AFI Changemakers at the UN Summit on Youth Anticorruption by Ariel Foundation International / Ariana-Leilani Children's Foundation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Editors: Dr. Ariel Rosita King Joleen Bakalova Mugisa Mary Aloysius Abigail Oppong Cover Pages Artist: Lu Chen

AUTHORS Transparency International: Corruption Has Deepened in Most of Asia Mugisa Mary Aloysius, Uganda Youth Anti-Corruption Efforts in the Digital Age Joleen Bakalova, USA Brief Talk on Integrity Issues on College Campuses

浅谈大学校园中的诚信问题 Lu Chen, China

How Goes the Fight Against Corruption? Austin Dowling, Bermuda How Corruption Can Stall Development of Countries? Jason Eappen, USA Best Practices for Youth Advocacy Towards a Corruption-Free Society Moses Ekwere, Nigeria Corruption in Energy Access in Parts of Africa Justice Ohene-Akoto, Ghana How Corruptions Impedes the Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals Abigail Oppong, Ghana How Corruption Halts (Youths) from Succeeding in India Yash Tiwari, India Why Should We Advocate Youth Anti-Corruption

为什么我们需要提倡青年反腐败 Chong Yang, China

How to Expand Youth Anti-corruption Activities In China?

如何在中国扩大青少年的反腐败斗争活动？ Yifei Zhu, China

反腐败的重要性朱佩玮 Peiwei Zhu, China

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 Transparency International: Corruption Has Deepened in Most of Asia................... 2 Youth Anti-Corruption Efforts in the Digital Age............................................................ 7 Brief Talk on Integrity Issues on College Campuses..................................................... 9

浅谈大学校园中的诚信问题 ......................................................................................................11 How goes the fight against corruption........................................................................... 12 How corruption can stall development of countries.................................................... 14 Best Practices for Youth Advocacy Towards a Corruption-Free Society............... 16 Corruption on energy access in parts of Africa............................................................22 How corruption impedes the impact of the sustainable development................... 26 How corruption halts (youths) from succeeding in India........................................... 28 Why should we advocate youth anti-corruption.......................................................... 32

为什么我们需要提倡青年反腐败 ........................................................................................... 34 How to expand youth anti-corruption activities in China.......................................... 35

反腐败的重要性朱佩玮 .......................................................................................................... 38 Author Profiles..................................................................................................................... 40

INTRODUCTION As one of the earliest concerns of moral and political discourse - from classical antiquity up to the latest global treaty sponsored by the United Nations - corruption has long blighted human affairs. Worldwide, Young Leaders from the Ariel Foundation International Changemakers share varied views and opinions, concepts, reports, understandings, and experiences on and about Corruption. Enjoy viewing and reading our reflections.

TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL: CORRUPTION HAS DEEPENED IN MOST OF ASIA

By: Mugisa Mary Aloysius Uganda

FORMER MALAYSIAN PRIME MINISTER NAJIB RAZAK SPEAKS TO REPORTERS AT THE KUALA LUMPUR HIGH COURT AFTER HE WAS CONVICTED ON CORRUPTION CHARGES LINKED TO THE 1MDB FINANCIAL SCANDAL, JULY 28, 2020.

Corruption worsened in most Asia-Pacific countries last year (2021), with Malaysia and Thailand both falling at least five spots on Transparency International’s 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index, the Berlin-based watchdog group said in a report issued Tuesday. Malaysia dropped from 57 to 62 in the corruption rankings of 180 countries by TI, while neighboring Thailand went from 104 to 110. The Philippines fell two places to 117, while Bangladesh, the second lowest-ranked nation in South Asia, dropped one place to 147. Only Indonesia, Southeast Asia’s largest country, which is notorious for deep-seated corruption in the public sector, performed better this year, climbing six places to 96.

3 “Peoples across Asia-Pacific have led mass movements calling for action against corruption, but little has changed in the last 10 years,” Ilham Mohamed, Transparency International’s regional adviser for Asia, said in a statement announcing the report. “Instead, populist and autocratic leaders co-opt anti-corruption messaging to stay in power and restrict civil liberties to stop people from taking to the streets.” Since 1995, Transparency International has compiled its annual Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking countries and territories by their perceived levels of corruption in the public sector on a scale of zero – meaning highly corrupt – to 100 – which means being free of corruption. “A concerning trend across some of these nations is a weakening of anti-corruption institutions or, in some cases, absence of an agency to coordinate action against corruption,” the report said. TI’s report drew links between the COVID-19 pandemic and corruption, saying many Asian governments responded by rolling out large-scale economic responses, which “conducted without adequate checks and balances, inevitably lead to corruption. “Wrongdoing in emergency procurement has led to price inflating, the theft of medical supplies, and sales of counterfeit medicines and materials. This left many citizens more vulnerable to COVID-19 – and almost certainly cost lives,” it said.

PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE SPEAKS AT AN INDEPENDENCE RITES CEREMONY IN BULACAN PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES, JUNE 12, 2021. [AP]

4 ASEAN Countries Stagnate, Decline! TI ranks nations from 1 (best) to 180 (worst) based on their scores. The higher the score, the better the ranking. The Philippines, which scored 33, and Thailand, which scored 35, were at historic lows this year, TI reported. Since taking office in 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has been cracking down on freedom of association and freedom of speech, making it harder to speak up about corruption, the watchdog said. Duterte will leave office following the May 9 general election. “In 2020, it was the country with the second-highest number of murdered human rights defenders, with a total of 25 deaths,” TI said. Meanwhile, countries including Malaysia and Indonesia, which are stuck in the middle of the index, “face a more complex challenge: grand corruption,” the report said. “This is the abuse of high-level power that benefits the few at the expense of the many, and which can destroy whole sectors, create recessions, and end democracies,” it said, adding, “In such cases mere technical interventions, useful in addressing petty corruption, are not enough.” Malaysia has been battling government-corruption scandals for years, including the alleged embezzlement of billions of dollars from the state development fund 1MDB that brought down Najib Razak, the former prime minister. In July 2020, a Kuala Lumpur court convicted and sentenced Najib to 12 years in prison on abuse of power and other charges linked to SRC International, a subsidiary of the state fund. He is appealing that ruling but is also standing trial on charges linked to the alleged theft of at least $4.5 billion (18.8 billion ringgit) from 1MDB. “The situation we are in is deeply worrying and will be difficult to turn around unless the government takes decisive and affirmative action to accelerate the institutional reforms,” Muhammad Mohan, TI’s chief for Malaysia, said Tuesday while presenting the index. “There has also been an acquittal or a discharge not amounting to an acquittal to high-profile personalities in several corruption cases with no clear clarification from the AttorneyGeneral’s Office, and there is also no closure yet on the two high-impact cases to the country – the SRC International and the 1MDB case,” he said, referring to cases against Najib and others. The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission said it was “giving serious attention” to the report, noticing “a downward trend.”

5 The leader of Malaysia Crime Watch, meanwhile, said the government should take steps to improve the nation’s standing. “Malaysia’s further drop in the CPI is not something that we should be proud of,” said Jais Abdul Karim, president of the not-for-profit group, using an acronym for the Corruption Perceptions Index. “The government has to make quick improvements … especially on issues involving political funding. The government also needs to speed up institutional reform to combat corruption,” Karim told BenarNews. In Indonesia, a researcher at the Center for Anti-Corruption Studies at of Gadjah Mada University said the nation’s six-point improvement in the rankings from 102 in 2020, to 96 last year, is not significant. Researcher Zaenur Rohman pointed out that both figures are worse than the 85 ranking in 2019. The one-point improvement in the country’s score “amounts to stagnation,” he told BenarNews. “It’s fair to say that Indonesian business executives have seen improvements. But many aspects are in decline, including democracy. “Declining democracy means less oversight,” he said. “President Joko Widodo must demonstrate his commitment to eradicating corruption … with clear and measurable programs,” including “law enforcement reform and support for legislation to combat corruption.” Bangladesh’s Case Elsewhere, Bangladesh’s score has been stuck at 26 for the last four years, “which is very unfortunate and shameful for the nation,” said Iftekharuzzman, executive director of Transparency International Bangladesh. The nation’s rankings fell between 146 and 149 during those years. “It is disappointing. The reason behind it is the failure to transform high-profile anticorruption pledges into reality,” he said, adding “the government’s zero-tolerance policy toward corruption … remains only [on paper].

6 “A section of those who are supposed to eradicate corruption are themselves involved with corruption,” he said. Ghulam Rahman, former chairman of the Anti-Corruption Commission, said there was no doubt that the top government officials want to curb corruption, but “on the ground, the scenario is different. “Preventing corruption by ACC alone is not possible. All the authorities concerned should be functional to make the country corruption-free,” Rahman said. Bangladesh Law Minister Anisul Huq told BenarNews that he had not seen the report and would not comment. Nisha David in Kuala Lumpur, Tria Dianti in Jakarta, and Ahammad Foyez in Dhaka contributed to this report.

YOUTH ANTI-CORRUPTION EFFORTS IN THE DIGITAL AGE

By: Joleen Bakalova USA Humans are naturally corrupt. They always have been, and they always will be. The base tendencies of greed and selfishness are indelible components of our species. However, this modern era offers boundless opportunity: the Internet lays before us the tools for our world’s future of combating corruption. The rise of digital media, as well as the new generation it has molded, provides a promising glimmer for movements against corruption from community, business, and government leaders. Humanity’s past primary forms of communication have been finite. Men on horseback, letters, newspapers, telegraphs, radio messages, and television broadcasts have provided much advancement for our socio-cultural environments, but each was limited in fundamental ways. Each was restrictive based on education, wealth, and other significant challenges in their respective eras, and news of wrongdoing was easily silenced by those in power. It was far simpler to suppress corruption scandals, whether low or high level, from disseminating into the global population’s psyche. In other words, for millennia, the vast majority of the human population has been kept from the truth. Nowadays, over half of the globe is plugged into the Internet (Roser). News travels from each end of the Earth in mere seconds. And, unlike in previous eras, information is not restricted to only those with traditional socioeconomic privileges; it is now readily available to anyone with Internet access. The development of global communication indeed offers the great promise of more transparency in our socio-political atmosphere, and this has rung true in recent decades. Whistleblowers exposing government and corporate corruption have been able to gain a far vaster audience than they could have without the Internet. Significant immoral actions, like exploiting consumers, police brutality, and war crimes, have been highlighted and condemned by the world at large. Before the digital age, these blights of humanity could have easily been buried from public consciousness by corrupt leaders, but this modern era has helped bare these actions to the eyes of the world like never before.

8 Those who have grown up amidst a global culture of information-sharing, and progress due to said sharing, feel plausibility in regards to exposing corruption and speaking up for their beliefs. With social media platforms readily available, the opportunity of exposing the truth is far more tangible. What used to take securing a reporter at a publication, giving an interview, and hoping for the truth to be exposed has now been replaced by the click of a few buttons. Young people have inevitably been shaped by the Internet’s spread of information, and research has shown that they are “more open to wide-scale socio-political transformation [in the building] zero-tolerance for graft and bribery” than previous generations (“Youths from the Asia Pacific”). That being said, the rising feasibility of preventing and exposing corruption in the new generation is only possible with the freedoms of speech and expression. Restrictions on such human rights make revealing the truth to the public nearly impossible. Youth, and all generations

for

that

matter,

cannot

engage

shaping

just

corporations,

governments, and societies without those basic rights, and countries imposing limits on these

fundamental

freedoms

are

effectively

sentencing

themselves

futures

corruption, instability, and unsustainability. It is paramount to note that youth cannot engage in shaping a more fair, just society unless today’s leaders in power actively strive toward protecting those essential freedoms. The encompassing voice of morality and ethics will only be able to sing across the base tendencies of human nature with those rights enshrined. Young people are consistently looked at as the answer to the scourge of corruption and as the elixir to a more just society. This optimistic outlook on the new generation is not unfounded, and there is indeed great promise in modern communication to help support this view. Human nature cannot be completely circumvented, but today’s boundless access to knowledge will, in time, lead humanity towards the promise of a better future. Works Cited 1. Roser,

Max,

al.

“Internet.”

Our

World

Data,

July

2015,

https://ourworldindata.org/internet. 2. “Youths

from

Asia

Pacific

Unite

the

Fight

against

Corruption.”

Space

for

Transparency, 3. Transparency International, 2015, https://blog.transparency.org/2015/01/23/strongertogether-youths-from-seven-asia-pacific-countries-unite-in-the-fight-againstcorruption/index.html.

BRIEF TALK ON INTEGRITY ISSUES ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES

By: Lu Chen China

"Have you ever copied someone's homework?" I asked this question to my peers, and the answer was always a loud “yes!”. Even for me, I can't honestly say “no” to this

question

myself.

normal

and

reasonable?

Normal,

but

not

reasonable.Nowadays, cheating in exams, plagiarizing papers, taking exams on behalf of others, and even stealing other’s delivery, all these behaviour are quite common and “popular” on college campuses. What's wrong with our college students? In 2019, Zhai tianlin's "academic scandal" caused a great uproar on the Chinese Internet, and also caused a "bloody storm" in the academic circle. While Zhai was discredited and his degree revoked, the papers of millions of students are scrutinized again much more strictly. For a while, the academic community was awash with complaints and Zhai immediately became their common enemy. He is certainly deserved the blame, but it also reflects a problem: plagiarism is common, so people feel insecure. Once routine practices are finally seeing the light of day and being re-examined. There is another piece of news: in 2020, two senior students at Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai Campus) were expelled from the school for cheating in an elective exam. It was said that Yang, a senior majoring in computer science, had received an offer from Tencent in Shenzhen, but he also had two elective courses exams to take on campus. Out of concern for the air ticket, Yang did not go back to school to take the exam but let his classmate Huang to take the exam instead. Finally after being found out, both were expelled from school. Many people complaint that it was just a trivial elective exam cheating, so why should the authority take such a heavy hand? However, as Emerson says, "as the sole foundation of character, so is deep sincerity the sole foundation of talent." Without honesty, how can other qualities be expected? Without honesty, no amount of talent will eventually fan the flames of evil.

10 Why are integrity issues so common on college campuses? The reasons can be divided into three points. The first is the absence of moral education for a long time. The exam-oriented education in China has always cultivated examiners rather than complete and independent citizens. The so-called moral education is just a show of a few photos and a few eloquent but empty speeches. Although there has been some improvement in recent years, the overall environment is still grim. Teachers, parents, and students are not interested in moral education that has no real effect on improving scores. Therefore, it is not surprising that we cultivate those “talented” students without integrity. The second reason is the influence of social culture. The popularity of networks makes everything come so fast and easy. Movie stars escape billions in taxes; unscrupulous enterprises are celebrated and welcomed. Seeing the gloomy world, they found that studying and working hard is no better than following web celebrity flow, and they found flattery can easily lead to positions of power, so, Why study hard? Why honesty? College students are lost in the virtual carnival of the Internet. Third, the cost of dishonesty, such as cheating, is too small. Why did the incident of Harbin Institute of Technology's expulsion cause a great uproar? Because the common solution to this kind of integrity issue is to blow it over, hide it, then forget it. Since you don't have to pay much effort to easily get the results you want, why not? If I change the original question into a hypothetical: "Would you plagiarize if you could get fired for copying?" I think most people would give a totally different answer. Integrity is a “cliche”, but there is still a long way to go. Tao Xingzhi said, "Thousands of teachings teach people to seek the truth; Learn, learn to be real." Hope our future generation can firmly say, "I will never copy other people's things again."

浅谈大学校园中的诚信问题 By: Lu Chen China

陈璐

你抄过别人的作业吗？ ” 我试着问了问我身边的朋友这个问题，得到的答案都是肯定的。甚至，我扪心自问，也无法说出一个 “ 不 ” 。这是正常且合理的现象吗？正常，但并不合理。同样，考试作弊、论文抄袭、上课代签、考试代考，甚至外卖冒领，这些行为也并不罕见。我们的大学生怎么了？ 2019 年的翟天临 “ 学术门 ” 事件在互联网上引起了轩然大波，也在学术圈引起一场 “ 腥风血雨 ” 。翟天临名誉扫地，学位撤销；而数百万学子们的论文也被拿着放大镜一一重新审视。一时间学术圈怨声载道，翟天临被诛之而后快。诚然其罪有应得，然而这也侧面反映一个问题：论文的抄袭现象屡见不鲜，因而人人自危。从前习以为常的一贯操作终于 “ 得见天日 ” 。另一则新闻则是 2020 年哈尔滨工业大学（威海校区）的两名大四学生，因为选修课考试作弊被学校开除学籍。据传该校计算机专业的大四学生杨某已经拿到了腾讯公司的 offer ，在深圳实习。而他还有两门选修课《道德经》及《红楼梦》没有通过，但是出于心疼机票，所以杨某并没有回校考试而是让同学黄某代替其参加考试，结果被查出，双双遭开除学籍。很多人为此鸣不平，只是一场无足轻重的选修课考试作弊，学校何必下此重手？然而正如爱默生所说 “ 正如性格的唯一基础那样，深邃的真诚也是才能的唯一基础。 ” 见微知著，没有诚信，其他的品质又怎能指望呢？再多的才能最终也是助长罪恶的火焰。究其原因可分为三点。第一是长期以来德育的缺位，中国的应试教育向来培养的是做题家，而不是完整独立的人格，所谓的德育是几张照片的作秀和几张深情而空洞的演讲。虽然近些年有所改善，但大环境仍在，压在学生身上的升学大山让老师、家长和同学都无心于这类无实际帮助的东西，一头扎进更为有用的题海。所以，培养出有才能而无诚信的大学生不足为奇。第二点则是社会风气的影响，网络的流行让一切变得太快，太触手可得了，明星可以偷漏税数亿，网红月入百万却在卖惨，大学生们看到了世界的参差，也看到了这个世界的灰暗，他们发现寒窗苦读不如网红流量，发现偷奸耍滑左右逢迎却可轻松换来权势地位，所以，何必苦读？何必诚信？第三点则是诸如作弊这种不诚信事件所付出的成本过小。为何哈工大开除学生事件引起轩然大波？因为这种事向来大事化小小事化了，最终息事宁人，开除反倒显得不合常理。既然不用付出多少努力即可轻松获得自己想要的结果，成绩，何乐而不为呢？如果最初那个问题变成一道假设题： “ 如果抄作业会被开除，你还会抄袭吗？ ” ，我想大部分人会给出和原来截然不同的答案。诚信问题老生常谈，但任重而道远。陶行知说 “ 千教万教，教人求真；千学万学，学做真人。 ” 希望以后的你，能坚定地说： “ 我再也不会抄别人的东西。 ” “

HOW GOES THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION?

By: Austin Dowling Bermuda Over the past decade, corruption has been a growing problem that has eluded the view of the public. Corruption as defined by Merriam-Webster is dishonest or illegal behavior especially by persons in positions of power. Corruption often takes form in government, organizations and corporations but in every event, aims to abuse power and democratic systems, to suppress the freedoms of others and to gain influence. In today’s society, corruption takes form in many nuanced ways. Corruption can affect men and women in different ways, feeding gender inequalities. Some governments such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, Cambodia and Singapore - have been able to exploit COVID 19 to enact corrupt policies: increasing civilian surveillance to silence whistleblowers and restrict freedom of speech. Furthermore, many Asian governments have created large economic plans in response to COVID 19’s effect on finance. However, these plans often allow for corruption. So what are groups doing to counter this corruption? Despite continuing corruption, many governments have made slow improvements. In South Korea the corruption index, according to Transparency International, has improved from 56 to 62. Furthermore, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines created the first ever International Youth Camp on Youth Empowerment for Transparency and Integrity (YETI). The camp is intended to help youth discuss ways to counter and expose corruption in the region. Furthermore, Papua New Guinea has reformed its legislation, setting up commissions that work with civil societies to counter corruption. Unfortunately, despite these efforts, most are ineffective at addressing most corruption and the policies and programs designed to help are continuously delayed. Countries with the worst corruption index - Cambodia (23), Afghanistan (16) and North Korea (16) among many others - have stagnated, with no progress being made. One of the worst cases of stagnation is India where democratic systems are being threatened; Journalists and political dissenters are targeted by officials and gangs and anti corruption groups face “defamation, sedition, hate speech and contempt-of-court charges, and with regulations on foreign funding” (Transparency International).

13 Clearly more work needs to be accomplished to counter corruption. While civil society groups have an important role to play, their power is limited compared to the power of fraudulent government officials. While some governments have made steps toward improvement, their policies are not taking effect in an expedient manner. Therefore, stable governments have to put pressure on corrupt governments to employ these policies through trade embargoes and other legislation that provides disincentives. One good example is EJ4, an Asian Pacific youth group which seeks to educate the youth about corruption (given the young are often the target of bribes), crime prevention, criminal justice, trafficking and many other injustices. This creates a public conversation about corruption which gains press. Overall, though work has been done to improve the corruption in governments, some of the progress is slow, ineffective or dubious. Therefore, much more needs to be accomplished to counter corruption today and uphold democratic systems. Works Cited “CPI 2021 for Asia Pacific: Grand Corruption and Lack of Freedoms...” Transparency.org, https://www.transparency.org/en/news/cpi-2021-for-asia-pacific-grand-corruption-holdingback-progress. “Gender

Corruption.”

United

Nations

Office

Drugs

and

Crime,

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/gender/gender-and-thematic-areas/gender-andcorruption.html. “Youths from Asia Pacific Unite in the Fight against Corruption.” Space for Transparency, https://blog.transparency.org/2015/01/23/stronger-together-youths-from-seven-asiapacific-countries-unite-in-the-fight-against-corruption/index.html.

HOW CORRUPTION CAN STALL DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRIES?

By: Jason Eappen USA Throughout history, power and money has long been a human desire. Gaining both would signal to the world that you are worthy of following. In the 21st century, this notion still exists. Many world leaders seek to gain influence over their own country by consolidating power. Definitionality, corruption is, “dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power...”. When world leaders engage in corruption and keep power inward rather than outward, it stalls the development of the country. Rather than money flowing outward towards government programs to help those in poverty, money flows into the pockets of the powerful. This has to stop in order to help those who need help the most. Corruption stalls development in two ways: first it takes money away from the people, and second is that corruption puts power in the hands of corrupt leaders. First, when corruption is notable in countries, we see how the poverty rates and standard of living in those countries are lower. The reason why this correlation exists is, because a lot of money is not funneled into the hands of the people; rather, money is put into the hands of corrupt leaders. Even though the people pay taxes in order to help the government pay for basic necessities like Infrastructure and sanitation services, that money is rather being used to pay for politicians multimillion dollar mansions and lavish parties. We can see that in many cases where corrupt leaders mistreat the funds given to them the people ensure their voices are heard. Many of those leaders are ousted from power. Many of the famous revolutions (French Revolution and American Revolution) have been centered around getting rid of leaders who would use the poor’s money to make themselves richer rather than to help the power escape their socio-economic conditions.

Second, corruption always puts power in the wrong hands. Power and money clouds the judgements of many leaders. They make irrational fiscal decisions as well as irrational political decisions. Many corrupt leaders fail to make sustainable change in their home county leading to years of economic setbacks. Development of a country is key for future generations to thrive with a multitude of opportunities. When significant change fails to occur it leads to major setbacks. Education rates fall, standard of living falls, and poverty rates begin to increase. Even some of the most developed countries in the world deal with the problem of corruption. Many developed nations have some of the worst corruption problems because of the plethora of possibilities to engage in such behavior. In conclusion, corruption has slowed the progress of our world today due to the bad decisions made by our leaders in the past and today. We should not let the future generation suffer because of the consequences of our leaders. Development needs to occur in order to help those who are needing a life line.

BEST PRACTICES FOR YOUTH ADVOCACY TOWARDS A CORRUPTION-FREE SOCIETY

By: Moses Ekwere Nigeria Corruption affects young people just as much as it does the rest of society. Corruption may have a negative impact on their prospects for a good future and employment, as well as their access to education, health care, and other fundamental services. Because corruption is robbing their future, the world’s 1.8 billion young people have a significant stake in combating it. Youth may be drivers of changes in attitudes and behavior, and it is in decision-makers' best interests to harness young people’s enthusiasm, ideas, and mobilizing potential. Young people are also playing an important role in creating and executing innovative, imaginative anti-corruption activities throughout the world. Involving youth is critical for success in combating corruption; young people constitute a sizable fraction of the population (particularly in developing countries) and are typically more susceptible to social change and political upheaval, since they may have less interest in supporting the status quo. The anti-corruption movement has undertaken a substantial number of actions to engage youths, particularly in the recent decade. These initiatives include Integrity/Democracy Camps and Summer Schools, as well as work inside schools and colleges, such as training instructors, producing curriculum, and establishing Integrity Clubs. Many civil society organizations (CSOs) have also created awareness-raising campaigns and events aimed specifically at young folks. Why Work With the Youths? Youth make up a sizable section of society. According to the Population Reference Bureau, youth (aged 10 to 24) made up 25% of the global population in 2013 and 32% of the population in the least developed nations (PRB, 2013). Beyond 2015, the civil society campaign lobbying for a new Millennium Development Goals (MDG) framework estimates that 87 percent of the developing world’s population is under the age of 25. (Beyond 2015, 2013).

These figures reinforce the concept that Young people must be involved in the fight for social change. In addition to being a sizable portion of the population, young people are more sensitive to bribery and hence more vulnerable to corruption since they are involved in practically every facet of society – as students, pupils, workers, clients, and citizens,

name

few

(Transparency

International

2009).

According

Transparency International’s (TI) Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) 2013, 27% of persons under the age of 30 paid a bribe in the previous 12 months throughout the world. Some nation statistics show that youth are vulnerable to corruption in specific country circumstances, such as Indonesia (44 percent of youth for 34 percent of adults), Argentina (20 percent of youth for 11 percent of adults), or Bangladesh (47 percent of youth for 37 percent of adults). In this context, youth can play a critical role in the battle against corruption. They are more open to large-scale sociopolitical transformation and have less vested interest in preserving the status quo (Transparency International 2009). Young people are critical to the achievement of a cultural shift in attitudes and behavior against corruption, as well as the moulding of tomorrow’s ideals, because they represent the future of their country. Overview of Practices for Youth Involvement. Amnesty International (AI) performed a research on its young members (about half of AI membership is between the ages of 14 and 25) in 2006 to determine the best strategies to reach out to and involve youngsters in social and civic movements. Long-term education, concerts and festivals, outreach programs in schools and colleges, television, and celebrity support were the top five responses. Individuals polled also identified international youth meetings and social media as effective approaches to capture the attention of young people.

This section provides an overview of the key techniques used to involve youth in the fight against corruption, ranging from education work in schools or summer camps to collaboration with youth networks and social media use. Amnesty International has been pioneering youth engagement initiatives to boost its efforts to eradicate corruption through its country chapters for a number of years. As a result, the best practices given below include examples from TI’s local organizations. Youth Democracy/Integrity Camp. The concept of youth democracy camps or youth integrity camps arose from a growing realization that involving, informing, and educating young people about the benefits of integrity, transparency, and good governance can make a significant difference in shaping future societies and the balance of power within them. The goal of these camps is to provide young people and young leaders from diverse sectors with the tools and incentives they need to become strong champions of transparent and accountable governance, as well as to mobilize their peers. Integrity camps bring together people from many walks of life, including journalists, students, artists, and public workers. Professional presentations and training are typically alternated with interactive courses and activities like; role acting games and simulations during integrity camps. Participants are educated about their rights, current legislation and institutions, and how government should function. They are also urged to devise novel techniques to mobilize individuals, raise awareness about corruption and wrongdoing, and hold authorities accountable. Some integrity camp organizers take use of the chance to organize a public event, such as a march towards corruption-free society.

Partnership with Schools and Universities. A lot of organizations have opted to reach out to young people through schools and colleges. Taking use of existing structures need prior consent from authorities since it involves expanding academic programs or utilizing the time young people spend in school. Collaboration with schools and universities is seen as an excellent approach by a number of practitioners because it makes advantage of the existing infrastructure and immediate surroundings of a specific set of young people, facilitating their involvement. In many circumstances, the educational system is a powerful institution for young people. When attempting to involve young people in a cause, the AI research on effective practices for engaging adolescents recommends taking into account the potential overload of activities available. Meetings and events held during the school day are thus an effective approach to engage with young people (Amnesty International 2006). CSOs have utilized their engagement

with

schools

involve

students

election

simulations

and

debates/discussions about corruption and ethics, as well as to produce particular curricula and manuals for stand-alone classes or to integrate the theme of corruption into other disciplines. Youth Movement and Integrity Clubs. Engaging youth in the advocacy for a corrupt-free society does not always imply incorporating them in current “adult-led” systems. It can also take the shape of individual youth-led movements. Working with existing youth networks or assisting motivated young people in establishing integrity clubs can aid the anti-corruption campaign. Such efforts can be an effective means of attracting and engaging a fresh and diverse audience in the issues of corruption and good government. Youth groups may find it simpler to operate at the grass-roots level, away from “CSO bureaucracy,” yet the latter may offer considerable catalyzing value by providing platforms, resources, knowledge, visibility, and so on.

Technology and Youth. Young people all across the globe are at the forefront of using technology for the greater benefit. To capitalize on this, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has hosted a series of hackathons, or coding competitions, most recently in Africa. In October, the “Coding4Integrity” hackathon brought together the creativity and abilities of 200 young developers from five African nations – Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa – who collaborated on innovative tech solutions to combat corruption. The 65 teams of young developers had to come up with their own ideas on how to combat corruption using technology, such as Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Dapp Development, or Web2 Development. Each of the 65 teams focused on a specific theme, such as openness in public administration or public procurement and financial administration, safe and accurate reporting of wrongdoing, and financial investigations. The five winning nation teams, Egypt’s Team Valoro, Kenya’s Team Enigma, Nigeria’s Team STEM, Senegal’s Team Fisk, and South Africa’s Team Blockchain Bulls, will present their projects at the Conference in Sharm El-Sheikh. The Global Resource for Anti-Corruption Education and Youth Empowerment (GRACE)

encouraging

the

marriage

digital

innovation

and

social

entrepreneurship as a route to meaningfully empower young people to take action against corruption through the Coding4Integrity hackathon. Looking forward in-to the Future. If young people are involved in the conception, design, and implementation of anticorruption frameworks, tools, and policies at the national and international levels, the way society sees and confronts corruption may be transformed. Engaging young people in the fight for a corrupt-free society has many benefits, and intergenerational collaboration is critical to fostering solidarity, transparency, accountability, and trust across states, people, and generations as we strive to eradicate corruption.

References : 1. Amnesty International (2006). Youth – Activism – Engagement – Participation: Good

practices

and

essential

strategies

for

impact.

Working

Group.

http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ACT76/003/2006/en 2. Beyond

2015

(2013).

Children

and

Youth

http://www.beyond2015.org/children-and-youth-workinggroup 3. Chana, Tejwant K. (2007). “Youth-Activism and Participation: A Literature Review on

Best

Practices

Engaging

Youth,»

University

Alberta

http://safeandcaring.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/youthaction_literature_review _2007.pdf 4. Towards

Transparency

Vietnam,(2011).

Youth

Integrity

Survey.

http://archive.transparency.org/regional_pages/asia_pacific/transparency_inter national_in_vietnam/activities/promoting_youth_integrity 5. UNDP (2013). UNDP-sponsored Thai Youth Anti-Corruption Network wins best practice

World

Economic

Forum.

http://www.th.undp.org/content/thailand/en/home/presscenter /pressreleases/2013/06/20/undp-sponsored-anti-corruptionnetwork-wins-bestpractice-by-world-economic-forum/

CORRUPTION ON ENERGY ACCESS IN PARTS OF AFRICA

By: Justice Ohene-Akoto Ghana CORRUPTION VERSUS ELECTRICITY ACCESS We show that respondents who live in areas where more people report paying a bribe to get household services are more likely to have access to electricity, using data from the Afrobarometer survey. Three mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to explain why more corruption enhances access to power. Corruption may incentivize and assist the operation of businesses in the shadow economy. Corruption may make it more difficult to enforce the law against electricity theft. Finally, corruption may minimize a company's costs by allowing it to cut red tape and/or violate norms. The fact that this association between corruption and access is only statistically significant in nations where access to energy is difficult and there is private engagement in the electricity sector supports this conclusion. Access to electricity has the potential to improve a variety of development indicators, including income and living standards (Khandker et al, 2012; Khandker et al, 2013: van Gevelt, 2014), consumption (van de Walle et al, 2017), and education (Khandker et al, 2012; Khandker et al, 2013: van Gevelt, 2014). (Khandker et al, 2012; Khandker et al, 2013; Kumar and Rauniyar, forthcoming). Electrification has also been demonstrated

affect

labour

market

supply

and

results,

with

differing

consequences for males and females in different situations (Chowdhury, 2010; Dinkelman, 2011; Grogan and Sadanand, 2013; Dasso and Fernandez, 2015; Salmon and Tanguy, 2016). Given this transformational potential, it's critical to figure out what aspects of society might make electricity difficult to obtain. According to several research, countries and regions with higher levels of corruption have lower-quality infrastructure (Tanzi and

Davoodi,

1997;

Kenny,

2009;

Gillanders,

2014).

Corrupt

decision-making

processes regulating what is chosen to be invested in, where it is built, and who constructs and maintains it are at the root of this. Even in low-quality environments, some households may have access to resources while others do not.

As a result, this article investigates whether utility sector corruption can account for a household's lack of access to power. We show that more corruption in utilities in one's neighborhood predicts a higher likelihood of having access to electricity, using data from two rounds of the Afrobarometer. COUNTERINTUITIVE RESULTS In the literature on corruption, there are three possible causes underlying our seemingly paradoxical result. Corruption's effect on the shadow economy is one way in which it could make household access to power easier. Theoretical models suggest that corruption and the scale of the shadow economy are related, and these hypotheses have been empirically supported (Friedman et al., 2000; Lassen, 2007; Torgler and Schneider, 2009; Buehn and Schneider, 2012; Gillanders and Parviainen, forthcoming). Firms may seek informal status to avoid paying bribes to corrupt authorities (Johnson et al. 1997), or they may pay bribes to corrupt officials to ensure that some or all of the firm's tax liabilities are neglected (Hindriks et al., 1999; Hibbs and Piculescu, 2010). The informal sector plays an important part in meeting Africa's water and energy demands, according to Auriol and Blanc (2009). It's possible that a more corrupt utility sector leads to a larger informal power sector, which would explain our findings. Another conceivable explanation is that law enforcement could be harmed by corruption (Polinksy and Shavell, 2001). People in corrupt places may be able to pay public officials, such as bureaucrats or cops, to turn the other way in cases of flagrant electricity theft or meter misreporting. Smith (2004) shows that power theft occurs all around the world, including in Africa, and that transmission and distribution losses, a proxy for theft, and corruption are linked. Gaur and Gupta (2016) examine India and show evidence that such losses are greater in more corrupt states. As a result, corruption may make it easier to gain access by affecting the law enforcement.

As a third mechanism, the well-known "grease the wheels" hypothesis claims that, in the environment of weak governance and inefficiency, corruption might improve efficiency by allowing economic players to undertake undertakings that would otherwise be prohibitively expensive (Leff, 1964; 4 Leys, 1965; Huntington, 1968). Even if economic development is not aided by corruption, even in badly governed economies (Méon and Sekkat, 2005), such an influence can be shown in the context of the firm entrance (Dreher and Gassebner, 2013) and aggregate efficiency (Méon and Weill, 2010). Corruption in the energy business, whether commercial or public, could allow firms to avoid red tape and safety regulations, allowing them to serve clients who would not otherwise be economically viable. While there is no evidence to support the first two mechanisms, there is evidence in the context of electricity to support the "grease the wheels" myth. MEASURES/WAYS OF REDUCING CORRUPTION Most Sub-Saharan African countries have implemented electrical sector reforms in order to lessen the impact of corruption on power sector performance. However, there is no indication that the reforms have reduced corruption after over two and a half decades. There is also little indication that the improvements have improved performance in terms of technical, economic, or welfare impact. The purpose of this work is to close that gap. We employ a dynamic panel estimator with new panel data from 47 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2002 to 2013. On three major performance indicators: technical efficiency, access to power, and income, we examine the influence of corruption and two key features of electrical reforms - the development of independent regulatory agencies and private sector participation. We discovered that corruption can considerably diminish the sector's technical efficiency and stifle efforts to expand access to energy and national income. When independent regulatory authorities are established and privatization is implemented, the negative impacts are lessened. These findings imply that well-designed reforms not only improve sector performance directly but also lessen the negative effects of macro-level institutional flaws like corruption on micro and macro performance measures indirectly.

The impact of corruption on power sector performance is especially relevant in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where extensive corruption has been linked to improved welfare (Gyimah-Brempong and de Camacho, 2006). Despite the difficulty of assessing corruption, Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI) (TI, 2013) shows that SSA has eight of the world's twenty most corrupt countries, making it the only region with more than two countries in this group. The aforesaid reasons may have contributed to the SSA electrical sectors being sources of corruption and cronyism (Patterson, 1999), as well as the concentration of power services in metropolitan areas while rural areas remained unconnected or underserved (Byrne and Mun, 2003). This is known as 'electricity poverty,' and it is pervasive throughout the region. Many SSA countries have launched Electricity Sector Reforms (ESRs) to improve efficiency and eliminate corruption (Eberhard et al., 2016). In the 1980s and 1990s, OECD nations such as Chile, Norway, and the United Kingdom implemented what is known

the

"standard

electricity

reform

model,"

which

frequently

recommended to poor countries by international development organizations. These

pioneer

countries'

experiences

backed

the

idea

that

good

ESR

implementation will not only improve technical efficiency in the industry but also transfer efficiency gains into social welfare and economic growth (Sen et al., 2016). ESR measures were also reinforced by anti-corruption agendas, according to the World Bank (2000), as part of broader economic liberalization, deregulation, and demonopolization strategies. References: 1. Cummins, M., & Gillanders, R. (2019). Greasing the Turbines? Corruption and access

electricity

Africa.

Energy

Policy,

[111188].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111188 2. Imam, M I, T. and Llorca, M. (2019) ‘Sector reforms and institutional corruption: evidence from electricity industry in Sub-Sahara Africa’, Energy policy, 129, pp. 532 -545.

HOW CORRUPTIONS IMPEDES THE IMPACT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

By: Abigail Oppong Ghana The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) stands for corruption's chance of being hindered if more attention is not paid to it. It will be unfortunate that the SDG goals, which seek to serve all, will lose to corruption if it is ignored. I want to emphasize the need for anti-corruption activities and advocacies to be enhanced alongside implementing all the 17 Sustainable development goals. Nations will not succeed in tackling poverty, advocating for gender equality, providing quality education, promoting equality, and the like if corruption is not handled and considered. SDG goal 16 is "Peace, Justice and strong institutions." This SDG 6 promotes peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provides access to justice for all, and builds effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. According to the UN SDG report 2021, bribery and corruption is at least five times more likely in low-income countries than in high-income countries. The bribery situation in low-income countries counts for 32.7% and 7.5% in high-income countries. According to the UNDP anti-corruption for development, corruption's financial and economic costs are enormous. That is, according to the world bank, about US$1 trillion are paid in bribes per year and a us$1.8 trillion in the unlawful flow of finances from Africa between the year 1970 and 2008. Hence, SDG 16 seeks to help reduce bribery and corruption with the aim of enhancing the building of the capacities of institutions to be able to accomplish and sustain the rest of the SDG. Resolutions adopted by the Conference of the State Parties to UNCAC require the world to view corruption as a tool that hinders the implementation of the SDGs as the need for stepping up efforts to fight against corruption is needed to help achieve the SDGs. There is a call for policies and laws that will reduce all forms of corruption to rather strengthen the recovery and the return of assets with the aim of developing transparent institutions. In this technology era, the availability of technologies will be helpful as they will be put in place to check all operations across industries, government sectors, and organizations.

A secured monitoring system is also required to monitor activities across industries. I will end by saying each SDG is unique, and as such, they have their ways and strategies to help check corruption. Hence more attention should be given to how corruption affects individual SDGs.

HOW CORRUPTION HALTS (YOUTHS) FROM SUCCEEDING IN INDIA

By: Yash Tiwari India The expansion of education in India has been phenomenal. Aside from these positive traits, the educational system is hampered by some shady educational enterprises and politics. The majority of Indians wish to offer an excellent education for their children. Unfortunately, the educational system has been tainted by corruption. Corruption is a disease that has impacted hundreds of millions of Indian students trying to make their lives better for themselves and their families. A famous interpretation of corruption is when a student has an aspiration and is told, "you are poor. You will never be able to accomplish what you desire". The rise in corruption results from new challenges in the education system, such as a division in social class. India is one of the largest countries (populationwise). Coming in 2nd in the world's most populated countries. The country has a fine divide between the high class and low class. People who have the money are buying their seats in top colleges and paying for some of the finest tutoring services. The culture of tutoring is massive in India. Teachers whose job is to teach students in the class will not do that and instead recommend tutoring students outside of the classroom to earn a pretty penny. However, some of these coaching institutes flourish by publishing fake records of student admissions by bribing government officials. This works for the top 1-5% of Indian families who can afford to get their students tutored but tarnishes the hopes of millions of other students who desire a good education. IIT, one of the most prestigious colleges in India, has a mere acceptance rate of 1%. Comparatively, Harvard accepted 3% of students who applied in the 2021 admission year. But, you can also pay to get into IIT, which halts the acceptance rate even more. Especially to students who have put in every ounce of effort to get a seat. The acceptance rate is not the issue. It is the structure of obtaining admission which changes from rank to rank in society. For example, a scam known as the Vyapam scandal was where an organized syndicate would place a fee on taking the popular entrance exams such as IIT (engineering) and AIIMS (medical).

The prices would range in hundreds of thousands of dollars. In a country where the GDP per capita is $1,450, this "fee" is unthinkable to over half the population of India. At times, people can also obtain degrees without ever going to school. Depending on your paying capacity, you can get a degree from a private university up to publicprestigious institutions. The system of corruption runs so vastly that every angle you turn to for a solution ends up being corrupt. If you report these crimes to the police, they are already being paid by these organized crime syndicates and will ignore your problem. Corruption throughout the government education sector is another reason why the future of the youth is being compromised. The government allocates funds to rural towns where education is difficult to access. However, certain government officials use this money for their good. They show developments in one school and then hinder the effects in thousands of other schools, and if anyone complains, they are usually driven away by money or, at times, by force. The lack of basic supplies in schools makes it hard for teachers to hold classes. Teacher training programs receive little to no funding, even though they could dramatically boost learning. There are insufficient resources to train instructors. As a result, instructors should not be held responsible for poor educational outcomes. Additionally, the teachers who labor in these government schools are rarely paid on time. They become dissatisfied and unmotivated to teach as a result of this. In India, non-governmental schools give excellent education, but they are out of reach for the poor. The right to education act was implemented for every student to receive an education regardless of caste and social hierarchy. Unfortunately, statistics show that only 9.5% of the schools in India provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14, as stated by the Right to Education act.[1] Even the funding that schools receive takes very long to reach the schools, and as the number of students increases each year, the budget falls short. Another part of the lack of education is the country's overall state in terms of being financially secure.

Many low-income families are forced to have their children pulled out of school and put in the workplace to support their families. The funding put in place by the government is usually not utilized well within schools, with teachers arguing and fighting for funds more than need be. Privatization Of Colleges has led to a decrease in the quality of education for the general public. In India, education privatization has taken numerous shapes in the last decade. The government has permitted the establishment of self-financing private institutions with recognition, referred to as commercial private education institutions. Many private colleges have begun offering courses in various disciplines without the necessary infrastructure or trained instructors. The scam starts when people pay for seats at these colleges with no exam needed. Private colleges sell MBBS seats for thousands of dollars. As more postgraduates in the medical sector are required for a successful job, the scam becomes more sophisticated. The cost of a postgraduate seat in most of the country's top private colleges is measured in hundreds of thousands of dollars. The other problem is the problem with admission processes; many prestigious colleges charge exorbitant admission and lodging fees, claiming that this is a management quota cost. Students who are gifted or from a lower socioeconomic status attempt to take out loans, which causes them more problems. This brings into question the scholarship and grants programs in India. Corruption is rife in India's student scholarship system, and false nominations pose a severe threat to qualified students, causing delays and losing scholarship funds. Payment of bogus claims resulted from a lack of collaboration with the Technical Education Department and a failure of control by the District Officers of the Social Justice and Empowerment Department. Corruption is found at every level of the education system in India. It is halting the progress of the entire nation. It's becoming even more difficult for students to obtain a quality education that can lead to a more excellent quality of life for the country. Corruption in the educational system undermines public trust and lowers people's ability and willingness to participate in democratic processes.

Corrupt educational methods have eroded students' ethical principles and shattered their faith in the educational system's quality and quantity. When children become aware of corrupt educational processes and observe that personal achievement is based on bribery, favoritism, and nepotism rather than performance, they learn unethical behavior, quickly passed down to the next generation. Corruption is extensively found in the social class division, creating unfair benefits to specific students. Government funding practices are usually late to deliver to schools and teachers, which makes their jobs harder in terms of helping students. Government funding practices are usually late to deliver to schools and teachers, which makes their jobs harder in terms of helping students. Privatization of colleges has created a new network to obtain money and further declined the progress of lower-class individuals seeking a quality education.

WHY SHOULD WE ADVOCATE YOUTH ANTI-CORRUPTION

By: Chong Yang China In recent years, "26-year-old" corruption, "39-year-old" corruption, and "30-year-old" corruption are not isolated phenomena, and the proportion of youth corruption is on the rise. Corruption and crime among the youth have damaged a country's economy and politics, posing a threat to social harmony and stability. Youth is the hope of a country and a nation, and the problem of youth corruption must not be underestimated. Therefore, it is extremely important to promote youth anti-corruption issues. The author will explain the following reasons why we should advocate youth anti-corruption. Firstly, youth anti-corruption plays a key role in national economy and politics. The construction of a clean government and the anti-corruption work are closely related to people's hearts and minds, the rise and fall of the country and the nation, and the life and death of the party. Young people are the new force in the new era, shoulder the hopes of a country and the people, are the mainstay of a country's future development, and represent new ideas and new vitality in social construction.However, if the youth are corrupt, it will destroy the market economy system, affect the efficiency of economic construction, and endanger the material infrastructure construction of a socialist harmonious society. In terms of politics, corruption damages the integrity of the party and the government, weakens the party's ability to govern and the government's credibility, and makes the ruling party lose power.What's more, the essence of corruption is alienating the people and the government, the people and the party, betraying the people's trust, and shaking the foundation of our party's governance. Therefore, anti-corruption and honesty must start with young people.On the one hand, the country needs to attach importance to the cultivation of youth anti-corruption awareness, build a strong ideological defense line to correctly treat rights, purify the mind, and advocate new fashions. On the other hand, young people must keep pace with the times, actively respond to the call of the party and the state, truly shoulder the historical mission and responsibilities in the new era, be a new force in fighting corruption and uphold integrity, inject new energy into the new era, and strive to create a clean and upright society.

33 Secondly, youth anti-corruption is a realistic need to build socialist harmony and stability.A harmonious society should be a society that advocates integrity and uprightness. Corruption is a cancer of the society and an important factor leading to social disharmony and instability. When young officials abuse their power and distort facts, corruption will lead to unprotected basic interests of members of society, resulting in a widening gap in social, political, economic, and cultural interests between groups and individuals, which will inevitably lead to serious polarization. It exacerbates various social conflicts and undermines social stability.Therefore, actively advocating anti-corruption education for young people can move forward the threshold of corruption prevention, curb corruption from the source, and make them consciously become socialist qualified citizens who are honest, law-abiding and moral, and serve the construction of a socialist society.In addition, only by giving full play to the positive factors that promote a new culture among the youth can we effectively overcome and replace the negative factors among the youth. Furthermore, because of the active participation of the youth, corruption can be better eliminated, making our society more harmonious and beautiful. Youth corruption seriously affects the political and economic development of the country, affects the image of the party and the country, and delays the construction of a harmonious society. The modern youth are the future modernization builders of the country and the successors of the previous generation. They must be strictly demanded from all aspects. Paying attention to youth anti-corruption is crucial to future construction work, and plays an important role in the stable development of the country's politics and economy and the construction of social harmony and stability.

为什么我们需要提倡青年反腐败 By: Chong Yang China

近年来 “26 岁 ” 腐败、 “39 岁 ” 腐败、 “30 岁 ” 腐败已不是个别现象，青年腐败的比例呈上升趋势。青年中的腐败现象以及犯罪现象对国家的经济及政治造成了破坏，对社会和谐稳定构成威胁。青年是一个国家和民族的希望，对于青年腐败问题决不能小视。因此，对于提倡青年反腐败问题就显得极为重要。以下作者将从几个原因来说明为什么我们要提倡青年反腐败。首先，青年反腐败对国家经济政治起到关键作用。党风廉政建设和反腐败工作关系着人心向背，关系国家和民族的兴衰，关系党的生死存亡，是国家的大事，是人民的安心丸。而青年人是新时代的新力量，肩负着国家和人民的希望，是国家未来发展的中流砥柱，在社会建设中代表着新思想和新活力。但如果青年腐败则会破坏市场经济制度，影响经济建设效益，危害社会主义和谐社会物质基础建设。在政治方面，腐败现象损害党和政府的廉洁形象，削弱党的执政能力和政府的公信力，腐败会使执政党丧失政权。腐败的本质，是在疏远人民与政府、人民与党，是在背弃人民的信任、动摇我党执政的根基。因此，潮流追源、防微杜渐，反腐倡廉要从青年人抓起。国家需要重视青年反腐败意识的培养，筑牢思想防线正确对待权利，净化思想、倡导新风尚。青年人要紧跟时代步伐，积极响应党和国家号召，真正承担起青年人在新时代的历史使命和责任，做反腐倡廉的生力军，为新时代注新力，努力营造风清气正的社会氛围。其次，青年反腐败是构建社会主义和谐稳定的现实需要。和谐社会应当是一个崇尚廉洁、风清气正的社会，腐败是社会的毒瘤，是导致社会不和谐、不稳定的重要因素。当青年官员滥用权力、扭曲事实的腐败现象出现时，将导致社会成员的基本利益得不到保障 , 造成群体、个人间的社会政治、经济、文化等利益差距拉大 , 必然导致严重的贫富两极分化 , 加剧各种社会矛盾 , 破坏社会稳定。因此积极倡导青年反腐倡廉教育，能够使预防腐败关口前移，从源头上遏制腐败现象，使他们自觉成为廉洁奉公、遵纪守法、道德高尚的社会主义合格公民，为构建社会主义社会服务。只有发挥了青年中的促成新文化的积极因素，才能有效地克服和替代青年中的消极因素，也因为青年的积极参与，也能更好的消除腐败现象，使得我们的社会更加和谐、美好。青年腐败严重影响国家政治经济的发展，影响党和国家的形象，迟滞和谐社会的构建。现代的青年是国家未来的现代化建设者，是上一辈人的接班人，必须从各个方面严格要求青年，重视青年反腐败对以后的建设工作至关重要，对国家政治经济的平稳发展以及构建社会和谐稳定有重要作用。

HOW TO EXPAND YOUTH ANTICORRUPTION ACTIVITIES IN CHINA?

By: Yifei Zhu China Corruption is one of the important problems that people have been reluctant to face, yet have had to face since ancient times. When it comes to corruption, it has to be linked to money, reputation and power. These three terms have begun to appear with the continuous development and progress of human society. Therefore, they have strong social attributes and are the product of human society, not something inherent in nature. It is needless to say that every country has some degree of corruption. The root cause of corrupt behavior lies in the underlying desires in the human heart. The ancient Chinese educator and philosopher Xun Zi once proposed in his book The Evil of Nature that “human nature has the moral value of evil,” that is to say, human nature itself is not good or evil, but if not given reasonable guidance and education, human nature has the possibility of developing evil. This just shows why the phenomenon of corruption exists, and has existed since human society came into being, is because everyone has a potential evil in their hearts – greed. In the Catholic doctrine, greed is one of the seven original sins, which is a great evil; and the Italian poet Dante also ranks greed third in The Divine Comedy, explaining it as “excessive enthusiasm for seeking money or superiority in power.” This is corruption. Therefore, corruption stems from greed in the evil of human nature, and greed also breeds corruption In The Divine Comedy, Dante used the scenes of hell and purgatory to insinuate the popes and priests who ruled the whole society under the guise of religion in reality, accusing them of “doing shady deeds.” This also reflects the dissatisfaction and resistance of ordinary people to the corruption of power groups. In China’s 5,000-year-long history, the ordinary people have also fought against corruption with great momentum in order to resist the corrupt ruling class. Many dynasties have changed due to these struggles. Such anti-corruption spirit has been passed down along with Chinese culture and has been accepted and recognized by all Chinese people. However, in each anti-corruption operation, the main force is always composed of adults. Youths usually have little power.

36 However, in the 21st century, with the development of Internet technology, more and more Chinese youths gradually have the right to have their voices been heard. On many social platforms, I have seen young people worrying about national affairs and cheering for the China’s ongoing anti-corruption campaign. A single spark can start a prairie fire. If the power of these young people can be brought together, I believe this will be an extremely large anti-corruption force. So, how to implement this idea? I think, first of all, we should strengthen the ideological construction of Chinese youths and let them receive moral education. As Xunzi said, “use morality to restrain behavior.” In this way, young people in the new era will have a deeper understanding of the concept of anti-corruption. This will help Chinese youths to actively participate in the anti-corruption struggle, take the initiative to understand how the country is fighting corruption, and call on people to support the anti-corruption action; secondly, I think Chinese youths can actively build anti-corruption activity clubs based on their own campuses, and rely on the community to carry out a series of anti-corruption publicity activities. If young people across the country are seriously fulfilling their anticorruption responsibilities, then I believe that more and more people will gradually understand what anti-corruption actions are and get involved. Anti-corruption is not empty talk, and it is not something that can be achieved in one day. Chinese teenagers should give full play to their subjective initiative and their own advantages, actively cooperate with the nation’s policy guidance, and do a good job of anti-corruption propaganda. Only in this way can the country’s anti-corruption program achieve better results.

如何在中国扩大青少年的反腐败斗争活动？朱怡菲

By: China

腐败问题是自古以来人们不愿面对，但又不得不面对的重要问题之一。提到贪腐，就不得不将其与金钱、名誉和权力挂钩。这三个名词是随着人类社会不断发展进步而开始出现的，因此，它们具有强烈的社会属性，是人类社会的产物，而非大自然固有的东西。毋庸置疑，每个国家都或多或少存在一定程度的腐败问题。催生腐败行为的根本在于人类内心深处潜在的欲望。中国古代教育家及哲学家荀子就曾在其著作《性恶论》当中提出 “ 人的本性具有恶的道德价值 ” ，即是说，人性本身无所谓善恶，但如果不加以合理的引导和教育，人性便有着向恶发展的可能。这恰恰说明，腐败现象之所以存在，且自人类社会产生以来就一直存在，是因为每个人心中都具有潜在的恶 —— 贪婪。天主教教义当中将贪婪作为七原罪之一，是为一种重大恶行；而意大利诗人但丁在《神曲》中同样将贪婪排在第三位，并将其解释为 “ 过度热衷于寻求金钱上或权力上的优越 ” ，即为腐败。因此，腐败源于人性之恶中的贪婪，而贪婪也催生了腐败。在《神曲》中，但丁借由描绘地狱和炼狱的景象来暗讽现实当中披着宗教外衣统治整个社会的教皇、教士，指责他们 “ 干着见不得人的勾当 ” 。这从侧面也反映出普通民众对于权力集团腐败的不满和抗争。而在中国五千年漫长的历史当中，黎民百姓为了反抗腐败的统治阶级，也有过声势浩大的反腐败斗争行动，许多朝代的更迭都源于这些斗争。这种反腐败的精神随着中华文化一道传承至今，为所有中国人所接受和认可。但是，在一次次反贪腐行动当中，主力军总是由成年人组成。青少年的力量可谓微乎其微。不过，在 21 世纪，互联网科技异常发达的如今，越来越多的中国青少年也逐渐有了发声的权力。我曾在许多社交平台上看见青少年为国事忧虑，为国家目前正积极开展的反腐行动加油助威。星星之火，可以燎原，如果能够将这些青少年的力量全部汇集起来，相信这会是一股异常庞大的反腐力量。那么，该如何实现这种构想呢？我认为，首先，应该加强对于中国青少年的思想建设，让他们接受道德教育，就如荀子所言， “ 用道德来约束行为 ” ，这样，新时代的青少年便会对反腐的概念有更加深刻的理解，这有助于中国青少年积极参与反腐斗争行动，主动去了解国家是如何反腐的，并呼吁人们支持反腐行动；其次，我觉得中国青少年可以以自身所在的校园为基础，积极建设反腐活动社团，并依托社团开展一系列反腐宣传活动。如果全国的青少年都在认真履行反腐的职责，那么我相信，越来越多的人会逐渐了解什么是反腐行动，并且参与进来。反腐并非空谈，更非一日便可成功之事。中国青少年应当发挥自己的主观能动性以及自身的优势，积极配合国家的政策引导，做好反腐宣传工作。如此，国家的反腐斗争项目才能收获更好的成效。

反腐败的重要性朱佩玮 By: Peiwei Zhu China

Corruption has a negative impact on the social stability of the country and on the work ethic, and is not conducive to social justice. Therefore, in order to maintain the stability of the society, anti-corruption should be placed in a very important position. Official corruption is very serious, and many people ignore the rules that should be followed because they are greedy for profits, thus resulting in phenomena such as sentencing without following the law, which seriously violates people's rights and interests, undermines the authority of the judiciary, and affects the fairness of society. Therefore, anti-corruption efforts should be taken seriously. Anti-corruption, to make officials remember their professional ethics and not to do illegal acts, therefore, the rule of law should be actively applied so that officials can act according to the law and keep power in a cage. The development of every country is inseparable from the trust and support of the people, and only the effective implementation of anti-corruption efforts can better protect the rights and interests of citizens, maintain trust in the government for the law, maintain the relative fairness and stability of society, and enable people to maintain a vision of a better society and country.

反腐败的重要性朱佩玮

By: Peiwei Zhu China

腐败对于国家内的社会稳定，工作官场风气都有很不良的影响，并且不利于社会的公平。因此为了更好的维护社会的稳定，反腐败工作应被摆放在一个很重要的位置。官场腐败是十分严重的，许多人由于贪图利益而无视应遵守的规则，因而造成了例如不依照法律判案判刑等现象，十分严重的侵犯了人民的权益，破坏了司法的权威，也影响了社会的公平。因此反腐败工作应该得到重视。反腐败，要让官员铭记自己的职业道德，不能做出不合法的行为，因此要积极运用法治，让官员依法办事，把权力关在笼子里。每一个国家的发展都离不开人民的信任与支持，只有反腐败工作的有效进行，才能够更好的保护公民的权益，保持对于政府对于法律的信任，维护社会的相对公平和稳定，使得人们保持对更美好社会和国家的愿景

MUGISA MARY ALOYSIUS Uganda

Chemical Engineer: This puts me on the front line of solving outstanding environmental issues like Pollution, Waste Management. Tax Officer at Uganda Revenue Authority: I mobilize revenue in a transparent and efficient manner to finance the Socio-Economic Transformation of Uganda

JOLEEN BAKALOVA USA Joleen Bakalova is a youth activist whose life mission is to incite tangible change for underrepresented communities around the world. Since the age of fourteen, she has been an elected official within the American political system, focusing on the engagement of youth towards promoting systemic change and driving government policy adjacent to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Currently, she serves as the youngest-ever statewide political party leader in California, the largest state in America. She has helped pass legislation in the US Congress taking action in promoting human rights in China and registered thousands of young people to vote in key elections, exciting them to amplify their voices in their country as well as in the world. Outside of promoting civic engagement in her nation, she serves as an intern for UN Women, where she helps develop and advance key campaigns, like Generation Equality and Safe Cities, as well as moderate official events, like the International Day of the Girl. With Columbia University, she has performed cross-cultural research of young people’s view on government surveillance in China and the United States. Joleen also produces her own ethnography research podcast, which promotes a more understanding global society by educating a new generation on regional history and conflict through the lens of family history. With listeners from around the world, she has conducted dozens of interviews with youth from Palestine, Belarus, the Roma community, and more. In 2021, she was honored for her service in promoting a more just and equal society as one of only two delegates, selected amongst over a million students, for the US Senate Youth Program. Outside of advocacy and research, Joleen is a State Honors classical pianist, honors choir singer, and music teacher for local foster youth. While always seeking to improve the world around her, she loves to spend time with friends and family, immerse herself in music, and pet her cat.

AUSTIN DOWLING Bermuda Austin

student

15-year-old

and

Eagle

high

Scout

school

from

the

beautiful island of Bermuda. He attends Saltus Grammar School, where he has earned

the

academic achieved

character

attainment further

mathematics,

and

award.

academic

history,

technology,

art,

overall He

has

prizes

design

and

geography,

and

humanities. Austin

has

particular

passion

for

mathematics, literature, and the arts. He fosters

his

creativity

through

woodworking, 3D rendering, and video editing.

Austin

also

has

deep

fascination with the world of aviation, and when he’s not playing baseball, practicing for a debate club, or learning to play jazz on the trumpet or piano, he trains to become a licensed pilot. He actively works toward leadership and community service in his role as a member of Future Leaders Bermuda and

the

program.

Duke

Edinburgh

awards

JASON EAPPEN USA

My name is Jason Eappen. I am the co-founder of an international non-profit as well as a representative of an international human rights advocacy

group.

Throughout

all

initiatives I am a firm believer that education is a human right. Education is the first step for people to gain the knowledge, critical thinking, empowerment and skills they need to make this world a better place.

My passion stems from educating the youth to help the next-generation. Within my non-profit, we help spread stem education to the youth in rural areas to help them dream about their future. We partner with pilot organizations and the state government in order to target rural communities and expand educational access to thousands of students in rural school districts. My second initiative is mental health. I am one of the core leaders of a state-wide movement known as whisper. All over the world, COVID- 19 puts a massive strain on the mental health of thousands of students. Through organizations like whisper, we help give voices to those in the shut out or have been hurting. Conversations and being vulnerable has helped hundreds even thousands of students hear the message of whisper that opening up about problems we all face is the first step towards a solution of a more open and accepting society. With a podcast in the making, everyone around the world will be given a voice and a safe place to be themselves through whisper. My third initiative is food insecurity. Throughout the world, food deserts are visible throughout. With many kids going without key meals and being deprived of key fruits and vegetables. Seeing this, I helped create an environmentally-safe, nutrient-filled, and sustainable hydroponic gardening system. This system maximizes crop yield by using scientifically formulated nutrients placed into the garden to help not only produce more nutrient rich fruits and vegetables, but helped thousands of families get access to cheap/affordable food. Regardless of which initiative I work on, I always uphold myself to the highest of standards by being genuine and always trying to make a positive impact on the community around me. In my spare time, I enjoy spending time with my family and binge watching marvel movies.

MOSES EKWERE Nigeria Moses Ekwere is a youth advocate, human rights

activist,

and

environmentalist

from

Nigeria. He obtained an Advanced International Diploma in Business Administration from NCC Education in 2020 and is currently a final-year (BBA) human resource management student at West End University College in Accra, Ghana. Moses has worked on a variety of cross-cutting development issues.

In 2018, he was the Secretary-General of the National

Association

Nigerian

Students

(NANS)-Ghana Chapter, Ghana's largest foreign He is an Ariel Foundation International Young Leader

and

Environmental

Ambassador

for

Greenway International Foundation (GIF), a youthled

environmental

protection

organization

dedicated to achieving a carbon-free world and a plastic-free ocean.

students'

organization

and

the

umbrella

organization for all Nigerian students in tertiary institutions across the nation. He worked on gender inequality and human rights advocacy, peace diplomacy, and community development outreach,

well

collaborated

with

His major goals align with the United Nations'

professionals and international organizations to

SDG13 Climate Action and SDG17 Partnership to

achieve set goals. Moses is a game-changer

achieve 100% clean energy and a 90% reduction in

with an uncanny ability to read between the

greenhouse gas emissions. He has been a GIF

lines and make things work.

Youth Ambassador since 2018 and has worked with the

research

and

strategy

team

develop

sensitization trainings on the impact of plastic use on the ecosystem and life beneath the water. He has made considerable contributions to over one million tree planting and tracking efforts, as well as strategically

supporting

the

anti-plastic

straw

movement. The team has curtailed over 1.2 million plastic

straws

biodegradable,

Accra,

edible

disposable straws.

Ghana,

bamboo

reusable

using and

JUSTICE OHENE-AKOTO Ghana Ing. Justice Ohene-Akoto is a multiple awardwinning

Ghanaian

Professional

Engineer

and

Researcher. He has currently been appointed as a Future Energy Leader at the World Energy Council. Ing. Ohene-Akoto is the National Vice-President of the World Energy Council’s Future Energy Leaders Ghana (FEL Ghana) and an Electrical Engineer with the Volta Aluminium Company Limited (VALCO). He is

Co-Founder

Maiseville

Groupe

Company

Limited. As an industry player and a researcher in the academia, he helps bridge the gap between these sectors. patent In July 2021, he won the Best Student Paper Award of the 2021 International Conference of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the World Congress on Engineering 2021 held in London, United Kingdom. He was crowned Rising Star in Ghana’s Energy Sector at the Ghana Energy Awards 2020. In the same year, he emerged a Forty Under 40 Achiever at the Forty Under 40 Awards 2020. He has been nominated for the innovation project of the year and the digitalisation project of the year at the 5th Ghana Energy Awards.

Ing. in

Ohene-Akoto

electric

owns

vehicles

and

innovation

corona

virus

transmission prevention system with the Australian and German Governments respectively. He has served as member of Technical Committee and Reviewer

for

number

IEEE

international

conferences in Peru, India, amongst others. He has several publications in peer-reviewed journals and international conferences. His publications spans within

the

areas

wind

cost

unserved

transformers,

energy,

electrical

energy,

solar

energy, briquettes, e-mobility, etc. He belongs to a number of professional affiliations which

include

member

the

International

Association of Engineers (IAENG), Ghana Institution of

Engineering

Independent

(GhIE)

Power

and

the

Producers,

Bulk Consumers, Ghana (CIPDIB).

Chamber

Distributors

of and

ABIGAIL OPPONG Ghana "Rather

than

standing

Speaking

for

Children, we need to stand with children speaking for themselves. We don’t need a political movement for children [ we need to] build environments and policies for our collective future." Abigail Oppong is a humanitarian young African

lady

impact

life.

who She

passionately is

Young

work

Speaker,

Mentor, Changemaker, Young Activist and a Social Entrepreneur. Abigail Oppong is the Youth Ambassador for Ariel Foundation International focusing on Africa and making the voices of African Voices heard. Being a changemaker, she is passionate about social impacts project that seeks to empower women, children, and youth. She is part of the Board Members of Women Media and Change working hard to make sure young women’s voices are represented well in the media. Passionate about engaging more women in Technology, she is part of several women in TECH organizations working hard to make sure women are represented well in the STEM Industry. Abigail is skilled in Information Technology, Project Management, Entrepreneurship, Humanitarian, Communication, Design Thinking, Graphic design, leadership, Personal Development, and Public Speaking. She is a recipient of the “Young Leaders Creating a Better World for All award” at the Women Economic Forum, 2019, and the first youngest leader to receive such an international award from the Women Economic Forum.

YIFEI ZHU China

Yifei Zhu is currently studying for a bachelor’s degree in Accounting at both Jiangsu University, China, and California

State

Bernardino, interested

US. in

University She

international

San very

political

economy and is now committed to a more in-depth study of economics. She has done social research work related to the feminist movement and racial

issues

committed

and

has

also

helping

been

left-behind

children in poor mountainous areas Zhu is currently on the AFI Changemakers organizational team and is ready to contribute herself to her fields of interest: Economics, Global Politics, Mathematics and Physics, and Public Relations.

China

solve

psychological

problems. She is involved with AFI Changemakers because she firmly believes that the future of the world belongs to the present youth, and the sustainable

development

the

global economy cannot be achieved without the leadership and support of the young generation today. Yifei Z

ZHU PEIWEI China

Zhu Peiwei, China I'm a freshman at Capital Normal University in China, and my major is the law. In senior school, I have done some volunteer work, and I hope I can do more to help others or make a difference (even just a little), which is one of the reasons why I choose to study law and participate in AFI. I'm also a member of the law association and help to search and sort out information about specific laws.

YASH TIWARI India/USA

BORN IN A SMALL, RURAL TOWN IN INDIA BY THE NAME OF ALIGARH. I IMMIGRATED TO THE UNITED STATES WITH MY PARENTS WHEN I WAS AROUND THREE. LOTS WERE PUT FORTH WHEN I FIRST MOVED, SUCH AS CULTURAL & LANGUAGE BARRIERS AND STAYING AWAY FROM MY GRANDPARENTS FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD. OVERCOMING THOSE CHALLENGES TAUGHT ME SOME LIFE-SAVING PRINCIPLES WITH A HANDFUL OF EXPERIENCES THAT I AM FOREVER GRATEFUL FOR AND I ALWAYS CARRY THEM TO STAY HUMBLE AND THINK CLEARLY NO MATTER WHAT COMES MY WAY.

I’m enthusiastic about helping others. I believe that empathic listening is one of the driving forces that has helped me in connecting with others. I have been a writer of my school’s yearbook for two years, publishing over 25+ pages in my time. Having a good social circle, I have covered various important topics to our school over the years, such as sports teams, school events, and even spotlighting members of our school who are making the world a better place. In 2018, I joined iCure Health. A student-led 501(c)3 nonprofit organization. We have helped over 50,000+ people in getting educated about health diseases that can be prevented. Our team now consists of over 15 educated, dedicated and motivated teens from around the world. As well as 15+ student-led chapters in their respective locations ranging from the United States to India. I hope to expand iCure to more areas and help another 60,000 people in the upcoming 2022 year. When I have a second to spare, I love to spend time with my family, go on a run, meet with friends and connect with new people.

CHONG YANG China Chong Yang is an English major at Zhengzhou University of Light Industry. She has a lot of concerns about prominent issues in the world, such as inequality of human rights, world poverty and racial discrimination, and hopes to make contributions to solving these problems with her own efforts. She pays attention to the seriousness of youth corruption in society and decides to use her research to speak for youth anti-corruption. Yang Chong is a member of the AFI, which gives her the opportunity to express her views and influence others.

杨崇是郑州轻工业大学英语专业的一名学生。她对世界突出问题有很多关注，人权的不平等，世界贫困问题，种族歧视问题等，希望用自己的努力为解决这些问题做出贡献。她关注到社会上青年腐败问题的严重性，决定用自己的研究为青年反腐败发声。杨崇为 AFI 的一名成员，她加入 AFI 有表达个人观点与影响他人的机会。

DR. ARIEL ROSITA KING, MPH, MBA, PHD (UK), DTM&H, PHD (FRANCE)

AFI Founder and President Dr. Ariella (Ariel) Rosita King (www.drarielking.com) founded The Ariel Foundation International (www.arielfoundation.org) in 2002 as a non-profit organization with an international focus

children

and

youth

inspired

leadership

and

participation worldwide. Dr. Ariel King is a Rotarian for over 20 years. She is the Main Representative at the United Nations (Geneva, New York and Vienna ) for AFI, with Special Economic, Cultural and

Social

Council

Special

(ECOSO).

She

has

also

represented other NGOs in Geneva since 2008, the United Nations in Vienna (UNOV) since 2010 and United Nations in New York since 2000. Dr. King is also an NGO Representative at the European Parliament. Dr. King’s life focus is on inspiring leadership and participation of worlds’ children and youth. Ariel Foundation International is a member of EuroChild, Dr. King was a Trustee for Children’s Rights Alliance England (CRAE), Now Just for Law Kids, and the Acid Survivors Trust International (ASTI) United Kingdom. Dr King is also the Founder (2000), and President Ariel Consulting International, Inc., that creates and enhances Public-Private Partnerships in international diplomacy and policy. She has over 35 years of experience in international public policy and international management in government, business and NGOs. As a Professor in International Health, Management, Policy and Environment she has taught at Universities in the USA, Europe and Africa. Dr. King has published on the topics of Kangaroo Newborn Baby Care, International Health Policy and Management, Medical Ethics, Organ Transplantation, National Essential Drugs Policy, HIV/AIDS; Breast Cancer; Violence Against Women; Youth Participation at the United Nations and Children’s Human Rights. _____________________ Dr. King completed a second research degree (PhD) in Sociology on Community Engagement in the Psychosocial Care of Their Traumatised Children – A Case Study of Botswana, Liberia and Morocco at the Unitersité de Franche-Comte, France (December 2018). She also has completed advance certificates in the study of Children’s Human Rights, from the UER Droits de l'enfant/Children's Rights Unit, Institut Universitaire Kurt Bösch (IUKB) in Switzerland. Dr. King holds a Diploma Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (DTM&H); Doctorate (PhD) in Philosophy in Public Health and Policy from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London; a Master in International Health Management (MIM) from Thunderbird School of Global Management; Master in Public Health (MPH) in international Health from the University of Texas School of Public Health; and a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

AFI Changemakers at the UN Summit on Youth Anticorruption

Articles inside

How to expand youth anti-corruption activities in China

倡⻘年反腐败

Why should we advocate youth anti-corruption

How corruption can stall development of countries

Best Practices for Youth Advocacy Towards a Corruption-Free Society

Corruption on energy access in parts of Africa

Brief Talk on Integrity Issues on College Campuses

浅谈⼤学校园中的诚信问题

How goes the fight against corruption

How corruption halts (youths) from succeeding in India

AFI Changemakers at the UN Summit on Youth Anticorruption

Articles inside

How to expand youth anti-corruption activities in China

倡 ⻘ 年反腐败

Why should we advocate youth anti-corruption

How corruption can stall development of countries

Best Practices for Youth Advocacy Towards a Corruption-Free Society

Corruption on energy access in parts of Africa

Brief Talk on Integrity Issues on College Campuses

浅谈⼤学校园中的诚信 问 题

How goes the fight against corruption

How corruption halts (youths) from succeeding in India

倡⻘年反腐败

浅谈⼤学校园中的诚信问题