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APIBA Annual Seminar 2014 A TASTE OF MODERN GRAMMAR

The present continuous as a combination of tense, grammatical and lexical aspect Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Consider the following four situations: 1. Be tired 2. Walk in the park 3. Walk to the park 4. Win a race

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

1. Be tired

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

1. Be tired

(Initial Point)

(Final Point)

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Situation Type

[+/-dynamic]

[+/- durative]

[+/- telic]

Representation

Example

[be tired]

State

[-]

[+]

(IP)

(FP) [own a house]

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

2. Walk in the park

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

2. Walk in the park

Initial Point …..……………… Final Point arbitrary homogeneous stages

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Situation Type

[+/-dynamic]]

[+/- durative]

[+/- telic]

Representation

Example [be tired]

State

Activity

[-]

[+]

(IP)

(FP) [own a car]

[+]

[+]

[-]

IP………………FP Homogeneous Stages

[walk in the park] [run]

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

3. Walk to the park

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

3. Walk to the park

Initial Point ----------------- Final Point natural Heterogeneous stages

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Situation Type

State

[+/-dynamic]]

[-]

[+/- durative]

[+/- telic]

[+]

Representation

(IP)

(FP)

IP………………FP

Activity

[+]

[+]

[-]

Homogeneous Stages

IP-------------FP

Accomplishment

[+]

[+]

[+] Heterogeneous Stages

Example [be tired] [own a car] [walk in the park] [run] [walk to the park] [build a house]

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

4. Win a race

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

4. Win a race

………….Initial Point Final Point

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

Lexical /Inner Aspect Situation Type

State

[+/-dynamic]]

[-]

[+/- durative]

[+/- telic]

[+]

Representation

(IP)

(FP)

IP………………FP

Activity

[+]

[+]

[-]

Homogeneous Stages

IP ------------ FP

Accomplishment

[+]

[+]

[+] Heterogeneous Stages

Example [be tired] [own a car] [walk in the park] [run] [walk to the park] [build a house] [win a race]

Achievement

[+]

[-]

[+]

………. IP FP

[land in Japan]

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Viewpoint (Grammatical aspect) is like the lens of a camera.

We will consider two viewpoints: •Perfective

•Imperfective

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Type of situation: Activity: [walk in the park] Perfective

Imperfective

The man walked in the park yesterday.

The man is walking in the park now.

////////////////////// [IP …………………………FP]

//////////// [IP ………………………………… FP]

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Type of situation: Accomplishment: [walk to the park] Perfective

Imperfective

He walked to the park yesterday.

He was walking to the park yesterday.

////////////////////// [IP …………………………FP]

//////////// [IP ………………………………… FP]

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

General Imperfective Schema

……..////////………

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Marked Imperfectives They focus on: a. The preliminary stages or b. The resulting stages

Graciela Palacio & Sergio RodrĂ­guez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Marked Imperfective focusing preliminary stages Type of situation: Achievement: [win a race] Perfective

Imperfective

The man won the race.

The man was winning the race.

///// IP FP

///// ……………...I P FP

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Marked Imperfective focusing the resulting stages • Harold hung the picture on the wall.

As a result: • The picture is hanging on the wall.

I……………..F.. //////////// Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Marked Situation Type Compare: • •

George is naughty.

George is being naughty.

• •

He resembles his father.

He is resembling his father more and more.

• •

I hate zoology.

I’m hating zoology class these days.

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

“I am preparing a presentation.”

“Sorry! I was preparing a presentation.”

•Lexical/Inner aspect (Situation type): Accomplishment •Grammatical aspect (Viewpoint): Imperfective •Tense (Location in time): Present / Past

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

TENSE

GRAMMATICAL ASPECT SITUATION TYPE

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

Bibliography Smith, C. (1991, 1997) The Parameter of Aspect.

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Vendler, Z. (1957) “Verbs and Times.” The Philosophical Review. 66, 143-160.

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

•“Present continuous” = Tense + aspect •Form and meaning interact

•He walked in the park ≠ He walked to the park.

•Advantages of the approach: - Make hypotheses - Have more autonomy - Assess materials Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez

APIBA Annual Seminar 2014

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

Graciela Palacio & Sergio Rodríguez