Larrun (107): Memoria historikoa 1936ko gerra

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ZZZ DUJLD FRP ODUUXQ

107

Memoria historikoa 1936KO GERRA

M A H A I - I N G U R U A

MIKEL ARANA I R I T Z I A K

Pedro Barruso Josu Chueca l Xabier Lasa l l

IÑAKI EGAÑA

IÑAKI GOIOGANA


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M A H A I - I N G U R U A

Nola azaleratu 36an estalitakoa? Urko Apaolaza · Xabier Letona Argazkiak: Dani Blanco

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

Azken urteetan asko hitz egin da memoria historikoaren izenean. Baina lehenik komeniko litzateke definitzea zer den memoria historikoa. Nola ulertzen duzue zuek termino hori? Zer dakar berarekin? ,f$., (*$f$ $VNRWDQ ORW]HQ GXJX PHPRULD KLVWR ULNRD D]NHQ XUWHHWDNR JHUWDHUHNLQ 1LN HVDQJR QXNH PHPRULD KLVWRULNRD HUH EDGHOD 3UDLOHKDLW] HWD JDUDL KDLHWDNR JXUH DUEDVRHQ EL]LW]D HGR NDUOLVWHQD JL]DU WH RVRDUHQD GD PHPRULD KLVWRULNRD H] ]DWL EDWHQD EDNDUULN +LW] JXW[LWDQ HVDQ GDLWHNH ILVLNRD H] GHQ JXUH RQGDUHD GHOD ,f$., *2,2*$1$ 3HUWVRQDN ]HUEDLW EHUHL]WHQ EDJDLWX DQLPDOLHQJDQGLN PHPRULD GD LUDJDQ JX]WLD HWD KRUL KXUUHQJR EHODXQDOGLHL SDVD EHKDU ]DLH RQGDUH EDW L]DWHQ MDUUDLWXNR EDGX *DXU HJXQHDQ KLW] KRUL

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Ezkerretik eskuinera, Iñaki Egaña, Iñaki Goiogana eta Mikel Arana.

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f$ *DXU HJXQ JDLQHUD HUUHELVLRQLVPR EDW EDGDJR ]HUEDLWHQJDWLN GD (UUHELVLRQLVPRD PHPRULD

KLVWRULNRDUHQ NRQWUDNR LELOELGH EDW GD QLUH XVWH] HWD H] GLR HUDJLWHQ NR *HUUDUL EDNDUULN EDL]LN HWD JXUH KLVWRULDNR ]HQEDLW SDVDUWHUL 1DIDUURDNR NRQNLV WDUL .DUOLVWDGHL 2UDLQ ,UXxD 9HOHLDNR NRQWXHNLQ XKROGH EDW HJRQ GD HWD LULW]L ]LHQWLILNRDN GDXGH DOGH EDWHWLN EDLQD EDLWD EHVWHODNR LULW]L SROLWLNRDN HUH JDXU HJXQJR SROLWLNDUHNLQ ORWXWD GDXGHQDN +RUUHNLQ HVDQ QDKL GXW PHPRULD KLVWRULNRD] KLW] HJLWHQ GHQHDQ EDGDJRHOD DOGH EDW RUDLQ GHOD XUWH JHUWDWX WDNRDUHNLQ ORWXD EDLQD DXUUHNR JDUDLHL ORWXULNR EHVWH NRQWX DVNR HUH EDGDXGHOD Aipatu duzue zer den eta nola ulertzen duzuen... Baina zergatik da horren inportantea memoria historikoa? Eta nola erabili behar da? , (*$f$ 1L RVR ODEXUUD L]DQJR QDL] 5DPRQ -DXUH JLN 0HPRULD +LVWRULNRDUHQ /HJH SURLHNWXDUL EXUX]NR


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M A H A I - I N G U R U A

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ormalean memoria historikoa 1936ko Gerrarekin lotzen dela esan duzue. Baina aspaldi honetan ere hasiak gara aldarrikatzen gertuagoko gertakizunen inguruko memoria historikoa, dela gerra ostea, dela trantsizioa... Ez dago, nolabait esateko, arriskurik bata besteari gainjartzeko? Bata oraindik berreskuratu gabe dugunean, bestearekin hasteko?

M a h a i k i d e a k MIKEL ARANA

IÑAKI EGAÑA

Politikaria, zuzenbidean lizentziatua

Idazlea, ikerlaria eta editorea

1973ko urrian jaio zen Ordizian (Gipuzkoa). Zuzenbidean

da, eta Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteko kide ere bada. 1936ko

lizentziatua da. Gaur egun Eusko Jaurlaritzako Etxebizitza

Gerraren inguruko hainbat liburu idatzi ditu, azkenekoa:

1958an jaiotako donostiarra: Idazlea, ikerlaria eta editorea

eta Gizarte Saileko Zerbitzu Zuzendaria da. Administrazioko

1936ko gerra zibila haurrei kontatua. Zenbait egunkaritan

jarduera politikarekin uztartzen du, Ezker Batua-Berdeak

iritzi artikulugile ohikoa; gaur egun hainbat indusketa

alderdiko Presidentziako Bozeramailea ere baita Mikel

arkeologiko egiten dihardu eta Alcala de Henaresko admi-

Arana.

nistrazioaren artxiboan sartzeko baimenaren zain dago.


M E M O R I A

, (*$f$ $UULVNXD EHWL HJRQJR GD EDLQD QLN XVWH GXW DUULVNXD H] GHOD HUDELOL EHKDU ]HQW]X SHLRUDWLER DQ (JLD GD PRPHQWX KRQHWDQ LQGDU JHKLDJR GXHOD JHUUDNR KLVWRULDUHQ KDXVQDUNHWDN EDLQD KRUL QLUHW]D NR XOHUJDUULD GD $OGH EDWHWLN JHUUD JDUDLNR PHPRULD KLVWRULNRD RUDLQ DUWH LUDED]OHHQD L]DQ GD HWD RUDLQ HUDNXQGH HWD HONDUWH DVNRWDWLN DKDOHJLQDN HJLWHQ GLUD H]NXWXDQ HJRQ GLUHQ JDX]DN D]DOHUDW]HNR %HVWHWLN WUDQWVL]LR JDUDLDUHQ LQJXUXDQ RUDLQGLN SHUVSHNWLED JXW[L GDXNDJX KDXVQDUW]HQ KDVWHNR HWD QLUH XVWH] WUDQWVL]LRNR ]HQEDLW DGDU RUDLQGLN LQGDUUHDQ GDXGH DUH JHKLDJR HVDQJR QXNH RUDLQGLN WUDQWVL]LRD VXIUL W]HQ DUL JDUHOD QHXUUL EDWHDQ KRUL H] GXW QLN HVDWHQ EDL]LN HWD SROLWLNDULHN 7UDQWVL]LRD KRU GDJR HWD QLN XVWH GXW JDUDLD LULWVLNR GHOD KRUL VDNRQDJR KDXVQDU W]HNR EDLQD RUDLQGLN SHUVSHNWLED JXW[L GXJX , *2,2*$1$ $UULVNXD" %DGD MHQGH EDW GHVHURVR VHQWLW]HQ GHQD JHUUDNR NRQWXH] KLW] HJLWHDQ HWD RUGXDQ HJLWHQ GXHQD GD EHVWH JDL EDW DWHUD KRUL HVWDO W]HNR +DVL GLUD (7$UHQ ELNWLPDN PDKDL JDLQHDQ MDU W]HQ HGR ,UXxHDQ JHUWDWX ]HQD DGLELGH] *HUPDQ 5RGULJXH]HQ RPHQH]NR PRQROLWRD NHQGX HWD HQW]LH

IÑAKI GOIOGANA

H I S T O R I K O A

UURHQ JDLQHNR EDW MDUUL ]XWHQ ,UXxHDQ HJRQJR GD OHNX JHKLDJR PRQXPHQWX EDW MDUW]HNR MXVWX OHNX KRUUHWDQ MDUUL EHKDU GD" +RUL HUH EDGD PHPRULD KLVWRULNRDUL HUDVR HJLWHD , (*$f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f$ .RQWXD GD WUDQWVL]LRD HJLQ GXWHOD EDW]XHN EDLQD EHVWH EDW]XHN H] GXWHOD HJLQ EDNH SUR]HVXDUH NLQ KRUL ELVWDNRD GD HOL]D DUPDGD 0 $5$1$ $UD]R QDJXVLHQHWDNR EDW L]DQ ]HQ HMHU W]LWRDUHQ LQJXUXDQ H] ]HOD EDWHUH HUUHIRUPD VDNRQLN HJLQ

Artxibo teknikaria Iñaki Goiogana 1962ko uztailean jaio zen Gernikan (Bizkaia). Duela hamar urtetik Artean (Bizkaia) dagoen Sabi-

, *2,2*$1$ WUDQWVL]LRD HJLWHNR EDOGLQW]HWDNR EDW L]DQ ]HODNR %DLQD EHVWHDUHNLQ MDUUDLWX] KHPHQ GLN XUWHUD WUDQWVL]LRD] LGDW]LNR GLUHQ OLEXUXDN H] GLUD L]DQJR JXN JHXN RUDLQ LGDW]LNR JHQLWX]NHHQ PRGXNRDN +RUUHN H] GX HVDQ QDKL H] GLWXJXQLN LGD W]L EHKDU JXN JXUH LNXVSHJLD L]DQJR GXJX

no Arana Fundazioko Abertzaletasunaren Agiritegiko artxibo teknikaria da. Lehenago beste zenbait udal artxibotan ere aritu izan da. Gregorio Arrienekin El primer exi-

lio de los vascos. Cataluña 1936-1939 argitaratu zuen eta Iñaki Bernardorekin Galindez: La tumba abierta.

Kapitulu honekin amaitzeko. Memoria historikoa baldin bada zerbait kolek-

5


FOTOTEKA

M A H A I - I N G U R U A

K UTXA

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M E M O R I A

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H I S T O R I K O A

erra bat gertatu zen eta zenbat pertsona hainbeste ikuspegi atera daitezke hor. Objektibotasunik ez da egongo, baina bai zintzotasuna, lortu behar da nork bere egia esateko modua izan dezagulaโ

NR 6DODPDQFDNR NRQWXDUHNLQ HWD 9DOOH GH ORV &DtGRV GHODNRDUHNLQ 1LN XVWH GXW KDQND VDUWX GXWHOD =HUJD WLN" (VNXLQD RVR LQGDUWVXD GD RUDLQGLN HWD QHXUUL EDWHDQ VR]LDOLVWHN LUDJDQDUL EHOGXUUD GLRWH

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