migratory wildlife has made the land an ecosystem in itself. After a span of 8 years, a natural relationship between the wildlife, forests, farms & domestic animals has resulted in a vast green cover that is now fit to support a self-sustaining habitat.

Img. 7.1.2.a.b Dhun Phase 02 | Dhun Life

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7.1.3 | PHASE 03 - ARCHITECTURE Manvendra Singh Shekhavat being a boutique hotelier by profession, aims to build a chain of structures of the housing typology, by means of which the visitors, tenants & the residents will be educated about a self-sustaining lifestyle & ecology. The architectural intervention also aims at reviving the heritage structures in the context that leave a significant mark of the rich architectural practice in the earlier days.

Apart from the individual structures, the team also focuses on the aspects of master planning that acts as a prototype & an exemplar town on how a town can be built on the principles of Swaraj, that is self-reliance.

Img.7.1.3.a.b Dhun Phase 03 | Dhun Laboratory

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7.1.4 | INFERENCE Based on the visuals, it can be concluded that the process of re-building a village is a patient process that requires a staged approach which focuses on one aspect at a time.

A village works on the principle of 5 Js - Jal, Jameen, Jungle, Janwar & Jan, which also becomes the foundation principle of Dhun. As the chronology states, similar is the approach opted by the team of Dhun that targets water in Phase 01, which helps the land replenish itself & over the years they achieve the target of a forest in Phase 02. The forest acts as a reserve for the varied species of flora & fauna. Once the majority of an ecosystem is developed, human habitation completes the ecosystem in Phase 03. A relationship between each aspect is sequentially achieved that leads to a circle that knots the 5 Js together making the ecosystem an interdependent system.

The point of argument in the case study becomes the architectural intervention that is proposed. The master planning provides a valuable insight on the process to be followed in terms of historical research, traditional systems & how they can be implemented in a cohesive manner to produce workable planning. On the other hand, the program includes an aspect of tourism by means of which the team aims to educate the visitors about self-sustaining lifestyle & ecology. With tourism, comes the aspect of commercialization. Ladakh & Mawlynnong being the existing examples of how commercialization can take over the tourism & lead to a degradation in the rich culture & heritage of the region. It becomes a possibility that the intent of education may get negated due to the means of commercialization opted by the population of the region.

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7.2 | PROTO VILLAGE, ANDHRA PRADESH Pioneer : Kalyan Akkipeddi Location : Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India Area : 12.5 acre Project Typology : Rural Upliftment Year : 2013 -

Proto Village initially began as a small-scale intervention to revive a portion of Teklodu mandal, which is the second-most dry region in India. Over the years, the idea of revival grew to a larger scale which targeted many more aspects that help a community function in a self-sustaining way.

Img.7.2.a.b Proto Village | Proto Village

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7.2.1 | PHASE 01 - ECOLOGY Even though the scale of the project in terms of its area is small, the program & intent of the project, all together, is large-scale, that also comprises the neighboring communities. Phase 01 aimed to cater to the ecological aspects, also termed as the 5 Js. Out of Jal, Jameen, Jungle, Janwar & Jan, the missing aspect was water. The rest four aspects were sufficient to act as a reserve for the local wildlife, but failed to meet the agricultural needs due to a huge deficit in water, which made the land unsuitable for farming.

Based on the topographical studies, ponds were dug as temporary reservoirs for water, which in the present day have become perennial. Further, water channels were dug that expanded the reach of water & also increased the water table of the larger context. In order to regain the quality of land, idegenous plants were identified & farming of the same planters was carried out using the traditional techniques. A relationship between water & land kept the land healthy for agricultural practices.

Img.7.2.1.a.b Proto Village Phase 01 | Efforts For Good

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7.2.2 | PHASE 02 - ARCHITECTURE The primary structure the community would occupy was their personal households.

Kalyan Akkipeddi believed in the Gandhian Philosophy of 5 Mile Radius & encouraged the use of local materials & traditional construction techniques that would respond to the climatic conditions.

As mentioned earlier, M.K.Gandhi always preached about the all-round education system, termed as Nai Talim that helps a person get educated not only by the means of textbook knowledge, but also practical life lessons & hands-on experiences. A small-scale institute was introduced based on the same principles that helped the younger population to explore the engineering aspects, Kalyan Akkipeddi himself being an engineer. The present day scenario suggests an expansion in the means of education through the built institute.

The idea behind the Proto Village was not confined to the boundaries of 12.5 acres but was beyond those & aimed to establish a connection with the neighboring settlements as well. Trade was the key factor that acted as a node between these settlements. To achieve an efficiently functioning trade, a mini supermarket was built that serves as a platform for the local industries to display their local goods & services for sale.

Img.7.2.2.a.b Proto Village Phase 02 | Efforts For Good ; Proto Village

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7.2.3 | GRAMAM As is the idea of Village Industries, similar was the approach of Proto Village to connect the settlements & build a community on the basis of a mutually cooperative trading relationship. Gramin Arthik Mandal [GRAMAM], commonly termed as the Rural Economic Zone aims to monitor & maintain this relationship between these settlements by encouraging the trade of local goods & services. Introducing technological knowledge & assistance wherever required, a boost in the production was seen that helped the local entrepreneurs establish themselves.

Stage 01 is to buy the goods & services from the locally built mini supermarket. The nearest market before the newly built supermarket was, at an average, 6km from the settlements, which cost them nearly a manday. Considering a person spending 200 rupees in the market on a particular day, a sum total of 8 lakh rupees was spent by the whole settlement on a monthly basis. To make the process of consumption ecological & cost-efficient, a local mini supermarket was a solution.

The local mini supermarket is run by women of the settlements, making Proto Village also an example of women empowerment. The profits made by the supermarket as a whole adds up to the village treasury that gets utilized for community development programs. The system upto Stage 01 ensures the economy to revolve within the communities to some extent.

Stage 02 becomes the local production of the goods & services to be put on sale in the local mini supermarket. A village is believed to be a reserve of resources in abundance. A judicious & harmonious exploitation of these resources results in a selfsustaining survival of the communities. By the means of small-scale production & the consumption of the same, the rural economy revolves in itself that leads to a healthy growth of the community on the grounds of trade, its benefits & mutual cooperation.

Every settlement is known for its potential, usually based on their common profession or the ways in which they extract the best out of the available resources.

These techniques are further instructed through the medium of training programs that educates different settlements, forming the Stage 03. Under the platform of Rural Economic Zone, the trading is not just confined to the monetary factors but extends its limits to practical education as well.

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7.2.4 | INFERENCE Proto Village focuses on the all-round development of the community which becomes a step ahead after achieving an efficiently functioning ecosystem. Like the case in Dhun as discussed earlier, overcoming the deficit of water & ensuring an upgradation in the water retention capacity becomes a primary solution to the ecological concerns of the 5 Js. The all-round community development program as a whole revolves around the aspects of ecology, trade & eight other allied principles - food & water security, shelter, clothing, healthcare, energy, education, connectivity & disaster management.

The interdependence of these nine principles with an ecological approach forms the base of a resilient growth of the community. These nine principles guide a settlement in an all-round development & makes them self-sufficient. Trading becomes the nodal aspect that amalgamates the functionality of different settlements to result in growth of a community as a whole, which grows further on mutual cooperation & mutual benefits.

Certain policies are drafted within the community, the major one being the Gramin Arthik Mandal that plays with the flexibility & constraints on these nine principles to achieve a goal of an efficiently functioning rural economy that encourages local production, local consumption & also contributes to the social welfare of the community. Interference of certain external bodies like small-scale non-profit organizations or entrepreneurship programs adds to the purpose of practical education, explorations & trade as well.

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KEY NAMES : Manvendra Singh Shekhawat ; Kalyan Akkipeddi ; M.K.Gandhi KEYWORDS : Re-Building ; Ecological ; Traditional ; Habitat ; Water Retention ; Topography ; Fertility ; Water Conservation ; Forest ; Indegenous ; Adaptive ; Invasive ; Miyawaki’s Method ; Sector ; Ecosystem ; Self - Sustaining ; Educate ; Heritage ; Master Planning ; Swaraj ; 5 Js ; Tourism ; Commercialization ; Revive ; Reservoir ; Household ; Institute ; Trade ; Supermarket ; Technology ; Entrepreneurs ; Manday ; Consumption ; Women Empowerment ; Production ; Resources ; Training ; Monetary ; Resilient ; Policy ; Social Welfare

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8.0 | POLICY PROPOSITION i‹ rl Vl The concept of an Ideal Village is a larger picture that finds its base on multiple other factors. The wholesome idea can be deduced & fragmented to a set of parameters, based on the writings of M.K.Gandhi. These parameters should not just function individually, but also in coherence with other parameters. An efficient interdependency between these parameters is what results in an efficiently functioning village. The broadly categorized parameters, as discussed by M.K.Gandhi are as follows [a] Sanitation [b] Healthcare [c] Education [d] Clean transition systems [e] Households / Shelter [f] Community potential ７０

These five major parameters & the interdependency between them guides a community to achieve a stage which can be termed as an Ideal Village. Considering an evident shift in the ways how a nation functions today, in terms of its economy & the ways in which it glorifies the means of large-scale mass production, the rural population as well is affected in a negative way & has become a victim of forced consumerism. Responding to these modern day concerns, the set of these preestablished parameters can be reframed. The new set of parameters maintains the idea of an Ideal Village, as envisioned by M.K.Gandhi, adjacently also caters to the technological evolution & present day crisis in the nation by enveloping them within.

So as to achieve the goal of a self-sufficient & a resilient community, the reframed parameters, as discussed & implemented by Kalyan Akkipeddi in the Proto Village are as follows [a] Food & water security [b] Healthcare [c] Education [d] Household / Shelter [e] Trade [f] Clothing [g] Communication [h] Energy [i] Disaster Management The potential of a community, as discussed by M.K.Gandhi, can be exploited in a positive way wherein it initiates a trade, as Kalyan Akkipeddi discusses, to connect the neighboring settlements to enhance the growth of a larger community. A valuable & humanitarian utilization of the new needs of the present day that also comprises the energy consumption can be channelized in a direction that helps the trade & survival of the communities.

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Ill.8.0.a The Parameters of a Resilient Community | Author

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8.1 | POTENTIAL & TRADE Potential of a community is like the fuel that keeps the engine of trade running.

Potential can either be determined by the profession or the occupation the community practices in common, or by the means by which they utilize the existing resources to their benefit. The community earns its profits when it gets an immediate market for sale. By the means of trade, these profits can be quantified by the respective producer.

For a local industry, the immediate market is supposed to be a neighboring urban centre, be it a Tier 1 metropolitan city, or a Tier 2 city. As discussed in earlier chapters [refer to Chapter 1.1.1], the existence of a sense of deprivation due to the manipulations by the means of consumerism, these urban centres negate their purpose of serving as a market to the local & small-scale industries.

As a medium of solution, a system of trade can be established in the rural context itself, that serves as a unit for both local production & local consumption. The internal trade system along with the monetary transactions, can also enrich the mutual cooperation of the communities for a balanced growth. The distinct potentials of these distinct communities can be interlinked by the means of this established trading system that acts as a node & epicentre of the circle.

The absence of an immediate market is eliminated by the addition of a new trading framework. Surplus of the production can find its market in the urban centres in order to add to the personal profits.

Ill.8.1.a Correlation of Potential & Trade | Author

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8.2 | QUANTIFYING THE POLICY A community on the basis of its potential comes up with a volume of its production.

The quantity of production & its supply is the key to the economy of these communities.

The basic requirements of the household & the monetary amount put in for its consumption determines the profits earned through the trade of the production that is based on the potential of a community.

Considering in a community, [a] Number of households = a [b] Average amount spent on weekly consumption by 1 household = b [c] Average amount spent on weekly consumption by the community = a x b [d] Average amount spent on consumption by the community for a month = 4 x (a x b) *Considering 1 trip in every week

[e] Average amount spent on weekly transportation by 1 household = t [f] Average amount spent on weekly transportation by the community = a x t [g] Average amount spent on transportation by the community for a month = 4 x (a x t) *Considering 1 trip in every week

[h] Total average amount spent on consumption by the community for a month = 4 x a x (b + t) *From [d] & [g]

Assuming the general values of a = 50 nos. b = Rs.500 t = Rs.200 Substituting the values into [h], [h] Total average amount spent on consumption by the community for a month = Rs.1,12,000 [j] Assuming the average amount of a man-day in 1 household = Rs.500 [k] Deficit amount of a man-day in a week in the community = 500 x a = 500 x 50 = Rs.25000 [l] Deficit amount of a man-day in a month in the community = 4 x 25000 = Rs.1,00,000 *Considering 1 trip in every week

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[m] Sum total amount spent on consumption by the community for a month = [h] + [l] = 1,12,000 + 1,00,000 = Rs.2,12,000 *From [h] & [l]

[n] Average monthly amount earned by the community = e *on the basis of its potential

[o] Average profit amount earned by the community = e - (2,12,000) *on the basis of its potential

Dependence of the rural contexts on the neighboring urban centres ideally should be a two-way process wherein the dependence is not just for consumption, but also for production & supply. Since these urban centres negate their purpose of serving as a market for the local & small-scale industries, the process becomes unilateral & the monetary funds flow majorly in one direction, that is away from the rural context.

Comparatively, the return flow of these funds is at a slower rate.

As a whole, the total amount spent by the community becomes a huge deficit that can be utilized for community development programs. The quantification process indicates the monetary amount put in for consumption, that can be converted into a monetary fund for production purposes.

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8.3 | CORE OF THE POLICY Out of the 5 Js, that is, Jal, Jameen, Jungle, Janwar & Jan, the first four aspects live in coherence & an interdependent system abiding the laws of nature. The fifth aspect - Jan, comprises the human race which becomes a factor of change in the system. It's the human race that has the capability & authority of either complementing or contradicting the existing system of interdependency by choosing the ways of living.

The lifestyle they practice & the means by which they exploit the resources has a direct impact on the ecosystem, may it be in a positive or a negative way.

As the quantification [refer to Chapter 8.2] suggests, the ill effects of consumerism & the forced dependency on urban centres for the same have had a direct impact on the rural economy as well. Responding to the issue of dependent consumerism, a lifestyle that builds its foundation on the aspect of abundance forms the core of the policy. Considering the authority that the human race holds to exploit the resources, it can be channelized to the benefits of an individual that eventually helps the respective community to grow ecologically, economically & healthily.

Living in abundance is based on three broad principles [a] Living in self-reliance, which can be summarized as a life where one grows his own food & exploits his own resources to the benefits of self & community, in a judicious manner. [b] Living on the terms of interdependency where the rural population compliments & completes the 5 Js to attain an efficiently functioning ecosystem. [c] Practicing a Swadeshi lifestyle where you not only build by the Gandhian Philosophy of 5 Mile Radius but also respect the local climate, geography, culture & aspirations of the rural population.

Ill.8.3.a Core of the Policy | Author

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8.4 | STRUCTURE OF THE POLICY A community level development program starts from a singular unit that acts as a mini prototype of the expected end result. Rural population believes more in an experiential process, also termed as a participatory process where they see a positive evolution happening. The practicality of the process not just makes them believe in the change, but also adds to their self-belief to opt for a lifestyle based on the principles of abundance.

An individual household acts as a cell of the village. The participatory approach ropes in the residents & encourages them to practice an abundant lifestyle by the means of provision of funds, technology & energy to help them exploit the resources to their benefit [if needed]. A channelized yield of all the resources & potential the household & its land holds, leads to the initiation of the self-production that initiates the economy of the household. A sense of autonomy dictates over the sense of deprivation caused by consumerism.

When a unit is seen to achieve a productive outcome of the process, it can be implemented on a community level. Moreover, the acceptance of the rural population drives the process since community participation becomes a voluntary addition to it.

Every community, the numerous households in it & their respective lands hold their own potential. When these potentials of different communities meet at a common node through the means of a transaction, an independent & a resilient system of trade is established which helps the community grow on the principles of self-reliance & eventually attain a stage where they can be termed as an Ideal Village.

Ill.8.4.a Structure of the Policy | Author

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8.5 | ROLE OF GOVERNMENT In the preliminary stage of the proposed policy, to encourage, guide & help an individual household to achieve a stage where they practice an abundant lifestyle, initial investment in terms of monetary funds is required. Even in the stages later, where the introduction of means of energy & communication is to be catered to & the policy is aimed to be applied on a community level, the capital investment has a valuable role to play. These investments can be initiated by the central authorities through the medium of their rural development schemes.

Different government schemes either function parallely to one another or are merged to be implemented. Based on the category of merging the schemes, the proposed policy can merge with two of the existing government schemes - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana [Gramin] & Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana [refer to Chapters 6.3 & 6.4].

Since Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana [Gramin] focuses on free housing, an individual household can be targeted that also incorporates the principles of abundance through the proposed policy. As & when the policy attains a community implementation stage, it can be merged with the Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana wherein the same principles can be incorporated by the respective Member of Legislative Assembly [MLA] as he undertakes the development of a community.

To summarize, the central authorities opt for a decentralized approach where the rural population is delegated with the necessary authority & they experience a sense of autonomy.

KEY NAMES : M.K.Gandhi ; Kalyan Akkipeddi KEYWORDS : Community Potential ; Mass Production ; Consumerism ; Technology ; Crisis ; Self-Sufficient ; Resilient ; Trade ; Community ; Humanitarian ; Profession ; Resources ; Market ; Metropolitan ; Sense of Deprivation ; Local Production ; Local Consumption ; Transaction ; Cooperation ; Supply ; Profit ; Monetary Fund ; 5 Js ; Human Race ; Abundance ; Self-Reliance ; Interdependency ; Swadeshi ; Participatory ; Household ; Autonomy ; Investment ; Merge ; Decentralize

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9.0 | SITE IDENTIFICATION l ⿏

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Based on two distinct approaches, two sites are identified in the rural context of the city of Aurangabad, Maharashtra. The first approach is to identify a village that is developed through a government scheme. The second approach is to identify a village, the economy of which runs on the potential of the community.

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9.1 | PATODA ADARSH GRAM, AURANGABAD As the first approach suggests the involvement of a government scheme for the development of a village, Patoda Adarsh Gram is developed under Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana.

Img.9.1.a.b Patoda Adarsh Gram | GSKPatoda

9.1.1 | AN OVERVIEW Nearest Markets : Waluj [4.2 km] Aurangabad [11.9 km] Nearest Transit Points : Railway - Aurangabad [10.3 km] Airways - Aurangabad [20.2 km] State Bus - Waluj [4.2 km] ; Aurangabad [12.2 km] Geography : Land Typology - Plains Nearest Water Body - Kham river [250 mtr] Demographics : Number of Households - 512

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Fig.9.1.1.a Patoda Overview I | Google Earth ; Author

Fig.9.1.1.b Patoda Overview II | Google Earth ; Author

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9.1.2 | SCOPE The proposed policy [through this dissertation] comprises it merging with the existing government scheme. As the name suggests, Patoda is an Adarsh Gram since it is developed under the scheme of Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana.

The involvement of a government scheme in the development process gives rise to an opportunity wherein an inquiry can be made into the process opted so as to understand the do’s & don’ts of it. Accordingly an intervention can be planned that throws light on a possibility of the development process that aims to eliminate the existing issues arising, based on the principles as discussed in the proposed policy.

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9.2 | KESAPURI, AURANGABAD As the second approach suggests the identification of the potential of a village, Kesapuri, locally known as Madarwadi earns on the basis of its milk production.

Img.9.2.a.b Kesapuri | Author

9.2.1 | AN OVERVIEW Nearest Markets : Khultabad [9.3 km] Daulatabad [7.1 km] Aurangabad [21 km] Nearest Transit Points : Railway - Daulatabad [10.8] ; Aurangabad [22.7 km] Airways - Aurangabad [30 km] State Bus - Khultabad [9.3 km] ; Daulatabad [11.4 km] ; Aurangabad [20.8 km] Geography : Land Typology - Plateau Nearest Water Body - Unknown reservoirs [250 mtr] Demographics : Number of Households - 127 nos.

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Fig.9.2.1.a Kesapuri Overview I | Google Earth ; Author

Fig.9.2.1.b Kesapuri Overview II | Google Earth ; Author

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9.2.2 | SCOPE The community of Kesapuri practices a common profession of dairy, which is production of milk using natural methods. Since the potential of a village or the community becomes one of integral driving factors of the policy proposed [through this dissertation], the site provides an opportunity to inquire into the market study of the community. Considering the distances of the nearest markets & relating those with the quantification of the proposed policy, it adds to the value of implementing a local trading system with the nearby communities to attain a self-sufficient rural economic system, as discussed earlier, which also is the aim of the policy.

Accordingly, an intervention can be planned that attempts to encourage a lifestyle based on the principles of abundance & aims to throw light on the initial stages of implementation of the proposed policy, that focuses on a singular household unit to attain an abundant lifestyle.

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KEYWORDS : Government Scheme ; Potential ; Adarsh Gram

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