MINORITY POLITICS

\yq\-]£ cmjv{Sobw Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\yq\-]£ cmjv{Sobw Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw Fw.-sF.- X-߃

{]km-[\w

s{Kbvkv FPyp-t°-j-W¬ Atkm-kn-tbj≥

Malayalam Neunapaksharashtreeyam Darshanavum Douthyavum (Politics)

by M.I.Thangal All Rights Reserved First Edition : July 2010 Published by Grace Educational Association Reg.No. 245/04 PB No.3, Malappuram Dt. Pin - 676319 Production & Design: BlackMole D.T.P & Layout : Apple Talk Printed in India at Anaswara, Ernakulam Distributors Grace Books Camp Sayyid, PB No.3, Malappuram Dt. - 676317 Rs.200.00 Price: Rupees Two Hundred Only

BapJw C¥y-bnse apkvenw \yq\-]-£-ßsf Ah-cpsS aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hy‡nXzw ]cn-c-£n-®p-sIm≠v cmPy-Ønt‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw sI´p-d-∏n\pw kam-[m-\-Øn\pw ]ptcmK-Xn°pw th≠n \ne-bp-d-∏n-°m≥ {]m]vX-am-°p∂ al-Ømb {]ÿm-\-amWv apkvenw eoKv. Zim_vZßfmbn \ne-\n-∂p-h-cp∂ Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bi-b-]-chpw XmØzn-I-hp-amb hi-߃ A]-{K-Yn-°p∂ CuSp‰ ]T-\-amWv _lp-am-\y-\mb P: Fw.sF. Xß-fpsS Cu IrXn. CXnse hni-I-e-\-ßfpw \nK-a-\-ßfpw IqSpX¬ ]T\w A¿ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. N¿®-Iƒ°pw XpS¿ ]T-\߃°pw Cu IrXn \nan-Ø-am-hp-sa∂p Rm≥ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. hnZym-`ymk˛ kmwkvIm-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃°p-th≠n cq]w \¬Inb s{Kbvkv FPyp-t°-j-W¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j-\mWv Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ {]km-[\w \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Ign™ Hcp Zim-_vZambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ s{Kbvkns‚ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v F√m- h - c p- s Sbpw kl- I - c Ww Rm≥ A`y¿∞n- ° p- ∂ p. Cu ]pkvXIw ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂-Xn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ s{Kbvkv dnbmZv Nm]v‰-dns‚ `mc-hm-ln-I-fmb jmPn Be-∏p-g, Pm^¿ X߃ FtÉv ap°v, jm^n lmPn Hma-®-∏pg F∂n-h-cp-sSbpw {]h¿ØI-cp-sSbpw tkh-\-߃°p \μn.

Cu {KŸ-c-N-\°v AXy-[zm\w sNbvX Fw.-sF.-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v CØcw IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-߃ \ap°p e`n-°s´ F∂v Biw-kn°p∂p.

]mW-°mSv 11.6.2010

kønZv sslZ-cen inlm_v X߃ sNb¿am≥, s{Kbvkv FPyp-t°-j-W¬ Atkm-kn-tbj≥

Fw.-sF.-X-߃ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥, {KŸ-Im-c≥, {]`m-j-I≥, hnh¿Ø-I≥ P\\w : 1948 am¿®v 15 at©-cn-°-SpØv Imc-°p-∂n]nXmhv : Fw. Ip™n-t°mb X߃ (a¿lpw) amXmhv : ico^m JZo-P-_ohn (a¿lqa) hnZym-`ymkw : at©-cnbn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-kw, XpS¿]-T\w Al-ΩZ- m-_m-Zn{][m\ IrXn-Iƒ Bflo-bX - b - psS A·n-\m-fß - ƒ, apkvenw cmjv{Sobw C¥y-bn¬, C¥ybnse apkvenw cmjv{So-bØ - ns‚ IY, BtKm-fh - ¬°-cW - Ø - ns‚ A\¥-c^ - e - ß - ƒ. hnh¿Ø\w : ^nJvlns‚ ]cn-Wm-aw ˛ A_p Aan\ _nem¬ ^nen]vkv \ΩpsS kº-Zvimkv{Xw ˛ apl-ΩZv _mJn¿ kZ¿ hnπ-h-Øns‚ {]hm-N-I≥ ˛ auem\m hlo-Zp-±o≥ Jm≥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w N{μnI FUn-‰¿, h¿Ø-am\w FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv FUn-‰¿, am∏n-f\ - mSv ]{Xm[n-]¿, tIcf {KŸ-imem {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-WØn\p t\XrXzw \¬Inb I¨t{Smƒ t_m¿Uns‚ ^pƒssSw saºdm-bn-cp∂p (1991-˛1996). ]pc-kvIm-cß - ƒ 1. F.-hn.-A-_vZp-d-ln-am≥ lmPn ^ut≠-j≥ Ahm¿Uv 2. Zpss_ sI.-Fw.-kn.-kn.-a-e-∏pdw Pn√m am[ya ]pc-kvImcw (2009) 3. A¬tIm-_m¿ sI.-Fw.-kn.-kn. cP-X-Pq-_nen ]pc-kvImcw (2009) `mcy : ico^ id-^p-∂nk a°ƒ : ico^ \Pvap-∂n-k, ico^ k_m-l-Øp-∂n-k, kønZv C≥XnJm_v Bew, kønZv Aao≥ Alvk≥, kønZv apl-ΩZv A¬Xzm-^v, kønZv apPvX_ hkow hnemkw : ]Ø-∏n-cnbw ]n.-H. FS-hÆ, ae-∏pdw Pn√ C.-sa-bn¬ : mitgreena@gmail.com

D≈-S°w apJ-hpc .......................................................................................... 8 Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ C.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv _jo¿ Fw.-]n ................... 10 1. cN-\m-fl-I kmap-Zm-bn-I-t_m[w ........................................... 17 2. ^mkn-k-Øns‚ Cu‰n-√-߃................................................ 24 3. C¥y-bn¬ Ckvemw .................................................................... 35 4. kzXz- {]Xn-k‘n ........................................................................ 44 5. k¿k-ønZpw jmh-en-øp-√bpw .................................................. 50 6. aX-Ønse cmjv{So-bw ................................................................ 60 7. Pam-ep-±o≥ A^vKm-\n-bpsS hgn ........................................... 70 8. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \yq\-]£w ............................................. 82 9. ]cn-lm-c-{i-a-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d `c-W-L-S\ ..................... 96 10. \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{Sobw ................................................................ 107 11. hn-`-P\w `oj-Wn-bpsS Dcp-∏Sn ............................................. 124 12. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´pw sXc-s™-Sp∏v ^e-ßfpw .............. 137 13. hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ \mƒhgn ......................................................... 155 14. apkvenw eoKpw aX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw ..................................... 176 15. Xo{h-hmZw...................................................................................... 190 16. cmjv{Sob \h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]ndhn ........................... 210 17. kap-Zm-bw, kwL-S-\, `mhn .................................................... 223 \ma-kq-NnI .................................................................................. 245

apJ-hpc P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿnXn kzoI-cn® Hcp cmPyØv Hcp aX-\yq-\]£w ]uc-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bv°p≈ ISa \nd-th-‰m\pw cmjv{Sob AhIm-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw F¥v sNøWw F∂ tNmZyw P\m-[n-]Xy-tØmfw Xs∂ ]g-°-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. bp‡n-`-{Zhpw {]mtbm-Kn-Ihpw Bib kw]p-jvS-hp-amb Hcp-Øcw Cu tNmZy-Øn\v \evIn-bXv C¥ybnse apkvenw-Iƒ am{X-amWv. CXn-∂-hsc t{]cn-∏n® `uXnI kmlN-cy-ß-sf¥v F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v [mcmfw At\z-j-W-߃ \S-°pIbpw Ah-¿°v A\pIqehpw {]XnIqe-hp-amb DØ-c-߃ Is≠Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah-sbms° Ncn{X ]pkvX-I-ß-fmbpw cmjv{Sob Poh-N-cn-{X-ß-fmbpw shfn®w ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ae-bm-f-Ønep-ap-≠v, t]cn\v am{X-am-bn-´m-sW-¶nepw. F∂m¬ CØ-c-samcp Is≠Ø-en-te°v Ahsc \bn® Bflo-bhpw Nn¥m-]-c-hp-amb LS-I-߃ F¥m-bn-cn°pw?. Xo¿®-bmbpw CXns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ Hcp cmjv{Sob Nn¥ P\n-°p-I-bn-√. CXns‚ DØcw tXSn-bp≈ bm{X-bmWv Cu IrXn-bpsS P\-\-Øn-se-Øn-®-Xv. C¥y≥ apkvenwIfpsS Ign™ aq∂p \q‰m≠p ImesØ, {]tXy-In®v ]sØm-ºXpw Ccp-]Xpw \q‰m≠p-I-fnse Ncn-{X-Ønepw Ah-cpsS khn-ti-j-amb at\m-L-S-\-bnepw X∏n-bm¬ DØcw e`n-°p-sa∂ Imcyw Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ncn-{X-tØm-sSm∏w Pohn® Hcp Xe-apd Xß-fpsS ZuXyw ]q¿Ønbm°n GXm≠v \njv{I-an®p Ign-™p. enJn-Xhpw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-hpam-bn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Ah-cpsS k©m-c-]-Y-ß-sfbpw Ah-cpsS ]n∂nep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ k©m-c] - Y - ß - s - fbpw AXn-cp-Iƒ \nb{¥n®p \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb Zm¿i-\nI Adn-hp-Iƒ Cu cmjv{Sob sse\ns\°pdn®v Ah¿°v th≠p-thmfw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah-tcm-sSm∏w Cu Adn-hp-Ifpw IpSn-sbm-gn-bp-∂-Xm-bm¬ B[mc iq\y-ambn hmbp-hn¬ Xqßn-°n-S-°p∂ Hs∂∂ \ne-bn-te°v Cu cmjv{Sob sse≥ amdpw. CXv kw`-hn-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø-XmWv F∂ B{Kl-amWv Cu IrXn-bpsS t{]c-W. B[m-c-߃ hnkva-cn-®p-t]mb CS-ß-fn¬ AtXm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv°v CsX-°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-Ibm-Wn-Xns‚ e£yw. Iq´-Øn¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ sNe-hn¬ AXns‚ Igp-Øn¬ AP-K-f-kvX\w t]mse Xqßn-°n-S-°p∂ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hyYm`mc-ßsf kap-Zm-b-Øn\v Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p sImSp-°p-Ibpw eoKns∂-Xn-cmbn i{Xp-°fpw FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw D∂-bn-°p∂ h¿Ko-b-X, hn`P-\-]n-Xr-Xzw, hn`m-KobX hf¿Ø¬ apX-emb Btcm-]-W-ßsf kw£n-]vX-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ch-bpsS s]m≈-Ø-c-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ {ia-ßfpw Iq´-Øn¬ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

Cu ]pkvXIw Ht´sd t]tcmSv IS-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. F√mw FSpØv ]dbm≥ ÿe-]-cn-anXn A\p-h-Zn-°p-tam-sb∂ Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv. F∂mepw A\n-hm-cy-amb c≠p aqs∂Æw ]d-bmsX ]‰n-√t- √m. s{Kbnkns‚ sNb¿am\pw apkvenw eoKns‚ kwÿm\ A[y-£-\p-amb kønZv sslZ-cen inlm_v Xß-f-h¿I-tfm-Sm-W-Xn-sem-∂m-a-tØ-Xv. Xß-f-h¿I-fpsS I¿°-i-amb I¿Ω-t_m-[-amWv Bcw-`-iq-c-Xz-Øne-h-km-\n® Bbncw kwcw-`-߃°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v s{Kbvkv F∂ alØmb kwcw-`sØ C∂v ssNX-\y-h-Ømb Hcp {]ÿm-\-am°n am‰nb- X v . ^mdqJv sImsfPn¬ hnZym¿∞n- b m- b n- c p∂ Imew apXASpØ _‘w \ne-\n¿Øns°m≠p h∂ Fs‚ bph-kvt\-ln-X≥ kønZv Aivd^v Xß-fpsS kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-≤-X-sb, At±-lØns‚ {]K-¤-I-cmb kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sS˛ s{Kbn-kns‚ Poh-\mUn-I-fpsS {]Xn-_-≤-X-Isf Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-≈-Xm°n am‰n-sb-SpØXv Xß-f-h¿I-fm-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-Ihpw AXns‚ ^ew Xs∂-bmWv. Xß-f-h¿Iƒ°v Bbp-cm-tcm-Ky-߃ t\¿∂p sIm≠v IS-∏mSv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. H∏w kønZv Aivd-^n-\pw, kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw. ]m¿√n-sa‚wKsa∂ \ne-bn¬ Gs‰-Sp-Øn-´p≈ `mcn® DØ-c-hm-ZnØz-Øn-∂n-S-bn¬ CXv hmbn®v {]uV-amb Hc-h-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn-Ø∂ P: C.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv _jo¿ kmln_v Fw.-]n-tbmSv Hcp hm°n-se-¶nepw \μn ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ hø. as‰m-cmƒ Fs‚ {]nb kvt\ln-X\pw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-\p-amb P.]n.-F.djoZv kmln-_m-Wv. CXv CØ-cØn-ep≈ Hcp ]pkvX-I-am-bXv djoZv kmln-_ns‚ t{]c-Wbpw t{]m’m-l-\hpw aqe-am-Wv. Fs‚ {]nb kplr-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ IS∏mSpw \μnbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. s{Kbvkns‚ sk{I-´dn Sn.-ap-Po_v dlvam≥, s{Kbvkns‚ {]h¿Ø-I¿, kplr-Øp-°ƒ F√m-h¿°pw Ah¿ sNbvXp X∂ klm-b-Øn\v \μn. ]Ø-∏n-cnbw

Fw.-sF.-X-߃

Ah-Xm-cnI

AKm-[-Xe kv]¿in-bmb kao-]-\-߃ (C.-Sn.-ap-l-ΩZv _jo¿ Fw.-]n) Ncn{X bmYm¿∞yßtfbpw h¿Ø-am-\-Ime kXy-ß-tfbpw ka\z-bn-∏n®p sIm≠v kXy-k-‘hpw hf®p sI´-ep-I-fn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-I-bmWv P\m_v Fw.sF.-X-߃ Xs‚ ]Xn-t\gv A≤ym-b-ß-fn-eqsS sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. Xs‚ cmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS sXfn-asb {]mtbm-KnI bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ Hcmƒ°pw hntbm-Pn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ hn[w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m\pw {KŸ-Im-c≥ Bflm¿∞-ambn {ian-®-Xmbn ImWmw. Xs‚ hni-I-e-\-Øn-\m-[m-camb d^-d≥kp-Isf Ipdn® IrXy-amb kqNn-I-Iƒ hmb-\-°m¿°v XpS¿hm-b-\bv°v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-sa∂v am{X-a√ {KŸ-Im-cs‚ hni-Ie\ t{kmX- ns\ IqSp-X¬ kpXm-cy-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. tZio-b-X, Xo{h-hm-Zw, h¿Ko-b-X, \yq\-]£ cmjv{So-bw, _lpkzc kaq-l-Ønse \yq\-]£ Ah-Imi kwc-£W ssien, aXw, cmjv{So-bw, aX-cm-jv{So-bw, kap-Zmb kvt\lw, kmap-Zm-bnI hnImcw, ^mknkw F∂n-h-sb√mw \n¿Δ-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ F°m-eØpw ChnsS Bi-b-°p-g-∏-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. CØcw ]Z-ßsf XßfpsS kuI-cy-Øn\pw XmXv]-cy-Øn-\p-a-\p-k-cn®v hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xn¬ Iui-e-߃ ImWn-°pI F∂Xv ]ecpw ]Xn-hm-°n-bn-´p-ap-≠v.

Cu ]Z- ß - s f- s b√mw Hcp- a n®v Hcp ÿeØv sh®v tNcpw- ] Sn tN¿°m≥ \n¿t±-in-®m¬ Bcv Fß-s\-sbms° Fs¥√mw ]Z-߃ F{]-Imcw Iq´n-t®¿°p-sa-∂Xv \¿Ω-c-k-tØmsS am{Xta t\m°n°m-Wm-\m-hq. F∂m¬ Fw.-sF.-X-߃ Cu {KŸ-Øn-eqsS Ah Hmtcm-∂n-t\bpw ÿm]n-t°-≠n-SØv ÿm]n-°p-∂p. hy‡-amb th¿Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂p. Zp¿hym-Jym-\-°m¿°v IS∂p Ibdn hnIe-am-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w Ah-bpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ {KŸ-Im-c≥ `{Zam-°p-∂p. kap-Zmb kvt\lhpw kap-Zmb hnIm-chpw kap-Zmb XmXv]-cyhpw Fs¥√mw F∂-Xns\ Ipdn®v apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn-\-IØv Xs∂

hnNn-{X-ß-fmb k¶¬]-ß-fp-≠v. {Inbm-fl-Ihpw a\pjy kvt\lØn-e-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb kap-Zmb kvt\l-amWv A\n-hm-cy-sa∂v cN\m-flI kmap-Zm-bnI t_m[w F∂ teJ-\-Øn-eqsS teJ-I≥ ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. ^mknkw hnImkw {]m]n® temI kml-N-cy-ßfpw C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-ßfpw Htc cq]-`m-h-ap-≈-h-b-√. C¥y≥ ^mkn-k-Øn\v temI-Øp-≠mb a‰v ^mkn-k-ßsf At]-£n®v e`n® B\p-Iqeyw C¥y≥ h¿§-ta∑m kn≤m-¥sØ Chn-SsØ `qcn-]£ BfpIfpw hniz-kn-°p∂ lnμp aX-hp-ambn tN¿Øp-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬ C¥y≥ ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ ImWn® Ip’nX _p≤n-bm-Wv. aX-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn h¿Æ hyh-ÿsb _‘n-∏n-°p∂ C¥y≥ ^mknÃpIfpsS hnIrX-amb apJsØ teJ-I≥ A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂p.(^m-kn-kØns‚ Cu‰n-√-߃) Ckvemw temIØv ÿm]n-°-s∏-´Xv hmfp-sIm≠v sh´n-]n-Sn-®msW∂pw C¥y-bn-te°v Ckvemans‚ cwK-{]-th-i\w apKƒN{Ih¿Øn-am-cpsS AXn-{I-a-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-sW-∂p-ap≈ \ndw ]nSn-∏n® IYIƒ ChnsS {]N-cn-∏n®v sImt≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xß-fpsS knwlm-k\ XmXv ] - c y- ß ƒ°v Ckv e mans‚ t]cv D]- t bm- K n- ° pI am{Xw sNbvXn´p≈ apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn-amsc C¥y-bnse Ckvemans‚ cwK{]-th-i-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-ambn hymJym-\n-°p∂ ZpjvS-em-°ns\ {KŸ-Im-c≥ \nin-X-ambn hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. (C-¥y-bnCkvemw) kzXz {]Xn-k‘n F∂Xv cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-I-fnepw kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw Kuc-h-X-c-amb N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. ]mc-ºcy hmZn-Iƒ, \h-en-_-d¬ h‡m-°ƒ, ]g-asb kºq¿Æ-ambn \ncm-I-cn-°¬, anX-hm-Zn-Iƒ, {]mamWnIm[n-jvTnX Ckvemw, P\-Iob Ckvemw F∂n-ßs\ ]e X´p-I-fnepw Ah¿ hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, kwL-S-\-Iƒ XΩnepw kwL-S-\-°-IØpw CØcw Nn¥-Iƒ X¿°hnX¿°-߃°v hgn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. aXm-[njvTnX {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-am-{X-amWv kzXz-kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ \nZm\-sa∂pw cmjv{So-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ kmap-Zm-bnI tkh\ {]h¿Ø\-߃ CXn¬ \n∂v hfsc AI-se-bm-sW-∂p-ap≈ hmZhpw \ne \n¬°p-∂p. aX-cm-jv{S-hmZw t]mep≈ kao-]-\-߃ Hcp _lp-kzc kaq-lØn¬ krjvSn-°p∂ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Iƒ°v henb hne sImSp-t°-≠Xmbn hcp-∂p. CØcw Imcy-ßsf Ipdn®v Xe-\m-cng Iodnb hni-I-

e-\-Øn\v X߃ Xs‚ kzXz {]Xn-k‘n F∂ A≤ym-b-Øn-eqsS {ian-®n-´p-≠v.

Aen-K¿ {]ÿm\w F°m-eØpw C¥y-bn¬ \yq\-]£ im‡oI-cW am¿§-Ønse H∂m-asØ AP-≠-bmbn N¿® sNø-s∏-´n-cp∂p. C¥y≥ apkvenwIfpsS Nn¥m-[m-csb auen-I-ambn kzm[o-\n® k¿ kønZv Al-ΩZv Jms‚ Nn¥-Isf ka-{K-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ k¿ kønZpw jm hen-bp-√bpw F∂ A≤ymbw C¥y≥ apkvenwIfpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpsS aqe-Im-c-W-߃ Is≠Øp-Ibpw k¿ kønZv ImWn® hgnIfn¬ IqSp-X¬ shfn®w hoipIbpw sNøp-∂p. HmIvkvt^m¿Un-t\bpw tIw{_n-UvPn-t\bpw hnebn-cp-Øn-sIm≠v Aen-K¿ F¥m-h-W-sa-∂-Xns\ Ipdn®pw k¿ kønZv Al-ΩZv Jm\v Hcp kz]v\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv, temIw Pbn-®n-S-°p∂ Xe-ap-d-Isf hm¿sØ-sS-°p∂ ÿm]-\-߃ F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v teJ- I ≥ \sΩ Hm¿Ω- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ p. CXn- t e- ° m- I s´ C\nbpw F{Xtbm Zqcw \S∂v t]mIm-\p-s≠∂v \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

1893 Unkw-_¿ 30˛mw XnøXn k¿ kønZv Al-ΩZv Jm≥ AeoK¿ Iymº-kn¬ hnfn®v tN¿Ø apkvenw t\Xm-°-fpsS tbmK-ØnhnX-cWw sNbvX tNmZym-he - n-bn¬ apkvenwIƒ cmjv{So-ba - mbn kwLS-\-I-fp-≠m-°-Wtam F∂ Imcyhpw N¿®°v h∂p. ktΩ-f\w AwKoI-cn® Cu XXzsØ Xs‚ 85˛mw hb v Ign™ Hcp ImeØv {]hrØn-]-Y-Øn¬ sIm≠v hcm≥ k¿ kønZv Al-ΩZv Jm\v Ign-™n√.

P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\ kcWn F¥m- I - W - s a∂v temI kw`- h - K - X n- I - f p- t Sbpw h¿Ø- a m- \ - I me C¥y≥ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-I-fp-tSbpw shfn-®-Øn¬ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv hne-bncp-Øp∂p (P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£w) C¥y≥ `cW LS\ \¬Ip∂ \yq\-]£ Ah-Im-i-ßsf Ipdn®v Cu A≤ym-b-Ønepw AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ ]cn-lmc {ia-ß-fpsS ASnØd `c-W-L-S\ F∂ A≤ym-b-Ønepw {KŸ-I¿Ømhv hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. AXn\v tijw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv, ""`cW LS-\-bn¬ \√ hIp-∏p-≠m-bXv sIm≠p-am{Xw Hcp {]tbm-P\-hp-an√ F∂mWo Imcy-߃ \tΩmSp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bnse hIp-∏p-Iƒ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂n-dßn P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°-Ww. \nba-\n¿ΩmW k`-Ifpw cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xz-hp-am-WnXv sNtø-≠-Xv. AhnsS \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ XmXv]-cy-sa-Sp-°m≥ _m[yX-bp-≈-h¿ D≠m-IpI Xs∂ thWw. ]pdØv \n∂v Hcp G-P≥kn [m¿anI t_m[-Øm¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-ambpw DZm-c-a-\-kvIX sIm≠pw

CXv sNøp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv bp‡n-k-l-a-√.'' icn-bmWv. {KŸ-I¿Øm-hn-t\mSv \ap°v tbmPn-°m-Xn-cn-°m-s\m°n-√. temI-Ønse G‰hpw \√ `c-W-L-S\-bmWv \ap-°p-≈-Xv. Cu `cW LS-\-bn¬ \yq\-]£ t£aØn\m-bp≈ G‰hpw i‡-amb hIp-∏p-I-fp-ap-≠v. Ch-sb√mw IS-em- n-sem-Xp-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂p. ]ns∂ H´-\-h[n IΩn-‰n-Ifpw IΩo-j-\p-Ifpw ]d™ Imcy-߃ thtd-bpw.

1953¬ Im°m Ite-°¿ IΩo-j≥, 1980¬ afi¬ IΩo-j≥, 1983tKm]m¬ knßv ]m\¬, 1986¬ tZiob hnZym-`ymk \bw, 2006k®m¿ I-Ωn‰n, 2009¬ cwK-\mYv an{i IΩo-j≥... Aßs\ ]eXpw ]e-Xpw. \yq\-]£ ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fpsS tcmK-sa√mw ]c-º-cmK-Xhpw AXym-¥m-[p-\n-I-hp-amb ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Is≠-Ønbn´v F{Xtbm Ime-am-bn. Fßs\ NnIn’n°-W-sa-∂-Xn\v NnIn’m ]´n-Ibpambn. ]s£ Kuc-h-ambn NnIn’ Xp-S-ßm≥ C\nbpw \S-]Sn-I-fm-bn-´n-s√-∂-XmWv kXyw.. \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw h¿§o-b-Xbv°pw hnLS-\-Øn\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-sa∂v ChnsS \nc-¥-c-amb {]Nm-c-W-߃ \S∂p hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ P\m-[n-]Xy atX-X-c-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb \yq\-]£ cmjv{Sob ssien kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn\pw kulm¿Z-Øn\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-sa∂v teJ-I≥ hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS sXfnbn-°p-∂p. (\yq-\-]£ cmjv{So-bw) hn`-P-\-Øn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-cmWv? C¥y-bn¬ hf-sc-tbsd N¿® sNø-s∏´ Hcp Imcy-am-Wn-Xv. CXv A]-{K-Yn-®-h¿s°√mw ssI s]m≈n-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-km\w Pkz¥v knßns‚ ssI t]mepw s]m≈nbn-cn-°-bm-Wv. Fw.-sF.-X߃ hn`-P\w `oj-Wn-bpsS Dcp-∏Sn F∂ teJ-\-Øn-eqsS hn`-P-\-Øns‚ s]m≈p∂ kXy-ßsf ]p\-cm-hn-jvIcn-°p-∂p. hn`P\Øns‚ \mƒ hgn F∂ teJ-\-Øn-eqsS Fgp-ØpIm-c≥ Xs‚ hmZ-ap-J-߃°v i‡n ]I-cp-∂p. apkvenweoKpw aX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw F∂ A≤ymbw apkvenw eoKv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ZuXy t_m[-tØbpw \n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-t‚bpw tcJIƒ hc-®n-Sp-∂p. teJ-Is‚ hm°p-Iƒ C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""Hcp kwLS-\sb \ne-\n-dp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ a‰p kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ \nt∂m kwL-S\-bn¬ \nt∂m hyXy-kvX-amb Hcm-ibw AXn\v P\-ß-fpsS apºnka¿∏n-°m≥ km[n-°-Ww. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ apkvenweoK√mØ Hcp cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\bv°v AkvXnXzw e`n-°-W-sa-¶neoKn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb e£yhpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw thWw. kwLS\ D≠m-°p-tºmƒ AXn-s√-∂m-sW-¶nepw ]n∂oSXv D≠m-t°-≠n-

h-cpw. hfsc ImesØ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂v In´nb A\p`h ]mT-߃, ÿe Ime kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS B[m-c-Øn¬ \n∂psIm≠v \S- Ø nb At\z- j - W - ß - f n¬ \n∂pw ]co- £ - W - ß - f n\n∂pw Nn¥-bp-tSbpw ]mfin-Xy-Øn-t‚bpw klm-b-tØmsS P∑sa-SpØ Bi-bm-Z¿i-߃ F∂n-h-bmWv eoKns‚ cmjv{So-b-kn-≤m¥hpw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw. "tdmw H‰ Znhkw sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-®-X√' F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv t]mse hfsc ImesØ \nc-¥-c-amb {ia-ß-fn\n∂v P\n® Bi-b-amWv apkvenw eoKv. A√msX GsX-¶nepw Hcp hy‡n t\Xr-tamlw kln-°-h-øm-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Hcp t\cw ]pe¿®°v P∑w sImSp-Ø-X-√.'' \yq\-]£ cmjv{So-b-Øn\v apkvenweoKv \¬Inb A`n-am\ t_m[Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ ine-bmbn teJ-I≥ CXns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-°p∂ kap-Zmb a\- m-£n-tbmSv teJ-I≥ ]d-bp∂Xv Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ kzc-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂Xv C{]-Im-cam-Wv. kap-Zm-bsØ Hcp ico-c-tØm-Sp-]-an-°m-sa-¶n¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn{]h¿Øn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-Iƒ AXns‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fm-Wv. ico-cØnse Hmtcm Ah-bh - Ø - n\pw ico-cØ - ns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-∂m-hi - y-ambn sNtø-≠p∂ tPmen-Iƒ hoXn®p \¬I-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ah-b-h-߃ Ah°v \¬I-s∏-´n-´p≈ tPmen am‰n h®v a‰-h-b-h-ß-fpsS tPmenbn¬ IS∂p Ib-dp-tºmƒ ico-c-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v F{]-Imcw Xmfw sX‰ptam AXv t]mse B kwL-S-\-Iƒ Ah-t°m-tcm-∂n\pw hoXn°-s∏-´n-´p≈ tPmen-Iƒ hn´v at‰-Xn-te°v IS∂p Ib-dn-bm¬ kap-Zmb-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]ns‚ Xmfw sX‰pw. Xmf-`wKw F∂√ Cu Ahÿsb Xmdp-amdv, Ae-t¶mew (Chaos) Fs∂m-s°-bmWv hnti-jn∏n-t°-≠-Xv. Cßs\ Hcp kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-Im≥ Hcn-°epw kap-Zmbw A\p-h-Zn-®p-Iq-Sm. Hcp tkmjy¬ HmUn-‰n-ßns‚ A`m-h-Øn-emWv kXy-Øn¬ \ncp-Ø-c-hm-Z-]-c-amb Cu kao-]-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm kwL-S-\bpw Hmtcm km{am-Py-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw kap-Zm-bsØ P∑-kzØmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ {]h-W-Xbpw IqSn hcp-∂p-≠v.

CXv t\sctØ ]d-™-Xn-t\-°mfpw henb A]-I-S-I-c-amb {]h-WX-bm-Wv. A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Ønse `oI-cX sXm´v Iuamc {]Wbw hsc H´-\-h[n Xe-ß-fn¬ NqSp≈ N¿®m hnj-b-amWv Pnlm-Zv. Pnlm-Zns‚ A¥-cm-flmhv Is≠-Øm\pw Zpjv{]-N-c-W-ß-fpsS ap\-sbm-Sn-°m\pw AtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \nan-Ø-ap-≠m-°p∂ Ip_p-≤nIfpsS hnIr- X n- I sf A\m- h - c Ww sNøm\pw {KŸ- I ¿Ømhv

Bflm¿∞-amb {iaw \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. (Xo-{h-hm-Zw) kap-Zm-bw, kwL-S-\, `mhn F∂ Ah-km-\sØ A≤ym-b-ØneqsS Fw.-sF.-X-߃ ImWn-°p-∂Xv Xpc-¶-Øns‚ Atß A‰sØ {]Imi \mf-am-Wv. Fw.-sF.-X-߃ F°m-eØpw Hcp tkmt±iy Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mWv. At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-I-fn¬ {]I-S-am-Im-dp≈ AKm-[-Xe kv]¿inbpw Ncn-{X-kXymhew-_-hp-amb kao-]-\-ß-fpsS km£n-]-{X-ambn Cu ]pkvXIw amdp-∂Xpw AXvsIm≠v Xs∂-bm-Wv.

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

16

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

1 cN-\m-fl-I kmap-Zm-bn-I-t_m[w ""Hmtcm kap-Zm-bØ - n\pw kz¥-amb am¿§-Øn-eqsS kzX{¥-ambn hnI-kn-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap≠v F∂ XXzw k¶pNn-Xh - ¿Ko-bh - n-Im-cØ - n¬\n∂v Dcp-hw-sIm-≠X - m-sW∂v IcpXp-∂Xv icn-b-√. h¿§o-b-Xbpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-t_m[hpw c≠m-Wv. Hcp kap-Zmbw CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-tfmSv hntZzjw ]pe¿Øp-∂-XmWv h¿§o-b-X. AXv \nμyhpw lo\-hp-amWv. CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS BNm-c-ß-tfm-Sv, \nba-ß-tfm-Sv, aX-˛-km-aq-ln-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfmSv Atß-b‰w BZ-c-hp-≈-bmfmWv Rm≥. F∂p-am-{X-a√ hnip≤ Jp¿-Bs‚ A[ym-]\-a-\p-k-cn®v Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\-me-b-ßsf Bh-iy-ap≈ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ kwc-£n-°m≥ Rm≥ _m[y-ÿ-\pam-Wv. F∂m¬ Rms\s‚ kap- Z m- b sØ kv t \ln- ° p- ∂ p.

ImcWw Fs‚ kap-Zm-b-amWv Fs‚ Pohn-X-Øn-s‚bpw s]cp-am-‰ßfp-sSbpw Zni \n¿Æbn-®p-X-∂-Xv. kz¥w aXhn-izmkw \¬In-s°m-≠v, kz¥w kmln-Xyhpw Iebpw \¬In-s°m-≠v, kz¥w Nn¥m-co-Xn-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-®p-X-∂psIm≠v, kz¥w kwkvImchpw \mK-cnI-Xbpw \¬In-s°m≠v, AXv hgn Fs‚ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-t_m-[-Øn¬ kz¥w `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ ]p\x-krjvSn \S-Øp-Ibpw kPo-h-amb Nme-I-i-‡n-bm°n ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXpsIm≠v Fs∂ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Fs‚ kap-Zm-b-am-Wv.''1 ˛ A√mam aplΩZv CJv_mkmap-Zm-bn-I-t_m-[-Øns‚ DƒØ-e-ß-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip-IbmWv alm-Ihn Cu hm°p-I-fn-eq-sS. hy‡nsb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn¬ kmaq-ln-I-km-l-Ncyw hln-°p∂ ]¶v F√m-h¿°p-a-dn-bmw.

F∂m¬ Cu ]¶v kaq-l-Ønse AwKw F∂ \ne-bv°p≈ Nne 17

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

kam-\-X-I-fn¬ HXp-ßp-∂h am{X-am-Wv. CXp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Hcp hy‡n krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. hy‡n-Xz-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ IqSp-XAKm-[-kv]¿in-bmb ka-ky-Iƒ°v DØcw e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Cu ka-ky-Isf kwt_m-[\ sNøm≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp LS\ a\p-jy-\p≠mtb Xocq. AXn-s\-bmWv \mw aX-k-ap-Zmbw F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS "Community' A√. aXw aptºm´psh°p∂ XXzß-fp-sSbpw BZ¿i-ß-fp-sSbpw aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-ØnaXw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw IpSpw-_-hy-h-ÿ-bn-eqsS \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xp-amb a\p-jy-°q-´m-bvab - mWv kap-Zm-bw. CXv kaq-ls - Ø-°mƒ sI´pd-∏p-≈Xpw AwK-ß-fpsS {]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw Iqdpw hgn \ne-\n¬°p∂Xpw hf-cp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. F√m aX-ßfpw Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-Øn\v cq]w \¬In-b-Xns‚ ImcWw Cu LS-\-bpsS {]m[m\yw hnfn-t®m-Xp-∂p. kap-Zm-b-sa∂ LS\ hy‡nsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F{X-am{Xw {][m-\-am-sW∂v CJv_m-ens‚ hm°p-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kap-Zmbw hy‡n°v \¬Ip∂ klm-b-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m\w Pohn-X-Øns‚ Zni \n¿Æ-bn®p \¬Ip-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. Xms\-¥n\v Pohn-°Ww F∂ tNmZyw Hcp a\p-jys\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw F{X-am{Xw {][m-\am-sW∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. AXp-t]mse \ΩpsS s]cp-am-‰-co-Xn-Iƒ F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww, F¥n-\m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ tNmZyw. CXv BZysØ tNmZy-Øns‚ A\p-_‘w Xs∂-bm-Wv. kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv, {]Ir-XntbmSv, a\p-jy-cn¬X-s∂-bp≈ hyXy-kvX-hn-`m-K-ß-tfmSv CS-]-g-Iptºmƒ s]cp-am-‰-Øn\v kzoI-cn-t°-≠p∂ coXn-Iƒ F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ tNmZyw kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏ns\ kw_-‘n®n-S-tØmfw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. am{X-a√ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ hnI-k\-Øn\v Cu tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcw cN-\-fl-I-ambncnt°-≠Xv A\nhm-cy-hp-am-Wv. alm-Ihn Nq≠n-°m-Wn® a‰p Imcy-߃ CXns‚ c≠n-s‚bpw XpS¿® Xs∂-bm-Wv. aX-hn-izmkw sXm´v kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-IXbpw hsc-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ hy‡nsb \bn-°p-Ibpw kz¥w `qXImew hy‡n-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-t_m-[-Øn¬ kPo-h-amb NmeI-i-‡n-bm-°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv kap-Zm-b-am-Wv. Aßs\ c≠p-Im-cy-߃, H∂v, a\p-jy-k-aq-l-hp-ambn hy‡n-°p≈ _‘-sØ°p-dn®v Db-cp∂ tNmZy-߃°p-Øcw \¬Ip-Ibpw kwi-b-߃ ZqcoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠v a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Ønse kPo-hmw-K-am°n hy‡nsb am‰p-∂p. c≠,v _‘-߃°pw Iq´m-bvabv°pw IqSp-Xbp‡n- ` - { Z- a mb ASn- Ø d \¬Ip∂ Hcp temIsØ kap- Z mbw 18

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

hy‡n°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv, ssPh_-‘-Øn¬\n∂√ hy‡n X‚ D◊-bpsS kmcw Is≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Dev]-Øn-°Y ]d-bp-∂p≠v; BZ-ans\ krjvSn®Xpw CWsb krjvSn-®Xpw kz¿§-Øn¬ X¬°mew Xma-kn-∏n-®Xpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v `qan-bn-te°v \ntbm-Kn-®Xpw a‰p-amb Imcy-߃. 2 ssPhim-kv{X-]-c-amb A[ym-]-\-a√ Dev]-Øn-°-Y-bpsS e£yw. ssZhhpw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚ Dev]-Øn-bp-am-bp≈ _‘-amWv CXns‚ a¿Ωß-fn-sem-∂v. as‰m∂v `qan a\p-jys‚ Bhm-k-tI-{μ-ambn `hn-®-Xns‚ clkyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw, AYhm `qan-bnse Bhm-k-Øn\pw a\pjy-D-◊-bpsS e£y-Øn\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ B¥-cm¿∞w. ae-°p-Iƒ ˛ amem-J-am¿ kpPqZv ({]-Wm-aw) sNbvXXpw a‰p-amb Jp¿-B-\nse hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃ DZm-l-c-Ww.3 ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B-\nepS-\ofw a\p-jy¿ XΩn-ep≈ ssPh-_-‘-Øns‚ c≠p Xe-ß-sf°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿iw ImWmw ˛ a\p-jy-ka - qlw ssZh-Øns‚ krjvSnbm-sW∂pw a\p-jy¿ Hcp ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw amXm-hn-s‚bpw k¥m-\ß-fm-sW-∂p-ap≈ c≠p-X-e-߃.4 a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Bkzm-Zy-I-c-am-°p-∂Xv Pohn-X-Øn\v \mw Is≠Øp∂ e£yt_m[-am-Wv. e£y-t_m[w F√m-h¿°pw H∂m-bn-s°m≈-W-sa-∂n-√. AXv Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-´-Xm-Imw. ]W-ap≠m-°p-I, A[n-Imcw ssI°-em-°pI XpSßn Imk-t\m-h-sbbpw Pmln-en-øm Ime-L-´-Ønse Ad-_n-I-sfbpw t]mse Ah-cpsS IhnI-sf-t∏mse ˛C-{ap¬ssJkv DZm-l-cWw ˛ PohnXw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂Xn-\p-≈-Xm-sW∂v hniz-kn®v Pohn-°pI e£y-ambn kzoI-cn-°mw.

AX√ ac-W-tijw Xs‚ PohnXw XpS-cp-sa∂pw B PohnXw Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw CXns‚ hnIm-k-hp-am-bn-Øoc-W-sa-¶n¬ Cu PohnXw Xs‚ k¿§m-fl-IX D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xm-I-W-sa∂pw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw CXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bmbn Pohn-XsØ ImWp-Ibpw sNømw. Xo¿®-bmbpw `{Z-amb Hcm-Z¿i-Po-hnXw c≠masØ ho£Ww sImt≠ sI´n-∏-Sp-°m-\m-Iq. AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°Ww {][m-\-ambpw Ckvemw a\p-jy¿°v A√mlp \¬Inb henb A\p-{K-l-am-sW∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.5 apkvenwIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu A\p-{Klw sIm≠v BZcn-°-s∏-´-h-cm-W-h¿. temIØv Hcp krjvSn-bpsS apºnepw Ip\n-bmØ Xe-bp≈Xv bYm¿∞ apkven-an\v am{X-am-Wv. Pohn-XsØ GsXmcp kml-N-cy-Ønepw ip`-{]-Xo-£-tbmsS t\m°n-°m-Wm≥ apkven-an\v In´nb ]cn-io-e\w temIØv Hcp P\-k-aq-l-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏19

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Sm≥ Ign-bn-√. GXv \ne-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw alm A¤p-X-sa-∂Xn-e-∏pdw hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ hm°p-Iƒ `mj-I-fn-sem-∂nep-an-√mØ Hcp alm-{K-Ÿw, hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Ah-cpsS ssII-fn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. Ncn{X-Øns‚ shfn®Øn¬ Ipfn-®p-\n¬°p∂ {]hm-N-I≥ Ah-cpsS am{Xw kzØm-Wv. apl-ΩZv \_n(-k) Pohn® 63 h¿j-Ønse Hmtcm Znhkhpw am{X-a√ ]e-t∏mgpw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ t]mepw Ncn-{X-ØntcJ-s∏´p InS-°p-∂p. Cßs\ auen-I-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ aX-˛-km-aqln-I-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fn¬ as‰mcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚tbm hnizm-k-kw-ln-X-bp-sStbm Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-hn[w kºq¿Æ-amb Hcp aXw temIØv as‰mcp P\kaq-l-Øns‚ ssII-fn-ep-an-√.

Cu Aaq-ey-k-º-Øns\ kwc-£n-°pI IqSn kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Npaen¬ hcp∂ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øz-am-Wv. Ckvem-ans‚ auen-I-{]-am-W-ßsfbpw AXv Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øn-°m-Wn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßsfbpw kpc£nX-am°n \n¿Øp-I, Ckvemw a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øns‚ kzØm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Ckvem-ans\ a‰p a\p-jy¿°v FØn-®p-sImSp-°m-\p≈ _m[yX apkvenw-Iƒ°p-≠v. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Cu ZuXyw \n¿Δ-ln-°m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw kpc-£n-X-Xz-hpw Pohn-°p∂ \mSpI-fn¬ \ne-\n¿Øp-I, A¥-t m-sSbpw A`n-am-\-tØm-sSbpw Pohn°p∂ Hcp Iq´w a\p-jy¿t° Cu DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øz-߃ \n¿Δ-ln-°m\m-Iq. A\y-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS B{in-X-cmbn, Ah-cpsS "hnd-Ip-sh-´nIfpw sh≈w tImcn-I-fp-ambn' Pohn-°p∂ Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øn\v CtXs‰-Sp-°m-\m-hp-I-bn-√, Ah¿°v CXv \n¿h-ln-°p-hm\pw Ign-bn-√. kzbw im‡o-I-cWw AXp-sIm≠v Cu ZuXy-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øns‚ BZy D]m-[n-bm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv i{Xp-°-fn¬\n∂v apkvenw-I-sfbpw Ckvem-anI {]am-W-ß-sfbpw kwc-£n-®p-\n¿ØpI-sb-∂-Xv. {]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ ˛k-ap-Zm-b-kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ hgn kapZm-b-Øns‚ B[p-\n-Im¿∞-Øn-ep≈ im‡o-I-c-W-am-Wv. im‡o-Ic-W-Øn\v Ime-L-´-Øn\pw kml-N-cy-߃°p-a-\p-k-cn®v A¿∞-t`Z-߃ h∂p-tN-cpw. \ΩpsS Ime-L-´-Øn¬ i‡n F∂p hnfn-°-s∏Sp-∂Xv ssh⁄m-\n-I-˛-km-º-Øn-I-˛-cm-{„o-b-a-fi-e-ß-fnse kaq-lØns‚ hf¿®-bm-Wv. Cu cwK-ß-fnse hf¿® ]c-kv]cw At`Zyamwhn[w _‘-s∏-´p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. t\csØ ]d™ A¥ pw A`n-am-\hpw Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øn\v e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Fs¥ms° Bhiy-amtWm AXv Xs∂-bmWv {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn\pw Bh-iyw. kmaq-lnI imkv{X-Øns‚ Hcp \nco-£Ww ChnsS {]k-‡-am20

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p. ]oUn-Xcpw a¿±n-X-cp-amb Hcp \yq\-]-£-Øn-\n-Sbn¬ Xß-fpsS Zpc-h-ÿ-tbmSp {]Xn-I-cn-°p∂ aq∂v coXn-Iƒ cq]s∏-´p-h-cpw. H∂v, kzbw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-ØpI hgn t\Sp∂ {]Xn-tcm[w; c≠v, `qcn-]£ kaq-l-Ønse kzX{¥ Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw \oXnt_m-[-hp-ap≈ hn`m-Khpambn kl-I-cn-°p-Ibpw `qcn-]-£-k-aq-lØns‚ klmbw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠p≈ {]Xn-tcm-[w; aq∂v, Xo{h-hm-Z-]-c-amb {]Xn-tcm-[w.6 Cu aq∂p {]Xn-Ic - W - ß - f - n¬ BZy-tØ-Xns‚ DZm-lc - W - a - mbn an°hcpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv PqX-k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-bm-Wv. Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw \nc-¥-c-hp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hgn-bmWv C∂-h-cp-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ t\´-߃ an°-Xpw. imkv{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-cw-KØpw kmº-Øn-I-cwKØpw am{X-a-√, kzbw Hcp APø cm{„o-b-i-‡n-bmbn hf¿∂-Xn\p-]p-dsa temI-Ønse G‰hpw i‡-amb cm{„-ßsf an°-Xn-s‚bpw a\ p \nb-{¥n-°p∂ i‡n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂-h-cp-amWv C∂v PqX-∑m¿. {InkvXp-hns\ Ipcn-in-te-‰nb P\-hn-`m-K-sa∂ \nebv°p \q‰m-≠pIƒ ITn-\-i-{Xp-X-tbmsS Xßsf I≠p-t]m-cp-Ibpw {Iqc-ambn ]oUn∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX {InkvXym-\n-Isf Ah-cmZyw Xß-fpsS hi-Øm°n. Ah-cpsS Iq´-Ønse ta[m-i-‡n-bmb tdma≥ ItØm-en-°-cpsS t]m∏v Dƒs∏sS an°-hmdpw F√m hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw apJy-]p-tcm-lnX-∑m-scs°m≠v Ign-™-Ime sNbvXn-Iƒ°v am∏v ]d-bn-°m≥hsc Ah¿°v Ign-™p. C∂v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v PqX-∑m¿ i{Xp-°-f-√, Nne-t∏mƒ bP-am-\-∑mcpw a‰p Nne-t∏mƒ c‡-_-‘-ap≈ ktlm-Z-cß-fp-am-Wv. ""_p°¿ Sn.-hm-jnw-KvS¨ Ata-cn-°-bnse \ot{Km-I-tfmSv Bh-iys∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv PqX-∑msc I≠p ]Tn-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A]-am-\Øn-s‚bpw Ah-KW - \ - b - p-sSbpw t\¿°v tcmjw sIm≠p kabw ]mgm°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-ß-fn¬ kzbw hnI-kn-°p-hm≥ ]cn{i- a n- ° - W - s a- ∂ - t ±lw Ah- t cmSv ]d- ™ p. Irjn, hyh- k m- b w, hmWnPyw F∂o afi-e-ß-fn¬ kz¥w Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-I, F¶n¬ AwKo-Im-chpw sa®-s∏´ \nebpw CXn\p ]n∂m-se-h-cpw. kzbw A`n-hr-≤n°v \¬Inb Cu Du∂¬ {]kn-≤-amb SkvIKo C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t]mep≈ ÿm]-\-߃ Db¿∂p-h-cm≥ Imc-W-am-bn. Ch C∂pw \ot{Km Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]ap-J-ÿm\w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.''7 c≠m-asØ am¿§w kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv a¿±n-X-\yq-\-]-£-Ønse kzX{¥- N n- ¥ m- K - X n- ° m- c mb Bfp- I - f m- W v . Ch- c n¬ c≠p- h n- ` m- K sØ ImWmw. Hcp hn`mKw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Xm¬∏-cy-ß-fntem t£a21

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Øntem hf¿®-bntem Du∂p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ hn´phogvN sNbvXp-sIm≠v kulm¿±w hnebv°v hmßm≥ {ian-°p-∂-hcm-Wv. c≠m-asØ hn`mKw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hf¿®-bnepw hnIm-kØnepw Du∂p-Ibpw AtX-k-abw Xß-fpsS A\n-hm-cyX samØw kaq-lsØ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Ah-cpsS ]n¥p-Wbpw klI-c-Whpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Cu c≠p-hn-`m-Khpw XΩn¬ Cu A`n-{]m-bm-¥cw ImcWw hnhm-Z-ßfpw cm{„o-b-cw-KØv Bi-b-]-c-ambpw kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambpw ]c-kv]cw G‰p-ap-´p∂ kmlN-cy-hpap-≠m-hm-dp-≠v. aq∂m-asØ hn`mKw ˛ Xo{h-hm-Z-ß-fn¬ A`bw tXSp-∂-h¿ an°t∏mgpw sl¿_¿´v an√¿ ]oU-\-hn-{`m¥n (Oppression psychosis) F∂v hnfn-°p∂ at\m-hn-{`m-¥n°v ASn-as∏´hcpw `bw, hntZz-jw, Akqb, ktμlw, {]Xn-Im-c-hmRvO F∂o A[-a-hn-Im-c-ß-fpsS ]nSn-bne-I-s∏-´-hcpw hnZym-`ym-kw, hn⁄m\w-t]m-ep≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ hfsc ]n∂-Wn-bn¬ InS-°p-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°pw. i{Xp AP-ø-\m-sW-∂pw- Xß-fpsS ssII-fn¬ kap-ZmbØn\¿∏n-°m-\p-≈Xv c‡-km-£nXzw am{X-am-sW-∂p-ap≈ hnizm-k-amWo hn`m-KsØ \bn-°p-I. C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ah-cpsS apºn\ne-\n¬∏n-s‚bpw hf¿®-bp-sSbpw {]iv\-ß-fp-≠v. Ckvem-an-s\bpw apkvenw kap-Zm-b-sØbpw \in-∏n-°mt\m G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv _p≤a-X-sØbpw a‰pw sNbvX-Xp-t]mse kzmwio-I-cn®v ^e-Øn¬ C√mXm-°mt\m \S-°p∂ {ia-ß-fp-b¿Øp∂ {]iv\-ß-fp-ap≠v. Ch-bnGXv {][m\w F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂-Xn-e¿∞-an-√. H∂v Xo¿Øv ]d-bmw, C¥ybnse apkvenw-Iƒ C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ XpS¿∂pw ]nt∂m´v t]mbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Hcp i{Xp-hn\pw Hcp-Xp≈n hnb¿∏v ]mgm-Im-sX-Øs∂ Ah-cpsS IY Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-t™-°mw. k®m¿k-anXn hc-®p-Im-Wn-°p∂ Nn{Xw CX-√msX as‰m∂pw Imcyambn ]d-bp-∂n-√. kap-Zm-bsØ kap-Zm-bw-K-߃ alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw kvt\ln-°p-∂p≠v. kvt\lw ]s£ c≠p-X-c-ap-≠v, H∂v i{Xp-°-fn-em-sc-¶nepw apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ B{I-an-®p-sh∂v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ NmSn-sb-gpt∂¬°p∂ hnIm-c-hn-t£m-`-Øn-eqsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kvt\lw. B {]iv\w Xocp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu kvt\l-{]-I-S\w \ne-\n¬°pw. F∂mCXn-tesd \miw hnX® Hcp {]IrXn Zpc-¥-Øn\v kap-Zmbw Cc-bmbn-sb∂v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ Cu tcmjhpw kvt\l{]I-S-\-hp-sam∂pw AtX Af-hn¬ {]I-S-am-hp-I-bn-√. kap-Zm-b-Øn\v ]Tn-°m≥ ÿm]22

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\-ß-fn-√, sNøm≥ tPmen e`n-°p-∂n-√ apX-emb Imcy-߃ Zb-\ob-amb hn[w kw`-hn-°p∂psh∂p tI´m¬ BZysØ Af-hn-se-¶nepw Cu kvt\lw {]I-Sn-X-am-IWw. F∂m¬ Hcp apJ-®p-fnhv t]mepw C°m-cy-Øn-ep-≠m-hp-I-bn√ F∂p-h-cp-∂Xv kap-Zm-b-kvt\-l-sØ-b√ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ kvt\lw alm-Ihn Nq≠n-°m-Wn® ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ckvem-an-t\m-Sp≈ BZ-c-hn¬\n∂pw k¿tΔm-]cn ssZh-`‡n \¬Ip∂ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn¬\n∂pw P\n°p- ∂ - X m- W v . CXv {Inbm- fl - I - a mb kv t \l- a m- W v . alm- I - h nsb apkvenw eoKns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-te°v \bn-®Xv Cu kvt\l-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu kvt\lw hnIm-c-]-c-a-√. _p≤n-bnepw Nn¥-bnepw bmYm¿∞yt_m-[-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. 1930 Unkw-_¿ 29 \v Ae-l-_m-Zn¬ tN¿∂ k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw eoKns‚ hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ B[y£yw hln-®p-sIm≠p sNbvX {]kw-KØn¬\n-∂v.

Shan Mohammad, The Indian Muslims - A Documentary Record 1900-1947 Vol. 10 P-18(Meenakshi Prakashan Meerut-New Delhi 1990) 2. hn: Jp¿B¿ 2:30˛33, 35-˛37 3. hn.-Jp¿-B≥ 2:34 4. hn.-Jp¿-B≥ 49:13 5. hn.-Jp¿-B≥ 49: 17 6. Robert L.Sutherland, Julian L. Wood Ward, Milton A. Maxwell. Introductory Sociology P-174 7. AtX ]pkvXIw t]Pv 174

23

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

2 ^mkn-k-Øns‚ Cu‰n-√-߃ C¥y-bnse apkvenw {]iv\-ßsf c≠mbn Xncn-°p-Ibpw th¿Xncn®p a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠Xv ]cn-lm-c{ia-߃°v A\n-hmcy-am-Wv. Ch-bn-semcp Iq´w {]iv\-߃ XnI®pw B`y-¥-chpw kapZm-b-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øz-Øn\v Iogn¬ hcp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. _mly_‘ap≠v F∂p-tXm-∂n-°p∂ Imcy-߃°p-t]mepw B`y-¥-c_‘w ImWpw. Cu Imcyw XpS¿∂v N¿® sNøm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv sIm≠v hni-Zo-I-cWw Xev°mew am‰n-sh-°mw. {]iv\-ß-fn¬ c≠masØ hn`mKw D≠m-°p-∂Xv apJy-ambpw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS am{Xa√ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚bpw a\p-jy¿ Is≠-SpØ shfn-®-ß-fp-sSbpw i{Xp-°-fmb ^mkn-Ãp-Ifpw ^mkn-k-hp-am-Wv. ^mkn-k-Øn\v auen-I-amb Nne s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ß-fp-≠v. GXv \m´nse ^mkn-k-Øn\pw CXv ImWmw. AXp-sIm≠v ^mkn-ksØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I {]bm-k-a-√. ""h¿§-ta-∑-bn-ep≈ ZrV-hn-izm-kw, Xo{htZ-io-b-Xm-hm-Zw, sX‰v ]‰mØ t\Xmhv F∂ k¶-ev]w, BZ¿ih¬Ir-X-amb \nc-¶pi A[n-Im-cw.''1 Ch-bn¬ h¿§-ta-∑-bn¬ (Racial Superiority)i‡-ambn Du∂p∂ ^mkn-k-amWv P¿Ω-\n-bn-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂Xpw Ct∏mgpw kp-]vXm-hÿ b - n¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - p-amb \mknkw. C¥y≥ ^mkn-k-amWv h¿§-ta-∑bv°v P¿Ω\n Ign-™mi‡-amb Du∂¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈ as‰m-∂v. {it≤-b-amb as‰mcp Imcyw Bcy-h¿§-Øns‚ t]cn-emWv Cu h¿§-ta-∑m-kn-≤m¥w FhnsSbpw \ne-hn¬ h∂n-´p-≈-Xv F∂-Xm-Wv. aXw CXn-semcp LS-I-a√. AXv Hmtcm \m´n-∂-\p-k-cn®v kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv.

P¿Ω≥ \mknkw aX-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv {InkvXp-a-X-am-bn-cp∂p. AXv ]t£ tbip-{InkvXp Bcy-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ÿm]n-®tijw.

P¿Ω≥ \mkn-k-Øn\v ta¬hn-em-k-ap-≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-ØXv ln‰vedm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Bcy-ta-∑m-hmZw Abm-fp-tS-Xmbn Icp-Xp-∂Xv icn24

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

b-√. Abm-fXv Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Bibw ""\ne-hn¬ D≠mbn-cp∂ Hcp hnizm-k-Øn¬\n∂v \mknkw {Kln-s®-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv. {^©p-Im¿, Ata-cn-°-°m¿, P¿Ω≥Im¿ apX-em-b-h¿ tZim-`n-am\w hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v Bcy-h¿§-ta∑ IrXy-amb ssPh-imkv{X A¿∞sam∂pw IqSmsX aptº D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ a[y-Øn¬ Ft∏mtgm {^©p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂ tKm_n \yq P∑w sImSpØ Bi-b-am-Wv CsX-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]s£ CbmfnXv D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv tZio-b-t_m[w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√, P\m[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn {]`p-Xz-hm-gvNsb ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p.''2 bqtdm-∏nepw ]n∂oSv Ata-cn-°bnepw c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w hsc ]ecpw Cu h¿§-ta∑m kn≤m¥w {]nb-s∏-´-Xmbn Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. ""]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ P¿Ω≥Imc-\mbn amdnb Hcnw-•o-jp-Im-c≥ lqÃ≥ Ãohm´v Nmw]¿se-bn≥, Abm-fpsS `mcym-]n-Xm-hv, dn®mUv hmKv\¿ F∂n-h-cmWv P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ Cu anYy {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv.3 P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ ln‰ve¿°v Bh-iy-amb Hcp kn≤m-¥-am°n CXns\ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-ØXv B¬{^Uv tdmk≥_¿Kv Bbn-cp-∂p. Hcp Ncn{X Z¿i-\-am-bmWv Cbm-fn-Xns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. Der mythus des 20 Jahrhunderts (1930) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-emWv CXns‚ Ac-t߉w Ipdn°-s∏-´-Xv. \mkn-k-Øns‚ ss__n-fm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]pkvX-Iw. hwi߃ XΩn-ep≈ kwL-´-\-amWv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ \nbaw F∂m-Wn-bmƒ ÿm]n-®X - v. AXm-bXv kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ Dev]m-ZI - c - mb Bcy-h¿§hpw a‰v A[-a-h¿§-ßfpw XΩnse G‰p-ap-´-ep-Iƒ. Cbm-fpsS ho£-W{]-Imcw hS°v \ns∂-hn-sS-tbm-\n∂v Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-eØv CuPn-]vXnte-°v, C¥y-bn-te-°v, t]¿jy-bn-te-°v, {Kokn-te-°v, tdman-te-°v- Hs° IpSn-tb-dn-b-hcpw F√m ]ucm-Wn-I-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-⁄mXm-°-fp-am-Ip∂p Bcy-∑m¿. ln‰ve¿°v G‰hpw i‡n-tb-dn-bXpw s]mß-®-°m-cmb P¿Ω≥Imsc s]s´∂v Xs‚ ]n∂n¬ AWn-\n-c-Øm≥ D]-I-cn-®-Xp-am-bn- amdn Cu Bcy-h¿§-ta-∑m-kn-≤m-¥w. P¿Ω≥P-\-X-bpsS A∂sØ am\kn-Im-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cn°mw {][m\ Imc-Ww. H∂mw temI alm-bp-≤Øn¬ tXm‰ P¿Ω\n Hcp P\-Xbv°pw kln-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø{X A]-am-\-`mcw t]dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bcy-h¿§-ta-∑m-kn-≤m¥w AewL-\o-b-amb {]Ir-Xn-\n-a-b-am-sW∂p ÿm]n-°m≥ ln‰ve¿ {]Ir-Xnsbbpw ssPh-im-kv{X-kn-≤m-¥-ß-sfbpw CjvSw-t]mse D]-tbm-Kn®-Xmbn ImWmw. CXn\v ]pdsa slK¬ (I-Ωyq-Wn-khpw ^mkn25

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

khpw slK-ens‚ Cc-´-k-¥m-\-ß-fm-sW∂v Xami ]d-bm-dp-≠v.) \otj, tlm_vkv XpS-ßn-bp≈ Zm¿i-\n-I-scbpw Cbmƒ btYjvSw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. {]Ir-Xnsb D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv F{X ka¿∞-am-bmsW∂v t\m°p-I: ""D]-cn-π-h-amb H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬t∏mepw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ssPthm’mlw {]I-S-am-°p∂ FÆ-a‰ cq]-I-ß-sfm-s°-Øs∂ auen-I-amb Hcp \nb-a-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Wv F∂p ImWmw. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Dcp-°p\n-baw F∂n-Xns\ hnfn-°mw. hwi-h¿≤-\bv°pw hym]n∏n-°-en\pw Cu h¿§-ß-sfms° Ah-cpsS ssPh-cq-]-ß-fpsS \n›n-X-]-cn-[n-°IØv \n¬°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmWv F∂-XmWo \nb-aw. Hmtcm arKhpw AXns‚ h¿§-Øn¬s∏´hbp-amtb CW-tN-cq. Ipcp-hn, Ipcphn-bp-am-bn, sIm‰n sIm‰n-bp-am-bn, hos´en hos´-en-bp-am-bn, hb-seen hb-se-en-bp-am-bn, sN∂mb s]¨sN-∂m-b-bp-ambn F∂n-ß-s\.''4 Cu {`m¥≥ kn≤m-¥-amWv Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ cq]w sImSpØ h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS auen-I-X-Xzw F∂q-ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IqSn-°e-cmØ hwiw ˛ PmXn F∂ Bi-b-amWv ln‰ve¿ ssPh-im-kv{XØnte°v ASn-t®-ev]n-®-Xv. CXv C¥y-bnse Bcy-∑m¿ Ft∂m Is≠Øn-b-Xm-Wv. ""a\p-jyXzw F∂ hm°p-sIm≠v \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂-h-bpsSsbms° bYm¿∞ D]- ⁄ m- X m- ° - f mb, a\p- j y- k w- k v I m- c - Ø ns‚ bYm¿∞ hml-I-cmb h¿§tam h¿§-ßtfm GsX∂ {]iv\w N¿® sNøp-∂Xv shdp-sX-bm-Wv.... ChnsS Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p-Øcw efn-Xam-Wv. \man∂v ImWp∂ Hmtcm kmwkvIm-cnI {]Xy-£o-I-c-Whpw Hmtcm Item-¬∏∂hpw imkv{Xhpw kmt¶-Xn-Ihn-Zybpw Bcy-∑mcpsS k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. Cu hkvXpX Bcy≥ am{XamWv a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ D¬Ir-jvS-cq]w `qan-bn¬ ÿm]n-®-sX∂ \nKa-\sØ ]q¿Æ-ambpw icn-sh-°p-∂p. a\p-jy≥ F∂ ]Zw-sIm-≠v \msa-¥¿∞-am-°p-∂pthm AXns‚ aqe-am-Xr-Isb Bcy≥ {]Xn-\n[o-I-cn-°p-∂p... Cu Bcy≥ Fßm\pw A{]-Xy-£-\m-Im≥ \n¿_‘n-°-s∏-´m¬ DS≥ `qansb AKm-[-amb Ccpƒ hngp-ßpw. GXm\pw kl-{km-_vZ-߃°Iw a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw XpS-®p-\o-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw temIw acp-`q-an-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNøpw.''5 Xo{h-tZ-io-bh - m-Za - mWv ^mkn-kØ - ns‚ A\n-hm-cy-amb c≠m-asØ B[m-cw. ""\nß-fpsS cmPyw \nß-fpsS AΩ-bm-sW∂ Imcyw ad°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.''6 s]‰ AΩbpw ]nd∂ \mSpw kz¿§-tØ-°mƒ alØcw F∂ B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv. ap{Zm-hmIyw Hm¿°p-I. P¿Ω≥ Xo{h26

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

tZ-io-b-X-bpsS ]hn-{X-Xbpw al-Xzhpw t\c-sØ-Xs∂ slKÿm]n-s®-Sp-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. temIsØ \bn-°m≥ {]m]vX-amb t{ijvT-\m-Sv, temI-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-\-h-Imin F∂n-ßs\ h¿§-sØ-°pdn®v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ hnti-j-Wßsfms° Nm¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ""`qanimkv{X-]-c-amb sFIyw, hwio-b-X, aXw, kwkvIm-cw, `mj'' F∂n-hbm¬ sFIy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ `q{]-tZ-isØbmWv Ch¿ cm{„w F∂Xv sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. cmjv{S-Øn\v kz¥-amb {]Ir-Xn-bp≠v F∂mWv P\-kw-L-Øns‚bpw kwL-]-cn-hm-dn-s‚bpw Zm¿i-\nI\mbn- c p∂ Zo≥Z- b m¬ D]m- ≤ ymb ka¿∞n- ° p- ∂ - X v . "NnXn' F∂mWo Bflm-hn-\v˛ {]Ir-Xn°v t]cv. cmPysØ ssZh-am-°p-Ibpw cmPy-Øn‚ aÆns\ ]qPn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Cu "tZiob {`m¥v' G‰hpw cu{Z-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv C¥y-bn-em-Wv. A{]-am-Zn-Xz-ap≈ t\Xmhv F∂ XXz-amWv ^mkn-kØ - ns‚ as‰mcp B[m- c w. t\Xmhv A\p- k - c n- ° - s ∏- t S- ≠ - h ≥ am{X- a m- W v , Bcpw Abmsf tNmZyw sNbvXp-Iq-Sm. F√m A[n-Im-c-ß-fpw t\Xm-hns\ B{i-bn®p \n¬°p-∂p, t\Xmhv Ft∏m-gpw icn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. C‰-enbn¬ tdmam-km-{amPyw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-I-t]m-ep≈ Bi-b-߃ ^mkn-k-Øn\v B[m-c-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶nepw B`y-¥-c-cw-KØv ^mknkw C‰-en-bn-eq-∂n-bXv t\Xmhv F∂ kt¶-X-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. kvIqfnse ¢mkv apdn-I-fn¬ apt m-fn-\n-bpsS ]Sw Xq°n-bn-S-Wsa∂pw AXn\v Nph-´n¬ "apt m-fn\n Ft∏mgpw icn' Fs∂-gp-Xn-sh°-W-sa∂pw \nb-a-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-¶p-i-amb A[n-Imcw AYhm P\-߃°v ]¶n-√m-ØXpw B¿°pw tNmZyw sNøm-\-h-Im-i-an-√m-ØXp-amb A[n-Im-cw, bp≤-tØm-Sp≈ {`m¥-amb A`n-\n-thiw apXemb LS-I-߃ F√m ^mkn-k-߃°pw Gdnbpw Ipd™pw ImWmhp-∂-Xm-Wv.7 C¥y-bnse ^mkn-k-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v C¥ymN-cn{Xw H∂p ItÆm-Sn®v t\m°p-∂Xv D]-I-cn-°pw, {]tXy-In®v ]ucmWnI C¥y-bpsS Ncn-{Xw. C¥y-bn¬ a\p-jy-hmkw F∂m-Wm-cw-`n°p-∂-sX∂v IrXy-ambn ]d-bm≥ Ncn-{X-Øn-∂nXv hsc km[n-®n-´n-√. kn‘p-\-Zo-XS \mK-cn-I-X-sb-°p-dn®v Adn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv C¥ym-N-cn{Xw GI-tZiw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn\p-ap-ºp≈ Zo¿L-Im-esØ {]mKvN-cn-{X-Im-e-L´w F∂p kmam-\yambn hnti-jn-∏n-°mt\ \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q. kn‘p \Zo-X-S-\m-K-cn-I-XbpsS apºv ""a\p-jy¿ teml-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-sØ-∏-‰ntbm Irjn-∏Wn-sb-∏-‰ntbm bmsXmcp hnh-c-hp-an-√msX {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ 27

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

`£Ww tXSn Ae-™p-\-S-∂n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L´w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.''8 Hcp Imcyw Dd-∏n®p ]d-bm-hp-∂Xv C¥y B{^n-°-t]mse a\p-jys‚ BZn-a-X-d-hm-S-√. ChnsS `qan-bn¬ a\p-jy-hmkw ]c-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mKambn D≠m-b-XmWv a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{μ-߃. kn‘p\Zo-XS \mK-cnI-X-sb-°p-dn®v 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥yØnepw Ccp-]-Xns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-ep-amWv \ap-°-dnhv In´p-∂-Xv. Ipgns®-Sp-°-s∏´ sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu \mK-co-I-Xbv°v 4500 h¿jsØ ]g-°-am-Wp-≈-Xv. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v apºv C¥y-bnse BZna P\-hn-`m-K-ambn Nne¿ Bcy-∑msc FÆn-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn-te°v IS-∂p-h∂ hntZ-in-I-fm-sW∂p t\csØ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcn¬ _lp-`q-cn-`m-Khpw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. kn‘p-\m-K-cnI-X-bpsS Is≠-Ø-temsS B \mK-cnI-Xbpw Bcy∑m-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd Imcy-߃ ]pd-Øp-h-cn-Ibpw CXns\ \in-∏n-®Xv Bcy A[n-\n-th-ia - m-sW∂v ÿm]n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn-se-Øn-bXv Cdm-\n¬\n-∂m-sW∂v Gsd-°psd C∂v ÿm]n-°-s∏´ Imcy-am-Wv. kønZv Aao¿-A-ensbt∏mse-bp≈ Ncn- { X- I m- c - ∑ m- c n¬ ]ecpw Cdm- \ mWv ˛ IrXy- a mbn ]d- ™ m_mIv{Snb BWv ChcpsS Xd-hmSv F∂v Dd®v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv. Cdm-\n¬ Ch¿°n-S-bn-ep-≠mb Hcp aX-]-cn-jvI-cW kwcw-`-amWv Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-tØmsS D≠mb kmºØnIam‰-߃s°m∏w `n∂n-∏p-≠m-°n-b-Xv. ""]Xps° Im¿ta-L-߃ \oßptºmƒ \mw ImWp- ∂ p, KW, tKm{X- k w- h n- [ m- \ - ß ƒ cmP- ` cW߃°v hgn amdp-∂p, Imen-Isf tabv®p-\-S-°p-∂Xn\v ]Icw Im¿jn-I-hrØn \ne-hn¬h-cp-∂p... AtXm-sSm∏w ]Sn-™mdpw Ing°p-ap≈ Bcy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ aX-kw-L¿j-ßfpw kwL-´-\-ßfpw Bhn¿`-hn-°p-∂p. Ah-km\w Ing-°p-`m-KsØ Bcy-∑msc _mIv{Snb-bn¬ \nt∂m-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXh-km-\n-°p-∂p.9'' aX-kw-L¿j-ap≠m-hm≥ ImcWw aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {ia-ß-fm-Wv. ""]m›mXy Bcy-∑m¿°n-Sbn¬ aX-cw-K-Øp-≠mb hnπhw aX-km-lnXy-ß-fn¬ kn‰ma kc-Xpjv{S F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ BNm-cy-\mWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. thZ-a-{¥-Km-b-I¿ Xß-fpsS h¿§-Øn-s‚bpw aXØn-s‚bpw i{Xp-hmbn Icp-Xnb "Qc-ZpjvSn-bpsS' ta¬ tImcns®mcnbp∂ ISpØ im]-h-N-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kc-Xp-jv{S-bp-≠m-°nb aXkw-L¿jw F{X-am{Xw Xo{h-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p.10 '' thZ-˛-tkm-cm-kv{Sn-b¿ aX-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw XnI®pw Bt]£n-I-am-Wv. skmcm-kv{Sn-b¿ {]Xn-`m-k-߃°p-]-Icw Imc-W-X28

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

XzsØ Bcm-[n-®p. thZ-ß-fnse ssZh-ßsf Ah¿ ]nim-Np-°-fm°n Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ahsc Bcm-[n-°p-∂-hsc Ahn-izm-kn-Iƒ F∂v hnfn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-t]mse sk¥v AhkvX (skm-cm-kv{Snb-cpsS thZ-{K-Ÿw) bnse Alqcsb Akp-c-\mbpw (Zp-jvS-tZ-h-X) ssZh-ß-fpsS i{Xp-hmbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂p thZ-a-{¥-Km-b-I≥.''11 bp≤-ßfpw kwL¿j-ßfpw Imcy-am-bn-√msX kam-[m-\-ØnPohn-®n-cp∂ kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-h-mkn-Isf tXmev]n-°m≥ Bcy-∑m¿°v henb {]bmkw t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠m-hn-√. sXfn-hp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv kn‘p-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Ccp-ºns‚ D]-tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn-®-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂m-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠-h¿°v Bbp-[-ßfpw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Bcy∑m¿ AtX-k-abw bp≤-ßfpw kwL-´-\-ß-fpw ioe-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. C°m-c-W-߃ sIm≠mhmw ImS-∑m-cmb Bcy-∑m¿°p apºnA∂sØ kwkvIm-c-k-º-∂-cmb Cu P\-Xbv°v ap´p-a-S-t°≠n h∂Xv. \nd-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m¿ shfp-Ø-hcpw Cu P\X Idp-Ø-h-cp-am-bncp-∂p. Iog-S-ßnb Chsc Bcy-∑m¿ Zkyp-°ƒ F∂v hnfn-°p-Ibpw Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ Ch¿ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ASn-a-I-fm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥y-bn-se-Ønb Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°Ww Xß-fpsS hwi-ta-∑-sb°p-dn®v BZyw Nn¥n® Bcy-h¿§w. Ah¿ aqfn-s°m-≠p-\-S-∂n-cp∂ EtKz-Z-a-{¥-ß-fn¬ {]]-©-Øns‚ hnhn-[-ß-fmb {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf h¿Wn-°p∂ ]pcp-j-kq-‡-Øn¬ hncmSv ]pcp-j‚ hyXy-kvXm-h-b-hß-fn¬\n∂v {_m“-W\pw £{Xn-b\pw sshiy\pw iq{Z\pw Bhn¿`hn-®p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂p. CXv \¬Ip∂ kqN\ hy‡-am-Wv. hncmSv ]pcpj-\n¬\n∂v P\n-®Xv Cu \mep h¿Æ-߃ am{X-am-sW∂pw tijn°p∂sXm∂pw ssZhn-I-a-s√-∂p-am-Wv. Xß-fpsS hwi-Øns‚ ta∑sb°p-dn-®p≈ Cu ]cm-a¿iw Bcy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ t\csØ h¿Æhyhÿbp≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂ hmZsØ Jfin-°p-∂p. Hcp-]s£ X߃ am{X-ambn hkn-®n-cp∂ BZn-a-hm-kÿeØv CXv ]n¬°m-esØ-t∏mse Hcp hnizmk kwln-X-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ Bh-iyan-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v AXv hfsc {]I-S-am-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√m-bn-cn-°mw.

C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-®-t∏m-gm-bn-cn°Ww CXns‚ Bhiyw t\cn-´n-´p≠m-hp-I. h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS B[mcw sXmgn¬ hn`-P-\-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp∂-Xv, G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv AXv am{X-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂Xv bp‡nk-l-ambncn°p-I-bn-√. h¿Æ-hy-hÿ G‰hpw ZrV-ambn _‘n-∏n°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv aXhpw hnizm-k-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv. P∑-amWv Hcm-fpsS I¿Ωw \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂ hnizm-khpw CXns‚ B[m-c-amb 29

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]p\¿P-∑-hn-izm-khpamWv h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS B[m-cw. P∑-߃°v \n¿Æ-bn-®n-´p≈ I¿Ω-߃ IrXy-ambn A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS sXm´SpØ P∑-Øn¬ Hcmƒ°v IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂ h¿Æ-Øn¬ P\n-°m-\mIpw. Cßs\ P∑-ß-fn-eqsS {_m“-W-P-∑-Øn-seØpIbpw {_m“W-P-∑-Øns‚ I¿Ω-߃IrXy-ambn A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXmAbmƒ P∑-ß-fn¬\n∂v tamN\w (tam-£w) t\Sn ]c-tem-Iw-]q-Ip∂p. CXmWv hnizmkw; h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS, PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS B[m-c-hpw. P∑-amWv I¿Ωw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-sX∂ hnizm-k-Øn\v Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v sXfnhpIƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. `K-hZv KoX-bn{ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ c‡-_-‘p-°-tfmSv bp≤w sNøm≥ hnap-JX {]I- S n- ∏ n- ° p∂ A¿÷p- \ s\ D]- t Z- i n- ° p∂ H‰ DZm- l - c Ww: ""kz[¿ΩsØ Hm¿Øn-s´-¶nepw hnj-an-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I; £{Xn-b\v [¿Ω-bp≤tØ°mƒ t{ib- mbn as‰m-∂p-an-√.''12 h¿Æ-߃°v \n›-bn-®n-´p≈ I¿Ω-sØ-bmWv [¿Ωw F∂p-hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. PmXn-hy-h-ÿbv°v ]e kmaq-ln-I-e-£y-ßfpw It≠-°mw. ]s£ AXns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ ^ew c‡-Øns‚ X\n-a-bm-Wv. Bcyc-‡-Øns‚ ]cn-ip≤n kwc-£n-°p-I. hwi-ta-∑bv°v ap∂p-]m[n c‡Øn-s‚ ]cn-ip-≤-nbm-W-t√m. Bcy≥ A\m-cy-\p-ambn IqSn-°-e-cm-sX ip≤ Bcy-\mbn Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°Ww. PmXn-hy-hÿ km[n-®p-sImSp-ØXv C°m-cy-am-Wv. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn C¥y-bn¬ CXc P\-hn-`m-K߃°n- S - b n¬ Pohn- ® n´pw Bcys\ GXv P\- ° q- ´ - Ø n¬\n∂pw s]s´∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ km[n-°pw. PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv CXn\v klmbn-®-Xv. C¥y-bn-te°v hepXpw sNdp-Xp-ambn F{Xtbm P\-k-©-b߃ IpSn-tb-dn-bn-´p-≠v. lqW-∑m¿, koXn-b-∑m¿, bh-\¿ apX-em-bh¿ Ah-cn¬ Nne-cm-Wv. Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn-seØn \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Igns™-Øn-b-h-cm-Wn-h-scm-s°. F∂n´pw Ah-cm-cmsW∂v C¥y-bnem¿°pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. Ah-cn-hnsS h∂v C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ P\hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂v ChnsS ebn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ^mkn- k - h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏- S pØn PmXn- h y- h - ÿ - s b- ° p- d n®pw h¿Æm- { i- a - Ø - ° p- d n®pw ]cm- a ¿in- ° p- t ºmƒ kq£n- t °≠ Hcp Imcyw ^mkn-k-Øns‚ h¿§-ta-∑m-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\v PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw h¿Æ-hy-h-ÿbpw klm-b-I-am-sW-¶nepw Cu hyh-ÿ-Iƒ kzbw ^mkn-k-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-I-bn-s√-∂m-Wv. PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw h¿Æhy-h-ÿbpw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-h-scms° ^mkn-Ãp-I-fm-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa∂n√ F∂¿∞w. Cu hyh-ÿ-Isf hnizm-k-Øns‚ Xe-Øn¬ \n∂v 30

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cm{„o-b-Øn-te°v hen-®n-g-°p-tºmgmWv AXv ^mkn-k-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-I. ^mkn-k-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v ]ns∂bpw IS-º-I-fp-≠v. ^mknkw P\m-[n-]-Xym-\-¥c P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-≤-amb cm{„o-b-{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-am-Wv F∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-®p-sIm≠v ^mkn-ksØ hni-I-e\w sNbvX-XvsIm≠v Hcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-an-√. F¥n-s\-°mfpw henb i{Xp-hmbn ^mknkw ImWp-∂Xv P\m-[n-]-Xy-am-sW∂ Imcyw hnkva-cn-®p-Iq-Sm. C¥y≥ ^mkn-k-Øn\v tX‰-ap-f-®Xv Cu ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS Xs∂ Cu cm{„ob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-߃ ImWmhp∂Xm-Wv. Ch Hcp {]ÿm-\-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv KpP-dmØn {_m“-W\mb Zbm-\-μ-k-c-kz-Xn-bneq-sS-bm-Wv. KpP-dm-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-IS∂ Cbmƒ alm-cm-{„-bnepw ]n∂oSv ]©m-_nepw Xs‚ {]h¿Ø\w XpS¿∂p. 1875-˛¬ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ AXym-hiyw FÆ-am-sb∂v I≠t∏mƒ Bcy-k-amPw F∂ kwL-S-\-bp-≠m-°n. thZ-ßfpw Bcy-aXhpw AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h¿ C¥y-°m-c√ F∂ hmZ-tØm-sS-bmWv Ac-tß-‰w. C¥y≥ ^mkn-k-Øns‚ XmXzn-Im-Nm-cy≥ Aßs\ Zbm\-μ-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. alm-cm-{„-bn¬ Cbmƒ Ipgn-®n´ hnØmWv _meKw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ t]m‰n henb hnj-hr-£-am-°n-b-Xv. _wKm-fnepw ]©m-_nepw Zbm-\-μs‚ Bi-b-߃ G‰p-hm-ßm≥ Bfp-≠m-bn. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Hmcw-]‰n BZy-Im-eØv {]ÿm\sØ sslμ-h-h¬°-cn-°m≥ \S-Ønb \o°-߃ \nc-¥-c-ambn ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ^mknkw kz¥w kwL-S-\-I-fp-≠m°n cwK-Øph-∂p. lnμp-a-lm-k` (1905), B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv.(1925) F∂o kwL-S-\Iƒ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-apºpw P\-kw-Lw, _n.-sP.-]n.-Xp-S-ßnb Ht´sd kwL-S-\-Iƒ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v tijhpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]›mØew CXm-Wv. Ch-sbms° XΩn¬ ImWp∂ sNdnb sNdnb A¥c-߃ sX‰n-≤m-cW D≠m-t°-≠-Xn-√. C¥y lnμp-cm-{„-am-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øn-emWv Cu A¥-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. C¥y≥ ^mkn-k-Øn\v temI-Øp-≠mb a‰p ^mkn-k-ßsf At]-£n®v e`n® B\p-Iqeyw C¥y-bn¬ h¿§-ta-∑m-kn-≤m¥sØ Ch-nSpsØ `qcn-]£w Bfp-Ifpw hniz-kn-°p∂ lnμp-a-X-hp-ambn tN¿Øp-sh-°m≥ Ah¿°v km[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂XmWv. AXp-sIm-≠h¿°v Bcy≥ F∂ PmXn-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√. ]Icw lnμpXzx F∂p ]d-™m¬ aXn. CXp-hgn cm{„o-b-Øn¬ henb ta¬hn-emkw D≠m-°m≥ C∂p-hsc km[n-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØv Ccn31

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

∏p-d-∏n-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p-≠v. as‰m∂v P¿Ω-\n-bn-sebpw C‰-en-bnsebpw cm{„o-b-Im-em-hÿ C¥y-bn-en-s√-¶nepw C¥y≥ P\-Xbv°v sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ Gsd cm{„ob I£n-I-fn-s√∂ Zcn-{Zm-h-ÿ-bp-ap≠v. ^mkn-ksØ bmsXmcp kml-N-cy-Ønepw AwKo-I-cn-°pIbns√∂p hmin-bp≈ Hcp P\-X-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√ C¥y-°m¿ F¶n¬ ^mknÃp-Iƒ cm{„o-b-cwKw CXn-\Iw Iø-S-°n-°-gn-™n-´p-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p. ]s£ CsX-°m-ehpw Aß-s\-Øs∂ BI-W-sa-∂n√ F∂ ip`-{]-Xo-£-bn-emWv ^mkn-kw.

C¥y≥ ^mkn-k-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb Zu¿_eyw Bcy-∑m¿ hntZ-in-I-fm-sW∂ Ncn-{X-kXyw P\-߃°-dn-bm-sa-∂-Xm-Wv. kn‘p\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v Adnhv In´p-∂-Xn\v apºv Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ BZn-a-Imew apXte D≠m-bn-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-amsW∂mWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS Ncn-{X-ho-£-WsØ t\cn-Sm\pw Bcy-∑m-cpsS C¥y≥ Hdn-Pn≥ F∂ anYy {]N-cn-°-s∏-´ncp-∂p. CsX√mw XI¿ØXv kn‘p-\Z- o-XS- k - w-kvIm-cs - Ø-°p-dn® Adnhp-I-fm-Wv. C¥ym Ncn-{X-Ønse Iptd-b-[nIw ImWm-°-Æn-Isf Cu I≠p-]n-SnØw temI-Øn\v ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-°mcs√∂v am{X-a√ A]-cn-jvIr-X-cmb Ch-cmWv kn‘p-\-Zo-X-X-S-kwkvIm-chpw B P\-X-sbbpw \in-∏n-®-Xv F∂p-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p Is≠Øn-b-Xv. thZw Cu P\-X-bpsS ta∑ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. ""Zkyp-°-fpsS kwkvImcw Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v EtKz-Z-Ønse ]cm-a¿i-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.''13 Ign™ Iptd h¿j-ß-fmbn kwLv ]cn-hm¿ A[zm-\n-°p-∂Xv kn‘p-\-Zo-XS \mK-cn-IX Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp∂psh∂v ÿm]n-°m\m-Wv. "HmIv' sXm´v Ctßm´v \nc-h[n Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ "Kth-j-W'ß-sf{X \S-Øn-bn-´pw C∂p-hsc Hcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-ap-≠m-bn-´n-√. Bcykm-∂n[yw F∂ sI´p-I-Y-bvs°-Xn-cmb H´-t\Iw sXfn-hp-Iƒ AhnsS-\n∂p e`n® ]pcm-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ D≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v IpXn-c-bpsS Imcyw. Bcy-∑m-cpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p IpXn-c. Bcy∑m-cpsS {][m\ kº-Øp-°-fn-sem-∂v. F∂m¬ Cu arKw kn‘p-\Zo-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ°v A⁄m-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Ipgn-s®-Sp-°s∏´ sSdm-tIm´ inev]-ß-fntem Nph¿Nn-{X-ß-fntem ]m{X-ß-fnepw a‰pw Bte-J\w sNbvX Nn{X-ß-fntem IpXnc C√. a‰p-ar-K-߃ [mcm-f-ap≠v Xm\pw.

CXv A\n-tj-[y-amb Hcp sXfn-hm-sW-∂-dn-bm-hp-∂XpsIm≠v Cu Nn{X- ß fn¬ IpXn- c - b p≠v F∂v sXfn- b n- ° m≥ IW- ° n- √ mØ 32

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]Whpw A[zm-\hpw sNe-h-gn® kwL-]-cn-hm¿ "Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I¿' Ipd-®p-apºv Hcp Nn{Xw ]pd-Øp-hn-´p. IpXn-c-bpsS Nn{Xw. CXv X¬°metØ°v sk≥tk-j-\p-≠m-°n. XpS¿∂v \S∂ At\z-j-W߃s°mSp-hn¬ I≈n s]mfn™p. H‰-s°m-ºp≈ Hcp k¶-ev]-ar-Kap-≠v, bqWn-tIm¨. CXv ]t≠°v ]t≠ Nne \mK-cnI-X-I-fn-sems° hnizm-k-Øns‚ Xe-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. CXns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-hpw Nn{X-ßfpw a‰p \mSp-I-fn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. CØ-c-samcp Nn{X-sa-Sp-Øp-sh®v Iw]yq-´¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ir{Xn-aa - mbn krjvSn-®X - mWv kwL-]-cn-hm-c-Øns‚ IpXnc F∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´p.

C¥y-bnse Bcy-∑m¿°v ^mkn-k-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb B[mc-amb Xo{h-tZ-io-b-hmZw \jvS-s∏´ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. AXp-sIm-≠mW-h¿ h¿§-ta-∑m-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\v ]Icw lnμpXzx F∂ ]pI-ad kzoIcn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xv. h¿§sØ aX-am°n ˛ [¿Ωw F∂v B¿.-F-kv.F-kv. `mjyw ˛ am‰n-b-Xn\v ]n∂n¬ A]-I¿j-I-Xm-t_m-[amWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv; hntZ-in-I-fm-sW∂ A]-I¿j-Xm-t_m-[w. CXv t]mcm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww C¥ym-N-cn-{XsØ hnI-e-am-°m\pw Xß-fpsS CwKn-X-Øn-\-\p-krXw Ncn-{X-ap-≠m-°m\pw B¿.-F-kv.Fkv Gsd-°mew {ian-®-Xv. CXn-\p-th≠n 1977 ¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂t∏mgpw ]Øp-h¿jw apºv F≥.-Un.-F.bpsS t]cn¬ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬h∂-t∏mgpw Ncn{X tIm¨{K- n¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Sm≥ sXm´v, Ncn-{XK-th-j-Ww, ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-jWw F∂n-h-bv°p≈ HutZym-Kn-I-kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-k-an-Xn-Ifpw hsc Itødn Imhn h¬°cn-°m≥ {iaw \SØnbXv. ^mknkw C¥y-bn¬ C∂p-hsc ]cm-P-b-s∏´p t]m∂-Xns‚ as‰mcp ImcWw i‡-\mb Hcp t\Xmhv C∂p-hsc Ah¿°p-≠m-bn´n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. ]e _eq-Wp-Ifpw Ah¿ DuXn-ho¿∏n®v hSn-bnsI´n sIm≠p \S-∂p-sh-¶nepw AsXms° s]m´n-t∏m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. A{]-am-Z-\mb t\Xm-hn-√msX ^mknkw thcv ]nSn-°p-I-bn-√.

CXn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ITn-\-{iaw Ah-cpsS ]Wn-im-e-I-fn¬ \S-∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. William Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, Plato to the present p.595 2. George S. Sabine, Revised by Thomas Landon Thorson; A History of Political Theory p. 827 33

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

3. Ibid P.828 4. Hitler Adolf; Mein Kampf; P.238 5. Ibid PP. 243-244 6. \mj-W¬ tkmjy-en-Ãv, A¬am-\n° 1932. hneyw dolv D≤-cn-®Xv ^mknk-Øns‚ Bƒ°q´ a\x-imkv{Xw ]p. 44 7. Fw.-sI.-ap-\o¿; ^mjn-khpw kwL-]-cn-hm-dpw.

8. F.E. Zeuner: Pre History in India P.3. sI.-Zm-tam-Zc - ≥ D≤-cn-®X - v. `mc-Xob Nn¥ ]p. 2 9. Syed Amir Ali, Spirit of Islam, intro p 20 10. Ibid P. 22 11. Ibid P.22 12. `K-hXvKoX ii 31 13. sI.-Zm-tam-Z-c≥; `mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ ]p.21.

34

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

3 C¥y-bn¬ Ckvemw apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A¥- m¿∂ \ne-\nev]v F∂v JmCsZ-an-√Øv apl-ΩZv Ckvam-bn¬ kmln_v hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv apkvenw-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-ß-fpsS a¿Ωadn™p Xs∂-bm-Wv. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ A¥-t m-sS-bp≈ \ne-\nev]v Dd∏v hcp-∂-tXmsS ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\ß-sfms° ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Spw. AXp-sIm≠v C¥y-bn¬ Ckvemapw apkvenw-Ifpw \ne-\n-ev°-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h-scms° kap-Zm-bØns‚ kpc- £ n- X - X z- Ø n\pw t{ib- n\pw B{K- l n- ° p- I bpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Ckvem-ans\ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v \in-∏n-°W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ {][m-\-ambpw A[zm-\n-°pI apkvenw kapZm-bsØ \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv. CXv C¥y-bn¬ am{X-a√ temIØns‚ ]e `mKØpw apºpw ]co-£n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. kvs]bn≥ DZml-c-Ww. apkvenw hy‡n-I-fp-sS-b-√, kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Xntcm[m\ØnemWv kv]m\njv Zpc¥w Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\-S°-ap≈ ]gb IΩyq-WnÃp \mSp-I-fnepw Ah¿ \nb-a-߃, a¿±-\-apd-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bn-eqsS {ian-®Xv kap-Zmbw F∂ LS-\sb C√mXm-°m-\m-Wv. ]uc-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-kzm-X-{¥yw, A\p-jvTm\ kzmX{¥yw, {]NmcW kzmX-{¥yw, kwL-Sn-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw apX-em-bh hnhn[ hIp-∏p-I-fn-eqsS \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ Dd∏v hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. \yq\-]£-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpw kwc-£n-°m\pw hf¿Øm-\p-ap≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw Ah-Im-ihpw 29, 30 hIp-∏p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw AXv Dd∏v hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]v Ch-sbm∂pw \nc-¶p-i-ambn Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√ am¿§-\n¿t±-iI XXz߃, auen-I-_m-[y-X-Iƒ F∂nh hgn kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]ns‚ BWn-°-√n-f-°p∂ Xcw \n¿t±-i-߃ `c-W-L-S\ Dƒs°m≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v bqWnt^mw knhn¬ tImUns\-°p-dn-®p≈ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-I- XXzØnse 44-˛mw A\p-t—Zw. km[mc-W-K-Xn-bn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-i-‡n-I-fpsS Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v Ch ASn35

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

t®-ev]n°n-s√∂v hniz-kn-°mw. F∂m¬ Ft∏mgpw ÿnXn CXm-bns°m-≈-Wsa-∂n-√. Npcp-°-Øn¬ `c-W-L-S-\m-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS `mKØv \n∂p t]mepw apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `{Z-amb \ne-\n-ev]n\v `oj-Wn-bp-s≠∂p kmcw. a‰p kaq-l-߃°n-√mØ F¥v {]tXy-I-X-bmWv apkvenwIƒ°v Ah-Im-i-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-≈Xv F∂v Nne¿ tNmZn-°m-dp-≠v. Ht´sd {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-≠v. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\m-in-ev]n-Iƒ Xs∂ CXv AwKoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\-bnse auen-Im-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\Ønse 25-˛mw hIp-∏n¬ CjvS-ap-≈Xv hniz-kn-°m\pw AX-\p-jvTn°m\pw {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw kzmX-{¥y-ap≠v F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n´p-≠v. CXv kw_-‘n® N¿®mthf-bn¬ hnizmkw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xns\ IΩyq-Wn-ÃwK-ßfpw Nne Aƒ{Sm-sk-Iyq-e-dn-Ãp-Ifpw tNmZyw sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. temI-sØmcp `c-W-L-S-\bpw aXw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-s√-∂-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p.

A∂-Xn\v adp-]Sn ]d™ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿amW kanXn AwK-ßsfm-s°bpw aX-{]-Nm-cWw hnizm-k-Øns‚ `mK-ambn kzoI-cn® \yq\]-£-߃°v th≠nbmWv Cu hm°p Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-sX∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.2 kzX{¥ C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂Xpw \nb-a-]-c-amb kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xp-amb hIp-∏pIƒ Gsd-°psd \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn-ep-s≠-∂Xv A\p-{K-l-amsW∂v ]d-b-Ww. Cu hIp-∏p-Iƒ G´n¬ \n∂v \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-ßfn-eqsS P\-ß-fn-te-s°-Ø-Ww. CXn-\p≈ XS- -߃ \o°p-I-sb∂-XmWv kap-Zmbw Gs‰-Sp-t°≠ H∂m-asØ _m[y-X. CXv ]dbp∂ A{X Ffp-∏-a-s√∂v Ign™ Adp-]-Xn¬ ]cw h¿j-߃°Iw t_m[y-s∏-´n-´p≈ Imcy-am-Wv. am{X-a√ ]e \ne-bv°p-ambn Cu hIp∏p-I-fn-eqsS e`n-t°≠ B\p-Iq-ey-߃ C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu hIp∏pIsf t\m°pIpØn-I-fm°n \n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ {ia-߃ \S-∂n-´p≠v F∂pw \ap-°-dn-bmw. Hcp `mKØv Xo{h-a-tX-X-c˛IΩyqWnÃp tem_n-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv Cu B\p-Iq-ey-߃s°-Xnsc `ojWn-sb-¶n¬ adp-`m-KØv h¿§o-b-˛-^m-knÃp kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tZio-b-a-tX-Xc I£n-I-fnse Nne hy‡n-I-fn¬ \n∂p-amWv `ojWn. a‰p≈ kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn apkvenwIƒ°p≈ {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv˛ Hcp aX-sa∂ \nebv°pw aX-k-aq-l-sa∂ \nebv°p-ap≈ {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv Cu `ojWn D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Ckvemw 36

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

a‰p aX-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXy-kvX-I-fp≈ aX-am-Wv. AXv tIhew hnizm-k-ß-fpsS Hcp hyql-a-√. Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hmtcm Xe-sØbpw AXv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. PohnX hyh-ÿnXn F∂v km[m-cW Ckvemans\°pdn®v ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ßsfbpw ssZh-hp-ambpw ]c-tem-I-hp-ambpw _‘n-∏n®p \n¿Øp-∂Xpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-sfbpw hnizm-k-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-am°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb am¿§ \n¿t±i߃ \evIp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp aX-am-Wnkvemw F∂mWv. Pohn-X-Ønse ]cn-Wm-an-b-√mØ taJ-eIƒ°v IrXyhpw hni-Z-hp-amb \nb-a-ßfpw ]cn-W-an-°p∂ taJ-eIsf AXXv Ime-L-´-Øn-∂-\p-krXw Ckvem-anIhevI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw XXz-ßfpw AXv a\p-jy\v \evIp-∂p. GXv kml-N-cy-Ønepw Cu ]cn-[n-Iƒ°p ]pdØv IS°m≥ Hcp apkvenan\pw Ah-Im-i-an-√.

C¥y-bpsS kwkvImcw hyXykvX kmwkvIm-cnI [mc-I-fpsS ka\znX cq]-am-sW∂ A`n-{]m-bsØ kwL-v]cnhm¿ ]√pw \Jhpw D]tbm-Kn®v FXn¿°p-∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an-√. "`mc-Xob kwkvImcw' F∂v Ah¿ hnfn-°p∂ Bcy kwkvImcw C¥y-\m-sW∂v hcp-Øm≥ Ah¿ C¥y-bn¬ F∂pw {ian-®n-´p-≠v. ]≠v AXn-\p≈ {iaw A{Ia-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \S-∂-sX∂v Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®m-e-dn-bmw. BZyL-´Ø - n¬ Cu {iaw kn‘p-\Z- o-XS- h - m-kn-If - psS D∑q-e\ - Ø - n\p th≠nbm-bn-cp-∂p. EtKz-Z-Ønse Hcp {]m¿∞-\: _p≤n-bn-√mØ ZpjvS-cmb Zkyp-°ƒ Np‰p-]m-Sp-\n∂pw Rßsf hf-™n-cn-°p∂p; Ah¿ a\p-jy-Xz-an-√m-Ø-h-cmWv; sX‰mb \nb-a-߃ sh®v ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cmWv; A√tbm i{Xp-kw-lm-cI! Zmks‚ Bbp-[-߃ CSn®p XI¿°p-I.3 CXv t]mep≈ [mcmfw {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ EtKz-Z-Øn¬ thsd-bp-ap≠v. CXv Ncn-{X-a-dn-bmØ Hcmƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ tXm∂pI Zkyp°ƒ ImS- ∑ mcpw kwkv I mc iq\y- c p- a mbncp∂psh∂m- b n- c n- ° pw.

F∂m¬ kXytam? ImS-∑m¿ Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Bcy kwkvImcw Bbp-[-ß-fn-eqsS ASn-t®-ev]n-®mWv C-¥y-bn¬ ta¬hn-em-k-ap-≠m°n-bXv F∂p Cu {]m¿∞-\bpw CXv t]mep≈ [mcmfw ]cm-a¿ißfpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. F{X-am{Xw ]p—-amWv Cu {]m¿∞-\-bni{Xp-°-tfmSv Cu P\X ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv? C∂v apkvenwIsf-°p-dn®v kwL-]-cn-hmcw ]d-bp∂ Btcm-]-W-߃ A∂v Zkyp-°-sf-°p-dn®v 37

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]d-™h Xs∂-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn-te°v IS∂p h∂-h-sc-sbms° kn‘p-\-Zo-XS hmkn-Isf _em¬ BKn-cWw sNbvX-t]mse Bcy-aXw BKn-cWw sNbvX-Xns\-°p-dn®v t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p. C¥y-bn-ep-≠mb aX-ß-tfmSv BcyaXw kzoI-cn® \ne-]mSv CXv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. _p≤-aXw AXmhn¿`-hn®v hfsc Ign-bp-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb aX-ambn Db¿∂p. aucy km{am-Py-Øns‚ {]tXy-In®v AtimIs‚ Ime- a m- b - t ∏m- t g°v AXn\v A∂v AP- ø - a mbn \n∂ Hcp cmjv{Sob i‡n-bpsS ]n≥_-ehpw In´n. cmPy-amsI _p≤-hn-lm-c߃ s]mßn. C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]e {]kn≤ sslμ-h-t£-{X-ßfpw ]gb _p≤-hn-lm-c-ß-fm-Wv, \ΩpsS i_-cn-ae AS-°w. aucykm{amPy-Øns‚ i‡n-£-bn-°p-Ibpw cmjv{Sob ]n≥_ew _p≤-a-X-Øn\v Hcn-S-thfbnsem-gn-®m¬ (I-\n-jvIs‚ Imew) \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw cmjv{Sob-ambn _p≤-∑m¿ A\mYcmhp-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv _p≤-aXw Zb\o-b-ambn \in-°m-\p≈ Hcp Imc-Ww. cmjv{Sob i‡n \in® CXns\ `n∂n-∏n®v XΩn-e-Sn-∏n®pw arKo-b-ambn B{I-an®pw \in-∏n°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Bcy-a-Xw. ""Atim-I≥ acn-®-tXmSp IqSn {_m“-W-a-X-Øn\v ho≠pw Xes]m-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n-®p. ]pcp-j-an-{Xs‚ `c-W-Im-eØv _p≤-aX-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmbn ]e B{I-a-W-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn.''4 thsdmcp aX-am-bn-cp∂ ssP\-a-X-sØbpw hfsc Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ Bcy-aXw \in-∏n-®p. C∂v _p≤-aXw C¥y-bn¬ hnc-fambn ImW- s ∏- S p∂ Hc- ] q¿h hkv X p- h m- W v , Hcp Zpc- ¥ - Ø ns‚ kvamcIw. F∂m¬ Ckvemw ]pdØv \n∂v IS∂p h∂ aX-am-sW-¶nepw AXv C∂pw Gsd-°psd IS∂ph∂- Im-esØ ]cn-ip-≤n-tbmsS \ne\n-ev°p-∂p. Bcy-aXw F¥n-s\-sbms° {]m[m-\y-tØmsS ImWp∂pthm AXns‚sbms° FXn¿h-i-ØmWv Ckvem-ans‚ \nev]v.

AXv h¿§ta∑-bm-bmepw h¿Æ-ta-∑-bm-bmepw PmXob D®-\o-N-Øam-bm-epw. Ckvem-ans\ "`mc-Xh - e - vIc - n-°m≥' {ia-߃ \S-∂n-´n√ F∂√, ITn-\-amb {ia-߃ Xs∂ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. Bcy aX-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb Xn∑-bmb PmXn D®-\o-N-Ø-߃ DØ-tc-¥y≥ apkvenw-Isf kzm[o-\n-®-Xmbn ImWmw. Ah-cn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw C∂pw Iptd-sbms° \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xp-amb Aivd^v' "APve^v' Xcw Xncnhv Bcy- P m- X n- h y- h - ÿ - b psS t\¿ ]Xn- ∏ mWv . "Aiv d ^v ' F∂mD∂XIpe PmX-cm-Wv. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂hcmbn FÆ-s∏-Sp38

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

∂-h¿ an°-hcpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ Xp¿°n-I-fp-sS, A^vKm\n-I-fp-sS, Cdm-\n-I-fpsS, Ad-_n-I-fpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fm-sW-∂m-Wv. C°q-´-Øn-emWv kh¿Æ-ln-μp-°-fn¬ \n∂v aXw amdnbh-scbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ]s£ Cdm-\n-Iƒ°pw Xpdm-\n-Iƒ°pw Ad-_nIƒ°p-sam∂pw Ah-cpsS \mSp-I-fn¬ Cu Aivd^v X´n∏v Adn-bn√ F∂-Xm-Wn-Xnse Xam-i.

Ckvem-ans\ hnI-e-am-°m≥ \S-Ønb {ia-߃ Gsd-bp-≠v. Chbn¬ Ckvem-an\v Gsd {]bm-k-߃ krjvSn-®Xv AIv_¿ N{Ih¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv \S∂ {ia-am-bn-cp-∂p. ImSp-I-b-dnb ap√m-_mjm-\n-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Nne kq^n-I-fpsS {ia-^-e-ambn D≠mb hnj-a߃ thsd-bp-ap≠v FSpØv ]d-tb-≠-h. Zmdm-jn-t°m-hns‚ Kpcp-\mY-\m-bn-cp∂p ap√m-_m-jm\n. Cu hn`mKw ImSp Ib-dn-°-bdn Jp¿B≥ thZ-Øn¬ \n∂v ]I¿ØnbXmsW∂v hsc ]d™ kμ¿`ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. HudwK-ko_v Bew-Ko¿ N{I-h¿Øn tPyjvT\mbncp∂ Zmdsb ico-AØv hn[n-{]-Imcw h[-in-£bv°v hnt[-b-\m-°p∂Xv hsc Zmd-bpsS D]-{Zhw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

Ckvemw C¥y-bnemZyw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv Atd-_y-bn¬ Ckvemw {]Ncn® BZy-Im-eØv Xs∂-bm-Wv. C¥y-bpambn hmWn-Py-_-‘ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ad-_n-I-fn-eq-sS. Ad-_n-°-S-ens‚ Xoc-ß-fn¬ ChcpsS tImf-Wn-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v B¿.-Fw.-Cu-‰¨ Ncn{X-tcJIƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p.5 Cu Ad-_n-Iƒ CkvemwaXw hnizmkn®p apkvenw-I-fm-b-t∏mƒ Ch¿ \S-Ønb anj\dn {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu IS¬Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Ckvemw {]Ncn-®-Xv. C{]-Imcw Ckvemw kntem-Wnepw (C-∂sØ {ioe-¶) FØnbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ DØ-tc-¥ybpw C¥y-bpsS a‰p-`m-K-ßfpw Cu aXsØ-°p-dn®p ]q¿Æ-ambpw A⁄-cm-bn-cp∂p apl-ΩZv C_v\p-Jm-knans‚ kn‘m{IaWw hsc.

Jmknw- kn-‘m-{I-an-®Xv kn‘nse A∂sØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS A{I-a-Øn\pw [n°m-c-Øn\pw Abmsf in£n-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ad_n-°-®-h-S-°m-cpsS hgn-a-t≤y-bp≈ Hcp {]tZiw F∂-Xn-e-∏pdw kn‘p-ambn Ad-_n-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘w Ah-cpsS I∏-ep-Iƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p∂ sIm≈-°m-cpsS tZiw F∂Xv am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]Xnhv Ckvem-an\v aptº-bp≈XmWv. Cu ]Xnhv {]Imcw l÷mPv CdmJv Kh¿Æ-dm-bn-cn-°p∂ ka-bØv Hc-d-_n-°-∏¬ kn‘n-Iƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-®p. l÷mPv A{I-an-I-tfmSv Hcp Zbbpw ImWn® Ncn-{Xan-√mØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kntem-Wn¬ \n∂v Xncn®p t]mIp39

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

I-bm-bn-cp∂p I∏¬. l÷m-Pns\ £p`n-X-\m-°n-bXv Cu I∏-enD≠m-bn-cp∂ kntem-Wn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp kwLw l÷v bm{Xn-Isc Ch¿ kn‘n¬ XS-™p-sh-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ IqSp-Xepw kv{XoIfm-bn-cp-∂p. l÷mPv A¥m-cmjv{S acymZ {]Im-c-ap≈ {]Xn-tj-[-adn-bn-°epw bm{X-nIsc hnSm-\m-h-iy-s∏-S-ep-sams° \SØn t\m°n. ^e-ap-≠m-bn-√. [n°m-cn-bmb `c-Wm-[n-Imcn CXn-s\-sbms° AhK-Wn-°p-Ibpw Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-SsØ A]-am-\n-°p∂ hn[w s]cpam-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. l÷mPv Xs‚ acp-a-I≥ apl-ΩZv _n≥ Jmkn-ans‚ t\Xr-XzØn¬ Hcp tk\sb {In:712-˛¬ kn‘n-te°v \ntbm-Kn-®p. Jmkn-an\v A∂v 18 hb mbncp∂p {]mbw. kn‘n¬ h∂v Hcp h¿j-tØmfw \o≠ D]-tcm-[-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ Jmknw kn‘v Iog-S-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp. kn‘nse _p≤-a-X-°mcpw lnμp-°fpw A{I-an-bmb cmPmhn-s\-Xnsc Jmkn-an-s\bpw apkvenw tk\-sbbpw klm-bn-®p-sh∂v Ncn{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. kn‘m-{I-a-W-tijw C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-hm-Xn-epƒs∏Sp∂ {]tZiw Ckvem-anI km{am-Py-Øns‚ `mK-am-°-s∏-´p. P\-ßfpsS ]q¿Æ kl-I-cWw {]mtZ-in-I-`-c-W-IqSw ÿm]n-°m\pw Jmknan\pw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kn‘v B{I-an-°m-\p-≠mb ImcWw t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p. kXyØn¬ AXn-\p-apºv Ckvem-anI km{amPyw \S-Ønb bp≤-ß-fn\n∂v auen-I-am-bn-Øs∂ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p kn‘m-{I-a-Ww. A∂sØ c≠v al-—-‡n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ t]¿jybv°pw Ing-°≥ tdmamkm-{am-Py-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn Ckvemw \o≠ B{I-aW ]c-ºc kwLSn- ∏ n- ® Xv Cu c≠p i‡n- I sf XI¿Øn- s √- ¶ n¬ Ckv e m- a n\pw apkvenw-Iƒ°pw kpc-£n-XXzw D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√-∂-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂Xv sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t]¿jy-bpsS ]cm-P-b-amWv Ah-km\w D≠m-b-Xv. AtXmsS Ckvemw AXns‚ cmjv{Sob apt∂-‰-߃ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®ncp-∂p. Atd-_y≥ aÆn¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw tdmw Xpc-Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. kS sImgn™ knwl-ambn Ign-™n-cp∂p _nkss‚≥ km{am-Pyw. Cdm\m-sW-¶n¬ Ckvem-anI km{am-Py-Øns‚ `mK-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXncp-∂p.

Cu apt∂-‰-ß-sfms° \S-ØnbXv Ckvemw AXns‚ cmjv{Sob {]Xm]w ip≤-ambpw IrXy-ambpw Ckvem-an-Im-Z¿i-Øns‚ N´-°qSn¬ \ne-\n¿Ønb Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. B`y-¥-c-amb ]nW-°-߃ t]mepw D≠m-Im-Xn-cp∂ Ime-Øv, `c-W-Iq-Shpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw BZ¿i Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]Xn-cq-]-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv \S∂ Cu 40

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

B{I-a-W-ß-fpsS ^ew Ckvemw Hcm-Z¿i kwln-X-sb∂ \nebv°pw PohnX hyh-ÿn-Xn-sb∂ \nebv°pw Cu \mSp-I-fnse P\-ß-fpsS izmtkm-—zm-k-ambn amdn-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ckvem-an\v apºn¬ B P\-X-bpsS ssIhiap≠m-bn-cp-∂-sXms° hnkvar-X-am-bn, \mK-cn-IXbpw kwkvIm-c-hp-a-S°w. F∂m¬ sIm≈m-hp∂ Awi-߃ Chbn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ckvem-anI aqi-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥y-bn¬ kn‘m-{I-a-W-tØmsS FØn-bXv Cu Ckvemtam CXns‚ e£y-ßtfm Bbn-cp-∂n-√. B{I-aWw XmevIm-enI {]iv\Øns‚ k¥-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ckvem-anI Jnem-^-Øns‚ B¥-cnI i‡nbpw AXns‚ kØ- b mb Bi- b - ß fpw tNm¿∂p- t ]mb H∂mbncp∂p A∂sØ Uam-kvI- nse `c-W-Iq-Sw. Jnem-^-Øns‚ ]pdwtXmSv am{X-amWv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Ckvemw A\-¥-cm-h-Im-iambn A[n-Imcw ssIam-dp-∂Xpw cmPm-[n-]Xyw cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿnXn-bmbn kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw hne-°n-bn-´n-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv kmt¶-XnIw am{X-am-Wv. Jnem-^Øv F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ A¥- -Øbv°v ISIhncp-≤-amWv kXy-Øn¬ cmPm-[n-]-Xyw. Jnem-^-Øns‚ Nne kmt¶XnI NS-ßp-Iƒ˛ ss_AØv (A-\p-k-cW {]Xn-⁄) apX-em-bh \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw a‰p-≈-sXms° IpSpw-_-hm-gvN-bm°n am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p Da-ho-`-c-W-Iq-Sw. Cu auenI am‰-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p l÷m-Pp-_p\p bqkp^v-˛-Jm-kn-ans\ \ntbm-Kn® CdmJv Kh¿Æ¿. kn‘nse `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Ad-_n-°∏ - ¬ sIm≈-bS- n®v l÷v bm{XnIsc XS-hp-Im-cm°n sh®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Jmkn-ans‚ kn‘m{I-aWw D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ckvem-ans‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ AXns‚ hym]-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´, ]pXn-bXv F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-h-X-s√¶nepw hfsc DZm-l-cWßsfm∂pw apºn-√mØ Hcp L´w CtXmsS Bcw-`n-®p-sh∂v ]d-bmw. cmjv{So-b-i-‡nbpw aX-{]-t_m-[-\hpw XΩnse _‘-Øns‚ th¿]n-cn-b-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. Jmkn-an\v tijw GI-tZiw aq∂p \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v tij-amWv CtX-t]m-ep≈ Hcp ImcW-Øns‚ t]cn¬ alvapZv Kkv\ho 1008-˛¬ C¥ysb B{I-an-°p-∂Xv. Kkv\n F∂ cmPy-Øns‚ kp¬Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂p alvaqZv. Cu cmPyw Jnem-^-Øns‚ ta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp∂psh∂v kmt¶Xn-I-ambn ]d-bm-sa-¶nepw ^e-Øn¬ kzX-{¥-am-bn-cp∂p. Kkv\-hnsb ØpS¿∂v. tKm¿ (Kq¿) hwi-P-\mb alvaqZv 1192¬ C¥y B{I-an®p Iog- S - ° n. ]nt‰ h¿jw Ah- c psS Xe- ÿ m\w Z¬ln Bbn. 41

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Ct±lhpw kzX{¥\mb kp¬Øm- \ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Npcp- ° - Ø nC¥ybnte°v t]¿jy-bn-te-s°∂ t]mse bqtdm-∏n-te°pw B{^n°-bn-te-°p-sa-∂-t]mse Ckvem-ans‚ bYm¿∞ cmjv{Sob cq]tam cmjv{So-b-i-‡n-tbm IS-∂p-h-∂n-´n-√. Ckvemw B{I-an® cmPy-ßsfms° t\csØ kqNn-∏n® t]mse Ckvem-ans‚ \ne-\n-ev]n\v t\sc `ojWn Db¿Ønb i‡nItfm Ah-cpsS `mKtam Bbn-cp∂p. C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v AØcw `oj-Wn-Isfs¥¶nepw Ckvem-an\v t\sc D≠m-hp-Itbm C¥y-bn¬ AØcw i‡n-I-fpsS km∂n-[y-ap≠m-hp-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. temIw Pbn-®-S-°m-\p≈ hy{K-X-tbmsS Ckvemw cmjv{Sob apt∂-‰-߃ \S-Øn-bn-´n-s√-∂-Xn\v Ckvem-ans‚ ssk\nI apt∂-‰-߃°v C¥y hnt[-b-am-bn-´n√ F∂Xv Xs∂ sXfnhm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ Ckvemw {]N-cn-®-Xn\v Hcp ImcWw t\csØ kqNn∏n-®p. Ad_n hWn-°p-I-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w. DØ-tc-¥y-bnepw _wKm-fnepw Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw Ckvemw {]N-cn-®Xv t\¿°p t\sc cmjv{So-b-hp-ambn Hcp _‘-hp-an-√mØ ip≤ -aX {]t_m-[I¿ hgn-bm-Wv. Ch-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw kq^n-I-fp-ambn-cp-∂p. amXr-Im-]-c-amb PohnXw hgn P\-ßsf BI¿jn®pw tcmK߃ NnIn-’n®v t`Z-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw A¤p-X-Ir-Xy-߃ ImWn®pw P\ß-fpsS hnizmkw B¿÷n® Ch-cpsS ssII-fm-emWv km[m-c-W°m-cmb P\-߃ Ckvem-an-te-s°-Øn-b-Xv. Ch-cn¬ Xs∂ "KmknIƒ' F∂p hnfn-°p∂ ]S-bm-fn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ A{Ian-Ifmb \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒs°Xnsc P\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n®v kacw \S-ØnbmWv P\-ß-fpsS lrZbw Ih¿∂-Xv, Xan-gv\m-´nse G¿hm-Sn-bnse ssiJv C{_mlnans\t∏mse.6 Ckvem-ans‚ {]Xm]w GXm-≠-kvX-an® Ime-ØmWv C¥y-bnte°v apkvenw ]S-tbm-´-ß-fp-≠m-hp-∂-Xv. Ch-b-{Xbpw kz¥w A[nIm-c-Øns‚ hym]-\-Øn\pw ]pXn-b-Xmbn A[n-Imcw t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw hy‡n-Iƒ \S-Ønb ]S-tbm-´-ß-fm-Wv. Ch¿°v Ckvem-an-I-amb e£y-ß-tf-Xp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. am{X-a√ alvaqZv Kkv\-hn°v tijw C¥y-bn¬ A[n-Imcw ÿm]n®v C¥y kz¥w cmPy-ambn kzoI-cn®v `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ apkvenw kp¬Øm-∑msc tXmev]n-®mWv ]pXnb kp¬Øm-∑m¿ A[n-Imcw ssI°-em-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kz¥w Bfp-IfpsS ssII-fm¬ A[n-ImcØns‚ t]cn¬ h[n-°-s∏-´-hcpw C°q-´Øn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw `c-W-Iq-S߃°v XpS-°-an´ tKmdn. Ct±lw ]©m-_n¬ sh®v h[n-°-s∏-Sp-I42

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kp¬Øm-∑m¿ Xß-f-[n-Im-c-ta-ev°p∂ L´-Øn_KvZm-Znse Jeo-^-bpsS kΩX ]{Xw hmßp∂ Hcp ]Xn-hp-≠m-bncp∂p A∂v. F∂m¬ apKn-f-∑m¿ Cu ]Xnhpw Ah-km-\n-∏n®v kzbw N{I-h¿Øn-am-cmbn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. apKn-f¿°v apºp-≈h - sc kp¬Øm-∑m-sc∂pw apKn-fsc N{I-h¿Øn-am-sc∂pw (jm-ln≥jm) ]dbp-∂Xv CXv sIm≠m-Wv. Cu `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Ckvem-an-s∂-Xn-cm-sW-∂-√, Ch¿ Ckveman\v th≠n Ah-cpsS `c-W-Iq-S-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn®v, Fs∂m-gn®v Imcyamb Hcp tkh-\hpw sNbvXn-´n-√. apkvenwIƒ°pw Ckvem-an\pw cmjv{So-b-amb kwc-£Ww Ch-sc-s°m≠v e`n-®p-sh-∂-XmWv tkh\w. Hcp P\-k-aq-l-sa∂ \nebv°pw Hcp `c-W-h¿§-Øns‚ Ãm‰kv apkvenw-Iƒ°v A∂p ssIh-∂n-cp-∂p. AXv kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

CsXm-gn-®m¬ Cu kp¬Øm-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw \√ apkvenw-I-fm-bncp∂psh¶nepw Ah-cpsS `c-W-Iq-S-߃ Ckvem-an\p th≠n Imcyambn h√ tkh\hpw sNbvXn-´p-t≠m-sb∂ Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepw sNbvXn´ps≠-¶n¬ Xs∂ AXv cmjv{So-b-amb e£ytØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.7 Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Directive Principles (44): The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country 2. K.Santhanam, Constituent Assembly debates pp 835, 837 3. EtKzZw 22:8 4. sI.-Zm-tam-Z-c≥, `mc-Xo-b-Nn¥ ]p: 176 5. R.M.Eation, Sufis of Bijapur 6. Thomas Arnold- Preaching of Islam 7. Ibid- 315, 316

43

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

4 kzXz- {]Xn-k‘n ""\o shdpw Hcp a¨X-cn-bm-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂pthm? \ns‚ kzXz-Øns‚ sI´v apdp-°pI; sNdp-sX-¶nepw \ns‚ kz¥w D◊sb apdpsI ]nSn-°pI! kzXzsØ tX®p an\p-°p-I, F{X al-Ø-c-am-WXv; AXns‚ Xnf-°sØ kqcy-\p-am-sbm∂v HØp t\m°v! \ns‚ AXn-]p-cm-X\ N´-°qSv ho≠pw sNØn-an-\p-°pI; ]pXn-sbmcp D◊sb Aßs\ \o ]Wn-sX-Sp-°pI; AXm-Ip∂p bYm¿∞ D◊ C{X-sb-¶nepw sNøm-\m-Ip-∂n-s√-¶n\ns‚ kzXzw shdpw Hcp ]pI-h-ebw am{Xw''1 ˛C-Jv_msFU‚n‰n˛kz-Xzw˛ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-hpI kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ k¿§tijn ]co-£n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kμ¿`-am-Wv. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ B[mc {]amW-ß-fpsS IcpØpw At∏mƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Spw. B[m-c-{]-am-Wß-fmWv {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-ambn a√n-Sm≥ Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øn\v i‡n ]I-cp-∂-Xv. apkvenw kap-Zmbw AXns‚ ]Xn-\mep \q‰m≠p ImesØ Ncn{X-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ F{Xtbm XhW auen-I-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-Isf t\cn´n-´p-≠v. At∏m-sgms° apkvenw-Isf klm-bn®Xv Ckvemw \evIp∂ N´-°qSp Xs∂-bm-Wv. {Ko°v Z¿i\w Hcp sImSp-¶m‰v IWs° Ckvemans‚ B[m-cß - sf ]nSn-®p-e® L´-Ønepw Xm¿Øm-cn-If - p-sSbpw Ipcnip-tbm-≤m-°-fp-sSbpw B{I-aWw i‡-am-b-t∏m-gp-sa√mw kz¥w hn`h-ti-jn-sb-bmWv apkvenw-Iƒ B{i-bn-®-Xv. ]m›m-Xy-cpsS tImfWn-I-fm-Im≥ hn[n-°-s∏´ kμ¿`-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ CXv kw_-‘n®v A`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-ap-≠m-bn. NneXv CPvXn-lm-Zns‚ {]iv\am-bn-cp∂p; DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v k¿k-ønZpw Pam-ep-±o≥ A^vKm-\nbpw XΩnse X¿°w. Ckvem-ans‚ c≠p-h-i-ß-fmWv c≠mfpw {]Xn-\n[o-I-cn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ {]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sm≥ A^vKm\n I≠ am¿§w 44

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Ckvem-an-I-am-bn-cp∂psh¶nepw {]am-W-ßsf sX‰mbn hmbn-®-Xns‚ ^e-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXvsIm≠p Xs∂ A^vKm-\n-bpsS \ncym-W-tØmsS At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ßfpw A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. k¿k-øn-Zn-t‚Xv \ne\n-∂p. C∂pw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p. temd≥kns‚ (Laurence of Arabia) hmtNm-Sm-]-ß-fnepw kml-k-Ir-Xy-ß-fnepw AS-ßnb km{am-PyXz AP≠ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-ImsX h∂ Ad-_n-Iƒ C∂pw hgn-at≤y A¥n®p \nev°p-I-bm-Wv. Ad_v tZio-bX F∂ ap{Zm-hmIyw XßfpsS B[m- c - h p- a mbn Hcp _‘- h p- a n√ F∂v am{X- a √ B[m- c ߃s°Xn-cm-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m\pw Ad-_n-Iƒ°m-bn-√. AXns‚ hne-bmWv Ah-cn-t∏mgpw \¬In hcp-∂-Xv. apkvenw-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ k¶o¿Æ-amb AkvXn-Xz-{]-Xn-k-‘n-sb°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]T-\-߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ NneXv C¥y≥ apkvenw-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn \S-∂-h-bm-Wv. {]kn≤ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb hn¬{^Uv Im‚ v sh¬ kvanØv,2injy\pw {]kn-≤-N-cn-{XImc\p-amb Akokv AlvaZv3 F∂n-hcpw Ch-cpsS NphSp ]nSn®v d^o-D-±o≥ Alva-Zv, _¿_m-d-sa‰v Im^v, sKbn¬ ant\mƒ´v F∂n-hcpw \S-Ønb ]T-\-߃ ""cmjv{So-bhpw [m¿Ωn-I-hp-amb Hcp s]cp-am‰ kwln-Xsb∂ \nebv°v C¥y≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ apkvenw ]mc-º-cyØns‚ Xncn®p hc-hn\p \nan-Ø-amb \thm-∞m-\, ]p\-cp÷oh\ {]ÿm-\-ßsf'' ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. Cu {KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cpsS ho£m-KXn°v kw`-hn® auen-I-amb ]mfn® Ch-scm∂pw Ckvem-ans‚ auenI-amb Hcm-i-bsØ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-s√-∂-Xm-Wv. d^o-D-±o\pw ant\mƒ´pw sa‰v Im^pw akvl-dp-±o≥ kn±n-Jnbpw apkvenw ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ hos≠-Sp-∏n-\p≈ Ign-hp-Isf ]cn-jvI-c-W, ]p\-cp-∞m\ {]kvYm-\ßsf DZm-l-cn-®p-sIm≠v FSpØv ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. [m¿Ωn-Ihpw cmjv{Sob-hp-amb s]cp-am-‰-®-´-߃ \evIns°m≠v Cu {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS apkvenw ]mc-ºcyw {]h¿Øn-®-Xns\ Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√-∂h¿ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. F∂n-´p-t]mepw apkvenw sks∏-tc-‰nk-sØ-°p-dn®v Bh-iy-an-√msX kwkm-cn® Akokv Alva-Zn-s‚bpw kvanØn-s‚bpw am¿§w hn´v {]iv\w ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\-h¿°pw km[n®n-√. "\ho-I-cWw' F∂ Ckvem-anI Bi-b-am-W-Xv. Bi-b-ß-sf, {]am-W-ßsf \ho-I-cn-°pI F∂v am{X-a√ Cu hm°n-∂¿∞w; apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ Xs∂ ]pXnb {]iv\-ßsf t\cn-Sm≥ {]m]vXam-°p-amdv \ho-I-cn-s®-Sp-°pI F∂p IqSn-bmWo hm°v-˛-X-PvZo-Zv-˛A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. Ckvem-ans‚ B[mc {][m-\-amb Cu Bi-bsØ ]cn-K-Wn-®p45

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sIm≠v C¥y≥ Ckvem-an-s\-°p-dn®v \S∂ ]T-\-߃ D≠v. Chbn¬ {it≤- b - a mb c≠p kw`m- h - \ - I - f mWv {^m≥knkv tdm_n≥ks‚bpw hneyw tdm^n-s‚bpw ]T-\-߃. ]e-t∏mgpw apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-h¿°v ]‰p∂ Hcp {]amZw H∂p-In¬ Ah¿ {]am-Wm-[n-jvTnX Ckvem-ans\ (Textual Islam) ]cn- K - W n- ° p- I bpw P\- I ob Ckv e m- a ns\ (folk Islam)Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. As√-¶n¬ P\-Iob Ckvemans\ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw {]am-Wm-[n-jvTnX Ckvem-ans\ Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CXv c≠pw XΩn¬ Npcp°w kμ¿`-ß-fn-sem-gnsI hnShv \ne-\n-∂n-´p-≠v. AXv kzm`m-hn-I-amWp Xm\pw. F∂m¬ kap-Zm-b-hpambn _‘-s∏´v {]ÿm-\w, Nn¥ F∂nh cq]-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ {]am-Wß-fn¬ \n∂v P\-ß-fn-te°v F∂ coXn kzoI-cn-®ns√-¶n¬ AXv \njv^-e-am-Ip-sa∂v am{X-a√ AX-]-ISw hcp-Øn-sh-°pIbpw sNøpw.

P\-ß-fn¬\n∂v {]am-W-ß-fn-te°v F∂Xv k¶-ev]n-°m≥t]mepw km[n-°m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. C¥y≥ apkvenw-I-sf-°p-dn®v \S∂ ]T-\-ßfn¬ CwXn-bmkv AlvaZns‚ hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ Bfp-Iƒ \S-Ønb ]T-\-߃ hgn-sX-‰n-bXv Ah¿ {]am-W-C-…m-ans\ ]s‰ Ah-K-Wn®Xv Imc-W-am-Wv. C¥y≥ apkvenw-Isf C¥y≥ kwkvImcw BKncWw sNbvXv Ign-s™∂pw Ah-cn∂v apkvenw-Iƒ F∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ C¥y-°m-cm-sW∂pw BWv Npcp-°-Øn¬ Ch¿ hmZn-°p-∂-Xv. aplΩZv apPo_v BWv Ch-cn¬ {it≤-b-\mb as‰m-cmƒ. as‰mcp coXnbn¬ CtX sX‰v Bh¿Øn°pI-bmWv kvanØpw Akokv AlvaZpw a‰pw sNbvX-Xv. Chn-sS-bmWv tdm_n≥kWpw tdm^pw hyXy-kvX-cmIp-∂-Xv. auen-I-ambn tdm_n≥k-s‚bpw tdm^n-s‚bpw ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Imcyamb A¥cw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\n-s√∂v tXm∂p-∂p. F¶nepw CkvemanI Ncn{Xw km£n- \ n- e v ° p- ∂ Xpw IqSp- X ¬ bp‡n- k - l hpw tdm_n≥ks‚ ho£-W-ß-fmWv; hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-e-√, auen-I-am-bn.

CkvemanI {]am-W-߃ (Islamic texts) apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ BZ¿imflI am\-h-Po-hn-XsØ Ipdn-®p≈ k¶-ev]hpw bYm¿∞ Pohn-Xhpw XΩnse A¥cw C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ {ia-amWv Ckvem-an¬ XPvZoZv (\ho-I-c-Ww) F∂ Bi-bw. aXw kv]¿in-°p∂ apgp-h≥ taJ-e-Ifnepw XPvZoZpw CXn-∂m-h-iy-amb Kth-jWßfpw (C-PvXn-lm-Zv) \S°Ww. cmjv{Sob Pohn-X-Øn¬ XPvZoZv kzmX-{¥y-Øn\pw sFIyØn\pw ka-Xz-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ambnØocp-∂p. B`y¥-c-X-e-Øn¬ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ Cu aqey-߃ km£m-XvI46

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cn-°p-Ibpw _mly-X-e-Øn¬ s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Ch {]N-cn-∏n-°pIbpw sNøpI.8 C∂v C¥y≥ apkvenw-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂Xpw \msf cq£-amtb°m-hp∂Xpamb kzXz {]Xn-k-‘nsb B`y-¥-c-ambn t\cn-tS-≠p∂ shdpw aX-{]-iv\tam kmap-Zm-bnI {]iv\tam tIhe cmjv{Sob {]iv\tam Bbn ImWpI A_-≤-am-Wv. CXv aq∂pw CXn-∂-IØv AS-ßn-bn-´p≠v. Cu aq∂v Xe-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw CXv t\cn-Sm≥ AXv sIm≠p {iaß-fp-≠m-I-Ww. CsX√mw IqSn ]e Imc-W-ß-fmepw H‰ GP≥kn°v Gs‰-Sp-°m-h-X-√. kmap-Zm-bn-I, cmjv{Sob Xe-ß-fn¬ HtcP≥kn°v {]h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Xe-ØnaX-]-fin-X-∑m¿ t\XrXzw sImSp-°p∂ GP≥kn-Iƒ Cu DØ-chm-ZnXzw Gs‰Sp°-Ww. ImcWw C°m-cy-Øn¬˛ aX-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ GI kzcw kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep-≠m-hpI Akw-`-hy-am-Wv. tbmPn°m- h p∂ taJ- e - I - f n¬ k∑- \ v ImWn®v tbmPn®p sIm≠pw A√mØ Imcy- ß fn¬ kulm¿±- t ØmsS Xs∂ hntbm- P n®p sIm≠pw Ch¿°v {]h¿Øn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kap-Zmbw Btcm-KytØmsS \ne-\n-ev°-W-sa∂ B{K-lta CXn\v th≠q. apkvenw-Iƒ \yq\-]-£hpw `c-Wo-b-cpam-Ip∂ Hcp \m´n¬ AhcpsS Ah-Imi kwc-£-W-Øn\v kzoI-cn-t°≠ am¿§-taXv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ IrXy-amb I¿Ω-im-kv{X-hn-[n-Iƒ C∂v \ne-hn-en-√. P\m[n-]Xyw \ne-hn¬ hcm≥ XpS-ßp-∂Xv apX¬ F√m P\m-[n-]-Xy-cmPy-ß-fnepw `qcn-]-£-˛-\yq-\-]£ {]iv\hpw Bcw-`n®n´p≠v. apkvenw kaqlw Cu {]iv\w G‰-hp-amZyw {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ImcWw P\m-[n-]Xyw cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿn-Xn-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ \mSp-Ifn¬ IptdsbÆØn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-sa∂ \nebv°v \ne\n-ev°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p; AhnsS P\n-®-h-tcm, IpSn-tb-dn-b-htcm Bbn. ]s£ C¥y-bn-sem-gn®v CsX-°p-dn-®p≈ Btem-N-\tbm {Inbm-flI Nn¥tbm GsX-¶nepw apkvenw kaq-l-Øn¬ \S-∂n-´n-√. Ct∏mgpw ÿnXn hfscsbm∂pw hyXy-kvX-a-√. D≈Xpw \S-∂Xpw kønZv A_vZp¬ AAvem auZq-Zn-bp-sSbpw kam-\-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cp-sSbpw \ntj-[m-flI kao-]-\-ß-fm-Wv. CXm-sW-¶ntem aX-Øns‚ h{Iamb hymJym-\-Øns‚ ^ew am{X-a-√, ÿe Ime-t_m-[-an-√m-bvabpsS ^ew IqSn-bm-Wv. s]mXp- h n- ⁄ m- \ ob- ß - f n¬ auZq- Z n- k m- l n- _ n\p≠mbn- c p∂ Zb\obamb ]cn-an-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp {]iv\w. Ncn{Xw, kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{Xw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, kmaq-ly-a-\-»m-kv{Xw, 47

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cmjv{S-aow-amwk apX-emb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ At±lw ]ma-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. aXw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-∂-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXv Xs∂bpw hfsc hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-sW-∂mWv hna¿i-I¿ ]ecpw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. aX-cw-KØv Xs∂bpw AXns‚ Z¿i-\-Øntem kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-ºØnI ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fntem H∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp kw`m-h-\bpw C√. cmjv{Sobw Hcp I¿Ω-im-kv{X-im-J-bmbn I≠v ssIImcyw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-Iƒ \yq\-]-£ambn apkvenwIƒ Pohn-°p∂ \mSp-I-fn¬ Ah¿°v im]-am-bn-Øo-cpI-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. C¥y-bnse At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v \ne- \ n- e v ° m≥ At±- l sØ X≈n- ∏ - d - b p- I tbm Xncp- Ø p- I tbm sNtø≠n hcp-∂Xv CXv sIm≠m-Wv. aX-cw-KØv am{Xw {]h¿Øn°m≥ A¿lX t\Sn-b-h¿ cmjv{Sobw ssIImcyw sNbvXm-ep-≠mIp∂ `hn-jy-Øns‚ \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv auZq-Zn-km-ln_pw At±l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fpw. auZq- Z n- k m- l n_pw At±- l sØ ]n¥p- S ¿∂ køn- Z v J p- X p_pw kam\ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cpw, C∂v hn[n ssh]-co-Xy-sa∂v ]d-b-s´, Xo{hhm-Z-Øns‚ am¿§-Z¿in-Ifpw Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXv A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcp ]X-\-am-Wv. aXsØ GXv coXn-bn-emWv ImtW≠Xv F∂v hn.-Jp¿-B\pw lZokpw a‰p {]am-W-ßfpw hy‡-ambn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu \n¿t±-i-߃°v ]pdØv sh®v aXsØ Is≠Øm≥ {ian-®-h¿s°ms° henb Zpc-¥-߃ t\cn-tS≠n h∂n-´p-≠v.

F√m-‰n-\p-ap≈Xv t]mse Ckvemw aX-Øn\pw Hcp {]Ir-Xn-bp-≠v.

AXv {][m-\-ambpw AXns‚ e£yhpw am¿§-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv. aX-Øns‚ e£y-sØ-°p-dn®v hn:Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""\n߃ ChnsS \n∂v (kz¿§-Øn¬ \n∂v) Cdßnt∏mIp-hn≥. ]n∂oSv (`q-anbn-seØn Ign-bp-tºmƒ) \n߃°v F∂n¬ \n∂v am¿§-Z¿i\w e`n®m¬ Fs‚ am¿§-Z¿i-\sØ Bcv ]n¥p-S-cp∂pthm Ah¿°v `bs∏-tS-≠-Xmtbm ZpxJn-t°≠Xmtbmhcn√''.9 a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\n∂v `oXnbpw ZpxJhpw AI-‰p-I-bmWv aX-Øns‚ e£yw. Cu e£y-ØnseØm\p≈ am¿§hpw aXw \evIp-∂p-≠v. `oXnbI∂, ZpxJ-an-√mØ PohnXw sIm≠v kz¥w AkvXn-XzØns‚ \oXo-I-cWw km[n-°p-I-bmWv Dt±-iyw. k¿§m-fl-IX \evIs∏-´n-´p≈ a\p-jy≥ F∂ D◊-bpsS km[pX ÿm]n-°p-I, AXv ssZh-Øns‚ B{K-l-am-Wv. CXn-s\-bmWv ssZhsØ `b-°p-I, `‡nbp- ≈ - h cpw A\p- k - c - W - b p- ≈ - h cpw Bb \√ ASn- a - I - f m- h pI Fs∂ms° aXw hnfn-°p-∂Xv a\p-jy\v \√-sX∂v hy‡-am-°-s∏-´n48

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

´p≈ I¿Ω-ß-sfms° Ah\v th≠nØs∂-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. aXw a\pjys‚ \nc-¥-c-amb hf¿®bv°pw Pohn-X-hn-Im-k-Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ ssZh-Øns‚ am¿§ Z¿i-\-am-sW-∂n-cns° B PohnX Z¿i-\sØ cmjv{Sobw sIm≠v hymJym-\n-°m≥ auZq-Zn-km-ln_pw JpXp_pw a‰pw {ian-®n-SØv \n∂mWv ]mfn-®-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ D]I-c-W-ß-fmbn aX-im-k-\-Iƒ Pnlm-Z-S-°w-˛-Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Xo{h˛-`o-I-c-hm-Z-߃°v aX-\ym-bo-I-cWw Ch-cpsS Nn¥-I-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Sp-°-s∏-´n-s√-¶n-et√ A¤p-X-ap-≈p. kXy-Øn¬ C∂sØ apkvenw-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ C¥y-t]m-ep≈ cmPyß-fn¬ G‰hpw Xe-th-Z-\-bp-≠m-°p∂ H∂v Xo{h-hm-Z-hp-ambn Ckvemans\ Iq´nLSn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ - X m- W v . A¥m- c m- j v { S- X - e - Ø nCkvemapw Xo{h-hm-Zhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ°pdn-®p≈ Btcm-]W-߃ C¥y-bn-tesd i‡-am-Wv. Cu Btcm-]-I¿ apgps° Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Ch-cn¬ \n∂v D≤cn°-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-bv°mWv aX-Øn¬ as‰-√m-‰n-ep-tasd {]m[m-\ysa∂pw a\p-jy≥ krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv Xs∂ cmjv{Sob hyhÿ ""ssZhoI-am-°p∂''Xn\msW∂pw hmZn®p sIm≠p≈ Cu aX-k-ao-]-\-Øn\v Cß-s\-sbmcp ]X\w kw`-hn-°p-sa∂v Ah-cmcpw Nn¥n®p ImWn√.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. A√m-ap-lΩ - Zv CJv_m¬; PmhoZv \ma, Reconstruction of Religious thought in Islam p. 199 2. See Cantwell Smith; Modern Islam in India 3. See Azeez Ahmed; Studies in Islamic culture, Islamic modernism in India and pakistan, an Intellectual History of Islam in India 4. See Francis Robinson, Islam and Muslim Society in south Asia 5. See william Roff, Islamic movements one or many?

6. See Imtiaz Ahmed, cast and social stratification, Family, marriage and kinship among Muslims in India, Ritual and Religion among Muslims in India, Modernization and Social change 7. See Mohammed Mujeeb, The Indian Muslims 8. Fw.sF.-X-߃, C¥y-bnse apkvenw cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ IY Intro pvi 9. hn.-Jp¿-B≥ 2:38

49

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

5 k¿k-ønZpw jmh-en-øp-√bpw C¥ybnse apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fpsS aqe ImcWw Ah¿°v cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏-´Xpw AXv Ah¿ shdp°p-∂, Ahsc shdp-°p∂ Hcp hntZ-i-i-‡n-bpsS ssII-fn¬ sN∂p s]´-Xp-am-Wv. Ah¿ CXn\p apºpw H‰-s∏´ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ah-cp-tSX-√mØ `c-W-Iq-S-߃°v Iogn¬ Pohn-®n-´p-≠v. tIcfw Xs∂ \√ DZm-l-c-Ww. F∂m¬ Ah-sbms° apkvenw kap-Zm-b-tØmSv s]mXphn¬ kzoI-cn® \bw Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-an-√mØ Ahÿ Ah¿°-\p-`h-s∏-SmØ hn[-ap-≈X - m-bn-cp-∂p. hnizm-kw, kwkvImcw sXm´v knhn{Inan-\¬ \nb-a-߃ hsc-bp≈ AkvXn-Xzhpambn _‘-s∏´ F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw Ah¿ kzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. Hc-\y-P-\-hn-`m-KØns‚ `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn-emWv Pohn-°p-∂-sX∂ tXm∂¬ D≠mIm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°mØhn[-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bn¬ Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS `cWw hyhvÿm-]n-Xa - m-Ip-∂X - n\v apºv apkvenw `c-WI - q-Sß - fpw lnμp`-c-W-Iq-S-ßfpw s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. A]-hm-Z-ß-fmbn H‰-s∏´ kw`h-߃ It≠-°m-sa-¶nepw kmam-\y-ambn CXm-bn-cp∂p Ah-ÿ. C∂v apkvenw i{Xp-°-fn¬ H∂ma\mbn ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ Db¿Øn-°m-´p∂ inh-Pn-bpsS t]mepw ASpØ Bfp-Ifpw hnizkvXcpw apkvenw-I-fmbn-cp-∂p. Hudw-K-tk_v Bew-Ko-dns\ FXn¿°m≥ inh-Pn°v Iq´mbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv BZyw inhPn NXn-bn¬ sIme-s∏-Sp-Ønb A^vkJms‚ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ _oPm-]q¿ kp¬Øm≥ kn°-¥¿ Jm\m-bncp-∂p. ]n∂oSv sslZ-cm-_mZv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ A_vZp¬lk\pw. H´-\-h[n apkvenw DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ inhPn°p≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

HudwK-ko-_ns‚ {][m\ ssk\nI DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J¿1 Pkvh¥v knwKv, Pbvknw-Kv, C{μ-knwKv apX-emb cP-]p-{X-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS \ne-]mSv CXn-s\ms° ISI hncp-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah¿ C¥y-°msc XpS°w apXte i{Xp-°-fm-bmWv I≠-Xv. IqSpX¬ i{XpX apkvenwItfmSm-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv X߃ A[n-Imcw X´n-sb-Sp-ØXv F∂ t_m[y-am-bn-cp∂p Hcp Imc-Ww. 50

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

as‰m∂v Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ßfpw A\p-_‘ kw`-h-ßfpw bqtdm-]y-cns]mXp-hmbn D≠m-°nb apkvenw- i-{Xp-X-bpw. 1857-˛se H∂mw kzmX{¥y-k-a-c-Øn\v sXm´p-apºv F√≥ _tdm {]`p Cw•-≠n-te°b® IØn¬ ]d™p: ""Cu hwiw (ap-…nw-Iƒ) ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ \ΩpsS i{Xp-°-fm-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS \bw lnμp-°sf \map-ambn ASp-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pap≈ hnizm-k-Øn\p t\sc IÆ-S-bv°pI F\n°v km[y-a-√.'' 2 D]-cyp‡ Imc-W-߃°v ]pd-sa-bp≈ as‰m∂v C¥y-bn¬ Cw•o-jm-[n-]Xyw Bcw-`n-®Xv apXapkvenwIfm-bn-cp∂p IqSp-Xepw Ah¿s°-Xn-cmbn ka-c-cw-K-Øp-≠mbn-cp-∂Xv F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp kap-Zm-b-sa∂ \nebv°v km{am-Py-Øns∂-Xnsc ka-c-cw-K-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Ah¿ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw.

Ah-cpsS ]≈n-Ifpw ]≈n-I-fnse anº-dp-Ifpw ({]-kw-K-]o-T-߃) hym]-I-ambn kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXv as‰mcp kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw sNøm≥ km[n-®n-´n-√. C¥y-bpsS ]e `mKØpw \S∂ {]mtZ-in-I-amb \qdp-I-W-°n¬ kmbp[ ka-c-߃°v ]pdsa kønZv AlvaZv _td¬hnbpsS kzmX-{¥y-k-ac {]ÿm-\w, _wKm-fnse ^dmCkn {]ÿm-\w, ae-_m¿ am∏n-f-am-cpsS kzmX-{¥yk-a-c-߃ apX-emb kwL-SnX {ia-ßfpw C°q-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ch-bn-se√mw IØnPzen®p \n∂ kzmX-{¥ym-th-i-Øns‚ kwL-SnX-amb s]m´n-sØ-dn-bm-bn-cp∂p 1857-˛se H∂mw kzmX-{¥y-k-acw. _mdIv]q-cnse Hcp ]´mf tIºn¬ sh®v awKƒ ]msfi F∂ lnμp ]´mf°m-c-\mWv kn∏mln el-f-sb∂v BwK-teb Ncn-{X-Imc-∑m¿ hnfn® kacw XpS-ßn-sh-°p-∂-Xv. ]∂n-bp-sSbpw ]ip-hn-s‚bpw sImgp∏v tN¿Øv D≠m-°nb Xnc-bmWv {]tIm-]-\-ap-≠m-°nbXv. lnμp-°-sfbpw apkvenw-I-sfbpw Htc-t]mse {]tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn-cp∂p XnchnhmZ-sa-¶nepw BZysØ shSn lnμp kn∏m-ln-am-cn\n∂m-bn-cp-∂p. CXv ssk\nI Iem-]-ambn amdn, DØ-tc-¥y-bnse ]´mf tIºp-Isfsbms° Iem-]-tI-{μ-ß-fm-°n. Hcp L´w Xo¿∂tXmsS kacw P\-ß-tf-s‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw ka-c-Øn\v ap∂n¬ apkvenwIƒ Xßsf sIm≠p-t]mbn \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-km\ apKnf N{I-h¿Øn _lm-Zq¿jm ka-c-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-ta-s‰-Sp-Øp. Bdp amk-tØmfw Cw•ojp-Imsc apƒap-\-bn¬ \n¿Øn-b-tijw kacw Ah-km-\n-®p. kacw \S-Øn-bXv C¥y-°m-cmb F√m-hcpw tN¿∂m-sW-¶nepw kacw Xo¿∂-t∏mƒ apgp-h≥ ]m]-`m-chpw Cw•o-jp-Im¿ apkvenwIfpsS apXp-In-emWv sh®p sI´n-b-Xv. kap-Zmbw {Iqc-ambn th´-bm-S-s∏-´p.

51

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

A∂p-hsc apkvenw {]Xm]w tIm´w IqSmsX \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ {]tZ-iß-sfms° XI¿°-s∏-´p. Z¬ln DZm-l-c-Ww. t\Xm-°ƒ apgps° sIme sNø-s∏-´p. apkvenw-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ kzm[o-\a - p-≈h - tcm kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ km[yX D≈-htcm Bb IpSpw-_-߃ Iq´-tØmsS \in-∏n-°-s∏-´p. Ah-cpsS kzØp-°ƒ I≠p-sI-´n. e£-°-W°n-\mfp-I-fmWv sIm√-s∏-´-Xv. Z¬ln, apdm-Zm-_mZv t]mep≈ {]tZ-i-߃ apgps° X√n-Ø-I¿Øp. H‰-s°-´n-Stam Hcp sXcpthm c£-s∏-´n-√.

Hcn-°epw Db¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev°n√ F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ Bkq-{XnX B{I-a-W-ß-fmWv apkvenw-Iƒs°Xnsc \S-∂-Xv. Cw•o-jp-`c - Ww hyh-ÿm-]n-Xa - m-bt- XmsS Xs∂ apkvenw-Iƒ kºZvL-S-\-bn¬ \n∂pw, hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂psa√mw Hs° ]pdw X≈-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. `qan-bm-bn-cp-∂p, Im¿jn-I-cw-K-am-bn-cp∂p {][m-\ D¬]mZ-t\m-]m-[nbpw {][m-\-s∏´ apkvenw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hcp-am-\am¿Khpw. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ BZyw ssIsh®Xv `qan-bn-t∑-em-bn-cp-∂p. ssk\n-It- k-h\w {][m\ Pohn-tXm-]m-ba - mbn kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ sXmgn¬ cln-X-cm-°p∂ hn[-am-bn-cp∂p ssk\y-Øns‚ Cw•ojphevI-c-Ww. `c-W-`m-jbpw `c-W-w kw-_-‘n® hn⁄m-\ßfpw A∂p-hsc apkvenw-I-fpsS IpØ-I-bn-em-bn-cp-∂Xv ImcWw hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-b-∏msS apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ssII-fn-em-bncp-∂p. CXv `c-W-`m-jm-am-‰-tØmsS ]msS XI¿°-s∏-´p. k¿°m-dptZym-K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p A∂p-hsc apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ as‰mcp {][m-\-Po-hn-tXm-]m-[n. CXv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-h-evI-c-WtØmsS Ah¿°v \jvS-s∏-´p. tImSn-°-W-°n-ep-dp-∏n-I-bpsS kzØp°ƒ kap-Zmbw "hJ^v' sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv hnZym`ym-km-h-iy-Øn-∂m-bncp-∂p. Ah an°Xpw A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-Itbm Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNø-s∏Sp-Itbm sNbvXp. apkvenw hnZym-`ymkw t]cn\v am{X-ambn Npcp-ßpIbpw BNm-c-{]-[m-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Npcp-°-Øn¬ hnπh-Øn\v apºv Xs∂ apkvenwIƒ kmaq-ln-I-ambn Ac-\q-‰m-≠p-sIm≠v A©p \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS XI¿® t\cn-´n-cp-∂p. hnπhw Cu XI¿®°v thKw Iq´n. C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ Cu {]Xn-k‘n AXn-Po-hn-°ptam-sb∂p Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿ Bi-¶-s∏-´p. hnπ-h-Øn\v ]nt‰-h¿jw Xs∂ I¬°-Ø, aZn-cm-in, t_mws_ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Iƒ DZvLm-S\w sNø-s∏-´p. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KsØ Cu Nph-Sp-sh∏v cmPy-ØmsI ]pØ-\p-W¿Δp-≠m-°n. ]pXnb hnZym-`ymk-k{º-Zmbw D≠m-°nb Cu Bthiw ]s£ apkvenw kap-Zm-bØn-te°v ]e Imc-W-ßfmepw FØn-bn-√. kap-Zm-b-Øn\v ]pdØv 52

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cq]-s∏´ ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Ifpw Ahsc apdn-th-ev]n-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ ]pXnb hnZym-`ym-k-hp-ambn AI∂p \n∂Xv {][m\-ambpw hntZ-im-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp≈ shdp∏pw FXn¿∏pw sIm≠v Xs∂bmbn-cp-∂p. Cu shdp∏pw FXn¿∏pw Ah-cpsS am{Xw {]iv\am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂n´pw Ah-cn-°m-cy-Øn¬ H‰-s∏-´p. F√≥ _tdm {]`phns‚ D]-cyp-‡-hm-°p-I-fn-eqsS {]I-S-amb Cw•o-jp-\bw C°mcy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]-I-S-amw-hn[w \S-∏m-bn. apkvenw-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw CXpambn AIt∂m A{X-am{Xw ]pd-Øp-≈-h¿ CXp-ambn ASp-Øp.

C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw-I-fpsS `mhn kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Hcp Nn¥m-hn-jb-ambn amdp-∂Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. Cw•o-jp-`-c-W-Iq-S-Ønse PpUo-jydn DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂ kønZv AlvaZvJms‚ Npa-en-emWv Cu `mcw hoW-Xv. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Zb-\o-bm-hÿ I≠v as‰√mw ad∂ kønZv AlvaZvJm≥ Xs‚ PohnXw apgps° kap-Zm-b-Øn\v \evIm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. 1858-\v tijw At±-l-Øn\v kzIm-cy-Po-hnXw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw ]T-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw a\-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw cq]s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-SpØ Hcp \thm-∞m\ ]≤-Xn-bmWv ]n∂oSv C¥y-bnapkvenw cmjv{So-ba - mbn hnI-kn-®Xv; IqSp-X¬ kq£vaa - mbn ]d-™mapkvenw cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ {Inbm-fl-I-[m-c-bmbn hnI-kn-®-Xv. B[p\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, cmjv{So-b-i‡n B¿÷-\w F∂o c≠p Xe-s°´p-I-fn-sem-Xp-°m-hp∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kPoh {i≤sImt≠ C¥y-bn¬ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `mhn Dd∏p hcp-Øm-\mIq F∂t±lw ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-®p. Cu hnizm-k-am-bn-cp∂p k¿k-ønZv F∂v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu \thm-∞m\ \mb-Is‚ {]h¿Ø\-߃s°ms° B[m-cw. k¿k-øn-Zns‚ {]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf shdpw hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-\ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-h-cp-≠v. apkvenwIsf Cw•ojv ]Tn-∏n®v Ahsc Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS A\p-`m-hn-I-fm°n am‰p-I. H∂-c-\q-‰m-≠n\v tijw C∂v Xncn™p t\m°p-tºmƒ B¿°pw ImWm-hp∂ C¥y≥ apkvenwI-fpsS hmNm-e-amb Hcp Nn{X-ap-≠v. Cu `mj a\- n-em-Ip-∂-h¿ GXmbmepw Cu coXn-bn¬ k¿k-øn-Zns\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bn-√. k¿ køn-Zn-s‚bpw At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-I-fp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw aqey-sa-s¥∂v a\- n-em-Im-Ø-h¿ A∂pw˛ At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-XIm-eØpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C∂pw D≠v. ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ t]mepw k¿k-øn-Zn-s\-°p-dn®v Akw-_‘w FgpXn {]N-cn-∏n-®-h-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Aen-K-Vn¬ t]mbn Ahn-SsØ F√m kuP-\y-ßfpw kuI-cyßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c_ncpZ-sams° hmßn tPmen53

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

ssI-°e - m°nbXn\p tijw Aen-KV - n-s\bpw k¿k-øn-Zn-s\bpw A[nt£-]n®v ]eXpw t\Sn-b-h¿ C∂pw \ap-°n-S-bn¬ D≠v. k¿k-ønZv Xs‚ Nn¥-Iƒ°v B[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-®Xv jmh-enbp-√-bpsS ImgvN-∏mSpIfm-bn-cp-∂p. jmkm-ln-_ns‚ hμy-\mb ]nXmhv jm A_vZp-dlow ÿm]n-®Xpw jmkm-ln_v hf¿Øn-b-Xpamb a{Z- Øpdlo-an-ø-bpsS D¬]-∂-am-bn-cp∂p k¿k-øn-Zv. At±l-Øns‚ ]p{X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p k¿kønZns‚ Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m¿. sNdp∏w apXte At±- l - Ø ns‚ hy‡n- X zsØ ]cp- h - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b Xv Hcp `mKØv ap-KnfZ¿_mdpw AXv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvX kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ adp-`m-KØv JzmPm-ssk-\p-±o-s‚bpw JzmPm-^-co-Zp-±os‚bpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-amb DZv_p-≤-X-bpw, dkq¬jm-ln-kq-^n-I-fpsSbpw Kpemw Aen-sb-t∏m-ep≈ Bflob Kpcp-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw klhm-k-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n® hnizmk Zm¿Vy-hp-am-bn-cp∂p; At±-lØns‚ Nn¥-Ifpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw cq]-s∏-´Xv jmkm-ln-_n\n∂pw.3 jmkm- l n_v aX- Ø nse I¿Ω- i mkv{X IpX¿°ßfn{]mhoWyw {]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ Pohn® Hcp km[m-cW ]Wn-X-\m-bn-cp∂n-√. kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-Øns‚ {][m\ imJ-I-fn¬ auen-I-amb kw`m-h\ \evInb alm-\mb Nn¥-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ Ct±-lhp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøm-hp∂ Hcp ]fin-X-\n-√. apkvenw temIØv hf-sc-°p-d®v t]sc am{Xta jmkm-ln-_p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøm≥ km[n-°q. hnizmkw Z¿i-\w, Ncn{Xw, {]Xybimkv{Xw XpS-ßnb hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-fn¬ At±lw Ckvem-an\v \evInb kw`m-h\ B[p\nI Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kam-\-X-I-fn-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv.4 apkvenw-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kPoh cmjv{Sob ]¶m-fn-Øw, sFIyw, kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, kº-Øns‚ IrXyhpw \oXn-]q¿h-I-hp-amb hn\ntbmKw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p aX-Øns‚ B[m-c-߃°v ]pdsa At±l-Øns‚ Nn¥ ssIsh® Imcy-߃. kmaq-ly-\oXnbpsS B[mcw kmº-ØnI \oXnbmsW-∂-t±lw Dd®p hniz-kn-®p. [m¿Ωn-I-aq-eyß-fn-ep≈ P\-ß-fpsS hnizmkw t]mepw Hc-f-thmfw CXns\ B{ibn®p \nev°p-∂p. ""Nqj-W-ap-‡-amb Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ am{Xta [m¿Ωn-I-aq-ey-߃ \ne-\nev°pI-bp-≈p-sh∂v Dd®p hniz-kn®p At±lw. kaqlw Zpjn-°p-∂Xpw hnL-Sn-°p-∂Xpw kaq-l-Ønse sNdnb Hcp hn`mKw a‰p-≈-hsc NqjWw sNøm\pw kaq-l-Øns‚ kºØn¬ IpØI ÿm]n-°m\pw {ian-°p-tºm-gm-Wv. Ah-Im-i-߃ l\n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS hcp-am\w apS54

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

ßp-Ibpw PohnXw hgn-ap-´p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. [m¿Ωn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw kZmNm-chpw \ne-\n-ev°m≥ AXvsIm≠v kºØv \oXn-]q¿Δw hoXn-°s∏-Sp∂ Hcp kmº-Øn-I-{Iaw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.''5 ""a‰p Bflo-bm-Nm-cy-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn kmaq-lnI PohnX-Øn¬ kº-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\hpw {]m[m-\yhpw jmh-en-øp√ IrXyambn a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Dss_-Zp√ kn‘n A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. "lp÷pØp-√m-ln¬ _menK' F∂ jmkm-ln-_ns‚ hnJym-X{KŸw D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v Dss_-Zp√ \nco-£n-°p-∂Xv Hcp kaq-l-ØnkwkvImcw hnI-kn-°p-t¥mdpw `uXn-I-Po-hn-X-hym-]m-c-ßfpw Iebpw hnI-kn-°p-∂p. Cu L´-Øn¬ A[n-Imcn h¿§w kpJ-tem-ep-]-X-bnte°v hgp-Xn-t∏m-Ip-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu hnIm-k-Øns‚ ^ew P\ß-fn-te-s°-Øp-I-bn-√. Ah¿ arK-ß-sf-t∏mse Pohn-°m≥ \n¿∫‘n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw [m¿Ωn-IX XI-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu L´-ØnssZhw CXn¬ \n∂v tamN\w t\Sm≥ a\p-jysc klm-bn-°p-Ibpw hnπ-h-ß-fp-≠m-hp-Ibpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ \pI-߃ s]m´n-s®-dn-b-s∏Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''6 jmkm-ln-_n¬ \n∂v In´nb shfn-®-amWv k¿k-øn-Zns‚ Pohn-XØn\v i‡n ]I¿∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-Isf A∏Sn ]I¿ØpI-b-√. Xs‚ Ime-L-´-Øns‚ _u≤nI hf¿®bv°pw Bh-iy߃°p-a-\p-krXw Ahsb hymJym-\n-°p-I-bm-W-t±lw sNbvX-Xv. Zmdq¬ Depw Zbq-_-μns‚ ÿm]-I-cn¬ \n∂pw ]nevIm-e-Øp-≠mb \ZvhØp¬ Deqw eJv\u-hn¬ \n∂pw k¿k-øn-Zns‚ Nn¥-Iƒ hyXykvX-am-Ip-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. bqtdm-∏ns‚ i‡n-bpsS clkyw hni-Z-ambn a\- n-em-°n-sb-∂Xm-bn-cp∂p k¿k-øn-Zns‚ as‰mcp {]tXy-I-X. hf-sc-°p-d®v ]´m-f°m-scbpw AXn-tesd Ipd™ Af-hn¬ DtZym-K-ÿ-scbpw D]-tbmKn-®mWv Cw•≠v C¥ysb∂ alm-cm-PysØ Iog-S-°n-bXpw `cn-®Xpw. πmkn-bn¬ ss¢hn\v Iq´m-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Aøm-bn-c-ØnXmsg ]´mf°mcm-bn-cp-∂p. kndm-Pp-±u-ebv°v Aº-Xn-\m-bncw ]´m-f°m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C¥y-Io-g-S-°n-b-ti-j-amWv Cw•o-jp-ImcpsS bYm¿∞-i-‡nbpw Ignhpw C¥y ImWp-∂-Xv. Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS Cu Icp-Øns‚ {]I-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂t√m 1857-˛epw I≠-Xv. Cu clkyw k¿ køn-Zn\v ]nSn In´p-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ Cw•≠v kμ-c-i\ thfbn-em-Wv. ""temIw Pbn-®S- ° - p- ∂ Xe-ap-dI - sf hm¿sØ-Sp-°p∂ ÿm]\-߃'' F∂m-W-t±lw Imw{_-nUvPn-s\bpw HmIvkvt^m-Un-s\bpw hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Cu k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-I-tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-°p∂ Hcp 55

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

ÿm]\w F∂m-bn-cp∂p Aen-K-Vn-s\-°p-dn-®-t±lw ]pe¿Ønb kz]v\w. \hm_v kmem¿ PwKn\v Fgp-Xnb Hcp IØn¬ Aen-KUv tImtf-Pn-s\-°p-dn-®-t±lw Fgp-Xn. ""Cu tImtfPv Cw•ojv k¿h-Iem-im-e-I-fmb HmIvkvt^m-Un-s‚bpw tIw{_nUvPns‚bpw amXr-Ibn-ep≈XmWv. Ch-bn¬ \n∂v ]pdØv hcp∂ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS AtX \ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]finX∑msc krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv \ΩpsS e£yw.

Hcp hyXymkw Cw•ojv k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ {InkvXob hnizmk {]am-W-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS tImtfPn¬ Ckvem-an-s\-°pdn®v ]Tn-∏n-°pw.''7 {InkvXp-a-X-sØbpw a‰p aX-ß-sfbpw At]-£n®v Ckvem-an\p≈ Icp-Øn¬ ZrV-ambn At±lw hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.

AXvsIm-≠-t±lw Aen-K-Vn¬ \n∂v ]pdØv hcp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ bqtdm]y-cpsS bphm-°-sf-°mƒ Icp-Ø-cm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw AXt±lw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

B[p-\nI temI-hp-am-bp≈ kI-e-am\ hyh-lm-c-߃°pw B[p\nI hnZym-`ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂p k¿ kønZv hniz-kn-®p. C¥ybnse apkvenwIfpsS timN-\o-b-\n-e-bn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ c£-s∏-S-Wsa- ¶ n¬ ]pXnb temI- Ø ns‚ i‡n Ah¿ B¿÷nt® ]‰q. hn⁄m\amWv Cu i‡n-˛-imkv{X kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bnepw kmaqly-im-kv{X-im-J-I-fn-ep-ap≈ Adnhv. CXns\ ]Icw sh°p∂ H∂pan-√. F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏w kz¥w thcp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. kz¥w kzXzhpw AkvXn-Xzhpw kwc-£n-°m≥ F¶nte km[n-°q. kz¥w thcp-I-f-psS al-Xz-Øn-e-t±-l-Øn-\p-≠mbn-cp∂ AN-©-e-amb hnizmkw Hcn-°epw B[p-\nI hn⁄m-\Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-e-t±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp {]kw-K-at[y At±lw P\-ß-tfmSp ]d™p: ""Cu hn⁄m-\hpw Z¿i-\hpw (B[p- \ nI hn⁄m- \ w) Ct∏mƒ kXy- a m- b - \ p- ` - h - s ∏- S p- ∂ p- ≠ m- I mw.

F∂m¬ \msf Ch A_-≤-am-sW∂v ÿm]n-°-s∏-t´°mw; {Ko°v Z¿i-\-߃ A_-≤ß-fmbncp∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´-t]m-se. C\n AXns‚ B[m-c-߃ kXy-am-sW∂v h∂m¬ t]mepw Jp¿-Bs\ AXn-P-bn-°m≥ CXn-∂m-hp-I-bn-√.''8 apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw C¥y-bp-sSbpw `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Xs‚ k¶ev]w bmYm¿∞y-am-°m-\p≈ Hcp-]-I-cWw F∂ \nebv°mWv {][m-\-ambpw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-ksØ At±lw I≠Xv. Cu hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]s£ k¿k-øn-Zn\v kz¥w A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ncn-{X-Øn\v Aen-KVv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \evInb {]m[m\yw CXn\pZml-c-W-am-Wv. ]nev°m56

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

eØv Aen-KVv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Ncn-{X-hn-`mKw as‰-√m-hn-`m-Kß-sf-°mfpw {]kn-≤-am-Im\pw C¥y-bnse H∂mwInS Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ F°m-eØpw AhnsS D≠m-Im-\p-ap≈ ImcWw Cu ]mc-º-cyam-Wv. Npcp-°-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ C∂-se-I-sf-°p-dn®v s]mXp-hnepw XßfpsS C∂-se-I-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambpw Adn-bp-Ibpw a‰p hn⁄m\o- b - ß - f n¬ H∏w {]mhoWyw t\Sp- I bpw sNbv X Hcp Xe- a pd apkvenwIƒ°n-S-bn¬ D≠mbn hc-Ww. AXn\v tijta Ah-cpsS \thm-∞m-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-t°-≠Xp≈p; k¿k-øn-Zns‚ ImgvN∏mSv CXm-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ cmjv{So-b-ambn Hcp i‡n-bmbn amdWw F∂-t±lw B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ^e-ambn´mbn-cn-°Ww Cu am‰ap-≠m-tI-≠-Xv; F¶nte AXv ^e-Zm-b-I-am-Iq-sb-∂n-S-Øm-W-t±lw ]e-cp-ambpw hntbm-Pn-®-Xv. 1876-˛¬ _wKm-fn¬ kønZv Aao¿ Aen apkvenw-Iƒ°v Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-bp-≠m-°-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw AsX-°p-dn-®m-tem-Nn-°m≥ I¬°-Ø-bn¬ Hcp tbmKw hnfn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. k¿k-ønZpw CXn-te°v £Wn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. N¿®Iƒ°nS-bn¬ k¿k-ønZv Cu Bi-bsØ i‡-am-sb-Xn¿Øp. kab-am-bn-´n-s√∂pw apkvenw-Iƒ Ah-cpsS {i≤ apgp-h≥ hnZym`ymkØn-eq-∂-W-sa∂pw At±lw i‡n-bmbn hmZn-®p. ""apkvenw-Iƒ hnZym-`ymkw t\SmsX cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ ]¶v sIm≈p∂-Xn-t\m-Sp≈ k¿k-øn-Zns‚ FXn¿∏v i‡hpw ]q¿Æ-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

At±lw tIm¨{K- ns\ am{X-a-√, ip≤-ambpw apkvenw-Iƒ am{Xap≈ cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S\ F∂ Bi-b-sØbpw hn´p hogvN-bn-√msX FXn¿°p-Ibpw AXv Ah-km\w C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v...

C¥y-bnse H∂m-asØ apkvenw kwL-S\ 1876-˛¬ kønZv Aao¿ Aen-bmWv ÿm]n-®-Xv. CXns‚ t]cv ]n∂oSv ""sk≥{S¬ \mj-\apl-Ω-Z≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥' F∂m-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. FgpØv IpØpI-fn-eq-sSbpw [mcmfw bm{X sNbvXpw Atkm-kn-tb-j\v C¥y-sbm´msI Aº-Øn-aq∂v imJ-Iƒ Aao¿ Aen cq]o-I-cn-®p. kwL-S\bv°v AJn-te¥ym kz`mhw \evIm-\mbn 1888¬ Aao¿ Aen Hcp tbmKw hnfn-s®-¶nepw AXv \S-∂n-√. ]nt‰ h¿j-tØ°v ktΩ-f\w am‰n. kønZv Alv a Zv J ms‚ FXn¿∏pw apkv e nw- I ƒ°n- S - b nhnZymkº-∂-cpsS A`m-hhpw Aao¿ Aen I¬°Ø sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-bm-bXpw ImcWw ]s£ CXv \S-∂n-√. kwL-S\ {ItaW C√m-Xm-bn.''9 apkvenw-Iƒ tIm¨{K- n¬ tNcp-∂-Xn-ep≈ FXn¿∏v k¿k-ønZv 57

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

1887- ˛ ¬ apl- Ω - Z ≥ FPp- t °- j - \ ¬ tIm¨{^≥kns‚ c≠mw hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ sh®mWv {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\pw ]Xns\m∂v h¿j- ß ƒ°v apºmWv I¬°Ø tIm¨{^≥kncmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-te°v apkvenw-Iƒ {]th-in-°p-∂X - n-t\m-Sp≈ Xs‚ FXn¿∏-t±lw {]I-Sn∏n°p∂-Xv. k¿ køn-Zns‚ Cu FXn¿∏v kXy-Øn¬ A∂v kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw \√ cmjv{Sob \ne-]mSm-bn-cp∂p, apkvenw-Isf kw_-‘n®v A∂sØ G‰hpw i‡-amb cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu \ne-]mSv F∂pw k¿kønZv XpS¿∂n-´n-√. 1890˛IfpsS BZy-Øn¬ Xs∂ At±lw kPoh cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Nn¥n®p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p ImcW-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CXn\v ]n∂n-se∂p tXm∂p-∂p. H∂v, apkvenw-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ hnZym-k-º-∂-cmb Hcp Xe-apd ]Xp-s°-bm-sW-¶nepw hf¿∂p Ign-™n-cp∂p. c≠v. 1892-˛se C¥ym Iu¨kn¬ BIvSv \ne-hnh∂-tXmsS cmjv{So-b-Øn-te°v Cd-ßm≥ apkvenw kap-Zmbw \n¿∫‘n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ahÿ D≠m-bn. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS C¥y-°m¿°v A[n-Imcw \evIm-\p≈ hyh-ÿm-]nX Im¬sh-∏ns‚ XpS-°-am-bncp∂p Cu \nb-aw. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS A[n-Imcw F∂ k¶-ev]sØ t\csØ k¿k-ønZv i‡n-bmsbXn¿Øn-cp-∂p. 1883-˛¬ a[y-{]-hn-iym{]m-tZ-inI `c-W-k-`m-_n-√ns‚ N¿®-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°th Cw•≠v amXrI- b n¬ C¥y- b n¬ sXc- s ™- S p∏v \S- Ø p- ∂ - X ns\ At±lw FXn¿Øp. C¥yt]m-ep-≈, P\-߃ hnhn[ X´p-I-fn-emb Hcp cmPyØv, `qcn-]-£, \yq\-]-£ -XcwXncnhv i‡n-bm-bp≈ Hcp cmPyØv Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏v coXn A{]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw P\-ß-fpsS Xmev]-cy߃°v FXn-cp-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂mbncp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. 1893 Unkw-_¿ 30-˛mw k¿ kønZv Aen-KVv tIº- n-te°v apkvenw t\Xm-°-fpsS Hcp ktΩ-f\w hnfn-°p-Ibpw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Hcp tNmZym-hen hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tNmZy-߃ Ch-bm-bncp-∂p. 1. apkvenw {]iv\-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v lnμp-°-tfm-sSm∏w tN¿∂v {]t£m`w \S-Ø-Wtam? 2. {]t£m`w thdn´p \S-Ø-Wtam?

3. cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw hn´p \n∂v hnZym-`ymk ImcyØn¬ am{Xw {i≤n-®m¬ aXn-bm-Iptam? 4. cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-S\ D≠m-°pI t]mep≈ am¿§-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw {]t£m-`Ø - n-te°v t]mIm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Wtam? ktΩ-f\w \mem-asØ am¿§w kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-W-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ k¿ køn-Zn\v Cu Xocp-am\w \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤n-°m≥ km[n-®n-√. Aen-KVv tImtfPns‚ ^≠n¬ \n∂p `oa-amb Hcp XpI At±lw hniz-kn-t®-ev]n® 58

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

HcptZymK-ÿ≥ Ipd-®p-Imew sIm≠v X´n-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw tImtfPns‚ {]h¿Ø\w kvXw`n-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtXmsSm∏w Xs∂ Aen-K-Vns‚ `cWw Hcp {SÃn\v ssIam-dp∂ hnj-bØn¬ hnhm-Z-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw tImtfPv IΩ-‰n-bn¬ \n∂v Nne¿ hn´p \nevIp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. Iq\n-t∑¬ Ipcpsh∂-t]mse CXn-∂n-S-bntImtf-Pns‚ \S-Øn-∏n¬ Imcy-amb tdmfp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]p{X≥ kønZv alvaq-Zn\v ITn-\-amb Hcp tcmK-_m-[-bp-≠m-bn. k¿k-øn-Zn\v {]mbhpw tcmKhpw ImcWw ]g-bXv t]mse {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ Btcm-Ky-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 85 hb v Ign-™n-cp∂p C°m-e-am-Ip-tºm-tg°v. C°mc-W-߃ sIm≠v At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv ]ns∂ cmjv{So-b∏m¿´n cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v {ia-ß-fp-≠m-bn-√. F¶nepw cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n F∂ Bibw C¥y-bn-se-√m-bn-SØpw {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp ]m¿´n cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Ac-sßm-cp-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. iwkp¬ Deam auem\m in_ven \pAvam\n: Hudw-K-tk_v Bew Ko¿ ae-bmfw hnh¿Ø-\w, sI.-F≥.-A-_vZp-d-lvam≥ ]pdw 5,6 2. Athulanand Chakrobarthy; call in politics p 35 3. B.A.Dar, Religious Thought of Sir Syed 4. Muhammad al Gazali in socio-Political thought of Shah wali Yllah.

5. Jalbani G.N; Life of Shah waliyullah PP 185-186' 6. Mazharuddeen Siddiqui; Modern Reformist thought in Muslim world pp 174-175 7. K.A.Nizami; Sayyid Ahmed Khan P.85 8. Althaf Husain Hali: Hayath-e-Javeed (Urdu) Vol: ii PP.197-198 9. Dr: Mutiur Rahman; From consultation to confrontation P.462

59

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

6 aX-Ønse cmjv{So-bw ""c≠p-]p-√p-sI-´p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬s∏´ IgpX hni∂v acn-°p-I-tb-bp-≈q.'' -˛ t]¿jy≥ ]g-samgn kaq-l-ambn a\p-jy≥ Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb Imew-ap-X¬ Ahs‚ IqsS-bp≈ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bmWv cm{„o-b-hy-h-ÿ. kpK-a-amb \ne\n¬∏v Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v B`y-¥-c-cw-KØv kam-[m\w \ne-\n¿ØpI F∂ hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb e£y-Øn¬\n∂v XpS-ßnb cm{„obw AYhm A[n-Imcw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-tØmsS a\p-jyPo-hn-X-Øns‚ sshb-‡n-I, kmaq-ln-I-X-e-ßsf GXm≠v apgps° Iø-S-°nb G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ LS-\-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A[nImcw hy‡n-bp-sStbm Hcp Iq´w hy‡n-I-fp-sStbm C—m-\n-—-Ifn¬\n∂v IpXdn amdn \nb-a-hm-gvN-bn-te-s°-Øp-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv cm{„hpw cm{„o-bhpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ \nb¥mhm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. C∂v GsXmcp kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw hy‡n-bpsS Xs∂bpw \ne-\n¬∏pw hf¿®bpw cm{„o-b-Øns‚ C—m-\n-—-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-Wv. cm{„o-bØns‚ klm-b-an-√m-sX, XW-en-√m-sX, Hcp kaq-l-Øn\pw C∂v P\m-[n-]Xy hyhÿnXnbn¬ \ne-\n¬∏n-√.

IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Imcpw Aƒ{Sm-sk-Iyp-e-dn-Ãp-Ifpw aX-sØbpw cm{„ob-sØbpw c≠-d-I-fn¬ Xf-®n-Sm≥ CXp-hsc {ian-®p-t]m-∂n-´p-≠v. aXsam-cn-°epw cm{„o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sem∂pw IS-∂p-IqsS-∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. cm{„o-b-Øn\v AtX-k-abw Fhn-sSbpw IS-∂p-ta-bmw. ImcWw AXv kaq-l-Øns‚ `uXn-I-{]-iv\-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. CXn-\p-ap-ºn¬ Bcpw XS- - a p- ≠ m- ° n- ° q- S m. aXw a\p- j ys‚ hy‡n- X - e - Ø nse Nne Aaq¿Ø Bi-b-ß-fp-sSbpw k¶-ev]-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Im-i\w am{Xam-Wv. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb hy‡n-I-fpsS a\- m£n kzmX-{¥y-tØmfta aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-∂¿∞ap-≈q. IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cpsS {]am-Wß-fn-ep-≈Xv aXsØ \in-∏n-°-Ww, a\p-jys‚ hntam-N-\-Øn\v 60

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

{][m\ XS- -am-W-Xv. ]s£ aXsØ c‡-km-£n-bm-°n-°qSm; AX]-I-SamWv F∂m-Wv. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn-∂-IØv A`n-{]m-ssbIyw \jvS-s∏-´n-´p≈ hnj-b-amWv aXhpw cm{„o-bhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w. Hcp ImeØv C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ GIm`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. C∂-h¿ C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]e A`n-{]m-b-߃ sh®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ aq∂p {]_e A`n-{]m-b-߃ ]cn-KWn- ° m- h p- ∂ - X m- W v . aX- Ø ns‚ G‰hpw {][m- \ - s ∏- ´ - h - i - a mWv cm{„obw F∂v Hcp Iq´¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. -I-Ωyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cpsS sI´nS-k-¶ev]w IS-sa-SpØv ]d-™m¬ Ckvemw hn`m-h\ sNøp∂ kaql-Øns‚ At[m-L-S-\. a\p-jys\ A√mlp krjvSn-®Xv `qan-bnAhs‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbm-Wv. A√m-lp-hns‚ `cWw `qan-bn¬ ÿm]n°p-I-bm-W-hs‚ Pohn- X - e - £ yw. `c- W- IqSw ssZhn-I-ambn Ignbp∂tXmsS kaq-l-Øns‚ D]-cn-L-S-\-I-sfms° ˛a-Xw, kº-Zvhy-hÿ, Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw, imkv{Xhpw kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw F∂p XpSßn F√mw Ckvem-an-I-ambnØocpw. AXp-sIm≠v apkven-ans‚ {]Y-a-_m-[yX `cWw ssZhn-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\v ˛ cm{„o-bhyh-ÿnXn Ckv e m- a n- I - a m- ° p- ∂ - X n\p {ian- ° p- I - b m- W v . Ckv e m- a nIPohn- X w "kw]q¿Æ'-am-I-W-sa-¶nepw Cu {iaw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. aXhpw cm{„o-b-hpw XΩn¬ Hcp _‘-hp-an-s√-∂mWv C\n-sbmcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sv. Ckvemw hy‡n-X-e-Øn¬ Iev]n-°p∂ [m¿Ωn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c-]-c-hp-amb \njvT-Iƒ apkvenw-Iƒ cm{„o-b{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]men-°-W-sa-t∂-bp-≈q. cm{„o-bØn\v a‰p {]tXyI e£y-ß-sfm∂pw thW-sa-∂n-√. cm{„o-b-]m¿´n GXpw BImw. Hcp cm{„o-b-hp-an-s√-¶nepw Ipg-∏-an-√. aX-amWv ˛ aX-Ønse Bcm-[-\-Ifpw aX-Øns‚ hy‡n-X-e-Ønse hn[n hne°p-I-fp-amWv {][m-\w. Ch ]men®pw aX-kw-L-S\Isfbpw aX-]fin- X - ∑ m- s cbpw A\p- k - c n®pw Pohn- ° - W - s a- ∂ Xv \n¿_- ‘ w.

PohnXw hnP-bn-°m≥ C{Xtb Bh-iy-ap-≈q. ^mknkw C¥y≥ cm{„o-b-Øn¬ Hcp `oI-c-bm-Ym¿∞yambn-Øo¿∂-tijw sNdn-sbmcp t`Z-KXn Cu hn`m-K-Ønse Nne¿ Ct∏mƒ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. apkvenwIsf \in-∏n-°m≥ \S-°p-∂-hsc tXmev]n-°m≥ atX-X-c-i-‡n-Isf ]n¥p-Wbv°mw F∂ A`n-{]m-b-Øn-seØn \n¬°p-∂p.

BZysØ Iq´¿ ˛ aX-cm-jv{S-hm-Zn-Iƒ aXsØ bp‡n°pw {]amW-߃°p-sams° FXn-cmbn Im≥hm-kn\v ]pd-tØ°v hen-®p-\o-´ptºmƒ c≠m-asØ Iq´¿ ˛ aX Acm-jv{So-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ Im≥hmkv 61

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Xs∂ sh´n-®p-cp°p∂ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. aq∂m-asØ ho£Ww C¥y-bnse B[n-Im-cnI apkvenw cm{„ob-Øn-s‚-Xm-Wv. cm{„o-bhpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw XΩn¬ B¿÷n-®pI-gn-™n-´p≈ _‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI {]am-Wß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb ho£-W-amWv CXv. CX-\p-kcn®v Hcp apkvenw cm{„o-bsØ hfsc Kuc-h-tØmsS ImtW-≠Xpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw Ckvemw hn`m-h\ sNøp∂ a\p-jy-kzm-X-{¥yØn-s‚bpw \ne-\n¬∏n\pw hf¿®bv°pw th≠n icn-bmb kwhn-[m\-Øn≥ Iogn¬ cm{„o-b-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-tØ-≠-Xp-am-Wv. cm{„o-bØn¬ \n∂v amdn-\n¬°p∂Xpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kpc-£n-XØzw hf¿®-t]m-ep≈ a¿Ω-{]-[m\ {]iv\-߃°v {]mapJyw \¬Im-ØXpw ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v D]-bp-‡-a-√m-ØXpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-I-fpambn _‘an√m-Ø-Xp-amb coXn-bn¬ cm{„o-b-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂Xpw kap-Zm-b-tØmSv sNøp∂ A]-cm-[-ambn Cu ho£Ww hnebn-cp-Øp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ \yq\-]-£hpw ]n∂m-°-hp-amWv. ChnsS AXp-sIm≠v Cu ho£-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ {]k-‡n-bp≠m-Ip-∂p. t]mcm-Ø-Xn\v C¥y P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-hp-am-Wv. P\m-[n]-Xy-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sm-\p≈ Htc-sbmcp hgn cm{„o-b-ambn kwL-Sn-°p-I-bm-Wv. aX-cm-{„-hm-Z-Øns‚ ho£Ww F{X-tbm- X-hW N¿® sNø-s∏´-Xm-Wv. t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse Cu hmZ-Øns‚ B[mcw `qanbn¬ a\p-jy≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbmWv F∂m-Wv. H∂m-aXv Cu {]Xn-\n-[n-]´w `cWw F∂-Xn-te°v Npcp°n "Jeo^' F∂ hm°n\v Ch¿ ]d-bp∂ A¿∞-sØ-Øs∂ Ch¿ \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-Wv. {]Xn-\n[n ssZh-Øn-s‚-bm-sW-¶nssZhw {]]-©-Øn¬ sNøp∂ F√m {]hr-Ønbpw `qan-bn¬ sNøm≥ a\p-jy≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-Wv. At∏m-gt√ ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n[n F∂p ]d-bq. {]mXn-\n[yw `c-W-Øn\v am{X-am-sW∂v CXv kw_‘n®v h∂ ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn-sem-∂p-an-√-Xm-\pw. F∂m¬ a\p-jys\ krjvSn-®-tijw Ahs‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ae-°p-Isf t_m[y-s∏Sp-Øm≥ \S∂ kw`hw ]d-bp-∂Xv {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ A¿∞w thsdbm-sW-∂m-Wv. a\p-jy-kr-jvSn°v DSs\ \S-∂Xv (C-Sbv°v thsd Fs¥-¶nepw \S-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂n-√.) ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿Bs‚ hm°p-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬: ""A\-¥cw A√mlp BZans\ kI-e-h-kvXp-°-fp-sSbpw \ma-߃ ]Tn-∏n-®p. ]n∂o-S-hsb ae62

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

°p-Iƒ°v apºn¬ lmP-cm-°n-s°m≠v Acpƒ sNbvXp: (Hcp Jeo^sb \n›-bn-°pI hgn kwhn-[m\w Xmdp-am-dm-Ip-sa-∂) \nß-fpsS hnNmcw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu hkvXp-°-fpsS \ma-߃ ]d-™p-X-cnI. At∏mƒ Ah¿ t_m[n-∏n®p: \yq\-X-I-fn¬ \n∂p ]cn-]q¿Æ-ap‡-amb kØ \nt‚-Xp-am-{X-am-Ip-∂p. Rßtfm \o Adn-bn-®-sXt¥m AXv am{X-a-dn-bp-∂p. F√mw Adn-bp-∂-h\pw {Kln-°p-∂-h\pw \ob√m-Xm-cp-an-√.' A\-¥cw A√mlp BZ-an-t\mSv ]d™p: B hkvXp°-fpsS \ma-߃ Ah¿°v ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°. At±lw Ah¿°v B \ma-ß-sf√mw ]d-™p-sIm-SpØv A√mlp Acpfn: Rm≥ BIm-i`q-an-I-fn-ep-≈, \n߃°v tKm]y-amb kIe bmYm¿∞y-ßfpw Adnbp-∂psh∂pw \n߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw ad-®p-sh-°p-∂Xpw Adnbp-∂p-sh∂pw \nß-tfmSv ]d-™n-cp-∂n-t√.''1 a¿lqw A_p¬ AAvem auZqZnbpsS X¿÷a F Jp¿-B≥(D¿Zp) s‚ ae-bmfw hnh¿Ø-\w, sF.-]n.-F-®v. {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Jp¿-B≥ `mjy-Øn¬\n-s∂-SpØ ]cn-`m-j-bmWv apI-fn-ep-≤-cn-®-Xv. a\p-jy\v ae-°p-Iƒ°p-t]mepw \¬In-bn-´n-√mØ a\\w sNøm-\p≈ Ignhv A√mlp \¬In-b-Xn-s\-bmWv \ma-߃ ]Tn-∏n-®p-sh∂v Jp¿B≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v Nne ]fin-X-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏Sp∂p. Cu ]cm-a¿iw "Jeo^' F∂ hm°p-ambn Iq´n hmbn-°-Wsa∂v kμ¿`-Øn¬\n∂v hy‡-am-hp-∂p-≠v. \ntbm-Kn-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Jeo-^-bpsS Ignhv {]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\mWv Cu kw`-h-ap-≠m-b-Xv. ae°p-I-tfmSv BZ-an\v {]Wm-a-a¿∏n-°m\pw tijw Iev]-\-bp-≠m-bn.

Jeo^ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v {]Xn-\n[n F∂ A¿∞hpw Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn amdn-h-cp-∂Xv F∂ A¿∞-hp-amWv kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {]Xn\n[n F∂ {]tbm-K-Øns‚ s]mcp-fns‚ Imcy-Øn-emWv X¿°-ap-≈Xv. ssZhoI `c-W-IqSw `qan-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-I-bmWv CXns‚ hnh£-sb∂v aX-cm-jv{S-hm-Zw ]d-bp-tºmƒ A√m-lp-hns‚ hnti-j-W߃ AYhm KpW-ß-fpsS (kn-^m-Xv) {]mXn-\n-[y-amWv s]mcp-sf∂v ]d-bp-∂-hcpw a\p-jys‚ k¿§m-fl-I-X-bmWv s]mcp-sf∂v ]d-bp-∂h-cp-ap-≠v. A√mam CJv_m¬ Ah-km\w ]d™ Iq´-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. 2CXmWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-k-l-amb A`n-{]m-b-sa∂v tXm∂p∂p. as‰m∂v t\csØ kqNn- ∏ n- ® - t ]mse Cu hmZ- Ø ns‚ kmaqlnIamb s]mcpƒ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ B[mcw cm{„o-bhyhÿn-Xn-bm-sW-∂m-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Cu B[mcw am‰n-∏-Wn-bp∂-tXmsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ß-fnepw am‰-ß-fp-≠mIpw F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXv am¿Ivkn-b≥ kmaq-ln-I-ho-£-W-Øns‚ Im¿_¨ 63

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

tIm∏n-bm-Wv. hyXymkw am¿Ivkn-b≥ ImgvN-∏mSn¬ B[mcw kºZvLS- \ - b - m-sW-∂mWv ]d-bp-∂X - v. CXn-te-sX-¶nepw H∂v kzoI-cn-°Ww F∂m-sW-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ \√Xv am¿Ivkn-b≥ ImgvN-∏m-Sm-Wv. ImcWw IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-`{- Z-am-bXpw icn-sb∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Cu ImgvN∏m-Sm-Wv. Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°n-bm¬ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ am‰- ß - f n¬ Imcy- a mb ]¶v hln® H∂mWv kº- Z v L - S - \ - s b∂v ImWmw. am¿Ivkns‚ sI´n-S-k-¶-ev]hpw At[m-L-S-\m-k-¶-ev]-hpamWv A_-≤-am-b-Xv. am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Iƒ ]n∂oSv AwKo-I-cn-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw am¿Ivkv Xs‚ Ah-km-\-Im-eØv CXv Xncp-Øm≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. kaql-Øn\v GsX-¶nepw B[m-c-L-S-\-bp-s≠-¶n¬ AtX-Xm-bmepw kºZvL-S-\-b-s√∂v \q‰m-t≠m-f-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂pw temIw ]Tn®p-I-gn-™-Xm-Wv. kº-ZvL-S-\-bmWv B[m-c-L-S-\sb∂v ]d™ am¿Ivkn-Ãp-Iƒ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\n-e-S°w kº-ZvL-S\ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-te°v amdnb-tijw D≠m-Ip-sa∂v am¿Ivkv k¶-ev]n® h¿§-kw-L-´-\hpw kachpw hnπ-hhpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v ImØv \n¬°msX ^yqU-en-kØn¬\n∂v t\sc tkmjy-en-kØ - n-te°v Ipdp-°p-hgn ]nSn-°p-Ib - mWv sNbvX-Xv. djy-bn¬ km¿ N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS Zp¿_-e-`-c-W-Iq-SsØ ]´m-f-°msc D]-tbm-Kn®v bp≤w sNbvXv tXmev]n-®mWv HIvtSm-_¿ hnπhw F∂v apºv Bth-i-]q¿Δw hnfn-®n-cp∂ \o°-ß-fn-eqsS `cWw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv. ChnsS kw`-hn-®Xv auZq-Zn-km-ln-_ns‚ Bibw \S∏m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cm{„o-b-hy-h-ÿ am‰n kº-Zvhy-hÿ am‰m≥ {ian-°pI. ^ew cm{„o-b-hy-h-ÿ-t]mepw am‰m≥ Ign-™n√ F∂Xm- b n- c p- ∂ p. IΩyq- W nÃv hnπ- h - Ø n\v ap≥]v Ic≥kv I n- b psS t\XrXzØnep-≠m-bn-cp∂ P\m-[n-]-Xy-k¿°m-dm-bn-cp∂p djy-bnA[n-Im-c-Øn¬. se\n≥ B Kh¨sa‚n¬ B`y-¥c a{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂p. Fgp- ] Xv sIm√- ß ƒ°p- t ijw cm{„o- b - h y- h ÿ ho≠pw t_mdnkv sb¬kn≥ \bn® P\m-[n-]-Xy-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ ssII-fnh∂p. kº-Zvhy-h-ÿsb sXmSm≥t]mepw Bbn-√. a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw I≠ G‰hpw henb {Inan-\¬ Ip‰ßƒ sNbvX Kh¨sa‚p-I-sfbpw tPmk^v Ãmen-s\-t∏m-ep≈ tkz—m-[n-]-Xn-I-sfbpw kln-°m≥ Hcp P\-X-b-∏msS hn[n-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂-Xv am{X-amWv IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-IfpsS kw`m-h-\. cm{„o-b-hy-h-ÿnXn am‰n-bXpsIm≠v Hcp am‰hpw kmaqly-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√-∂-Xn\v tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥, ]q¿Δ-bq-tdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃, ssN\-t]m-ep≈ Gjy≥ cmPy-߃ apXem-bh km£n-I-fm-Wv. 64

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

c≠m-asØ ImgvN-∏mSv aX-cm-jv{S-hm-Z-Øns‚ B[mcw t]mepw C√m-ØXpw kap-Zmb {]Xn-_-≤X sXm´p-sX-dn-®n-´n-√m-Ø-Xp-amb Akw-_-‘-am-Wv. cm{„o-b-Øn\v hfsc hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb A¿∞w am{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ime-L-´-amWv cmP-`-c-W-Im-e-L-´w. A°m-eØv t]mepw DZv_p-≤-cmb Hcp P\-Xbpw kzoI-cn-°mØ \ne-]m-Sm-Wn-Xv. BZn-hm-kn-I-sf-t∏mse temI-hp-ambn _‘-an-√msX Im´n¬ Ign-™ncp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sfm-gn®v Bcpw sNøm≥ ss[cy-s∏-SmØ A_≤w. `uXn-I-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf hnkva-cn-°m-sa∂v sh®mepw Cu {]iv\Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ aX-]-c-amb _m[y-X-bn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp∂ Imcyw {]bm-k-am-Wv. \nc-¥-c-ambn ico-AØv \nb-a-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn `ojWn-bp-b-cp-∂, GIo-Ir-X-kn-hn¬tImUv F∂ sUtam-¢-kns‚ hmƒ Xe-°p-aosX Xqßn-°n-S-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂, hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ \ntcm[n-°-W-sW-∂m-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂ dn´p-l-c-Pn-Iƒ CS-bv°nsS tImS-Xn-Ifn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂, hnhm-l-]-cn[n{]mb \nbaw \ne-hn-ep-≈, aXÿm-]\ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-\n-tcm-[-\-\n-baw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp- cm-PyØv CΔnj-b-I-c-amb aX-_m-[y-X-bn¬\n∂v F{]-Im-c-amWv c£-s∏-SpI? hnhm-l-c-Pn-kvt{S-j≥ kw_-‘n®v CubnsS D≠mb hnhmZw Hm¿Ωn®p-sIm≠v CXn-s∂mcp adp-]Sn ]d-bm-\m-Iptam? P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønhniz-kn-°p∂ I£n-I-fp-≠m-Ip-thmfw CØcw Imcy-ß-fn¬ `b-s∏tS-≠-Xn√ F∂ DØcw kz¥w DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm\p≈ am\y-a-√mØ Hgn-I-gnhv am{X-am-Wv. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-hns\ sh√p∂ Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-izmkn C¥y-bn¬ cm{„o-b-cw-KØv C∂p-hsc {]Xy-£-s∏-´n-´n-√. F∂ms\lvdp-hns‚ `c-W-Im-e-ØmWv ico-AØv \nb-a-t`-Z-K-Xn°v IΩoj- \ - S °w ]e- X - h W ico- A - Ø n\v t\sc `ojWn Db¿∂- X v . kvs]jy¬ amtcyPv BIvSv \ne-hn¬h-∂Xv s\lvdp-hns‚ Ime-ØmWv. s\lvdp a{¥n-k-`-bn¬ \nb-a-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ F®v.-hn.-]-Xm-kvI¿ lnμp-tImUv _n√v temIvk-`-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v ]d-™Xv GIo-IrX knhn¬ tImUn-te°p≈ Im¬sh-bv∏mWv _ns√∂pw CXv 85% C¥y-°m¿°pw _m[-I-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ 15% sØ°qSn tZio-b-[m-c-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ Xs∂ km[n-°p-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu _n¬ \nba-amb DS≥ Xs∂-bmWv kv s ]jy¬ amtcyPv BIv S v \ne- h n¬ hcp- ∂ - X v . s\lv d p- h ns‚ ]p{Xnbpw XnI™ atX-Xc hnizm-kn-bm-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Cμn-cm-Km-‘nbpsS Ime-ØmWv {Inan-\¬ s{]mkn-Py¿ tImUn\v t`Z-KXn sIm≠ph∂p hnhm-l-tam-Nn-Xbv°v ap≥`¿Ømhv sNehv sImSp-°-W-sa∂v 65

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\nb-a-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xv. C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw 1977]n¥p-W®v A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-‰nb P\-Xm-]m¿´n Kh¨sa‚mWv hnhml-{]m-b-]-cn-[n-\n-baw sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ CØcw `oj-WnIƒ°v ]m¿´n-Ifpw hy‡n-I-fp-sam∂pw hyXym-k-an-s√∂v aptº hy‡am-b-Xm-Wv. CtXm-Sp-tN¿Øp-hm-bn-t°-≠Xv Xs∂-bmWv _m_cn ]≈n {]iv\-hpw, ]›n-a-_w-Km-fnse apkvenw-I-fpsS ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpw. _m_-cn-∏≈n {]iv\w khn-tij {i≤ A¿ln-°p-∂Xpw C¥ybnse atX-X-c-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw \yq\-]-£-ßfpw kq£va-amb ]T-\Øn\v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-amb {]iv\-am-Wv. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ CSbv°nsS ]e `mK-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-t]m-ep≈ Hcm-cm-[-\m-e-b-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-{]iv\w am{X-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y kzmX{¥yw t\Sp-∂Xphsc _m_-cn-∏≈n X¿°w. _m_-cn-X¿°-Øn-t\-Xm-s≠mcp ]cnlmcw Atbm-[y-bnse lnμp-°fpw apkvenw-Ifpw tN¿∂p I≠n-cp∂p-Xm-\pw. C¥y kzX-{¥-bm-hp-Ibpw P\m-[n-]Xyw cm{„o-b-hy-hÿn-Xn-bm-Ip-Ibpw I£n-cm-{„o-b-a-’-c-ßfpw thm´pw ]c-a-{]-[m-\am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-sS-bmWv CXv ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂n´pw 1980-Iƒ hsc CXv bp.-]n.-bp-sSbpw ss^km-_mZv Pn√-bpsSbpw am{Xw Xe-th-Z\ - b - m-bn-\n-∂p. F¨]-Xp-If - psS BZy-amWv hnizln-μp-]-cn-jXv F∂ kwL-S\ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. cm{„o-b-am-bn-cp∂p {][m\-ambpw CXn\v ]n∂n¬. Iivaocnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ lcnknw-Kns‚ aI\pw tIm¨{K v t\Xm-hp-amb Ic¨knw-Km-bn-cp∂p BZysØ {]kn-U‚ v. ]cn-jXv cmPysØ lnμp-°sf sFIy-s∏-SpØm≥ Bkq{XWw sNbvX ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS BZy-L-´-amb GIm-flXm-bm{X _Zvco-\m-Yn¬ DZvLm-S\w sNbvXXv Cμn-cm-Km-‘n-bm-bn-cp∂p.

F∂m¬ A[n-I-Imew hniz-lnμp ]cn-j-Øns\ Nnd-In≥tNm-´nsh°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw tIm¨{K- n-\p-≠m-bn-√. tIm¨{K- ns‚ cm{„o-b-Øn¬\n∂v IpXdn c£-s∏´ AXv kwL-]-cn-hm-dns‚ `mKam-bn. _m_-cn-∏≈n {]iv\w ]ns∂ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂Xv hniz-ln-μp-]-cnj-Øm-Wv. AtXmsS AsXmcp hkvXp-hns‚ DS-a-ÿXm {]iv\w F∂ knhn¬ \nb-a-{]-iv\-Øn¬\n∂v hf¿∂v {iocm-a\pw {iocm-a-`-‡cpw cmPyhpw cmPy-Øns‚ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿbpw XΩn-ep≈ {Inan-\¬ {]iv\ambn amdn. ]≈n-bpsS DS-a-I-fmb apkvenw-Iƒ°v kXy-Øn¬ Cu am‰w DØ-c-hm-ZnØzw Ipd-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. cmPyw Cu {]iv\w Gs‰Sp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ bp.-]n.-bn¬ {]tXy-In®pw s]mXp-hmbn cmPyØpw apkvenw-Iƒ°p cm{„o-b-ta¬hn-em-k-an-√mØ H‰-°m-c-W66

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Øm¬ A™q-dp-h¿jw {]m¿∞\ \S∂ B ]≈n XI¿°-s∏-SpIbpw Hc-™qdp h¿jw IqSn Ign-™m¬t∏mepw t`Z-am-Im-Ø-hn[w apkvenw-I-fpsS Bflm-`n-am-\-Øn\v £X-ta¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. apkvenw-Iƒ°v cm{„o-b-ta¬hn-em-k-an-√m-ØXv ImcWw ]Iz-amb cm{„o-b-\n-e-]m-sS-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°msX h∂-Xm-Wn-Xn-s\m-∂m-asØ Imc-Ww. Cu ]≈n {]iv\w cq£-am-hp-Ibpw AXv s]mfn-°p-sa∂v `oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v t]bn-f-Inb ^mknkw ImWp-∂-Xn-s\sbms° ISn®v ]m™p-\-S-°p∂ ka-bØv ]≈n kwc-£-W-Øn-\p≠m-°nb Hcp IΩ‰n aq∂mbn ]ncn™v XΩn¬ X√p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.Hcp cm{„o-b-kw-L-S-\-bpsS A`mhw ImcWw Ah-Im-i-Øn-\p-th≠n ˛ ChnsS ]≈n kwc-£Ww ˛ H∂pw sNøm≥ Ign-™n-s√∂v am{Xa√ ÿe-Ime t_m[-ap-≈-hcpw A¥- p-≈-h-cp-amb Hcp P\-X-bmWv apkvenw-Iƒ F∂v P\-ßsfbpw cmPy-sØbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xn-epw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. am{X-a√ \n m-c-em-`-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ t\Xm°-fpsS XΩn¬Ø√pw apkvenw _lp-P-\-ß-fpsS \n w-K-Xbpw B ]≈n s]mfn- ° m- \ p≈ ss[cyw ^mkn- à p- I ƒ°v \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. CsXm∂pw t]mcm™v ^mkn-Ãp-I-fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn®v Cu {]iv\w Hcp apkvenw {]iv\a - m°n Npcp-°n-s°-´m≥ ap∂n¬\n∂v klmbn-®p. Ah¿ B{K-ln-®Xv t]mse lnμp-°fpw apkvenw-Ifpw XΩnse {]iv\-am°n CXns\ am‰n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Aßs\ ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ°v km[n-®p. Xo¿∂n-√, apkvenw-Iƒ kmam\yw A¥-t msS Pohn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ apkvenwIfpsS cm{„o-b-i‡n XI¿°m-\p≈ {iahpw CtXm-sSm∏w Ac-tß-b-dn-b-Xpw Nne ]pXnb Iq´-߃ apkvenw kwLSn-X-i‡nsb £oWn-∏n-°m≥ Xo{h-hm-Z-]-c-amb \o°-߃ \S-ØnbXpw CXn-t\m-sSm∏w ImW-Ww. _m_cn∏≈n F∂ sI´n-S-Øn\v th≠n Bbn-cp-∂n-√t√m {]iv\ap-≠m-bXv; B ÿe-Øn\v th≠n Bbn-cp∂pthm? AXp-as - √-∂X - mWv hmkvX-hw. XpS-°-Øn¬ CXn-s\ms° th≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p X¿°n-®ncp-∂-Xv. 1980 ItfmsS AXv amdn. hntZ-inbpw apkven-hp-amb _m_¿ {iocm-as‚ P∑-ÿew Itø-dp-Ibpw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ cmat£{Xw XI¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-s≠∂v _m_-cns‚ "k¥m-\-ß'sf-s°m≠v kΩ-Xn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p ^mkn-Ãp-I-fpsS Du∂¬.

Atbm-[y-bn¬ ]≈n \n¬°p∂ ÿe-Øm-bn-cp∂p cma≥ P\n-®Xv F∂v Atbm-[y-bnse lnμp-°tfm ]pd-Øp≈htcm A∂pw hnizkn-®n-´n-√. C∂pw C√. AXv- Cw•ojpImcp-≠m-°nb sI´p-I-Y-bm-bncp∂psh∂v F√m-h¿°p-a-dn-bmw. ^mkn-k-Øns‚ cm{„obw am{X-am67

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bn-cp∂p Cu \mSIw apgp-s°. _m_¿ sNbvX "Ip‰w' Gs‰-Sp-∏n-°p∂-Xn-eq-sS, Aßs\ Hcp-]mSv Ip‰-߃ Gs‰-Sp-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS apkvenw-Isf am\-kn-I-ambn XI¿°p-I, ^mknkw krjvSn-°p∂ h¿§ob-hn-tZz-j-Øns‚ hocyw A{X I≠v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, CXv c≠pw C¥y-bn¬ A[n-Imcw \ncp-]m-[n-I-ambn ssIbn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\v apXapS-°p-I CXm-bn-cp∂p _m_-dn-∏-≈n-bpsS cm{„o-bw. CXv Xncn®-dnbp-∂-Xn-emWv apkvenw-Iƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xv. CXv Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ _m[yÿ- a mb Hcp cm{„ob kwhn- [ m- \ - Ø ns‚ t\Xr- X z- Ø n- e √ Cu {]iv\sØ t\cn- ´ - X v- F- ∂ - X m- b n- c p∂p Imc- W w. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zns‚tbm auem\m lpssk≥ AlvaZv aZ-\nbp-sStbm Ah¿°v tijw DØ-tc-¥y≥ apkvenw-Iƒ ]n¥p-S¿∂ cm{„o-b-Kp-cp-°-∑m-cp-sStbm ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ CØcw Adn-hp-Isfm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]≈n {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNøpIsb∂ t]cn¬ Ah¿ Ifn® lmky-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS s]mcpƒ ChnsS ]c-Xptºmtg In´q. C°m-cWw sIm≠p-X-s∂-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse apkvenwIƒ kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sns‚ A¿∞w Ah¿°v a\- n-em-Im-Xn-cp-∂Xpw. tIcfØn¬ apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ \ne-]m-Sns\ A]-l-kn®p \S∂p kzbw ]cn-lm-ky-amb t\Xr-Xz-ß-fpsS {]iv\hpw CXp-X-s∂-bm-bncp-∂p. cm{„o-b-t_m[w hf-sc-°m-esØ in£-W-Øn¬ \n∂m¿÷n°p∂ km£-c-X-bn¬\n∂v t\Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ hy‡amb Hc-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-hp-I, AXv Dd-s°-∏d-bm≥ Xt‚-S-ap-≠m-hp-I, AtXmsSm∏w Dd-®p-\n¬°m≥ ss[cy-ap≠m-hp-I, CsXms° Hcp IW-°n¬ Hcp `mKy-am-Wv. hnim-e-ambn Imcy-ßsf ImWp-∂-h¿t° Cu ku`m-Ky-ap-≠m-Iq. F¥n-s\bpw Xß-fpsS Hcp sIm®p-Iq-Sm-c-Øn-te-s°m-Xp-°n-°m-Wm-\pw- ]≠v s{]m{Im-Ãkv3 F∂ {Ko°v sIm≈-°m-c≥ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs‚ I´n-en-∂-\p-k-cn®v Bfp-Isf ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw kap-Zmb-kvt\lw F∂v ]d-bn-√. hfsc Kuc-h-tØmsS Cu Bfp-Iƒ ]cnK-Wn-t°≠ hnj-b-߃ Cu \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°-I-Øp-≠v. H∂v, cm{„ob-Øns‚ XWepw klm-b-hp-an-√msX Hcp P\-Xbv°pw kzX-{¥amb \ne-\n¬∏v Dd∏v hcp-Ømt\m hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpw D≠m°mt\m km[y-a-√. c≠v, {]t_m-[\w _m[y-X-bmb Hcp kaq-lØn\v am\yhpw A¥- m¿∂-Xp-amb \ne-\nev]v Ah-cpsS ZuXy-\n¿Δl-W-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. aq∂v, kaq-l-ambn Pohn-°p-tºmƒ kaql-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]cnlm-cw ImWp∂-Xn\pw B`y-¥-c-amb `n∂-X-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn kaq-lsØ H∂m68

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bn-°m-Wm≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp kwL-S-\-˛-Iq-´mbva A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. \mev i{Xp-°-fn¬\n∂v kaq-lsØ c£n-°p-∂-Xn\v {]Xn-tcm-[-kw-hn-[m\hpw AXv ^e- { ]- Z - a m- ° m≥ kaq- l - Ø ns‚ \ncp- ] m- [ n- I - a mb sFIyhpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. CØcw Nn¥-I-sfms° am‰n-sh®v IrXy-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv kzoIcn-°m≥ km[n-°m-sX, GXv icn-sb∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m-\m-ImsX Atßm´p-an-tßm´pw HmSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv Bfl-l-Xym-]-c-amWv F∂v a\ n-em-t°≠ kabw C¥y≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°v sshIn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Hcp I£n-bpsS ]n∂m-se, ASpØ sXc-s™-Sp∏n¬ thsdm-∂ns‚ ]n∂mse F∂ Cu ]c-°w-]m-®¬ XpS-ßn-bn´v Ime-ta-sd-bm-bn. CXn¬\n∂v amdn-\n-∂n-cp∂ tIc-f-ap-kvenw-Iƒ icnsb∂v IcpXn apdpsI ]nSn® am¿§-Øn-eqsS _lp-Zqcw apt∂m-´pt]m-hp-Ibpw Ncn-{X-]cw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ t\´-ß-fp-≠m-°pIbpw sNbvX-tijw Ahsc DØ-tc-¥y≥ apkvenw-I-fpsS ÿnXnbn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv ISpØ kap-Zmb t{Zml-amWv F∂v F√m-hcpw Hm¿°p-∂Xv \∂m-hpw.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ˛ 2:31 ˛ 34 2. Sir Muhammed Iqbal; Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam.

3. s{]m{Im-Ã-kv, Hcp {Ko°v sIm≈-°m-c≥. Bcp InS-∂mepw InS-°p∂ Bƒ°v ]mI-am-Ip∂ I´n-ep≠v Fs‚ ho´n¬ F∂p ]d™v Cbmƒ BfpI-sf Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ipw. InS-°p∂ Bƒ I´n-ens‚ A{X \of-an-s√¶n¬ Cbmƒ Abmsf hen-®p-\o´n ]mI-am-°pw, IqSp-X-em-sW-¶n¬ Xesh´n ]mI-am-°pw.

69

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

7 Pam-ep-±o≥ A^vKm-\n-bpsS hgn A¥n- a - b m- Y m¿∞y- s Ø- ° p- d n- ® p≈ At\z- j Ww a\p- j ys‚ ss\k¿§n-I-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. CXv kzbw \n¿Δ-ln-°p∂hcp-≠v. {]amW-ß-sfbpw ]fin-X-∑m-scbpw A\p-I-cn®v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv hnizkn®v DØcw In´n-sb∂v Biz-kn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. A¥na bmYm¿∞ysØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-Øn\v kzoI-cn-°-s∏Sp∂ am¿§-߃ F∂pw c≠mbn-cp-∂p. Ch-bn¬ H∂v kz¥w Bflm-hns‚ \nKq-VXI-fn-te-°n-dßn bmYm¿∞ysØ {Kln-°m≥ {ian-°p-I-bm-Wv. c≠v {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ cl-ky-߃ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS CXv {Kln-°p-I. BZy-tØXv anÃn-kn-k-Øn\pw c≠m-a-tØXv imkv{XØn\pw P∑w \¬In. aX-ß-fn¬ H´p hfsc FÆw BZysØ coXn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw anÃn-kn-kØ - ns‚ ]mX-bn-te°v \oßp-Ibpw sNbvXt∏mƒ Ckvemw BZy-tØ-Xns\ Xoscbpw \ncm-I-cn-°m-sX-Xs∂ c≠m-asØ am¿§sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Ckvemans‚ Cu coXn c≠p-X-c-Øn¬ a\p-jy-a-\- ns\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

H∂v CXv a\p-jys\ imkv{X-Ip-Xp-Inbpw imkv{X-t_m-[-ap-≈-h-\pam-°p-∂p, c≠v {]]-©-hp-ambpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambpw a\p-jys\ ZrVambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B-\n¬ CXv c≠n\pw [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W-߃ ImWmw. ""\n w-i-bw, `‡-P-\-߃°v ˛ kq£vaX-bp-≈-h¿°v am¿§-Z¿iI-as{X Cu {KŸw. Zriy-am-ImØ (AXn-`u-XnI) bmYm¿∞y-ßfn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂hcpw apd-{]-Imcw \a-kvI-cn-°p-∂-hcpw \mw \¬Inbn-´p≈ hn`-h-ß-fn¬\n∂v sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-W-h¿.''1 ""\n›bw BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS krjvSn-bn¬ cm∏-I-ep-I-fpsS GIm¥-c-W-Øn¬ _p≤n-am-∑m¿°v ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fp-≠v.2 ""]d-bpI, \n߃ `qan-bn¬ k©-cn-°p-Ibpw krjvSn F{]-Im-cam-Wv Bcw-`n-®-sX∂v \nco-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.''3 kzmX-{¥y-t_m-[hpw kmaq-ln-I-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-bp-amWv Ckvem-ans‚ Cu khn-tijX a\p-jy\v \¬Ip∂ a‰p c≠p KpW-߃. {]]-©70

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Øn-ep≈ kI-eXpw ˛ BIm-i-ß-fnepw `qan-bn-ep-≈Xv k¿Δhpw krjvSn-bm-sW∂pw At\z-jn-®m¬ Is≠-Øm-hp-∂ clky-ßtf ChbpsS krjvS-∏n-ep-≈q-sh-∂p-ap≈ Adnhv Ah\v ]q¿Æ-amb kzmX{¥y-t_m[w {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. Xs∂ krjvSn® \mYs‚ apºnam{Xta Xm≥ Bcm[\ A¿∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≈q-sh∂pw AdnhpsIm≠v X\n°v Iog-S-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q Xs∂ apºv `b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ Cu {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf∂pap≈ Adn-hn¬\n-∂mWv Cu kzmX-{¥y-Zmlw a\pjy\v e`n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv apkven-ans‚ c‡-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. {]]-©hpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn apkven-ans\ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn-I-sfms° kmaqly-am-sW-∂Xv sIm≠pw Xs‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ t]mj-W-Øn\pw Xs‚ k¿§-ti-jn-I-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn\pw kaqlw A\n-hm-cy-amsW-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw AXv apkven-ans\ kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-bp≈h\m°p-∂p. kzmX-{¥y-t_m-[-Øns‚ Cu at\m-L-S\ apkven-ans\ kzmX-{¥yØns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ß-fnepw imTy-ap-≈-h-\m-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-ØnCkvemw sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-\-Øn-\\p-krXw kzmX-t{¥y-—bv°v G‰°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ ImWm-sa-t∂-bp-≈q. kzmX{¥yw cm{„o-bm-[n-Imchpambpw _‘-s∏-´p-In-S° - p-∂p. Ckvemapw cm{„o-bh - p-am-bp≈ KmV_-‘-Øns‚ clkyw CXm-Wv. AXm-bXv Hcp apkvenw C—n-°p∂ kzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn-°pI Abm-fpsS hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvImc-Øn-s‚bpw tX´-߃°-\p-krXw Ahbv°v kzX-{¥-amb cm{„ob A¥-co£w e`n-°p-tºmƒ am{X-am-Wv. CXn-t∑¬ ssIsh-°p∂ GX[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-tØmSpw apkvenw G‰p-ap-´pw. Ckvem-ans‚ BZy-Im-eØv \S∂ apgp-h≥ bp≤-ßfpw Cu Hscm‰ Imc-W-Øm¬ \S-∂-h-bm-Wv. NneXv AXm-bXv a°-bnse A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ß-tfmSv \S∂ bp≤-߃ t\¿°p-t\sc hnizm-k-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\pw AXns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\pw \S-∂-h-bm-Wv. ]ns∂ \S∂ t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-Øn\pw Ing-°≥ tdman- \ p- s a- X n- c mb bp≤- ß - f - { Xbpw Ah¿ Ckv e m- a n- s \- X nsc Db¿Ønb `oj-Wn-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-t≠msS Bcw-`n® bqtdm-]y≥ ]S-tbm-´-ßfpw XpS¿∂p-≠mb tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-ßfpw ]uckvXy \mSp-I-fnse P\ßsf A∏m-sSbpw ]m›m-Xy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp∂ amb, C≥I t]mep≈ ]ucm-WnI P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sfbpw ISpØ `oj-WnIƒ°pw sh√phnfn-Iƒ°pw at[y sIm≠p-t]m-bn\n¿Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°mØh¿ ImS-∑m¿ F∂ aX-{`m-¥pam-bm-W-h¿ temIØv ]c-∂-Xv. apkvenw-I-fpsS {]Xm-]-Øns‚ {Km^v 71

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Xp¿°n-bn-sem-gn®v IpØs\ Xmgv∂p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v temI-sØ-ºmSpw apkvenw-Ifpw Cu `ojWn A\p-`-hn-®p. Xp¿°nbnepw Xp¿°-nbpsS `c-WØn≥Io-gn¬ h∂ \mSp-I-fnepw C¥y-bnapKƒkm-{am-Py-Øns‚ {]Xm-]-Im-e-Øp-sam-gn-®v. kvs]bn≥ apkvenwIƒ°v \jvS-s∏-´-Xns‚ ZpJ-Øn-∂n-S-bn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]nSn®-S-°n-s°m≠v Ing-°≥ tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øns‚ IYbv°p Xnc-»o-ebn´ Xp¿°n-I-fmWv GXm≠v Ac-k-l-{km-_vZ-tØmfw Ckvem-anI {]Xm]w ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n®p \n¿Øn-b-Xv. 1453˛emWv apl-ΩZv ^mXnlns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Xp¿°n tk\ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn B{I-a-WIm-cn-Iƒ°v {]m]y-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ing-°≥ tdmans‚ Xe-ÿm\w 50 Znh-ksØ D]-tcm-[-Øn\pw Xpey-X-bn-√mØ kml-kn-I-Xbv°pw tijw Iog-S° - n-bX - v. CtXmsS Xp¿°n {]Xm-]Ø - n-te-°p-b¿∂p. Jnem^Øv Ah-cpsS ssII-fn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah¿ Xßsf "Jeo^' F∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw kp¬Øm≥ F∂v kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-∂X - m-Wn-jvSs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v. B[p-\nI bpK-Øn-te°v Ckvemw {]th-in-°p-∂Xv Dkvam-\nbm Jnem-^-Øns‚ Iogn-em-Wv. 1683-˛-¬ hnb∂ km{am-Py-tØmSv tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v Xp¿°n-Iƒ \SØnb {iaw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-tXm-sS-bmWv Dkvam-\nbm km{am-PyØns‚ (Ottoman Empire)XI¿® Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. 1791˛¬ km{am-PyØn\v s_¬t{KUv \jvS-s∏-´p. CtXmsS Jnem-^Øv ASn-]-X-dn. CXv a\- n-em-°nb bqtdm-∏nse {InkvXo-b-i-‡n-Iƒ {]tXy-In®v Hmkv{Snbbnse lm]v k v _¿Kv km{am- P yhpw km¿ N{I- h ¿Øn- b psS djybpw Xp¿°n-s°-Xnsc cwK-Øp-h-∂p. bqtdm]v apgp-h≥ AhcpsS ]n∂n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. auem\m A_p¬ Iemw BkmZv CtX-°p-dns®-gpXn: ""apkvenw kaq-l-ß-fpsS `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fn¬ bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ G‰hpw shdp-ØXv Xp¿°n-Isf Bbn-cp-∂p. Hscm‰ {KŸ-Im-c\pw Ah-sc-°p-dn®v bqtdm-∏n¬ \√Xv ]d™ A\p-`-h-an-√. G‰hpw Zpjn® apkvenw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isft∏mepw Ah¿ ]mSn-∏p-I-gvØn-bn-´p-≠v, Abmƒ Ign-™p-t]mb Bfm-sW-¶n¬. ]s£ Xp¿°n-I-sf-°p-dn®v \√Xv ]d-bp-I-bn-√. ImcWw Xp¿°n-I-fpsS hmfp-Iƒ Ign™ A©p\q-‰m-≠p-Imew bqtdm-∏ns‚ lrZ-bhpw Icfpw ]nf¿°m≥ Ah-cpsS ssII-fn¬ Xnf-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p... Fßs\ Xp¿°n-I-sf Ah¿ ]pIgvØpw? ]gb Ckvem-anI `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v `n∂-ambn ]q¿ΔtZ-i-ßsf hn´v Xp¿°n Xncn-™Xv bqtdm-∏ns‚ t\¿°m-bn-cp-∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S°n Xnc-am-e-I-Ws° bqtdm-∏n-te°v Cc®p-I-b-dnb Ah-cpsS Im¬°o-gn¬ InS∂v bqtdm∏v InSp-ßnb Ime72

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw 4

ap-≠m-bncp∂p.''

Ah-km\w Xp¿°n-Iƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. ]cm-P-b-Øn\v ]e-Im-c-Wß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-hnsS N¿® sNøp-∂n-√. Cu ]cm-Pbw bqtdm∏ns‚ tImf-\n-h¬°-cWw i‡n-s∏´ Ime-tØm-sSm-∏-am-Wp-≠m-bXv F∂Xv Cu `oj- W n°v apºn¬ Xe- b p- b ¿Øn \n¬°m- \ p≈ tijnbpw at\m-ss[-cyhpw apkvenw-Iƒ°v \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-∂-XmWv BtKmf Ckvem-an\v Cu XI¿®-bp-≠m-°nb BLm-Xw. Xp¿°nbpsS ]cm-P-b-Øn¬ hfsc {]I-S-ambpw apkvenw temI-Øns‚ ]X\-Øn¬ hmbn-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ Xc-Ønepw Zriy-amb Hcp Imcyw \htem-I-Øn-s‚bpw AXns‚ i‡n-bp-sSbpw apºn-emWv apkvenw-Iƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´Xv F∂-Xm-Wv. Xp¿°n kp¬Øm≥ keow aq∂m-a≥ Cu Imcyhpw bqtdm-∏ns‚ i‡n Fs¥∂pw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

Xp¿°n-tk-\-bpsS \nc-¥-c-amb ]cm-Pbw tk\sb ]cn-jv°-cn-°pIsb∂ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ kp¬Øms\ FØn-®p. bqtdm-]y≥ amXr-Ibn-ep≈ ssk\nI tImtf-Pp-Iƒ ÿm]n®pw ssk\nI ]cn-jvIm-c߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønbpw CXn-∂-t±lw {ian-®p. Xp¿°n-bn¬ h≥hn-hmZ-amWnXv krjvSn-®-Xv. ]fin-X-∑mcpw "Pm≥\n-km¿amcpw' (Xp¿°n ssk\y-Ønse hnin-jvS-hn-`m-Kw) i‡n-bmbn kp¬Øm-s\-Xnsc cwKØp-h-∂p. B[p-\n-I-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc apkvenw-tem-IØv \S°p∂ BZysØ i‡-amb FXn¿∏m-IWw CXv. {^©v ssk\n-Ihn-Z-Kv≤-cm-bn-cp∂p ssk\n-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn\v \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. hnNn-{Xamb hmZ-K-Xn-I-sfms° FXn¿Øh-cpsS `mKØv \n∂p-≠m-bn. A[n-Iw-t]cpw Iq´p-]n-Sn-®Xv \_n Xncpta-\n(-kz)-bpsS Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ bp≤-ap-d-I-sfbpw Bbp-[-ßsfbpw ssk\n-I-co-Xn-sbbpw a‰p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v keo-ans‚ {iaw aX-hn-cp-≤-am-sW-∂mW-h¿ hn[n Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. aX-sØbpw B[p\n-I-X-sbbpw hncp-≤-tN-cn-I-fm-°mt\ Cu FXn¿∏v D]-I-cn-®p-≈q.

Jnem-^-Øns‚ XI¿®-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ah-km\ ^ew. ]Xn-\mep \q‰m-≠p-Imew \ne-\n∂ Jnem-^-Øn\v AXns‚ i‡nbpw ssNX\yhpw \jvS-s∏-´n´pw apkvenw temIsØ t\cnb ]pdw-tXm-Sn-\-I-ØmsW-¶nepw H‰-s°-s´∂v ]pdw-tem-I-Øn\v tXm∂n-°p-∂-hn[w H∂n®p\n¿Øm≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂p. Jnem-^-Øns‚ XI¿®-bpsS DS-s\-bp≠mb {]Xym-LmXw an°hmdpw apkvenw cmPy-߃ tImf-Wn-I-fmbn amdn-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. {ItaW Ch tZiob cm{„-ß-fm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. apkvenw {]iv\-ß-fpsS BtKm-f-]-cn-lmcw F∂ Bibw CtXmsS Ign-™-Im-e-Øns‚ IY-bmbn amdn. Hmtcm cmPy-Øn\pw Ahn-SsØ 73

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶v sh°p-hm-\m-ImØ kz¥w {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-bn. cm{„o-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´h Xs∂-bmbn-cp∂p an°-Xpw. tImf-Wn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂ cmPy-ß-fnse P\-߃ t\cn´ {]iv\-߃ Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂p an°-Xp-sa-¶nepw apkvenw-I-fpsS D]-cn-kq-NnX kzmX-{¥y-Zm-lhpw kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbpw tN¿∂v Ch Kpcp-X-c-{]-iv\-ß-fm°n am‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w Ah¿ \yq\-]-£-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-aqew D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw tN¿∂-XmWv C¥y-bn¬ {]iv\w ]ns∂bpw cq£-am-°n-bXv. bqtdm-]y≥ A[n-\n-th-i-߃s°-Xnsc \S∂ ka-c-߃ an°Xpw apkvenw-I-fmWv \S-Øn-bXv F∂ Ncn-{X-kXyw BI-kvan-I-a-√. as‰mcp P\-Xbpw C{X Xo{h-amb sNdpØv \nev]v ]m›mXy A[n\n-th-i-߃s°-Xnsc \S-Øn-b-Xmbn Adn-hn-√. C¥y-bn¬ t\csØ kqNn-∏n® t]mse ISpØ FXn¿∏p-I-fmWv Cw•o-jp-Im¿°v t\cntS-≠n-h-∂-Xv. Cu FXn¿∏p-I-f-{Xbpw cmjv{So-b-am-bn-cp-∂p, kap-Zmb-Øn-s‚bpw cmPy-Øns‚bpw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th≠n \S-Ønb kac-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-£c-\mb am∏nf DÆnaqØ aq∏≥ Cw•o-jp-ImtcmSv ]d-™t√m: ""\nß-fm-cmWv F\n-°v kuP-\yw \¬Im≥? \n߃°n-hnsS F¥p-Imcyw? Cu \mSv Rß-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. hntZ-in-Ifmb \nßfnhnsS \n∂v IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Ipd™ Hcm-h-iyhpw R߃°n-√.'' Ffw-]p-emt»cn DÆ-aq-Ø-aq-∏s‚ aX-amWv At±-lsØ-s°m≠v AXn-Kw-`o-chpw AXo-h-]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hp-amb Cu cmjv{Sobw ]d-bn-®-Xv. aºpdw kønZv Aehn Xß-sfbpw (Cw-•o-jpIm-cs‚ `mj-bn¬ Ad-_n-Ø-߃) ]p{X≥ kønZv ^k-en-s\bpw shfn-b-t¶mSv Da¿Jm-kn-sbbpw Cw•o-jpIm-cp-ambn \S-Ønb [oc-ka-c-ß-fn¬ c‡-km-£n-I-fmb am∏n-f-am-scbpw AXyp-∂-X-amb Cu cm{„o- b - t _m- [ - Ø n- t e°v \bn- ® Xv Ckv e m- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p, Ckv e mw \¬Ip∂ kzmX-{¥y-Zm-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. temI-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw ChnsS \ΩpsS aÆnepw \S∂ Cu kac߃s°ms° D≠m-bn-cp∂ {][m\t]mcmbva G‰p-ap-´p∂ i{Xp-hns‚ i‡n F¥v F∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-°m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ch-sbm∂pw e£yw I≠n-√. apkvenw kaq-l߃°v Xo¿Øm¬ XocmØ \jvS-߃ _m°n-sh-®p-sIm-≠mWv F√mw Ah-km-\n-®-Xv. 1857 CXns‚ ]cy-h-km-\-am-bn-cp∂p C¥ybn¬. ]pXnb i‡nsb sh√p-hn-fn-°m≥ ]pXnb AS-hp-Iƒ thWam-bn-cp-∂p. Cu AS-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p apkvenw _p≤nPo-hn-I-fpsS I¿Ø-hyw. C¥y-bn¬ Cu ZuXyw kønZv Al-ΩZv 74

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Jm\mWv Gs‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. At±-l-Øn\v apºn¬ c≠p ZuXy-am-Wp-≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv. H∂v bqtdm-]y-∑m-cpsS i‡n t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-X-p-t]mse Xs‚ P\-Xbv°v FØn-°p-I, c≠v Xs‚ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ hym]-Iambncp∂ B[p-\n-IX - b - psS kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[n-\n-th-iw. A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-Øn¬ ]m≥ Ckvem-an-k-Øn\v P∑w-sIm-SpØ AtX `oj-Wn. ]m≥ Ckvem-an-k-Øn-te°v apkvenw temI-Ønse _p≤n-Po-hn-Isf \bn® Imc-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Zneo]v lotdm hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p: ""]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Ckvem-anI temIØns‚ XI¿®bv ° v km£n- I - f mb Hmt´m- a ≥ _p≤n- P o- h n- I ƒ {InkvXob bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-IfpsS h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ kzm[o-\-sØ°p-dn®v ]cn-Nn-¥\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. H∂p-In¬ bqtdm∏v Ckveman-t\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ Hcp kwkvImcw Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. As√¶n¬ apkvenw kaqlw bYm¿∞ Ckvem-an¬ \n∂-I-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p kmaq-lnI {Ia-ß-sf-°mƒ tami-amWv Ckvem-sa∂v kΩ-Xn°m≥ Ah¿ Hcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Aßs\ Ckvem-ans‚ \ho-I-c-WØn\v Ac-sßm-cp-ßn. F∂m¬ Cu L´-Øn¬ ]p\-cp-∞m-\-{i-a-߃ ssZh-im-kv{X, Bflob kwhm-Z-ß-fn-sem-Xp-ßp-∂-X-nt\-°mƒ cm{„ob-i‡ - nbpw \b-ßf - p-ambn _‘-s∏-´X - m-bn-cp-∂p. \n¿t±-in-°s - ∏´ ]cnlm-c-am¿§-ß-fn¬ NneXv bqtdm-∏ns‚ IS-∂m-{I-a-W-߃s°-Xnsc H∂n-°m≥ temI apkvenw-Isf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw AtXt]mse bqtdm-]y≥ i‡n-bpsS t{kmX- n-s\-°p-dn®v ]Tn®v AXv kzmb-Ø-am-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw FØn-t®¿∂p.''5 C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ°v Ah¿ t\cn-Sp∂ {]Xn-k‘nbn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥ apºn¬ c≠p hmXn-ep-I-fmWv Xpd-°-s∏-´-Xv. H∂v k¿ kønZv AlvaZv Jms‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p, at‰ hmXn¬ kønZv Pam-ep-±o≥ A^vKm\n Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xpw. 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn® G‰hpw {]kn-≤-\mb apkvenw Bsc∂v tNmZn-®m¬ Bcpw ]d-bp∂ adp-]Sn Pam-ep-±o≥ A^vKm\n F∂m-bn-cn-°pw. apkvenw temIsØ C{X-b[nIw kzm[o-\n® Hcp hy‡n A°m-eØv thsd D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

A^vKm-\n-bpsS {]k‡n \n°n B¿.-sIÕn hnh-cn-®Xv F{X icn: ""h¿≤n®p sImt≠ Ccp∂ ]Sn-™m-dns‚ IS-∂p-Ib - ‰ - ß - ƒ krjvSn®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ thZ-\m-P-\-I-amb {]iv\-߃ t\cn-Sm≥ ]mI-Ønapkvenw ]mc-º-cysØ ]p\-cp-≤-cn-°m≥ {ian® {it≤-b-amb hy‡nXz-ß-fn-sem-cm-fmWv 1838-˛¬ P\n-°p-Ibpw 1897-˛¬ A¥-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX kønZv Pam-ep-±o≥ A^vKm-\n. ]mc-º-cy-ßsf Nn¥m-iq-\yambn A\p-I-cn-°p∂Xn-s\bpw {InkvXob bqtdm-∏ns\ A‘-ambn 75

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

A\p-[m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xn-s\bpw \ncm-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Ckvem-ans\ \nc¥cambn ]p\-cm-Jym\w sNøm≥ At±lw {ian-®p. B[p-\nI PohnX-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb aqey-߃, AYhm I¿tΩm-’p-I-X, bp‡n Nn¥bpsS kzX-{¥-amb D]-tbm-Kw, cm{„o-bhpw ssk\n-I-hp-amb i‡nkw-`-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬ Du∂p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu hymJym-\-߃.''6 "c≠p-Im-en¬ k©-cn-°p∂ sImSp-¶m‰v' F∂m-bn-cp∂p A^vKm\nsb At±-lØns‚ i{Xp-°fpw an{X-ßfpw hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. BIvSnhnÃpw _p≤n-Po-hn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p A^vKm\nsb¶nepw ]n¬°m-eØv At±-l-Øns‚ {]k‡n Nn¥-I≥ F∂Xv Xs∂-bm-Wv. alm-Ihn CJv_m¬ ]d™p: ""apºn-ep≈ Npa-X-e-bpsS {]m[m-\yhpw ]c∏pw icn°pw a\- n-em-°nb Nn¥-I-\m-bn-cp∂p Pam-ep-±o≥ A^vKm-\n. apkvenw Pohn-Xw, apkvenw Nn¥ F∂nhbpsS Ncn-{X-Øns‚ B¥cnIm¿∞-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ [mc-W, Ch-tbmSv tN¿Øp sh°m-hp∂ hn[-ap≈ a\p-jy-s\bpw Ahs‚ s]cp-am-‰-sØbpw Ipdn®p≈ A\p-`-h-Øn¬\n∂v In´nb Adnhv, F∂nh At±-lsØ `qXIm-e-tØbpw `mhn-tbbpw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn-bm°n am‰m≥ t]m∂h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.''7 Cdm-\n¬ P\n®v A^vKm-\n-ÿms‚ t]cn¬ Adnb-s∏´ kønZv A^vKm\n C¥y-bn-sebpw a°-bn-sebpw BZy-Im-e-hm-k-Øn-\ptijw XnI™ ]fin-X-\m-bmWv A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n-se-Øp-∂-Xv. A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ BZyw Hcp km[m-cW DtZym-K-ÿ\pw ]n∂oSv Aao¿apdmZv AAvkwJms‚ D]-tZ-iI - \ - p-am-bn. {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc AAvkwJms\ bp≤-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw djysb Cw•o-jpIm¿s°-Xnsc Iq´p-]n-Sn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bnA^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ `c-W-am-‰-ap-≠mbn At±-l-Øn\v AhnSw hn´p t]mtI-≠n-h-∂p. BZyw Xp¿°n-bn¬, Ipd-®p-Imew Ign™v CuPn]vXn¬. apkvenw-tem-IsØ Cw]o-cn-b-en-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn AWn-\n-cØm-\p≈ {iaØn\n-S-bn-emWv Cu IqSp-am‰w Bh-iy-am-bn-h-∂-Xv. CuPn-]vXnepw A[n-I-Imew Cw•o-jp-Im¿ s]mdp-∏n-®n-√. ]nSn®v C¥ybn-te°v ˛ U°m≥ sslZ-cm-_m-Zn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. 1879 emWv C¥y-bn¬ ho≠p-sa-Øp-∂-Xv. Chn-sS-\n-∂mWv k¿k-øn-Zns‚ hnZym`ym-k-{]-ÿm-\-hp-ambpw ]n∂oSv k¿køn-Zp-ambpw A^vKm\n bp≤w {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]Nm-c-I-\m-bn-cp∂p A^vKm-\n.

AXns‚ t]cne√ X¿°ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Xp¿°n-bn¬\n∂v 1870 At±lw ]pd-Øm-Ip-∂Xv AhnsS B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ 76

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

{]Nm-c-W-Øn\v {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw "X≥koamØv' {]ÿm-\-sØbpw CkvXw-_q-fn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn Bcw-`n® k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-sbbpw A\pIq-en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX - ns‚ t]cn¬ ssiJp¬ Ckvemapw Nne ]finX-∑mcpw i{Xp-°-fmbn amdn-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. k¿k-øn-Zp-am-bp≠mb A`n-{]m-bm-¥cw Cw•o-jp-Im-tcm-Sp≈ kao-]-\-Øns‚ t]cnem-bn-cp-∂p. Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v apkvenw temIw c£-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv Ah-cpsS tcmK-Øn-\p≈ {][m\ {]Xn-hn[n F∂mbn-cp∂p A^vKm-\n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sv. apkvenw temI-Øns‚ B`y¥c Po¿Æ-X-bpsS ^e-amWv Cw•o-jm-[n-]-Xy-sa∂pw s]s´∂v CXn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-SpI km[y-a-s√∂pw BZyw apkvenw-Iƒ sNtø≠Xv ]pXnb temI-Øns‚ i‡n kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv ]pXnb A¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp cm{„ob i‡n-bmbn amdp-I-bp-amWv F∂v k¿ kønZv hniz-kn-®p. \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ apkvenw cmjv{So-bØ - ns‚ Zu¿_eyw sNdp∏w apXte A\p-`-hn-®-dn™ Bfm-bn-cp∂p k¿ kønZv. At±-l-Øns‚ IpSpw_w Cu cm{„o-b-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p. apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ Cw•ojv \pIØn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-Øm\p≈ B{Klw k¿ køn-Zn-∂n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv shdpw Btcm-]Ww am{X-am-sW∂p At±-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Nn¥-Ifpw ]cn-tim[n-®m¬ \ap°v a\- n-em-°m-\m-Ipw. At±-l-Øns‚ apºn-ep-≠m-bncp∂ {][m\ {]iv\w ]s£ Cw•o-jm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬\n∂v Fß-s\sb-¶nepw c£-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXv {]h¿Ø\w sIm≠p≠m-tI≠ ^e-am-sW-∂mWv k¿k-ønZv hniz-kn-®-Xv. am{X-a√ Cw•ojm-[n-]X - y-Øn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥ apkvenw-Iƒ \S-Ønb Hcp \q‰m≠v ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ kzmX-{¥y-ka - c - ß - f - p-sSbpw CXns‚ ]cn-ka - m-]vXn-bmbn \S∂ 1857 se H∂mw kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-`-hhpw At±l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A^vKm-\n-bpsS Cw•ojv hncp≤ {]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Im-eØv apkvenw-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw Zb-\o-bm-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. C\n Hcp ka-c-Øn\v _meyw Ah-ti-jn-°mØ Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ahsc ho≠pw Cw•ojv hntcm[w DuXn-bp-W¿Øn ka-c-`q-an-bn-te°v \bn-°pI Ah-scs°m≠v Bfl-lXy sNøn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v k¿k-ønZv IcpXn. A^vKm-\n-bpsSXn¬ \n∂v XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-`-h-X-eß-fn¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv k¿k-ønZv Xs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v cq]w sImSp-Ø-Xv. C¥y-bnse Cw•ojv `c-W-Iq-S-sØ-°p-dn®v kphy-‡-amb \ne]m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂p k¿k-øn-Zn-\v. s]s´-s∂m∂pw ]cm-P-b-∏-SpØn Ah77

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

km-\n-∏n-°m-hp-∂-X√ AsX∂v At±lw Dd-®p-hn-iz-kn®p: ""1857˛se C¥y≥ hnπ-h-Øns‚ A\p-`hw C¥y-bv°p-ta¬ {_n´ojv `cWw s]s´∂v H∂n-s\-s°m≠pw Cf-°m≥ km[y-a-√m-Ø-hn[w kpZr-Vam-sW-∂-t±-l-Øn\v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. apK-f¿°v Ah-cpsS Ab™ `c-W-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sSbpw Zp¿_e-amb `c-W-Øn-eqsSbpw hy‡n-I-fpsS tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-eq-sSbpw Xß-fpsS A[nImcw Ccp-∂qdv h¿jw \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-sb-¶n¬ Imcy-£-ahpw kpkwL-Sn-Xhpw i‡hpw Hcp {]tXyI hy‡n-bpsS C—m-\p-kr-X-a-√mØXpw Iq´mb kz`m-h-tØm-sS-bp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp `c-W-Iq-SsØ GXv i‡n-sIm-≠mWv adn-®n-Sm-\m-hp-I-sb-∂-t±lw tNmZn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''8 k¿k-øn-Zp-ambn t\cn´p ImWp-Itbm kwkm-cn-°p-Itbm sNømsX-bmWv sslZ-cm-_m-Znse c≠p-sIm-√sØ hmk-Øn-\n-Sbv°v A^vKm\n k¿k-øn-Zns\ ITn-\-ambn Bt£-]n-®p-sIm≠pw ]cn[n ewLn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-hn[w am\y-a-√mØ `mj-bn¬ hna¿in®p-sIm≠pw Fgp-Xn-bXpw {]kw-Kn-®p \S-∂-Xpw. "{]Ir-Xn-hmZnIsf kw_-‘n® bmYm¿∞yhpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw' F∂ t]cn¬ k¿k-øn-Zns\ hna¿in°m-\mbn am{Xw Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ k¿k-øn-Zns\ {]Ir-XnhmZn F∂m-W-t±lw Bt£-]n-®-Xv. \nco-iz-c-hmZn F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ kmcw. k¿k-øn-Zns\ "Im^ndpw' "ap¬lnZpw' Bbn Nn{Xo-I-cn®p \S∂ C¥y-bnse ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®m-bn-cp∂p Cu Bt£-]-ß-f-{X-bpw. A¤p-I-c-amb Imcyw k¿ køn-Zn-s\-°pdn- ® - t ±lw D∂- b n® Btcm- ] - W - ß - f - { Xbpw A^v K m- \ n- s °- X nsc Xp¿°n-bn-sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpw Cu hn`mKw ]fin-X-∑m¿ D∂bn-®h Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]d™ Imc-Whpw H∂pX-s∂. Xm≥ t\csØ Bth-i-tØmsS ]n¥p-W® "X≥ko-am-Øns\'bpw C°q-´-Øn¬ {]Ir-Xn-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂m-t£-]n-°p-∂p≠v. ""C¥y≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°v Xp¿°n kp¬Øm-t\m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp∂ BZchpw kvt\lhpw Ckvem-ans‚ kwc-£-I≥ F∂ kp¬Øms‚ ]Zhnbpw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp∂p A^vKm-\n. Xm\pw Ckvem-ans‚ kwc£-I-\m-sW∂v hcpØn kz¥w {]kn-≤n-bpw kzm[o-\hpw h¿≤n-∏n°m≥ CXn-eqsS At±lw {ian-®-Xp-am-hmw. {]Ir-Xn-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ e£y-ß-fn-sem∂v kp¬Øms\ kt¥mjn-∏n-°em-sW∂v kwi-bn-°-Ww. ImcWw Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønkp¬Øms\ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°m≥ th≠n am{Xw IW-°p-Iq´n FgpXnb A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-≠v.''9 78

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

F¥ns‚ t]cn-em-bmepw A^vKm-\n-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn-t∂‰ If-¶am-bn-Øo¿∂p Cu hnhmZw. k¿k-ønZv Cu hna¿i-\sØ Ku\n-°pItbm adp-]Sn ]d-bp-Itbm sNbvXn-´n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ {]ÿm\Øn\v CXv Hcp t]mdepw Gev]n-®n-´p-an-√. F∂-m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv A^vKm-\n-bpsS \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb cm{„o-b-Im-gvN-∏m-Sn\v C¥y-bnhymJym\ßfp-≠m-hp-Ibpw "tZiob apkvenw-Iƒ' F∂v hnfn-°-s∏´ Hcp hn`m-K-Øn\v CXv P∑w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cw•o-jm-[n-]-XyØn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥ as‰√mw hnkva-cn®v apkvenw-Iƒ t]mcm-S-Wsa∂pw C°m-cy-Øn\v BtKmf apkvenwIfp-ambpw cmPy-Øn-\-IØv Cw•o-jp-Imsc FXn¿°m≥ k∂-≤Xbp≈ CXc P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpambpw kl-I-cn-°-W-sa∂pw apkvenw {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ GIam¿§w CXm-sW-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p A^vKm-\n-bpsS hmZw. Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`w-hsc Cu sse≥ k¿k-øn-Zns‚ am¿§-hp-ambn henb kwL´-\-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√msX Ign-™p-sh-¶nepw Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`-tijw ]Xp-s°bpw s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´n-\p-tijw Xo{h-ambpw CXv kwL¿jambn hf-cp-Ibpw c≠p-am¿§ßfpw IrXy-ambn th¿-]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. am{X-a√ A^vKm-\n-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \n∂v A¥m-cm{„ apkvenw kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w F∂ Bibw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv Cu hgn-]n-cn-bep≠mIp-∂Xpw kwL¿jw aq¿On-°p-∂-Xpw. k¿køn-Zns‚ ka-Im-en-I\pw At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-b-ß-tfmSv BZchpw aa-Xbpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ ]fin-X-\p-amb A√mam in_ven-\pAvam\n-bmWv A^vKm-\n-bpsS Bi-b-߃ BZyw Gs‰-SpØ hy‡n.

Ckvemw hniz-kn® cP-]p-{X-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-am-bn-cp∂ in_ven {]kn≤ ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp∂ apl-ΩZv ^mdqJv Nncn-bm-t°m-´n-bpsS injy\pw DXv]-Xn-jvWp-hmb alm-]-fin-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. kzX-{¥-Nn-¥bv°v t{]m’m-l\w \¬In-bn-cp∂ hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp aX-]-T-\-tI-{μ-ambn-cp∂p Nncn-bm-t°m-´n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ a{Z- . Aen-K¿ {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ i‡-\mb h‡m-hm-bn-cp∂p auem\m ^mdq-Jns‚ A\p-P≥ auem\m C\m-bØv dkq¬ Nncn-bm-t°m-´n. Ct±-l-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv in_ven k¿ køn-Zp-ambpw Aen-K¿ {]ÿm-\-hp-ambpw ASp-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-{]-Xn-]m-Z-\-k-{º-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-Ønse ]e kp{]-[m\ GSp-Ifpw B[p-\n-I-tem-I-Øn\v FØn-®p-sIm-SpØ in_ven Aen-K¿ apl-Ω-Z≥ Bwt•m Hmdn-b‚¬ tImtfPv Bcw-`n-®t∏mƒ AhnsS apkvenw Xntbm-f-Pnbpw Ad-_nbpw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Un∏m¿´p-sa‚ns‚ Xe-h-\mbn A[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.

79

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

CS-bv°-t±lw CuPn]vXv kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw apl-ΩZv A_vZp-hp-ambn IqSn-°mgvN \S-Øp-I-bpw -sNbvXv Xncn-s®-Øn-b-ti-j-amWv k¿k-øn-Zns‚ cm{„ob ho£-W-߃°-t±lw FXn-cm-hp-∂Xpw _Z-dp±o≥ Xø-_vPn-10bpsS am¿§w At±lw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xpw. Cu Hcp Imcy-Ønse A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]s£ At±lw Aen-K¿ hn´p-t]m-bn-√. k¿k-øn-Zn-t\m-Sp≈ BZ-chpw _‘hpw AenK¿ {]ÿm-\-tØm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpambn-cp∂p Imc-Ww. 1898 ¬ k¿ kønZv \ncym-X-\m-b-ti-j-amWv At±lw Aen-K¿ hnSp-∂Xpw Ipd®v Ign™ eJv\u-hn¬ \Zvh-Øp¬ Deqw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xpw. A√m-am-\p-Avam\nbpsS ]n∂m-se-bmWv ssiJp¬ lnμv alvaqZvlk\pw Zbq-_μv ]fin-X-∑mcpw Chsc ]n¥p-S¿∂v A_p¬Iemw BkmZp Cu hgn-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. A_p¬Iemw BkmZv BZy-L-´Øn¬ k¿k-øn-Zns‚ am¿§w ]n¥p-S¿∂v Aen-K¿ {]ÿm-\-Øn-\pth≠n Xo{h-ambn hmZn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿t´m-sS-bmWv BkmZv apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bp--ambn hgn]ncn-bp-∂-Xv. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´n\v apºv apkvenw eoKv t\Xm-°fn¬ ]ecpw tZiob apkvenw-I-sf-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Cu am¿§-tØmSv Xmev]cyw ImWn-®n-cp-∂-hcpw tIm¨{K- p-ambn kl-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-hcp--am-bn-cp-∂p. auem\m apl-Ω-Z-enbpw tPyjvT≥ juJ-Ø-enbpw auem\m l{kØv tamlm-\nbpw a‰pw CXn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch¿ s\lvdp dnt∏m¿t´m-sS-bmWv tIm¨{K- p-ambn sX‰p-∂Xpw apkvenw-eo-KnkPo-h-am-Ip-∂-Xpw. apkvenwIsf samØ-Øn¬ tIm¨{K- p-ambn AI-‰n-b-XmWv s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´v. F∂m¬ CtX dnt∏m¿´ns‚ t]cnemWv auem\m Bkm-Zn-s\-t∏msebp≈ Nne¿ apkvenw apJy-[m-cbmbn AI-ep-∂Xv F∂Xv C∂v A¤p-X-ambn tXm∂p∂ Imcy-amWv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ 2: 2,3 2. hn.-Jp¿-B≥ 3: 190 3. hn.-Jp¿-B≥ 29:20 4. auem\m A_p¬Iemw BkmZv: akv Ae-˛-F-˛-Jn-em-^Øv (D¿Zp) t]: 189 5. Dilip Hero; Islamic Fundamentalism Page - 46 6. Nikki R. Keddi, An Islamic Response to Imperialism Page - 3 7. Dr. Mohammed Iqbal: Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam Page- 97 8. Prof. Tharachand: Foreword to Shan Mohammed's Sir Syed Ahmed Khan A Political Biography P Viii 80

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

9. Nikki R Keddie: Op.cit. p. 54 10. _Z-dp-±o≥ Xø_vPn: t_mws_-bnse BZy-Ime hnZym-`ymk {]h¿ØI≥. 1887 ¬ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- ns‚ {]kn-U‚ v

81

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

8 P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \yq\-]£w apkvenw-Iƒ°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp cm{„o-b-kw-L-S\ thW-sa∂ hmZ-Øns‚ cm{„o-bhpw aX--]-c-hp-amb am\-ß-sf-¥mWv? Hcp apkvenan-s‚, apkvenw kaq-l-Øns‚ Nn¥bpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw _p≤n°pw b‡n°pw FXn-cm-bn-°q-Sm. t\c-sØ kqNn-∏n-®-t]mse a\p-jys‚ t_m[-a-fi-e-Øn\v hg-ßmØ AXn-`u-Xn-I-amb (metaphysical)Imcyß-fnsemgn®v `uXn-Ia - mb GXv Imcy-Ønepw _p≤n-bpw bp‡n-bpambncn-°Ww \bn-t°-≠-Xv. CXv Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ B[m-c{]-am-W-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. AXp-t]mse GXv hnj-b-Ønepw apkvenwIƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw aX-Øns‚ \n¿t±iß-fpsS N´-°q-Sn-\-\p-kr-X-am-I-Ww, FXn-cm-Im≥ F¥m-bmepw ]mSn√. At∏mƒ _p≤n-°-\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[hpw Ckvem-anI N´-°q-Sn-\\p-kr-X-amb hn[hpw C¥y-t]m-ep≈ Hcp cmPyØv cm{„o-b-{]h¿Ø\w \S-tØ-≠Xv Fß-s\-bmWv? F¥-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv? C¥y Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-Py-am-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ apkvenwIƒ C¥y≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ t\¿°v t\sc-bp≈ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v Hcp kzm[o\hpw `c-W-Iq-SsØ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xnepw sNep-Øm≥ km[n-°m-Ø, C¥y-bn-ep-S-\ofw hmcn-hn-X-dn-b-t]mse NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ \yq\-]-£-amWv. F∂m¬ temIØv G‰hpw IqSpX¬ apkvenw P\-kw-Jy-bp-≈ BZy-K-W-Øn¬ Xs∂-s]Sp∂ \mSmWn-¥y. C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ \yq\-]£w am{X-a-√, Zb-\o-b-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ ]n∂m° hn`m-K-hp-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-h-f¿®bpsS ]e-X-e-ß-fnepw C¥y-bnse G‰hpw A[x-ÿn-X-cmb Zen-XpI-sf-°mƒ ]n∂m-°-amWv apkvenw kaq-lw. cm{„-Øns‚ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\bpw Xmßpw \∂mbn e`n-s®-¶n¬ am{Xw a‰p kaq-l߃s°m∏w kmaq-ln-I-h-f¿®-bpsS Xe-Øn-se-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂ P\-k-aq-lw. Ign-™-Im-eØv AXv In´m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬ cmPyØns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚tbm kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI afi-e-ß82

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

fn-ep-≠mb hf¿®-bp-sStbm ^ew A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX-t]mb lX-`m-Ky¿.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ]d-bp∂ Hcp Imcyw `c-W-Øn¬ ]¶v e`n-°m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬ kzmX-{¥yhpw Ah-Im-i-ß-fpw \ntj-[n°-s∏´ P\-߃°v AXv \¬Ip∂-Xn-\mWv Cu hyh-ÿnXn \nehn¬h-∂Xv F∂m-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn-em-bmepw Cw•o-jnem-bmepw a‰p `mj-I-fn-em-bmepw P\-ß-fpsS `cWw F∂mWo hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS t]cns‚ kmcw. P\-߃ t\cnt´m {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ hgntbm Ah-scØs∂ `cn-°p-I. {Ko°v \K-c-cm-{„-am-bn-cp∂ GX≥kn-em-Ws{X CXv BZyw ]co-£n-°-s∏-´-Xv. P\-߃ Ah¿ HØp-Iq-Sp∂ ]m¿e-sa‚nsh®v Ah¿°m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-ap-≠m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p coXn. \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈ sajn-\dn P\-ß-fm¬ \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

F∂m¬ P\-߃ F∂ hm°n\v GX≥kn¬ ]cn-an-X-amb A¿∞w am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ASn-a-Itfm hntZiØv \n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂-htcm H∂pw Cu hm°ns‚ ]cn[n-bn¬ hcp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw hy‡n-bp-sStbm Hcp-]‰w Bfp-I-fp-sStbm GIm-[n-]-Xy-sØ-°mƒ {Ko°v P\m-[n-]Xyw sa®s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv C∂pw a\p-jy¿ \μn-tbmsS AXns\ Hm¿°p-∂-Xv. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v Cs∂mcp cmPyØpw {]Xy-£-Øn¬ CØcw ]cn-[n-I-sfm-∂p-an-√. F¶nepw F√m P\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fnepw ]pXnb cq]-Øn¬ ]cn-[n-Iƒ IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. Ch-bn-te-‰hpw {][m\-s∏-´-XmWv \yq\-]-£-߃. \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS {]iv\-߃ Bcw`aw apXte Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw CXv Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn ]cnl-cn-°m≥ Hcp kq{Xw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ CXp-hsc temIw ]cm-P-b∏n-´n-t´-bp-≈q. GXv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønepw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw `qcn-]£ kaq-l-ß-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. P\m-[n-]Xyw hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-{¥y-sØ-bmWv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂Xv F∂v ]dbp-sa-¶nepw hy‡n apgp-h\pw kzX-{¥-\m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Abmƒ `qcn]-£-Øns‚ `mK-am-I-Ww. {^©v hnπ-h-Øns‚ BNm-cy-\m-bn-cp∂ dqt m {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p hniz-kn-®-Xv. F√m-h-cpsSbpw A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v Ncn-°p∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b߃°v {]k-‡n-bp≈ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬. {]mXn-\n[y P\m-[n-]-XyØn¬ CsX-ßs\ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°psa∂ tNmZy-Øn\v At±-l-Øn\p-Ø-c-ta-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-km\w \ncm-i-tbmsS ]d™p: ""tZh- ∑ m¿ am{Xw hkn- ° p∂ Hcp cmPyØv am{Xta 83

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bYm¿∞ P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-IqSw ]pe-cp-I-bp-≈q. C{X ]q¿Æ-X-bp≈ Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v a\p-jy\v km[y-a-√.''1 Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-PyØv AXpsIm≠v \yq\-]-£-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fhpw P\m-[n-]Xyw hnPbn-°-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂-hsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fhpw P\m-[n-]Xyw hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ kzmX-{¥yhpw Xpey Ah-Im-ihpw \yq\-]-£ßƒ°p-IqSn e`y-am-Im-\p≈ am¿§-taXv F∂ tNmZyw a¿Ω {][m-\am-Wv, k¶o¿Æ-hp-am-Wv. G‰-hp-amZyw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-te°v \oßm≥ XpS-ßnb cmPy-amWv Cw•-≠v. {^m≥kv P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-π-hsØ kz]v\w ImWp-∂-Xn-\psa-{Xtbm ap≥]v P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ B[m-c-{]-am-W-߃ kzoI-cn® cmPyw. P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp kwkvIm-c-ambn hf-tc-≠n-bn-cp∂ Ahn-sSbmWv ]s£, \yq\-]-£-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Xoscbpw Nn¥n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv. Cw•-≠nse ˛ C∂sØ {_n´-\nse \nb-a-ß-fn¬t∏mepw `qcn-]£m-[n-]Xyw Hcp kwkvIm-c-ambn hf¿∂Xv ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v N¿®v Hm^v Cw•≠v ˛ Bw•n-°≥ N¿®v hniz-kn-°p∂ {InkvXp-a-XamWv temIØv GI-a-X-sa-∂mWv Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. k¬am≥ dpjvZn-bpsS "kmØm\nIv thgvkkv' hnhm-Z-ap-≠m-°nb ka-b-ØmWv temIw aX-\n-μ-kw-_-‘n®v {_n´-\n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cnlm-kyX a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. aX-\n-μ-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂Xv {InkvXp-aXw am{Xhpw aX-ß-fpsS ]pWy-hm-f-∑m-cpsS enÃn¬ tbip {InkvXp-am-{Xhpw! CXv c≠ns\-bp-sam-gn®v \n߃°m-scbpw {_n´\n¬ \nμn°mw, A]-l-kn-°mw. AsXms° Bhn-jvIm-c-kzm-X-{¥yØn-emWv Dƒs∏-SpI! \yq\-]-£-sØ-°p-dn®v P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Cu‰n-√-sa∂pw ]m¿esa‚p-I-fpsS AΩ-sb∂pw kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ {_n´-\n¬ sh®p]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Al¥ \nd™ ]p—-Øn\v F{X-am{Xw Xo{h-Xbp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cu hcn-I-fn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Ipw. ""Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-PyØv Bsc¥v ]d-™mepw `qcn-]£w `cn°pw. \yq\-]£w ]q¿Æ-a-\-t msS Iog-Sßn sIm≈-Ww.''2 \n¿_‘-ssk-\n-I-tk-h-\-sØ-°p-dn®v \S∂ N¿®-bn-emWv Kk‰v ]{Xw Cu [n°mcw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. shÃv an≥ÿ Cw•-≠ns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚bpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Bÿm-\-amWv. AXv sIm≠v shÃv an≥ÿ Kk‰v B[n-Im-cn-I-am-bmWv IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. P\m- [ n- ] Xyw hn`m- h \w sNø- s ∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≈ Xv kPm- X o- b - a mb (homogeneous)Hcp kaq-l-Øn\v {]tXy-I-am-bn-´-s√-¶n¬ IqSn AXv ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnP-bn-°pI CØcw kaq-l-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°pw. AhnsS 84

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

`qcn-]-£w, \yq\-]£w F∂o Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ Xmev°m-en-I-am-bn-cn°pw; Hcp sXc- s ™- S p∏p apX¬ ASpØ sXc- s ™- S p∏v hsc.

F∂m¬ hnhn[ aX,-h¿Æ,-hw-i-߃ H∂n®p Pohn-°p∂ `n∂-PmXob (heterogeneous)kaq-l-ß-fn¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bnAhn-sS-bp≈ ÿnc-`q-cn-]-£-Øns‚ `c-W-am-bn-Øo-cpw. AhnsS `qcn]-£hpw \yq\-]-£hpw kpÿn-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-XmWv Imc-Ww. Cu Ahÿ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv `qcn-]-£-amb GsX-¶nepw kaqlw tami-°m-cm-bXv sIm≠-√. AXp-sIm≠v {_n´-\n¬ Hcp ImeØpw ItØm-en-°¿°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ Hcp ]m¿e-sat‚m ItØm-en°m Kh¨sat‚m D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. CuPn-]vXn¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw Indp-Ir-Xyambn \S-∏n-em-bmepw Hcp {InkvXy≥ Kh¨sat‚m {InkvXym-\nIƒ°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ Hcp ]m¿e-sat‚m D≠m-hp-I-bn√; C¥y-bnapkvenw-Iƒ `qcn-]-£-am-Ip∂ Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚ v D≠m-Im-Ø-t]m-se. `qcn-]£w t]mIs´ apkvenw-Iƒ°v P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-sb-¶nepw {]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈ Hcp ]m¿e-sa‚p-≠m-°m≥ C∂p-hsc \ap°v km[n®n-´n-√. CXn\v ]cn-X-]n-®n´v Imcy-an-√. kzm`m-hnIw am{X-am-Wn-Xv. tZio-b-t_m-[hpw atX-X-c, P\m-[n-]-Xy-kw-kvIm-chpw hf¿ØpI hgn Cu Ah-ÿsb adn-I-S-°m-\m-hp-sa∂v Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-h-cp-≠v.

AXvt]mse h¿§-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw "imkv{Xob tkmjy-enÃv' kaq-l-Øns‚ km£m-Xv°m-c-Øn\v {ian-°p-Ibpw hgn apI-fn¬ ]d-™-t]m-ep≈ hn`-P-\-߃ C√m-Xm°n bYm¿∞ P\m[n-]Xyw D≠m-°m≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. bmYm¿∞y-hp-ambn Hcp _‘-hp-an-√m-Ø-h-bmWv Cu hnizm-k߃. CXns‚ XmXzn-I-am\w XnI®pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-sW-∂-XmWv Imc-Ww. a\p-jys‚ apJy-{]-Xn-_-≤X F¥n-t\mSv F∂-XmWv CXne-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ tNmZyw. AXv cm{„ob hyh-ÿn-Xn-tbmSpw tZio-bX F∂ Bi-b-tØm-Sp-amtWm? BWv F¶n¬ Cu hnizm-k-Øn\v \ymbo-I-c-W-ap-≠v. AXp-t]mse h¿§-tØmtSm tkmjy-enÃv kmaqlnI {Ia-tØmtSm BIp∂p apJy-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-sb-¶n¬ c≠m-asØ hnizm-khpw \ymbo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Spw. kz¥w hnizm-k{- ]-am-Wß - fpw BNmcm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw hgn kzcq-]n®psh®n-´p≈ hyXn-cn-‡-amb kzXzt_m-[sØ D]-cyp‡ hnizm-k-߃°v adn-I-S-°m-\m-sb-¶nte Ch icnsb∂v ]d-bm-\m-hq. Cu hnizmkw imkv{Xo-b-amtbm A\p-`hw sImt≠m sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√. hwi, aX-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-Iƒ°v Hmtcm kaq-l-Ønepw \q‰m-≠p-I-fpsS Nne-t∏mƒ kl-{km-_vZ-ß-fpsS {]mbap≠v F∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn\v t\sc apJw Xncn-®p-sIm-≠mWv CØcw 85

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

k¶-ev]-\-߃. Cu hnizm-k-ß-fpsS B[m-c-ß-fmb kn≤m-¥-߃ Ht∂m ct≠m \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ, NneXv Aev]w Zim-_vZ-߃ am{Xw {]mb-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv. atX-X-c-Xz-Øn¬ i‡-ambn Du∂p-∂-Xn-eqsS Cu e£y-Øn-seØm-sa-∂Xpw hymtamlw am{X-am-Wv. H∂m-asØ Imcyw atX-X-cXzw As√-¶n¬ skIyp-e-dnkw cmjv{S-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-bXv aXØns‚ kzm[o\w kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂v \o°w sNøp-∂-Xn\√ F∂-Xm-Wv. aX-߃ XΩnse kwL¿jw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\mWv C∂Xv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. aX-sØbpw cm{„o-bm-[n-Im-csØbpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bXv CXv c≠pw BZy-Im-eØv H∂m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. {InkvXp-aXw BZy-Im-eØv kok-dns‚bpw ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw "A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-Iƒ' \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh¶nepw (ko-k-dn-\p-≈Xv kok-dn\pw ssZh-Øn-\p-≈Xv ssZh-Øn\pw F∂ ss__nƒ hN\w Hm¿°p-I) tIm¨Ãm≥ssS≥ N{I-h¿Øn {InkvXp-aXw hniz-kn-®-tXmsS Cu XXzw amdn-a-dn-™p. tdmam-km-{am-Pyhpw hnip-≤-tdm-am-km-{am-Pyhpw (ko-kdpw N¿®pw) XΩn¬ BZy-Im-eØv \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kl-h¿ØnXzw Gsd Ign-bp∂-Xn\v apºv N¿®ns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn-te°v amdp-Ibpw ]n¬°meØv CXv cmPmhpw ]≈nbpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-Øn¬ Iem-in-°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]≈n hmZn-®Xv F√m A[n-Im-chpw ]≈n-°mWv ssZhw \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv, ImcWw ssZh-Øns‚ `qan-bnse {]Xn-\n[n ]≈n-bm-Wv, cmPm-hns‚ A[n-Im-c-߃ ]≈n \¬In-bn-´p-≈-XmWv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. cmPm-hm-sW-¶n¬ cmPm-[n-Im-chpw ]≈n-bpsS A[nIm-chpw shtΔ-sd-Ø-s∂-bmWv ssZhw \¬In-bn-´p-≈-sX∂pw hmZn®p. X¿°w aqØv bp≤-ß-fp-≠m-hp-Ibpw Ht´sd t]¿ sIm√-s∏-SpIbpw sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. X¿°w Ipsd-°m-e-Øn-\p-tijw Ahkm\w cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hnP-b-Øn-emWv Iem-in-®-Xv. Chn-sS-\n-∂mWv atX-X-cXzØns‚ Bcw-`w. AXm-bXv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw cmPm-°∑mcpw XΩn-em-bn-cp∂p X¿°w. aXhpw sÃbn‰pw XΩn-e-√, CXn\p≈ ]cn-lm-c-am-bmWv aX-\n-c-t]-£X F∂ Bibw ]n¬°m-eØv D≠m-b-Xv. CXv e£yw sh®-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]≈n-bpsS (hn-ip-≤-tdmam-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚) A¥yw Ipdn-°m-\nXn\v km[n-®p. CXn\v klmb- I - a mbXv aXw Xs∂- b mWv {][m- \ - a m- b pw. {Inkv X p- a - X - Ø nD≠mb aXm-[n-jvTn-Xa - mb hnπ-hß - f - m-Wn-Xn\v hgn-sh-®X - v. ]≈n F∂ ÿm]\w {InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Ir{Xn-a-ambn ASn-t®-ev]n®-Xm-sW∂pw CXv aX-Øns‚ `mK-a-s√∂pw hmZn-®p-sIm≠v cwKØv 86

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

h∂ aX-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ Hmtcm cmPyØpw hØn-°ms\ \ntj[n-°p-Ibpw {]mtZ-inI N¿®-pIƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. Cu ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃°v Hmtcm cmPy-sØbpw, {]tXyIn®v bqtdm-∏nse cmPm-°-∑m¿, ]n¥p-Wbpw klm-bhpw \¬In. P\Io-ba - mb Hcp {]ÿm-\a - m°n CXns\ am‰n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Aßs\ km[n®p. AXv hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tZio-b-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnIm-c-amWv aXm-[n-jvTnX hn`m-Ko-b-XIƒ°v AdpXn hcp-Øm≥ Is≠-Ønb as‰m-cp-]-I-c-Ww. CXv C°mcy-Øn\v BZy-tØ-Xns‚ ^ehpw sNøp-I-bn-s√∂v am{X-a-√, Hcp-]cn-[n-bn-e-∏pdw tZio-b-X-bpsS {]m[m-\y-Øn¬ Du∂p-∂Xv AXy¥w A]-I-S-hp-am-Wv. kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v apºp≈ C¥y Xs∂-bmWv CXn\v \s√mcpZml-c-Ww. tZio-bX as‰-√m-‰nepw al-Ø-c-am-sW∂ A‘amb [mc-W-bmWv cmPyw hn`-Pn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc FØn-®-Xv. C∂pw ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ Imcy-amb A¥-c-sam∂pw hcp-ØmsX A∂-tØ-XnAev]w Xo{h-X-tb‰n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv AtX tZio-b-Xm-hm-Z-amWv; kzmX-{¥y-]q¿Δ-Im-eØv Xne-I-\n¬\n∂pw Zbm-\-μ-\n¬\n∂pw Bcw`n®v ]c∂ AtX tZio-b-Xm-hm-Zw. tZio-bX P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xz-hpw-t]mse bqtdm-∏n¬ P\n® Hcp ]pXnb cm{„ob {]Xn-`m-k-amWv; Nne-cn∂v ÿm]n-°m≥ {ian°p-∂Xv t]mse a\p-jy-\p-≠m-b-Imew apX¬ a\p-jys‚ IqsS k©cn® ]pWy-hn-izm-k-a-√. `qan-tbm-Sp≈ _‘-am-Wt√m {][m-\-am-bpw tZiobX F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-bw. `qansb amXmhpw tZh-X-bpsam-s°-bmbn a\p-jy≥ ImWm≥ XpS-ßp∂Xv Cub-Sp-Ø-Imew apXem-Wv. P\n® aÆn-t\mSv a\p-jy\v sshIm-cn-I-amb _‘w hf-scsbm∂pw ]≠p-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ IpSn-tb‰-߃ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. `qan-bn¬ a\p-jy-hmkw hym]n-°p-∂Xv IpSn-tb-‰-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cnI-Xbp-sSbpw F¥n\v Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Xs∂bpw D¬∏-Ønbpw hf¿®-bp-ap-≠m-Ip∂Xv IpSn-tb-‰ß - f - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. CsXms° hym]-Ia - mb tXmXn¬ Ahkm-\n-®-ti-j-amWv amXr-cm-Pyw-t]m-ep≈ k¶-ev]-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. {InkvXz_vZw (F.-Un.) BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fnse kwL-Ime kmln-XyIr-Xn-I-fn¬ {]kn-≤-amb ]pd-\m-\q-dn¬ `qan-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂Xv tIƒ°pI: ""A√tbm `qan, H∂p-In¬ \o ImSm-hpI As√-¶n¬ \mSm-hpI; H∂p-In¬ Ip∂m-hp-I, 87

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

As√-¶n¬ Ipgn-bm-hpI F¥p-Xs∂ Bbmepw FhnsS \√-h¿ hkn-°p-∂pthm AhnsS \obpw \√-XmWv \n\-°mbn am{Xw Hcp \∑-bp-an-√.'' (]p-d-\m-\q-dv) IpSn-tb-‰-ßsf Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ambn a\p-jy≥ ImWm≥ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\p-apºv Fgp-X-s∏-´-XmWv Cu IrXn. CXn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂Xv ""bp≤w, `cWw XpS-ßnb ]pdw Imcy-ß-fm-Wv.''3 F∂XpsIm≠v Cu hcn-Ifn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ `qansb Np‰n-∏-‰n-bp≈ cm{„o-b-sa-s¥∂pw a\- nem-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Bcy-∑m-tc-°mƒ BZn-a-cmb {Zmhn-U-∑m-cpsS IrXnbmWv ]pd-\m-\q-dv. Bcy-a-X-Øns‚ kzm[o\w tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]n°p-∂Xv F.-Un. A©mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-ti-j-am-Wv.'' ""kwL-Im-esØ P\-ß-fn¬ `qcn-]-£-Øn\pw F.-Un.-A-™qdv hsc {]tXyI aXsam∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp aX-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-a-√mØ Nne {ZmhnU BNm-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cp-tS-Xv. ]q¿Δn-I-scbpw hr£-ßsfbpw Ah¿ Bcm-[n®p t]m∂p... A©mwiX-I-Øn\v tijw Bcykw-kvImcw A[n-I-ambn {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw 4 kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ tahºn® kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' Bcyhwi-ta-∑m-kn-≤m¥-Øns‚ Dt]m¬]∂-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv Hcp {]tXy-I-Xp≠v `qan AΩbmsW∂pw kz¿§-tØ-°mƒ al-Ø-c-hp-am-sW∂ hnizm-kw.

IpSn-tb-‰m-\-¥-c-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-h∂ amXr-cm-Py-kvt\lsØ hf-s®m-Sn-®mWv Cu k¶ev]w ]nev°m-eØv Bcy-∑m¿ hf¿Øn-s°m≠ph∂-Xv. ""tZio-bX Xmc-X-tay\ ]pXnb {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. {^©phnπ-h-tØmsS-bmWv CXv \ne-hn¬ h∂-sX∂v s]mXpsh Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.''5 aX߃ Nne A]-hm-Z-ß-sfm-gn®v s]mXp-hn¬ temI-sØbpw a\p-jyscbpw H∂mbn ImWp-∂-h-bm-Wv. temI-Ønse {][m-\-a-X-ß-fmb {InkvXp-a-Xw, Ckvemw, _p≤-a-Xw, lnμp-aXw apX-em-b-h-sbms° Cu KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXvsIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww {InkvXp-aX-Øns‚ km¿Δ-eu-In-I-X-sb∂ Bi-bsØ \ntj-[n-°m≥ IqSnbmWv BZy-Im-eØv tZio-bX D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. aXhpw tZio-bXbpw XΩn-ep≈ im{X-h-_-‘-Øns‚ IY IqSn-bmbn ]≈n-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmbn bqtdm-∏ns‚ hnπ-h-Øns‚ IY amdn-bXv CXv sIm≠m-Wv. ]ns∂ Fßs\ tZio-bX aX-{]-Xn-_-≤Xbv°v ]Icw \nev°p-∂-XmIpw? B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hnhn-[cw-K-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ am‰-߃ tZio-b-Xsb AXns‚ \n¿Ωm-Wm-flI 88

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

taJ-e-bn¬ am{Xw AYhm cmPy-Øns‚ hnI-k-\w, P\-ß-fpsS hf¿® apX- e mb Imcy- ß - f n¬ am{Xw, D]- t bm- K - s ∏- S p- Ø m- h p∂ H∂m°n ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ P\m[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-cXzhpw tZio-b-X-bp-sam∂pw F{X A[zm-\n-®mepw aX-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbv°p ]Icw sh°m≥ D]-I-cn-°p-I-bn√ F∂v sXfnbp-I-bm-Wv. kXy-Øn¬ CXv c≠n\pw ]c-kv]cw ]Icw sh°m≥ Ign-bn-√. aX-{]-Xn-_-≤X C√m-Xm-°m≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw A\pkn-≤-amb Bi-b-߃°pw km[n-°m-Ø-t]m-se-Øs∂ B[p-\n-IIm-e-L-´-Øn¬ P\-߃°p P\m-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp≈ A`n-\n-thiw C√m-Xm-°m≥ aX-߃°pw km[y-a-√. c≠pw AXns‚ \∑-˛-Xn-∑-ItfmsS \ne-\n-ev°pw. aXsØ a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn\v `mc-ambn ImWp-∂-h¿ kmaq-ly-t_m[hpw Ncn- { X- t _m- [ hpw C√m- Ø - h - c m- W v . Aaq¿Ø- a mb Bi- b ߃°pw bmYm¿∞y-ambn ]cn-W-an-°m≥ Hcp km[y-X-bp-an-√mØ k¶-ev]-߃°pw ap∂n¬ Nn¥m-tijnbpw {Kmly-ti-jnbpw ka¿∏n®-h¿°v aXw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ c≠pXe-ß-fnepw \n¿h-ln® ZuXyw a\- n-em-Im-Ø-XmWv Ipg-∏w. Ipd®p IqSn Bg-Øn-te°v Cdßn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu ImgvN∏ - m-Sns‚ ssk≤m-¥n-Ic - psS {][m\ {]iv\w a\p-jy-s\∂ D◊sb a\- n-em-°m≥ Ch¿°v km[n-®n-´ns√-∂v hy‡-am-Ipw. `uXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-amWv CØ-c-samcp {]am- Z- Ø n¬ AI- s ∏- S m≥ Imc- W w. a\p- j y- P o- h n- X Øn\v aXw \evIp∂ G‰hpw henb kw`m-h\ a\p-jys‚ D◊bv°v A¿∞w {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jys‚ hnlz-e-X-Iƒ°pw ZpxJ߃°pw ]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°p∂p aXw F∂ ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿Bs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚6 A¿∞w as‰m-∂-√. `qan-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°mØ kpJI-c-amb PohnXw ]c-tem-IØv hmKvZm\w sNbvXv bYm¿∞ kpJØn¬ \n∂pw kt¥m-j-Øn¬ \n∂pw a\p-jys\ AI-‰p∂ Idp-∏mbm-Wv7 am¿Ivkv aXsØ I≠-Xv. kz¿§-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ aX-Øns‚ hmKvZm-\sØbmWv am¿Ivkv C{]-Imcw hmbn-®-Xv. aX-Øns‚ D≈S°w˛ A¥- Ø a\- n-em-I-W-sa-¶n¬ bYm¿∞ a-XsØ AXns‚ ka-{K-X-bn¬ a\- n-em-°-Ww. kz¿§, \cI k¶-ev]-߃ Cu ka{K-X-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. AXns\ apdn-s®-SpØv ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CØcw A_-≤-ß-fn-se-Øpw. am¿Ivkns‚ Xs∂ Z¿i-\-Øns∂Xncmb bm{¥nI `uXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ coXn-bmWo ]cn-tim-[-\. aXw c‡-s®m-cn-®ep-≠m-°p-∂p-sh∂pw ]cm-Xn-bp-≠v. AXv sIm≠v kaq-l-Øn¬ aX-Øns‚ km∂n[yw Ipd®p sIm≠p h∂m¬ Cu 89

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

{]iv\ßsfms° ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cm-W-h¿. aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ a’-c-am-Wt√m {]iv\-ß-sfms° D≠m-°p∂-Xv. aX-ß-fmWv c‡-s®mcn®ep-≠m-°p-∂Xv F∂Xv ]£-]m-X-]c-amb hmb-\-bm-Wv. aX-߃ bp≤-ß-fp-≠m-°n-bn-´p≠v, c‡-s®m-cn®-ep-I-fp-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. AtX t]mse s]Æpw aÆpw tZio-b-Xbpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw IΩyq-Wn-k-hp-sa√mw aX-ß-fp-≠m-°n-b-Xn-s\-°mƒ c‡-s®m-cn-®-ep-I-fp-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. tZio-b-X-bpsS t]cn-emWv F∂v tXm∂p∂p G‰hpw `oI-c-amb c‡- s ®m- c n- ® - e p- I fp≠m- b - X v . c≠p temI- a - l m- b p- ≤ - ß ƒ Xs∂ CXns‚ t]cn-em-bn-cp-∂p. P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xz-hp-sams° c‡s®m-cn-®-ep-≠m-°n-bn´p-≠v. Ipd™ Af-hn-em-sW∂p am{Xw. {^©v hnπhw P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ t]cn-em-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. IΩyq-Wnkw djy≥, ssN\okv hnπ-h-ß-fn¬ am{X-a√ se\ns‚ `c-W-Im-eØpw Ãmens‚ `c-W-Im-eØpw D≠m-°nb c‡-s®m-cn-®¬ Ip{]-kn-≤-amW-t√m. aX-ap-≠m°nb apgp-h≥ c‡-s®m-cn-®-ep-Ifpw Ãmen≥ am{Xw \S-Ønb sIme-]m-X-Ißfpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ Ãmens‚ kao]-sØm∂pw FØm≥ aX-Øn\v Ign-™n-´n-s√∂v t_m[y-am-Ipw. _men-i-ß-fmb CØcw hmZ-߃ sIms≠m∂pw aX-sØtbm kaql-Øn¬ AXv hln-°p∂ ]¶n-s\tbm ]dn-s®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. CXns\-sbms° \ne-\n¿Øns°m≠p Xs∂ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ am¿§w tXSp-I-bmWv Ic-Wo-bw. aX-ß-fp-sSbpw AXn-t\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-tSbpw ]£-]m-Xß-fp-sSbpw Hs° t]cn-emWp \yq\-]£ {]iv\w D≠m-Ip-∂-sX¶nepw CsXmcp aX-{]-iv\-a-√. aX-ß-fpsS \nL-≠p-hn¬ `qcn-]£w, \yq\-]£w F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Xcw-Xncnhv C√. aX-Øn-ep≈ ]£w kXy-Øns‚ ]£-Øp-≈-h¿ Ak-Xy-Øns‚ ]£-Øp-≈-h¿ F∂nß-s\-bm-Wv. \yq\-]£{]iv\w cmjv{So-b-am-Wv. Cu {]tbmKw Xs∂bpw cmjv{So-b-am-Wv. kΩ-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Im-i-Øns‚ Imcy-ØnFÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-™-h¿, AtX-Im-cWw sIm≠v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ ]¶v e`n-°m-Ø-h¿ F∂mWo {]tbm-K-Øns‚ A¿∞w. \yq\-]£ap≠mIp- ∂ Xv aXw sIm≠p am{X- a √Xm\pw. ""\yq\- ] - £ - { ]iv \ w Hcp cmjv{Sob {]iv\-am-Wv........ F¥mWv \yq\-]-£-߃ F∂v hnfn-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w? \yq\-]-£-sa-∂m¬ A¿∞w Hcp Iq´w Imcyß-fn-ep≈ hyXn-cn-‡-X-I-fm-Wv. Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ aXw a‰p-≈-hcn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-bXv sIm≠p \yq\-]-£-ap-≠m-Imw. \yq\]£w `mj hyXy-kvX-am-bXp sIm≠p-≠m-Imw, hwiw hyXy-kvX90

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

am-bXp sIm≠p-≠m-Imw, kwkvImcw hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂Xv sIm≠p≠m-Imw, CsX√mw IqSn tN¿∂v sIm≠pw˛ aXw, kwkvIm-cw, hwiw, `mj, Ie, kwKoXw Aßs\ F√mw tN¿∂ hn[w \yq\-]-£-ap≠m-Imw. Ch-sbms° Hcp \yq\-]-£sØ cmjv{S-Øn¬ {]tXyI AkvXn-Xz-Øn-∂p-S-a-I-fm-°p-∂p. Cu thdn´ AkvXnXzw AkvXn-Xzsa∂ \nebv°v {]tXyI kpc-£m-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°v Ah-Im-in-I-fmbn-Øo-cp∂p''8 -kzX{¥C¥y-bpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \yq\-]-£-ß-fp-sS aX, `mjm, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kwc-£-W-Øn\v {]tXy-I-ambn c≠p hIp∏p-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Øn-´p-≠v˛ 29 Dw 30 Dw. aXhpw `mjbpw kwkvImchpw kwc-£n-°p∂Xn\pw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Ah-Imiw auenIm-h-Im-i-ambn hn[n-°p-∂-XmWv 29˛mw hIp-∏v. Ch kwc-£n-°p-∂Xn\pw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-߃ ÿm]n-°m\pw \S-Øm\pw Cubm-h-iy-Øn\v k¿°m¿ [\-k-lmbw ssI∏-‰m\pw \yq\-]-£-߃°v Ah-Imiw \evIp-∂-XmWv 30˛mw hIp-∏v. H∂pIqSn hni-Zo-I-cn®p ]d-™m¬ 29mw hIp-∏ns‚ 1˛mw D]-h-Ip∏v \yq\]-£-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-amb kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpw en]nbpw kwc£n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂p. CXns‚ c≠mw D]-h-Ip∏v˛ 29(2) tÉv DS-a-bn-ep-≈tXm tÉv [\-k-lmbw \evIp-∂tXm Bb hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fnse {]th-i-\-Øn\v PmXn-˛-a-X-˛-`mjm h¿K-ß-fp-sStbm GsX-¶nepw H∂n-s‚tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ GXv hnth-N-\-sØbpw \ntcm-[n-°p-∂p. ""F√m \yq\-]-£-߃°pw kzlnX-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øm\pw `cn°m\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn°p''sa∂v ap∏Xmw hIp-∏ns‚ H∂mw D]h-Ip-∏v˛ 30(1) ]d-bp-∂p. 30(2) A\p-k-cn®v aX-sØtbm `mj-sbtbm ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ amt\-Pvsa‚n\v Iognep≈XmsW∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-߃°v [\-klm-b-a-\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn∂v k¿°m-dn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p∂-X-√.

30˛mw hIp-∏ns‚ H∂mw D]-hI - p-∏ns\ hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-≠v kp{]owtIm-SXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® hn[n-\ym-b-Ønse `qcn-]£m-`n-{]m-b-ØnA∂sØ No^v PÃokv Iq´n-t®¿Øp: ""aX-`mjm \yq\-]-£-߃°v Ah-cpsS CjvSwt]mse hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-tf¿s∏-Sp-Øm≥ AhIm-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWo D]-h-Ip-∏n¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.''9 1957˛¬ tIcf-Ønse IΩyq-WnÃp Kh-s◊‚ v sIm≠p-h∂ Ip{]-kn-≤-amb hnZym`ymk _n√ns‚ t]cn¬ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw cmjv{S91

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]Xn tXSnb tIkn-emWv tImSXn Cu hn[n {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. _n√nse aq∂mw-h-Ip-∏nse A©mw D]-h-Ip∏v Bbn-cp∂p \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-iØns‚ A¥-I-\mbn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hIp∏v tImSXn Akm[p-hm°n. Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv sk‚ v tkhn-tbgvkv tImsfPv skmssk‰n tIkn¬ 1974˛epw CtX-t]m-ep≈ Hcp hn[n kp{]ow-tIm-SXn ]pd-s∏Sp-hn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.10 \yq\-]-£-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ah¿°v G‰hpw `b-ap≈ Hcp Imcy-Ønse Bi-¶bpw `bhpw AI-‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu c≠p hIp-∏n-I-fn-eqsS `c-W-L-S\minev]n-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Bi¶ ChnsS Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw a¿Ω-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp Imcy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Bi-¶bv°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\p≈ {ia-amWo hIp-∏p-Iƒ. F∂m¬ Cusbmcp kao-]-\hpw Cu P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m[hpw Cu hIp-∏p-I-tfmSpw aX-kzm-X{¥yw apX-emb a‰p hIp-∏p-ItfmSpw tI{μ- Ø nepw kwÿm- \ - ß - f nepw A[n- I m- c - Ø n¬ h∂ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ an°Xpw ImWn-®n-´n-s√-∂m-W-\p-`-hw. icoAØv \nba-Øn\v t\sc \S∂ Ht´sd Itø-‰ {ia-߃ t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p. aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\ \ntcm-[-\-\n-baw, tKmh-[-\n-tcm[w, t]mep≈ aXkzm-X-{¥y-Øn\v t\scbp≈ IS-∂m-{I-a-W-߃ Nne kwÿm-\-ßfn¬ \n¿√÷w \S-°p-∂p. tI{μ-Øn¬ hmPvss]-bpsS _n.-sP.]n Kh-s◊‚pw cmP-ÿm≥, a[y-{]-tZiv, KpP-dmØv, bp.]n apX-emb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ `cn-®Xpw Ct∏mgpw Nne-Xn¬ `cn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂-Xp-amb _n.-sP.]n. Kh-s◊‚p-Ifpw \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-ßfpw aXkzm-X-{¥yhpw hyhÿ sNøp∂ `c-W-L-S-\m-h-Ip-∏p-Iƒs°-Xnscbpw `c-W-L-S-\-s°-Xnsc Xs∂bpw kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ F√mh¿°pw Adn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-am-Wv. 1957¬ tIc- f - Ø nse IΩyq- W nÃp Kh- s ◊‚ v Akw- ª n- b n]m m-°n-sb-SpØ hnZym-`ymk_n√ns\°pdn®v t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®p.

C∂n-t∏mƒ \yq\-]-£-߃ \S-Øp∂ hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\ßsf°pdn®v {]tXy-In®pw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp-hmbpw ]d-bp∂ Btcm-]Ww I®-hS Xmev]-cy-am-Wv. hnZym-`ymk I®-hSw F∂mWv hnfn-t∏-cv. CXns‚ t]cn-emWv FXn¿∏v F∂m-Wn-h-cpsS Ah-Im-ihm-Zw. F∂m¬ 1958˛tem? A∂v kv°qfp-I-fnepw tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw hnZym¿∞n-I-tfbpw A[ym-]-I-tcbpw In´-W-sa-¶n¬ ]Ww Atßm´p sImSp-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ImcWw kaq-l-Ønse hen-sbmcp hn`m-KØn\v hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX t]mepw Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. tbmKy-X-bp≈ A[ym-]-I¿ Bh-iy-Øn\v XnI-bmØ Ime-hpw. Gsd 92

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

XymKw kln®v tkh\w sNtø-≠p∂ cwK-am-bn-cp∂p hnZym-`ym-k-taJ-e. A∂v ]s£ IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿°v \yq\-]-£-ÿm-]-\-ß-tfmSv C∂-tØ-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬ i{XpX D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1958˛se hnZym-`ymk _n√ns‚ {]tNm-Z\w Cu i{XpX Bbn-cp-∂p.

IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-c\v C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp am‰-hp-ap-≠m-bn-´n-s√∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂-XmWv 2006˛se ANyp-Xm-\-μ≥ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ kzm{ib-\n-baw; (The Kerala Professional Colleges or Institutionas Act 2006).

Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ apJ-hp-c-bn¬ Xs∂ \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-ß-tfm-Sp≈ Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS A¥- -Ø-tbm-Sp≈ Ah⁄bpw IΩyq-WnÃp Kh-s◊‚ v hy‡-am-°n-bXv ImWmw. ""`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS hIp∏v 30˛¬ ]d-bp∂ \yq\-]£w F∂ {]tbmK-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂Xv `mjm-]-chpw aX-]-c-hp-amb \yq\-]-£-ß-fmsW∂v kp{]ow-tIm-SXn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p'' ""C¥y-bn¬ kwÿm-\-߃ ]p\- w-L-Sn-∏n-®n-´p≈Xv `mjm-Sn-ÿm\- Ø n- e mWv . AXv s Im≠p \yq\- ] - £ - ß sf \n¿Æ- b n- ° m- \ p≈ bqWn‰v AJn-te¥ybmbn-°q-Sm, kwÿm-\-am-I-Ww. Bb-Xn-\mhIp∏v 30˛s‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ aX-˛-`mjm \yq\-]-£-ßsf \n¿Æbn-t°-≠Xv kwÿm\ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww.''11 Bdpw Ggpw JWvUn-I-I-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ F¥m-sW∂v Cu _ns√-gpXn D≠m-°nb hnZzmt\m hnZzm-∑m¿t°m t]mepw a\- n-em-Ip-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. Cu c≠p hIp-∏p-Ifpw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS P\m-[n-]Xym-h-Im-i-߃ Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\p th≠n D≈-XmWv. F∂m_n√v ]d-bp-∂Xv CXv atX-X-cXzw kwc-£n-°m-\p-≈-Xm-sW-∂mWv (J-WvUnI 6). CXv hnh-c-t°Sv sIm≠v kw`-hn®p t]mb A_-≤-as√∂v JWvUnI Ggv ]d-bp∂p: ""CØcw Ah-Im-i-߃°v ka-Xz-Øns‚ XXz-߃ \n¿_-‘ambpw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. a‰p hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \yq\]-£-߃ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ÿm]-\-߃°v t\sc hnth-N\w \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw hgn D≠m-bn-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p...

AtX kabw hn]-coX hnth-N-\hpw D≠m-bn-°q-Sm-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p.''

(ASn-hc {KŸ-I¿Ømhn-t‚-Xv).

F´mw JWvUn-I-bn¬ CsXm∂pw t]mcm-Ø-Xn\v 30(1) hIp-∏n\v Hcp ]pXnb hymJym-\hpw \evI-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p:'' ""hIp∏v 30(1) s‚ A¥- Ø `qcn-]-£-˛-\yq-\-]£ ÿm]-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ Xpey-amb h¿Ø\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bm-Ip∂p........ AXvsIm≠p cmPy-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßfpw˛ N´-ßfpw \n_-‘-\-I-fp-a-S°w F√mw `qcn-]-£-ÿm93

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]-\-߃°pw \yq\-]-£-ÿm-]-\-߃°pw Htc t]mse _m[-I-amt°-≠-Xm-Ip∂p''.12 ChnsS Hcp ]c-Zq-j-Is‚ tPmentbm ^mkn-kØns‚ _m[yXtbm \n¿h-ln-°p-I-bmWv Kh-s◊‚ v. \yq\-]-£ßƒ°pw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-߃°p-sa-Xncn¬ `qcn-]-£-k-ap-ZmbsØ Cf°n hnSp-I. Cu hcn-Iƒ kq£n®p hmbn®p t\m°n-bmCu ]c-Zq-j-I-s\bpw ^mkn-Ãn-s\bpw ImWmw. s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkÿm]-\-߃, `qcn-]£kap-Zmbw \S-Øp∂ ÿm]-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ \yq\-]-£-߃°v {]th-i\w \ntj-[n°p-I-bn-s√-∂n-cns° \yq\-]-£-߃°v F¥n-∂mWv thsd hnZym`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-߃? `c-W-L-S\ CXn∂p-Øcw hy‡-ambn ]d-bp∂p-≠v. AXv Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn∂m-Wv. Cu {]tXy-I e£y-Øn\p th≠n hn´p hogvN \nb-a-ßfpsSbpw N´-ß-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn-e-S°w Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS AhIm-i-am-Wv. Cu Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-°p∂ \nb-a-ßfpw N´-ß-fp-amWv `c-W-L-S\m hncp-≤-am-hp-I. XpeyX F∂ {]iv\-sam∂pw C°mcy-Øn-ep-Zn-°p-∂n-√. Cu ÿm]-\-߃°v \evIp∂ \nb-a-km-[pX Xs∂ Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ \nb-a-hn-cp-≤hpw Xpey-Xbv°v FXn-cp-at√? \memw JWvUnI ]d-bp∂ lnam-e-b≥ h¶Øw Xs∂ Cu _n√ns‚ ]n∂n¬ _p≤n-sb-°m-tfsd ap≥hn-[n-bmWv {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v hnfn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p. `mjmkwÿm-\-߃ cq]w sIm≠n-´p≈Xn\m\yq\-]-£-ßsf Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw kwÿm-\-߃°v \evI-Ww-t]mepw! `mjm-\yq-\-]-£-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfamsW¶n¬ H∂p ]d™p \nev°m-\p≈ bp‡n-bp-s≠∂v hmZn-°mw. aX\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS Imcytam? ChnsS `mjm\yq\-]-£-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ N¿®-sbm-´n√Xm\pw. aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-fpsS \n¿Æ-bsØ Fßs\-bmWv `mjmkwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw _m[n-°pI? `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \√ hIp-∏p-≠m-bXv sIm≠p am{Xw Hcp {]tbmP- \ - h p- a n√ F∂mWn Imcy- ß ƒ \tΩmSp ]d- b p- ∂ - X v . `c- W - L S\bnse hIp-∏p-Iƒ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂n-dßn P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°Ww. \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`-Ifpw cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xz-hp-am-WnXv sNtø≠-Xv. AhnsS \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-sa-Sp-°m≥ _m[y-X-bp-≈-h¿ D≠m-IpI Xs∂ thWw. ]pdØv \n∂v Htc-P≥kn [m¿ΩnI t_m[-Øm¬ {]tNm-ZnX-ambpw DZm-c-a-\-kvIX sIm≠pw CXv sNøp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv bp‡n-k-l-a-√.

94

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Jean Jaques Rousseau: Social Contract 2. Westminster Gazette on Conscription; December 29, 1915 Bertrand Russel D≤cn-®Xv Principles of Social Reconstruction P 36 3. F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥; tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ]p: 35 4. A. ]p; ]pdw: 114˛115 5. New Illustrated Columbia Encyclopedia, vol. 15 P 4693 6. hn: Jp¿-B≥; 2:38 7. Karl Marx; Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of law; Marx and Engels on Religion PP 38-39 8. Mohammed Ali Jinnah; Speech on the report of Joint Parliamentary Committee in Central Legislative Assembly 7th Feb 1935 9. A.I.R.1958, SC 956 Quoted in A.C Kapoor Constitutional History of India 17651984. P 455.

10 A.I.R 1974 SC 1389 Quoted in A.C Kapoor op. cit P 455.

11. The Kerala Professional Colleges or Institutions Act 2006, Preamble Para- 4,5; Kerala Special Gazette 2.7.2006 P. 3 12. The same bill Para 7,8; K.S.G P. 3

95

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

9 ]cn-lm-c-{i-a-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d `c-W-L-S\ \yq\]£-Øns‚, {]tXy-In®v aX-\yq-\-]-£-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bpsS B[m-c-߃ \in-∏n-°m\pw hyh-ÿnXn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnizmkw XI¿°m\pw t]m∂-Xm-Wv. \yq\-]-£Øns‚ kwXr]vXnbmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw hnP-bn-°p-∂p-thm-sb-∂-dn-bm\p-≈ am\-Z-WvUw. ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp C°m-cy-sØ-°pdn®v t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. s\lvdp am{X-a-√, tUm: Awt_-ZvI¿ AS°-ap≈ \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\minev]n-I-fpw CtX-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-∑mcm-bn-cp-∂p. \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-߃ {]tXy-I-ambn hyhÿ sNøp∂-Xns\s®m√n `c-W-L-S\m Akw-ªn-bn¬ \S∂ N¿®-bv°nsS tUm: Awt_- Z v I ¿ Hm¿Ωn- ∏ n- ® p: ""\yq\- ] - £ - ß ƒ kv t ^mS- I - i - ‡ nbp≈hbm-Wv. AXns‚ s]m´n-sØ-dn-°-en¬ cmjv{S-Øns‚ DuSpw ]mhpw XI¿∂p t]mtb-°mw. bqtdm-∏ns‚ Ncn{Xw CXn\v th≠{X sXfnhv \evIp-∂p-≠v.''1 \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS {]iv\-߃ Ah-K-Wn°p∂ kao-]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Xm°oXv IqSn-bmWv Awt_-Zv°-dpsS hm°p-Iƒ. ]s£ {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ CØcw Xm°o-XpIƒ°pw \yq\- ] - £ - ß - f psS Xs∂ tcmZ- \ - ß ƒ°pw Bbn- √ . kzmX{¥yw In´n Bdp ]Xn-‰m≠v Ign-™n´pw C¥y-bn-se {][m\ \yq\-]-£-amb apkvenw-I-fpsS Zb-\o-bm-hÿ B¿°pw ImWm-hp∂ ÿnXn-bn-se-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. k®m¿ kan-Xn-bpsS Is≠-Øep-Iƒ Cu kXyw ad-bn-√msX ]pdØv sIm≠p-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ apkvenw-I-fpsS {]iv\-ßsf aq∂v Xe-s°-´p-Iƒ°v Iognem-°n-bmWv kanXn AXns‚ 404 ]pdw hcp∂ dnt∏m¿´p Xøm-dm-°nbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1. kzXz(Identity)-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h. 2. kpc-£n-X-Xz(Security)hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h. 3. \oXn(Equity)bpambn _‘-s∏-´h. CXn-te-‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏-´Xv kzXz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´Xv Xs∂-bmWv. Cu {]iv\-߃ cq£-am-Ip-∂-tXmsS AXv kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AkvXn96

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Xz-Øn\p (Existence) t\sc-bp≈ `oj-Wn-bmbn hf-cpw. Hcp kaqlw a‰p- ≈ - h - c n¬ \n∂v `n∂- a m- s W∂v AS- b m- f - s ∏- S p- Ø p∂ Nn”߃°mWv Ah-cpsS sFU‚n‰n F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ Bfl]-chpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb hi-ß-fn¬ kpc-£n-X-am-Ip-tºm-gmWv Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ kzXzw kpc-£n-X-am-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ km[n-°pI. k®m¿ kanXn CXns‚ _mly-Nn-”-ßsf s]mXp-k-aqlw ho£n°p∂ coXn-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. XmSn-sb, sXm∏nsb, ]¿±sb Bfp-Iƒ Ah-⁄-tbmSpw Bi-¶-tbmSpw ho£n-°p-∂p-sh∂v kanXn°v apºn¬ ]ecpw ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p. t]meo-kns‚ kwi-b-Øn\pw ]et∏mgpw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-S-en\pw hnt[-b-cm-Im≥ Cu AS-bm-f-߃ Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. apkven-am-sW∂v ]d-™m¬ Hcp hoSv hmßmt\m hmS-I-bvs°-Sp-°mt\m t]mepw km[y-am-ImØ ÿnXn \ne-\n-ev°p∂-Xmbn ]e {]tZ-i-Øp-≈-hcpw kan-Xn-tbmSp ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p. hnZym`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnse {]th-i-\-Øn\v Ip´n-Iƒ°v CXv XS- -am-Ip∂p. {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, {]tXy-In®v \√ hnZym-`ymkw \evIp∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬......... Aßs\ ]e Imcy-ßfpw kan-Xn°v apºmsI h∂ Bt£-]-ß-fnepw ]cm-Xn-I-fnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn dnt∏m¿´v Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. kpZo¿L-amb dnt∏m¿´n¬ Public Perceptions and Perspectives F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿbpw AXn-ep-]cn Ah¿ kq£n-°p∂ Ac-£nX t_m[hpw hc®p Im´p∂p. h¿§o-b-I-em-]-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ kv{Xo_-em¬kw-K-߃ sXm´v XmSn sh®m¬ ]mIn-kvXm≥ GP‚ v F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kml-Ncyhpw hsc ]d-bp-∂p. sR´n°p∂ as‰mcp shfn-s∏-Sp-ج \K-c-ßfnse tNcn-Isf kw_-‘n-®p-≈-Xm-Wv. km[m-cW \K-c-ß-fn¬ tNcnIƒ cq]- s ∏- ´ n- c p- ∂ Xv hfsc ]mh- s ∏´ Bfp- I ƒ kz¥tam hmSIbvt°m Hcp hoSv hmßn Xma-kn-°m≥ km[n-°msX hcp-tºmƒ ]pd-tºm-°p-I-fn¬ IpSn-ep-Iƒ sI´n Xma-kn-°p-tºm-gm-bn-cp-∂p. k®m¿ dnt∏m¿´v ]d-bp-∂Xv Cub-SpØ Ime-Ømbn Aß-s\-b-s√∂m-Wv. apkvenw-I-fmWv Ct∏mƒ tNcn-I-fn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tNcn-I-fn¬ sXm´p-sXm´p Iq´mbn Xma-kn-°ptºmƒ A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ kpc-£n-X-Xz-amWv Cßs\ tNcnIƒ hym]Iam-Im≥ Imc-Ww. \K-c-ß-fn¬ an{i-P-\-kw-Jybp≈ CSß-fn¬ \n∂v hoSv In´nb hne°v hn‰v tNcn-I-fn-e-`bw tXSp-∂p. h¿§ob B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c£-t\-Sm≥ Hc-f-thmfw CXp-]-I-cn°p-sa∂v A\p-`hw Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

97

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]s£ Cu {]h- W X krjv S n- ° p∂ kmaq- l nI {]iv \ - ß - ƒ apkvenw-Isf ho≠pw XI¿°p-Ibpw ]nt∂m´v ]nSn®p X≈p-I-bp-amWv sNøp-I. H‰-s∏-S-en\v Cu {]h-WX ho≠pw B°w Iq´pw. hmWnPyw, hyh-kmbw t]mep≈ cwK-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb ta¬hn-emkw D≠m°m≥ km[n-°n-s√∂v am{X-a-√, D≈Xv \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øn-∂m-bn-cn°pw CXv henb Xncn-®-Sn-bp-≠m-°p-I. AXv ^e-Øn¬ XS-b-s∏-Spw. ]pdw \mSp-I-fnse sXmgn¬ km[y-XIƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°mØ kml-Ncyw t\c-sØ-Øs∂ DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ hym]-I-ambn D≠v. AXv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ B{Klw t]mepw an° sNdp-∏-°m-cnepan√. IpSpw_w kpc-£n-Xambn Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºmƒ D≠m-Iptam F∂ Bi-¶-bmWv CXn\v {][m\ XS- w. t]meokpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw IqSn h¿Kob ^mknÃp-Iƒs°m∏w tN¿∂v apkvenw th´ hym]-I-am-bn-Øo¿-∂-tXm-sSbmWv Cu Ac-£n-X-t_m[w Xo{h-am-b-Xv. Pbn-ep-I-fn¬ acWw ImØv Znh-k-ß-sf-Æn-Øo¿°p-∂, h[-in-£bv°v hn[n-°-s∏´v UØv sk√p-I-fn¬ Ign-bp∂ a\p-jy-cpsS apJ-`m-h-ap≈ a\p-jysc sXcphn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpI DØ-tc-¥y-bn-em-Wv, {]tXy-In®v Iu s_¬´v F∂v ]≠p Cw•o-jp-Im¿ t]cn´ lnμn {]tZ-iß - f - n¬. Cu P\XbpsS Hcp s]≥kn¬ kvsI®mWv kanXn dnt∏m¿´n¬ hc®psh®n-´p-≈-Xv. apkvenw-I-sf-°p-dn®v AhnsS hnZym-`ym-k-ap≈hcn¬ t]mepw hf¿∂p h∂n-´p≈ [mc-Wbv°v Hcp-Zm-l-cWw ]d™p Hcn-°Fs‚ Hcp kvt\ln-X≥. Ct±lw Ata-cn-°≥ Fº- n-bpsS Iƒ®d¬ hnwKn¬ tPmen sNøp∂ Imew. Hcp Aapkvenw Poh-\-°m-c≥ CS-bv°nsS Imiv ISw hmßpambn-cp-∂-s{X. hmßn-bXv ]d™ kab-Øn\v Xs∂ IrXy-ambn sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. AXv sIm≠v h∂p tNmZn-°p-tºm-sgms° Hcp aSn-bp-an-√msX kplrØv sImSp°pw. Cu DZm-c-a-\-kvIX A\p-`-hn-®-\p-`-hn®v a\ v \μn-sIm≠v Xpfpºnb Hcp L´-Øn¬ kplr-Øns‚ ssI c≠pw Iq´n-∏n-Sn®v Abmƒ ]d-™p-h-s{X ""Though you are a Muslim, you are a good human''˛ \n߃ apkven-am-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw \√ a\p-jy-\m-sW∂v! \njvI-f¶-\mb B km[p-a-\p-jys\ ChnsS Ip‰-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. H∂p c≠p Xe-ap-d-bn¬ h¿§o-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ hnizm-k-am-W-bmƒ ]d-™-Xv. Ct∏mƒ sF.Fkv.sF GP‚ v, Xo{h-hmZn Fs∂ms° Bt£]n-°p-∂p, Aßs\ kwi-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂Xv ]pXnb Imcy-a-√.

Hcp Zi- I - t Ømfw DØ- t c- ¥ y- b n¬ Rm≥ Pohn® Ime- Ø mWv 98

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

C¥ybpw ]mIn-kvXm\pw XΩn¬ c≠p bp≤-߃ D≠m-b-Xv˛ 1965˛epw 71˛epw. apkvenw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Hu∂Xyw C∂pw hnfw-_cw sNbvXv \nev°p∂ Alv-aZm_mZnepw eJv\u-hn-ep-am-bn-cp∂p bp≤th-f-bn¬ bYm-{I-aw. A∂v t\cn-´p-I≠ A\p-`hw bp≤w s]m´n-∏p-ds∏-Sp-∂-tXmSp IqSn-Øs∂ Xoscbpw Gg-Ifpw sX≠n-I-fp-a-√mØ apgp-h≥ apkvenw ]pcp-j-∑m-scbpw t]meokv B´n-∏n-Sn®v Pbn-e-gnIƒ°p≈n¬ \nd-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F{X Btem-Nn-®n´pw CXns‚ bp‡n A∂p ]nSn-In-´n-bn-cp-∂n-√, C∂pw ]nSn-In-´n-bn-´n-√. CXv kaq-l-Øn\v apkvenw-I-sf-°p-dn®v ssIam-dp∂ kqN\ Fs¥∂v ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√. am{X-a-√, Ahn-sS-bp≈ tZiob cmjv{Sob I£n-I-f-S°w km[mcW sNbvXpt]mcp∂ Hcp]Wn, apkvenw-Iƒ thdn´ Hcp P\X Xs∂bm-sW∂v apkvenw-I-sfbpw Aap-…nw-I-sfbpw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øns°mt≠ Ccn- ° p- I . CXv Ip’nX {ia- a m- I p- ∂ Xv Cu [mcW AXns‚ {Inbm-flI hi-Øn-e√ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xp-sIm≠m-Wv. {Inbm-fl-I-h-i-sa-¥mWv? C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS Xs∂ `mKamWv apkvenw-Iƒ F∂-hsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ah-cpsS hyXn-cn-‡-X-Isf \ne-\n¿Øm\pw hf¿Øm\pw Ahsc klm-bn°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. ChnsS sNøp-∂Xv CX√. Hcp s]mXptbmKtam s]mXp-k-tΩ-f-\tam apkvenw {]tZ-iØv \S-°p-I-bm-sW∂v sh°pI, apgp-h≥ {]`m-j-Icpw, AXv KpP-dm-Øn-em-bmepw alm-cm-jv{S-bnem-bmepw bp.]n bnem-bmepw a[y-{]-tZ-iØmbmepw ip≤ D¿±p-hnemWv {]kw-Kn-°p-I. Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sems° KpP-dm-Ønbpw admTnbpw t`mPv]pcnbpw ]q¿∫n-bp-sams° amXr-`m-j-bm-bn-´p≈ apkvenwIƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. F√m apkvenw-Iƒ°pw CsXms° Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøpw F∂mepw \n߃ D¿Zp-hmWv kwkm-cn-°≠ - Xv, \n߃ thdn´ Hcp hn`m-K-amWv F∂v Ah-scbpw ]pd-Øp-≈-h-scbpw {]tXy-In®v ]pd-Øp-≈-hsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-ØpIbmWn-h¿ CXn-eqsS sNøp-∂-Xv. apkvenw-Isf a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn IqSn-t®-cm≥ kΩ-Xn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I. AtX kabw Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn-sems° {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `c-W-ImeØv Ah¿ ÿm]n® D¿Zp aoUnbw ss{]adn kvIqfp-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu kvIqfp-I-fpsS sI´n-S-ß-sfms° Po¿Æn®v XI¿∂v t]mhpI-b-√msX \∂m°n kvIqƒ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ ]Xnth C√. ]s‰ XI¿∂v Ign-bp-tºmƒ kvIqƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw. apkvenw Ip´n-Isf hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m-\mWv Cu kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´ncp-∂-Xv. apkvenw hnZym-`ymk ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bn¬ henb ]¶v hln°p∂ H∂mWv D¿Zp kvIqfp-I-fpsS \miw. CtXm-sSm∏w D¿Zp-`m-jbpw 99

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\in-°p-∂p. hmsamgn am{Xw \ne-\n-ev°p-Ibpw hc-samgn \njv{I-an°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ÿnXn. F√m cwK-ß-fnepw apkvenw-Iƒ ]n∂m°w t]mbvs°m-≠n-cn-°pI-bm-sW∂v IW-°p-Iƒ˛ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-W-°-W-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.

G‰hpw ]pXnb IW-°mWv k®m¿ kan-Xn-bp-tS-Xv. 2006 \h-º¿ 17˛\mWv kanXn dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xv. 2005 am¿®v 5˛\mWv IΩ‰n°v C¥ym Kh-s◊‚ v tSwkv Hm^v d^-d≥kv \evIp-∂-Xv. AXmbXv Cu IW-°p-Iƒ c≠m-bn-cØn A©n-te-Xm-sW-∂¿∞w. Nn¥n∏n-°m\pw Imcy-ß-fpsS t]m°ns‚ Kuchw t_m[y-X-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Dcp-Ip∂ Hcp IW-°nXm:˛ k¿ kønZns‚bpw {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-ß-fnJm≥ A_vZp-√-Øo-^ns\t∏mep-≈-h-cp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv hf¿® Ipdn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb apkvenw kap-Zmbw 1896˛97 ˛¬ FØp-tºm-tg°v cmPysØ B¿SvkvtIm-tf-Pp-I-fn¬ XßfpsS {]mXn-\n[yw Ggp iX-am-\-ambpw s{]m^-j-\¬ tImsf-Pp-IfnteXv 6.67 iX-am-\-ambpw Db¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂v apkvenw P\kwJy 21.81 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww2. 1977˛78˛ ¬ sP.-Fkv _μq-Ivhme _tdm-U-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ°pw Zen-X¿°pan-S-bn¬ \S-Ønb k¿tΔbn¬ \n∂v In´nb Hcp Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w C{]Im-cw. apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ Ign-™-h¿ 2.5 iXam\w Zen-X¿: 4.5 iX-am-\w. apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ _ncpZw 1.0 iXam\w Zen-X¿: 1.5 iX-am-\w.3 k®m¿ ka-Xn-bpsS Is≠-ج C¥ybnse B¿Svkv tImtf-Pp-I-fnse apkvenw {]mXn-\n[yw 4 iX-am-\hpw ]n.-Pn. Xe-Øn¬ c≠p iX-am-\hpw Fw.-_n.F °v ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ Hcp iX-am-\hpw saUn-kn\v ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ \mep iX-am-\hpw4 BsW∂mWv H∂p-c≠p Imcy-߃ Cu IW-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂p hy‡-amWv: 19˛mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ A¥y- Ø n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ Ah- ÿ - b n¬ \n∂v F{Xtbm Zqcw C¥y-bnse apkvenwIƒ ]n∂m°w t]mbn-cn-°p-IbmWv F∂-XmWv H∂v,- c≠v Ah¿ {Ia-{]-hr-≤-ambn XI¿∂v sIm≠ncn-°p-I-bmWv F∂-Xpw. kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ C¥y≥ apkvenw-I-fpsS h¿Ø-am-\-ÿnXn ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ ˛ Zen-X-cpsS ]n∂n-em-sW∂mWv k®m¿ kanXn IW-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. apkvenw-I-fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØw 54.9 iX-am-\hpw ]´n-I-hn-`m-K-Øn-t‚Xv 71 iXam-\-hp-am-sW∂v dnt∏m¿´v. tZiob icm-icn 64.4 iX-am-\w. Im¿jnI- h r- Ø n- b n¬ apkv e nw {]mXn- \ n[yw a‰p- ≈ - h - s c- ° mƒ 18 iXam\Øne[nIw Ipd-hm-Wv. CXv ]s£ Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-tbmSv lnμn100

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

s_¬´n-ep≈ apkvenw-I-fn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw t\csØØs∂bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnap-JX Imc-W-am-hmw. F∂m¬ hymh-km-bn-I-ta-Je- b n¬ Ah- c psS {]mXn- \ n[yw AXy¥w Zb- \ o- b - a m- s W∂mWv dnt∏m¿´v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. 1947˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ C¥ymKh-s◊‚n¬ hyhkm-b-a{¥n iymw{]kmZv apJ¿Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v tIm¨{K- p-Imc-\m-bn-cp∂p apJ¿Pn. ]n∂oSv tIm¨{K- p-ambn sX‰n-bmWv `mc-Xob-P-\-kwLw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. apJ¿Pn hyh-km-b-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cn-°ptºmƒ C¥y-bnse {]apJ hyh-km-bn-Iƒ°v Ab® IØn¬ Bhiy-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv ]m°-\p-Iq-en-Iƒ°v t\sc (ap-kvenw-Iƒ°v t\sc F∂¿∞w) \nß-fpsS hmXn-ep-Iƒ sIm´n-b-S-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

A∂p XpS-ßnb hnth-N-\-Øns‚ ^e-ambn s]mXp-ta-J-e-sb-°mƒ hfsc Ipd™ sXmgn¬ {]mXn- \ n- [ y- a mWv kzIm- c y- t a- J - e - b napkvenw-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv. hnt{]m t]mep≈ kwc-`-ßsf am‰n \n¿Ønbm¬ kzImcy hyh-kmb DS-a-ÿ-X-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw ÿnXn CXv Xs∂. hfsc ASpØv sa®-s∏-´-XmWv Ct∏mƒ ImWp∂ Ahÿ Xs∂. t\csØ Hcp Po∏v tSm¿®v _m‰dn ^mIvSdn am{X-amWv apkvenwI-fpsS IW-°n-se-gp-Xm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. cmjv{Sob {]mXn-\n-[y-Øns‚ Imcyw CXns‚ Bh¿Ø\w Xs∂bmWv. 1952 apX¬ temIvk`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {]mXn-\n[yw In´n-bXv 1984˛em-Wv ˛46 t]¿. Cu sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ t]mepw 19 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v apkven-amb Hcmƒ t]mepw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-√. CXn¬ 24.03 iX-am\w apkvenwIƒ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ B mapw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. _m_vcn-∏≈n XI-cptºmƒ temIvk-`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv 26 t]cm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ 4 t]¿ ZrV-{]-Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-°p∂ \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fmb am¿Iv nÃp AwK-ßfp-am-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv XS-bm≥ t\csØ apX\S-∂p-h-cp∂ KqVm-tem-N-\-I-fn-sem∂v apkvenw `qcn-]-£-ap≈ aWvUe-ß-fpsS FÆw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv. dh\yq Pn√-Iƒ apkvenw `qcn-]-£-ap-≈Xpw `qcn-]-£-Øn¬ Aev]w Xmsg-bp-≈Xpw tN¿∂m¬ \mev]-Xn-e-[nIw hcpw. F∂m¬ temIvk-`m-a-WvU-e-ßfn¬ \ap°v CXv ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√. C¥y-bnse apkvenw P\-kwJy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t]cpw Xma-kn-°p∂ bp.-]n, _olm¿, ]: _wKmƒ F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv XS-bm≥ kzoI-cn® as‰mcp Ip’nX am¿§w k®m¿ kanXn Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v. apkvenw `qcn-]-£tam apkvenwIƒ°v \n¿Æm-bI 101

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

i‡n-bp-≈tXm Bb aWvU-e-ßsf ]´n-I-hn-`mKw kwh-cW aWvUe-ß-fm-°p-I. aq∂v kwÿm-\-ß-fnse CØcw 27 aWvU-e-ß-fpsS t]cpw P\-kw-Jybpw dnt∏m¿´n¬ ]d-bp-∂p. AtX-k-abw ]´n-I-hn`m-K-°m¿ 50Dw 60Dw iX-am-\-Øn\v apI-fn¬ P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ aWvUe- ß ƒ ]eXpw s]mXp- a - W v U - e - ß - f m- W v . DZm- l - c - W - Ø n\v Cu kwÿm- \ - ß - f nse CØcw 28 aWv U - e - ß - f psS Hcp ]´n- I bpw dnt∏m¿´n¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. ]Xn-\©mw temIvk-`-bn-te°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´Xv shdpw 30 apkvenw AwK-ß-fm-Wv. ]Xn-\memw temIvk-`-bn¬ 39 t]cp-≠m-bncp-∂p. 19 kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw 6 tI{μ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-iØv \n∂pw Hscm‰ apkvenw Fw.]n t]mep-an-√. CXn-s\mcp Imc-W-ambn Phl¿em¬ s\ldp bq\n-th-gvkn‰n s{]m^-kdpw \yq\-]-£-I-Ωo-j\w-K-hp-amb tkmbm-l-k≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv tZio-b-I£nIƒ \n¿Ønb apkvenw ÿm\m¿∞n-I-fn¬ ]ecpw tXm‰p t]mb-Xm-Wv. tXmev°m\p-≠mb ImcWw Ah¿ a’-cn®p aWv U-e-ß-fn¬ a’-cn® {]mtZ5 inI apkvenw ]m¿´n-I-fm-sW-∂m-Wv. Pbn-°m-\p≈ thm´ns‚ ASpsØm∂pw Ch-sc-Øn-bn-s√-¶nepw tZiob I£n-Iƒ°v Int´-≠n-bncp∂ apkvenw thm´p-I-fn¬ Ch¿ ]nf¿∏p-≠m-°n. CXv tZio-b-I-£nI-fpsS ]cm-P-b-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p. km[m-cW t]mse apkvenw-Iƒ°v \n¿Æm-bI kzm[o-\-ap≈ aWvU-e-ß-fnte apkvenw ÿm\m¿∞nIsf tZiob I£n-Iƒ a’-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-≈p. kzXz-Øns‚ {]iv\-ambmepw kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øns‚ {]iv\-ambmepw \oXn e`n-t°≠ {]iv\am-bmepw CsXms° cmjv{Sob {]iv\-ß-fmWv. Ch-bpsSsbms° hni-I-e\w \sΩ sIms≠-Øn-°pI Ahkm\w H‰ {]iv\-Øn-em-Wv ˛ \yq\-]£w P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿn-Xnbn¬ A\p-`-hn-°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈ cmjv{Sob {]mXn-\n-[y-{]-iv\Øns‚ A`mh-Øn¬. as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ Cu {]iv\-ßsfms° ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn cmjv{So-b-{]-iv\-ß-fmWv, Cu {]iv\ß-fp≠mIm≥ ImcWw \yq\-]£w F∂ ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. CXn\v cmjv{So-b-amb ]cn-lm-c-ta-bp-≈p. thsd Fhn-sSbpw Cu {]iv\-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw In´p-I-bn-√. P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ cmjv{Sob {]iv\߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ GI-am¿§w cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn-°p-I-bmWv. kwL-SnXi‡n D]tbmKn®v P\m-[n-]-Xy-Ønse kq{X-hn-Zy-Ifpw kt¶-X-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn-eqsS \nba-\n¿Ωm-W-k-`-I-fn-se-Øp-I. ]pdØv `c-W-L-S-\m-\p-kr-X-ß-fmb {]t£m- ` - a m¿§- ß - f p- ] - t bm- K n®pw \nb- a - \ n¿Ωm- W - k - ` - I - f nse 102

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

km∂n[yw hgn e`n-°p∂ kzm[o-\-ap-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-I. `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ kpc-£n-XXz hyh-ÿ-I-ƒ°v th≠n C¥y-bnse aX-\yq-\-]-£-߃°v Xev°mew kacw sNtø-≠p∂ Bhiyw hcp-∂n-√. hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬ Ht´sd \yq\-X-Iƒ Ds≠-¶nepw \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ AwKo-Imcw t]mep≈ {]iv\ß-fn¬ Gsd-°psd Xr]vXn-I-camw hn[w ]q¿Æ-amWv \ΩpsS `c-WL-S-\. `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ 14 apX¬ 31 hsc-bp≈ hIp-∏p-Iƒ NneXv ka{K-ambpw NneXv `mKn-I-ambpw A¥- -Ø-bn¬ Dƒs°m≠pw \yq\]-£m-h-Im-i-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂p; {]Xy-£-Øn¬ Ch s]mXp-hmbn F√m ]uc≥am-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-ß-fm-Wp-d∏v \evIp-∂-sX-¶nepw 14˛mw hIp∏v \nb-a-Øn\v apºn¬ kaXzw Dd∏v \evIp-∂p. CsXmcp bm{¥n-I-amb hIp-∏m-sW∂ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bp-≠m-I-cp-sX∂v Icp-Xnbm-IWw ""C¥y≥ {]tZ-i-Øn-∂-IØv bmsXm-cmƒ°pw \nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ ka-Xztam (Equality before law) Xpey-amb \nb-a-kw-c-£Wtam (Equal protection of law) tÉv \ntj-[n-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xm-Ip∂p'' F∂v `c-WL - S- \ - b - n¬ hy‡-ambn Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø-Xv. Cu hIp∏v {][m\-ambpw e£y-am-°p-∂Xv `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-Øn¬ {]Jym-]n®n-´p≈ ""]Zhn ka-Xzhpw Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzhpw'' F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ km£m-XvIm-c-am-Wv. t\csØ {]Xn-]m-Zn® tIc-f-K-h-s◊‚ns‚ kzm{i-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°m≥ {ian-®-t]mse Cu hIp∏v hymJym-\n-°m-\p≈ ]gp-X-S-°pI IqSn CXns‚ e£yam-sW∂v {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssien hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

15˛mw hIp∏v `c-W-L-S\m hnZ-Kv[-cpsS ho£-W-Øn¬ 14˛mw hIp∏ns\ ka-{K-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hymJym-\-amWv. ""PmXn-˛-a-X-˛-enw-K-˛-P∑-tZi Imc-W-ß-fmtem Ah-bn-te-sX-¶n-ep-sam-∂ns\ Imc-W-am°ntbm tÉv Hcp ]uc-t\mSpw hnth-N\w Im´m≥ ]mSn-√mØ-Xm-Ip∂p......'' F∂m¬ Cu hIp∏pw bm{¥n-I-am-b√ hnj-bsØ kao-]n°p-∂X - v. ka-Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-Ie - v]\ - I - ƒ Hcp kml-Nc - y-Ønepw Zp¿∫-e-hn-`m-K-Øn\v e`n-t°-≠p∂ Ah-Im-i-ß-fpsS l\\-am-I-cpXv F∂v `c- W - L - S - \ m- i n- e v ] n- I ƒ°v \n¿∫- ‘ - a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p.

AXvsIm≠p Cu hIp-∏ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fpsSbpw t£a-Øn\pw \∑-bv°p-ambn {]tXyIw \nb-a-ap-≠m-°p-I, kmaq-ln-I-ambpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambpw ]nt∂m°w \nev°p∂ ]uc∑m-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\p th≠n {]tXy-I-hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-°pI F∂o c≠p Imcy-߃°v hIp∏v Kh-s◊‚n\v A\p-hmZw \evIp-∂p. CXv 103

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

c≠pw D]-h-Ip-∏p-I-fmWv, A]-hm-Z-Øns‚ cq]-Øn-ep≈ D]-h-Ip-∏pIƒ. CXn¬ c≠m-asØ A]-hmZw 1951˛¬ `c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-K-Xn-bneqsS Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\bv°v hcp-Ønb BZysØ t`Z-KXn CXns‚ Iq´n-t®¿°-em-bn-cp-∂p.

16˛mw hIp∏v s]mXp-\n-b-a-\-°m-cy-ß-fn¬ Ah-k-c-k-aXzw Dd∏p \evIp-∂p. Cu hIp-∏ns‚ c≠mw A]-hmZw ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-Øn\v DtZym-K-ß-fn¬ Hcp ]¶v kwh-cWw sNbvXv \evIp-∂-Xn\p A\phmZw \evIp-∂-Xm-Wv. Zen-Xp-Iƒ°pw ]nt∂m-°-hn-`m-K-߃°pw C∂v \evI-s∏-Sp∂ kwh-cWw 15,16 hIp-∏p-Iƒ {]Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. H´-\h[n \nb-a-bp-≤-߃ t\cn´pw tImS-Xn-Iƒ Ibdn Cd-ßn-bp-amWv Ch \ne-\n-∂n-´p-≈-Xv. Ip{]-kn-≤-amb aWvU¬ hncp≤ {]t£m-`hpw ]n∂oSv C¥y≥ cmjv{So-bsØ Ipd®vImew AΩm-\-am-Snb _m_vcn∏≈n {]iv\hpw ]n∂m-°-°m-cpsS `c-W-L-S\mhIm-isØ XI¿°m\p≈ KqVm-tem-N-\-bpsS ^e-am-bn-cp-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn IqSn _‘s∏´ ASpØ {][m-\-h-Ip∏v 19 BWv. hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ cq]Øn-em-Wn-sX-¶nepw CXn-epƒs∏-Sp∂ k]vX-kzm-X{¥yw apgp-h≥ hy‡nsb kaq-l-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch-bmWm kzmX{¥y-߃: 1. {]kw-Kn-°m\pw A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-\pw, 2. Bbp-[-ß-fn-√msX kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn tbmKw tNcm-\pw, 3. kwL-Sn-°m\pw kwL-S-\-I-fp-≠m-°m-\pw, 4. C¥y-bn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn k©-cn-°m-\pw, 5. C¥y-bnsehnsSbpw Xma-kn-°m\pw (Xm-evIm-en-I-ambmepw ÿnc-am-bm-epw) 6. kzØv kºm-Zn-°m\pw ssIhiw sh°m\pw hnev°m\pw 7. GXv tPmen sNøm\pw hym]m-c-hy-h-km-b-߃, sXmgn¬ ÿm]-\-߃ F∂nh \S-Øm-\pw.

Cu kzmX-{¥y-∏-´n-I-°p-ta¬ Ggp \nb-{¥-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v.

1. cmjv{S-Øns‚ kpc-£n-XXzw \in-∏n-°pI 2. hntZ-i-cm-jv{S-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kulrZw `wK-s∏-Sp-ØpI 3. s]mXp-k-am-[m\w XI¿°pI 4. A¥ v AYhm kZm-Nm-c-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-hpI 5. tImSXn Ae£yw D≠m-°pI 6. A{I-a-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-°pI 7. am\-lm\n D≠m-°pI 104

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Cu Imcy-߃s°m∂pw 19˛mw hIp∏v \evIp∂ k]vX-kzm-X{¥yw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. P\m-[n-]-Xy-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ G‰hpw auenI-amb kzmX-{¥y-amWv Cu hIp∏v Dd∏p hcp-Øp∂sX∂v hy‡-amW-t√m. ASpØ {][m-\-h-Ip∏v 21 BIp-∂p. \nb-a-hn-t[-b-a-√mØ hn[w, AXm-bXv \nb-a-{]-Imcw ÿm]n-X-amb \S-]Sn {Ia-ß-fneqsSb√m-Ø-hn[w ]ucs‚ Poht\m hy‡n-kzm-X-{¥ytam Ih¿s∂Sp-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂v Cu hIp∏v A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. Cu hIp-∏ns\ C¥y-bn¬ \S∂ h¿Ko-b-I-em-]-ß-fp-ambn Iq´n-hm-bn-®m¬ Fß-s\bp-≠mIpw? a\- m£n kzmX{¥yw Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ hIp-∏p-I-fmWv 25 apX28 hsc-bp-≈-h. 25˛mw hIp∏v Ch-bn-te-‰hpw {it≤-bhpw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bp-sSbpw \ΩpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw IncoS-hp-am-Wv. temIØv as‰mcp `c-W-L-S-\-bnepw C√m-Ø-hn[w hnizmk-kzm-X{¥yw Cu hIp∏v Dd∏v \evIp-∂p. CjvS-ap-≈Xv hniz-kn°m\pw A\p-jvTn-°m\pw am{X-a√, {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw Cu hIp∏v AhImiw \ev I p- ∂ p. Cu hIp- ∏ ns\ Xpey- X - b n- √ mØXm°p- ∂ Xv hnizmkw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambn FgpXn-bXv aqe-am-Wv. Cu hm°ns\ sNm√n D≠mb hnhm-Zhpw `c-W-LS-\m-in-ev]n-Iƒ \evInb adp-]-Snbpw t\csØ kqNn-∏n-°pIbp≠mbn. \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS kwXr-]vXn-bmWv CXns‚ e£y-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p adp-]-Sn. 26˛mw hIp∏v aXm-h-iy-߃°v ÿm]-\-ß-fp-≠m-°m\pw kzØv B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ÿmhc PwKa kzØp-°ƒ amt\Pv sNøp-∂Xn\pw `c-W-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn\pw Ah-Imiw \evIp-∂p. 27˛mw hIp∏v aX-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Ww \nIp-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v Hgnhm-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p. 28˛mw hIp∏v tÉv t\cnt´m [\-k-lm-bw, AwKoImcw F∂nh hgntbm \S-Øp∂ hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ aXt_m-[\w \ntcm-[n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ aX-t_m-[\w \n¿∫-‘-am-°n-bn´p≈ {SÃns‚tbm [¿Ω-ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚tbm hI hnZym-`ym-k-ÿm]-\-߃°v Cu hne°v tkm]m-[n-I-ambn _m[-I-am-°n-bn-´n-√.

CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Bƒ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb BfmsW-¶n¬ Abmƒ aXw- Xs∂ ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ kΩ-Xn-°-Ww, ssa\-dmsW-¶n¬ c£n-Xm-hns‚ A\p-aXn thWw. CXv \yq\-]-£-߃°v c≠p \ne°v klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p, H∂v \yq\-]-£-hn-Zym¿∞n-Isf Xßfp-tS-X-√mØ aXw ]Tn-°m≥ \n¿∫-‘n-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂p, c≠v AhcpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ k¿°m¿ klm-bhpw AwKo-Im-chpap≠m105

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bmepw ]Tn-°m≥ Xøm-dp-≈-h¿°v Xß-fpsS aXw ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ A\ph-Zn-°p-∂p. 29,30 hIp-∏p-Isf°p-dn®v t\csØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bp≠m-bn.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Dr: Ambedkar, Constituent Assembly Debates; P. 41 2. C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ v {_n´ojv ]m¿en-sa‚n\v ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿´v Quoted in Shan Mohammed; Successors of Sir. Syed. P. 16 3. Ausaf Ahmed; Indian Muslims P. 40 4. See Sachar Committe Report 5. Zoya Hasan; Telegraph Daily Calcutta May 28, 2009

106

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

10 \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{Sobw \yq\-]£w P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ ]cn-an-X-nIsf adn-I-S-°m≥ cmjv{Sob- a mbn kwL- S n- ° p- I - s b∂ Bibw ]sØm- º Xmw \q‰m- ≠ nA⁄m-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bm-sa-¶nepw t\csØ kqNn-∏n® t]mse C¥y-bn¬ 1876˛¬ Xs∂ CXn-∂m-cw`w Ipdn-®n-cp∂p. kønZv Aao¿ Aen-bm-bn-cp∂p CXn-\v˛ sk≥{S¬ \mj-Wapl-ΩZ- ≥ Atkmkn-tb-j\v t\XrXzw sImSp-ØX - v. ]s£ Cu \o°Øn\v A[nIw Bbp- p-≠m-bn-√. bqtdm-]y≥ amXr-I-bn-ep≈ cmjv{Sob-kw-L-S\ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn\p A]-cn-Nn-X-ambXmhmw Hcp ImcWw. F∂m¬ {][m-\-Im-cWw CØcw Hcp kwL-S-\-bpsS A\n-hmcyX hnfn®p ]d-bp∂ Hcp kml-Ncyw A∂p A{X I≠p ]Iz-am-bn°-gn-™n-cp-∂n-√ F∂-XmWv. C¥y-bn¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-{Inb XpS°-am-btX D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. km[m-c-W-°m¿°v IqSn hy‡-am-Ip∂ hn[w AXm-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1892˛se BIvtSmSp IqSn-bm-Wv. Cu kmlN-cy-Øn-emWv Aen-K-Un¬ k¿ kønZv apkvenw t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS tbmKw hnfn-®Xpw ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]d™hn[w Hcp cmjv{So-b]m¿´n D≠m-°m-\p≈ Btem-N\ \S-Øn-b-Xpw. 93˛se tbmK-tijw cmPyØv thcp ]nSn-®p- h∂ cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n F∂ Bibw ]s£ k¿ køn-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv Hcp AJnte¥ym]m¿´n-bmbn cq]w {]m]n-®n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ \ncym-W-tijw s]s´∂v ]cn-h¿Ø\w h∂ cmjv{So-b-Im-em-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw apkvenw _lp-P-\-ß-fn¬ hym]-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂ Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-Øns‚ Akzÿ-I-fp-sSbpw kΩ¿±-^-e-ambn k¿ køn-Zns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bpw AenKUv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ \mb-I-\p-amb apl-kn-\p¬ ap¬Iv ap≥I-søSpØv eJv\u-hn¬ 1901 HIvtSm-_¿ 21,22 Xnø-Xn-I-fn¬ Hcp apkvenw ktΩ-f\w hnfn®p tN¿Øp. Cu tbmKw c≠p \mfsØ Zo¿L-amb N¿®bv°v tijw apkvenw-Iƒ°v B[p-\n-I-am-Xr-I-bn¬ cm{„obkwL-S\ D≠m-°p-∂X - n\v Xocp-am-\n-®p. t\csØt∏mseØs∂ {]hniym-X-e-ß-fn¬ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-coXnbn¬ kwL-S-\-I-fp-≠m-°nb 107

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

tijw tI{μ-kw-L-S-\bv°v cq]w sImSp-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Xocpam-\w.

Cu Xocp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn®v ]©m_v kwÿm-\Øv apkvenw-Iƒ cq]w sImSpØ kwL-S-\bv°v Ah¿ "apkvenw-eoKv' F∂v t]cn-´p. t]cn\v Hssc-I-cq]yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXvsIm≠p a‰p ÿe-ß-fn-sems° Hmtcmtcm t]cn-emWv kwL-S-\-I-fp-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. bp.]n bn¬ CXv apl-Ω-Z≥ s]mfn-‰n-°¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw t_mws_-bn¬ \mj\¬ apl-Ω-Z≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ {]`m-X-Øn¬ Xs∂ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ auenI {]iv\amb \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ {]mXn-\n-[y-Øn\v P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Cu‰n√-ß-fnepw t]m‰n-√-ß-fnepw kz]v\w t]mepw I≠n-´n-√mØ \qX-\]-cn-lmcw C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ Is≠-Øn. C¥y-bnse apkvenwI-tfmSv CXn\v temIw IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. kwL-S\ D≠m-°pI am{Xa-√, kwL-S\ cmjv{So-b-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp∂Xn\v Bh-iy-amb `c-W-L-S-\m-kq-{X-ßfpw Ah-c∂v apt∂m´p sh°p-Ibpw sNbvXncp∂p; {]tXyI \ntbm-P-I-a-WvUehyhÿ t]mep-≈-h.1 Hcp tI{μkw-L-S\ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v ]ns∂bpw A©p sIm√-Øn-e-[nIw apkvenw t\XrXzw ImØn-cp-∂p. s]s´-∂p-≠m-°m≥ km[n-°m-ØXv sIm≠-√, FSpØv NmtS≠ F∂p Icp-Xn-bm-hWw \o≠ ImØn-cn∏n\v Xøm-dm-b-Xv. Aen-KUv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ XpS¿®-sb∂ \nebv°v 1893 apX¬ Bcw-`n® cmjv{Sob hnImkw Aßs\ ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂Xv 1906˛emWv. apkvenw-eoKv {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS krjvSn-bm-sW∂ Hcm-tcm-]Ww hfsc i‡-ambnØs∂ ]nev°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. C¥y≥ \mj\¬ tIm¨{K v i‡n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv I≠p `b-s∏´ Cw•ojp- I m¿ apkv e nw- I - f nse `q{]- ` p- ° - ∑ msc ]m´n- e m°n apkv e nwIsfs°m≠p kwL-S\ D≠m°n®v tZio-b-t_m-[sØ XI¿°p-∂hn[w kmap-Zm-bn-I-kv]¿≤ hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\p {ian®p F∂m-Wm-tcm]-Ww. CXn\v sXfn-hmbn Ipsd Imcy-߃ Btcm-]-I¿ FSpØv Im´p∂p-≠v. Ch-bn-sem∂v Aen-K-Uns‚ sh≈-°m-cmb {]n≥kn-∏ƒam¿°v apkvenw t\Xm-°-fpsS taep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kzm[o-\-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS D]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S\ D≠m-°pI F∂ Bi-bw. k¿ køn-Zn\v taepw Ch¿°v kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kzm[o-\-ap-]tbm-Kn-®mWv k¿ køn-Zns\ tIm¨{K v hntcm[n B°n-b-Xv. k¿ køn-Zn-s\bpw Aen-KUv {]n≥kn-∏ƒam-scbpw hn√-∑m-cm°n IY-Iƒ ]d™p ]c-Øn-bXv {][m-\-ambpw Xpss^¬ Al-aZv F∂ hy‡n108

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bm-bn-cp-∂p. "apk¬am-t\mw Im tcmj≥ apkvX-Jv_n¬' (ap-…nw-IfpsS tim`-\-amb `mhn) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-em-Wv C°-Y-Ifpw knwem\nth-Z\w kw_-‘n® IY-Ifpw D≈-Xv.2 Ch-b-{Xbpw I≈°-YI - f - m-Wv. 1937˛¬ Fgp-Xs - ∏-´X - mWo ]pkvXIw. Aen-KV - nse BZy hnZym¿∞n-I-fnsemcm-fmb Ct±lw Cu ]pkvX-I-sa-gp-Xp-tºmƒ hr≤\m-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.

Xpss^¬ Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-IsØ°pdn®v sI.-F®v JmZncn FgpXp∂p: ""1937˛emWv Aen-K-Vnse hnem-bØv a≥kn-en¬ Ccp∂v Xpss^¬ Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-sa-gp-Xp-∂-Xv. a‰p-≈-h¿°v C°m-cy-Ønkw`-hn-®Xv hkvXp-X-I-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambn At\z-jn-°m-ØXv sIm≠p-≠mb A_-≤-am-sW∂v Icp-Xmw. F∂m¬ Xpss^-en\v A_≤w ]nW-™-X-√. Xs‚ cmjv{So-b-\n-e-]m-Sn\v \ymbo-I-cWw e`n-°m≥ At±lw I≈-I-Y-Iƒ sa\-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.3'' t\csØ ]d-™-t]mse C¥y-bnse BZy apkvenw cmjv{So-b]m¿´n eoK√; kønZv Aao¿ Aen t\XrXzw \evInb "aplΩZ≥ \mj-\¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j-\m'Wv. 1876˛emWv CXv ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp∂-Xv. 1877˛emWv AXv AJn-te¥ymkwL-S\ BIp-∂-Xv. A∂v tIm¨{K v F∂ Hcp kwL-S-\-sb-°p-dn-®mcpw kz]v\w t]mepw I≠n-´n-√. tZio-b-{]-ÿm\w D≠m-bn´p thW-at√m AXv s]mfn-°m≥ Hcp apkvenw-]m¿´n F∂ Bibw D≠m-Im≥. A∂v k¿ kønZpw Aen-KUv {]ÿm-\hpw Aao¿ Aen-tbmSv tbmPn-®n-cp-∂psh-¶nC¥y-bnse BZysØ cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´nbmbn Aao¿ Aen-bpsS ]m¿´n Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \ne-\n-ev°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n F∂ Bibw Cw•o-jp-Im-cp-tS-Xm-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ ]ns∂ F¥v I≈-°Y sa\-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu Bfp-Iƒ?

1901˛emWv Aen-KUv kvIqfns‚ cmjv{So-b-I£n F∂ Bi-bØn\v aq¿ØX ssIh-cp-∂-Xv. \hm_v aplvkn-\p¬ ap¬Iv t\XrXzw sImSpØ Cu cmjv{Sob \o°-Øn\v Aen-K¿ {]n≥kn-∏mƒ tamdnk¨ i‡-ambn FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw Aen-KVv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Kk‰n4¬ FgpXn: ""Hcp apl-Ω-Z≥ cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S\ F∂Xv Hcp hmtNm-Sm]w am{X-amWv........ Cu ]m¿´n hnP-bn-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ IcpXp-∂n√''5 cmjv{So-b-]m¿´n ]e t]cp-I-fn-embn cmPyØv \ne-hn¬ h∂t∏mƒ AXns\ kzmKXw sNbvXp-sIm≠v tIm¨{K- -\p-Iqe ]{X-amb {Sn_¨ FgpXn: ""\Ωp-sS apl-Ω-Zob ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ Ah-km\w cmjv{So-b-I£n D≠m-°pI hgn lnμp-°ƒ am∏¿ln-°mØ Hcp alm 109

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

A]-cm-[-a√ tIm¨{K- p-≠m-°pI hgn sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v a\ n-em°nbXn¬ R߃ k¥p-jvS-cm-Wv. am{X-a√ IqSp-X¬ kt¥mj-P-\-I-amb Imcyw Nne ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°v AIØv \n∂p sIm≠msW-¶nepw lnμp-°-fp-ambn s]mXp-hmb Imcy-ß-fn¬ ka-hmbap≠m°p-∂-Xn\v k∂-≤-amb Imcy-amWv''6 knwem \nth-Z-\sØ°pdn®v ]d™p ]c-Øn-bn-´p≈ Btcm-]-W߃ H´-\-h[n BWv. CXv apgps° I≈-°YIfm-sW-∂Xv hfsc hy‡-am-Wv. Ipd-®p-Imew apºv ]pdØv h∂ HutZym-KnI clkytcJIƒ CXv kwi-b-c-ln-X-ambn sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. A°m-eØv Xs∂ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ "lbmsX aplvkn≥' apX-emb {KŸ-ßfn¬ Cu Btcm-]-W-߃°m[m-c-ambn Xpss^-ens\ t]mep-≈-h¿ kzoI-cn® I≈-°-Y-IfpsS \nP-ÿnXn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.7 A∂v apkvenw-Iƒ cq]-h-evI-cn® apkvenw-eoKpw (k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw-eo-Kv) C∂v C¥y-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ apkvenw-eoKpw (C¥y≥ bqWnb≥ apkvenw-eo-Kv) c≠p kwL-S-\-I-fmWv, H∂-√. {]h¿Øn-°p∂ cmPyhpw kml-N-cy-hpw, `c-W-L-S\, Dt±-iy-e-£y߃, LS\ apX-emb Imcy-ß-fn-sems° XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amWv c≠p kwL-S-\-I-fpw. F∂m¬ P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ auen-I-amb \yq\X-bpsS ]cn-lm-c-ambn \yq\-]£w cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn-°pI F∂ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ c≠pw XΩn¬ A¥-c-an-√, ]c-kv]cw XpS¿®-bpsS _‘hpw D≠v. Cu Bibw A∂pw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-´n-cp-∂p, C∂pw AXv XpS-cp-∂p. CXn\p ]pd-sa-bp≈ Hcmtcm-]-W-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. C∂v {_n´o-jp-Im-cn√mØXv sIm≠p N¿®-bn¬ \n∂v Ahsc Hgn-hm°nbn´p-s≠-¶nepw A∂v {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS I¶m-Wn-am-cmbn hnh-cn-°-s∏´ `q{]-`p°ƒ°v ]Icw C∂v ]W-°m-cmWv B ÿm\-Øp-≈-Xv. IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´nbn¬ t]mepw `q{]-`p-°-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ kXyw ad®p ]nSn®mWv Cu Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. tIm¨{K- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xns‚ ]Øv iX-am\w t]mepw `q{]-`p-°-∑m¿ eoKn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

1937 hsc ]©m-_v, kn‘v, _wKmƒ apX-emb kwÿm-\-ß-fn`q{]-`p-°-∑m-cpsS bqWn-b-\nÃv ]m¿´n t]mep≈ kwL-S-\-Iƒ eoKns‚ ITn\ i{Xp-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. eoKn-ep-s≠∂v A∂m-tcm-]n-°s∏´ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ F∂v hnfn-°-s∏´ \hm-_p-am-cn-e-[n-Ihpw bYm¿∞-\-hm-_p-amcpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-ambncp∂n-√. Cu hnti-jW-߃ Ah¿°v \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ Iev]n®p \¬Inb _lp-a-XnIfpw ]Z-hn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw hfsc ]mh-s∏´ IpSpw110

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

_-ß-fn¬ P\n®v kz{]-bXv\w sIm≠p D∂X DtZym-K-ß-fnseØn Cu _lp-a-Xn-Iƒ t\Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. \hm_v aplvkn-\p¬ ap¬Ipw \hm_v hnJm-dp¬ ap¬Ip-sa√mw Cu hIp-∏n¬ s]´ \hm-_p-am-cmbn-cp-∂p. sslZ-cm-_m-Zn¬ DtZym-K-Øn-en-cns° sslZ-cm-_mZv \nkmw Iev]n®v \evInb-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]Z-hn-Iƒ. _men-i-ß-fmb CØcw Btcm- ] - W - ß ƒ Iptd- s bms° Aev ] - ⁄ m\w sIm≠pw Iptdsbms° ZpjvS-em-t°m-sSbpw D∂-bn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. h¿§o-b-X-bmWv apkvenw-eo-Kn-s\-Xnsc D∂-bn-°-s∏-´-h-bn¬ Kuch-tØmsS ImtW-≠p∂ Htc-sbmcp Btcm-]-Ww. aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-ØnHcp hn`mKw P\-ßsf s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂-S¿Øn-sb-SpØv kwLSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ahsc thdn´p \nev°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°pIbpw sNøp-∂psh∂pw CXv h¿§o-b-X-bm-sW-∂p-amWv Btcm-]-Ww. C∂pw Cu Btcm-]Ww D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v, ]g-bXv t]mse i‡-am-bn-´-s√¶n-epw. Cu N¿®-bpsS hmXn¬ IS-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Btcm-]-I¿ t\cn-Sm≥ ss[cyw ImWn-t°-≠p∂ Hcp tNmZyw h¿§o-bX - b - psS \n¿hN-\-sa-¥mWv F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp Imcyw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-SmsX AXn\v Iogn¬ hcp∂ Imcy-߃ Fs¥ms° F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-X-√.

H∂nse Ahy-‡X (ambiguity) \o°-W-sa-¶n¬ X¿°-im-kv{XØns‚ {]mY-anI \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v AXns\ \n¿h-Nn-°-Ww. \n¿hNn-°-s∏-SmØ H∂ns\ kw_-‘n®v A\p-Iq-e-amtbm {]Xn-Iq-e-amtbm hmZ-߃ D∂-bn-°pI km[y-a-√. Chn-sS-bmWv ]s£ apkvenw-eoKns‚ hna¿i-I¿ C∂v hsc Hfn-t®m´w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. aX-k-ap-Zm-b-ßsf cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂XmWv h¿KobX F∂v C¥y-bn¬ Nne¿ ]d-bp-∂p. CXn\v ]s£ \n¿h-N\w F∂v ]d-bp-I-bn-√. Hcp hm°ns‚ \n¿h-N\w, B hm°v Z¿i-\tam {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xtam KWn-X-im-kv{X-a-S-°-ap≈ imkv{X-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´tXm BsW-¶n¬ {]tXy-In®pw km¿h-{Xn-I-am-I-Ww. C¥ybn¬ H∂v, Ata-cn-°-bn¬ thsdm∂v, bqtdm-∏n¬ C\nbpw thsdm∂v F∂v hcm≥ ]mSn-√. DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v {XntImWw F∂ hm°n\v C¥ybn¬ Hcp \n¿h-N-\w, thsd Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ thsd \n¿h-N-\-ß-ƒ F∂v hcm≥ ]mSn-√. AXv \n¿h-N-\-a-√, \n¿h-N-\m-`m-k-am-Wv. \ΩpsS cmjv{Sob XXz-im-kv{X-ß-sfms° bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂mWt√m Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. cmjv{Sobhev°-cn-°-s∏´ h¿Kob-Xbpw hwio-b-Xbpw A{]-Imcw Xs∂. bqtdm-∏n¬ aXm-Sn-ÿm-\Øn¬ cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn-°p-∂Xv h¿Ko-b-X-bmbn ImWp-∂n-√.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-Iƒ am{X-a-√, IΩyq-WnÃpImcpw ImWp-∂n-√. C‰en111

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bn¬ hf-sc-°mew IΩyq-WnÃp ]m¿´n-bpsS kJy-I-£n-bmbpw `cn°m≥ tXmtfmSp tN¿∂p \n∂pw {]h¿Øn® I£n-bpsS t]cv "{InkvXy≥ bqWn-b≥' F∂m-Wv. C∂pw AXv Btcm-Ky-tØmsS Pohn°p-∂p, IΩyq-Wnkw GXm-s≠m-Sp-ßn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw.

P¿Ω≥ Nm≥k-e-dmb B≥sPe a¿°-ens‚ ]m¿´n-bpsS t]cv "{InkvXy≥ tkmjy-enÃv bqWn-b≥' BWv. {_n´-\n¬ cm⁄n, As√-¶n¬ cmPm-hmWv {_n´-\nse HutZym-ZnK {InkvXy≥ k`-bmb Bw•n-°≥ N¿®ns‚ Xe-h≥. {_n´s‚ `mK-amb kvtIm´ve‚nse {][m-\-cm-jv{Sob ]m¿´n "kvtIm´njv {InkvXy≥ ]m¿´n' BIp-∂p. s\X¿em‚ v k nse "U®v {Inkv X y≥ sUtam- { Im- ‰ nIv ]m¿´n', "{InkvXy≥ sUtam-{Im-‰nIv bqWn-b≥' (kn.-Un.-bp) (Cu ]m¿´n-bpsS AwKXzw e`n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ss__n-fmbn-cn°pw Fs‚ {]tNm-Z\w F∂v kXy-{]-Xn⁄ FgpXn sImSp-°-Ww), kzn‰vk¿em≥Un¬ 1912 apX¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ "{InkvXy≥ ]o∏nƒkv ]m¿´n', "{InkvXy≥ tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n' "Chm≥PenIv ]o∏nƒkv ]m¿´n', Hmkv{Xn-bbn¬ 1893¬ cq]o-I-cn® {InkvXy≥ tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n-sb∂ AhnSsØ {][m\ cmjv{So-b-I£n (Cu-b-SpØv Hmkv{Xn-b≥ {^oUw ]m¿´n F∂v t]cv am‰n) Ata-cn-°≥ `qJ-WvU-Ønse Im\-U-bn{]h¿Øn-°p∂ "{InkvXy≥ sUtam-{Im-‰nIv ]m¿´n', Bkvt{X-en-bbn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ "\yq kuØv shbn¬kv {InkvXy≥ sUtam{Im-‰nIv ]m¿´n' apX-em-b-h-sbms° {InkvXym-\n-Isf∂v hnfn-°-s∏Sp∂ aX-hn-`m-KsØ kwL-Sn-∏n® cmjv{SobI£n-I-fm-Wv. Cu I£nIsf Bcpw C∂v hsc h¿Ko-b-I-£n-Iƒ F∂m-t£-]n-®n-´n-√. am{Xa√ Ch-bn¬ an°Xpw H∂p-In¬ P\m-[n-]Xyw, As√-¶n¬ tkmjyenkw F∂o B[p-\nI cmjv{Sob XXzimkv{X-ß-fpsS ]Xm-I-hml- I - c p- a m- W v . {^m≥kn¬ Hcp ImX- e nIv ]m¿´n D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. t\csØ tkmjy-enÃpImscm-∂n®v {^m≥kv `cn-®n-´p-≠v. bqtdm-∏nepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw temI-Ønse a‰p ]e-`m-K-ß-fnepw ]m¿´n D≠m-°m≥ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≈n-S-ß-fn-sems° aX-Øns‚ t]cn¬ cmjv{So-b-kw-LS-\-I-fp-≠v. Cu kwL-S-\m-cq-]sØ C¥y-bn¬ am{X-amWv ap≥hn[nbpw Zpcp-t±-iyhpw sh®p sIm≠pw hnh-c-t°Sp sIm≠pw h¿Kobw F∂v hnfn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. imkv{X-ßfpw XXz-im-kv{X-ßfpw am{X-a-√, P\m[n-]-Xyhpw IΩyq-Wn-khpw tkmjy-en-khpw tI∏n-‰-en-khpw FIvknÃ≥jy-en-khpw sXm´v ^mjnkw hsc bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXv \S-°p-∂-h¿°v aXm-[n-jvTnX cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S\ F∂ Bibw APo¿ÆX D≠m- ° p- ∂ Xv h¿Ko- b - X - t bm- S p≈ i{Xp- X 112

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sIm≠v am{X-a-s√∂v hy‡-am-Wv. Hcp ]m¿´n Bsc kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂p F∂-X√ h¿Ko-bX - b - psS \n¿hN-\-Øns‚ am\-Z-WvU-ambn kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv, F¥n\v kwL-Sn-∏n°p∂p F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]m¿´n-bpsS {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw F¥v F∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ah¿ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX¥v F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-®maXn. At∏mƒ F¥n\v F∂ tNmZy-Øn-\p-Øcw In´pw. Hcp ]m¿´n {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-sX∂v Ah-c-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ hn`m-K-Øns‚ B[n-]-Xy-Øn\pw a‰p hn`m-K-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m ASn-a-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xnt\m th≠nbpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw {]Nm-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv h¿Ko-b-X. Cub-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sb-¶nte `mc-Xob P\-Xm-]m¿´n h¿§o-b-∏m¿´n-sb∂v ]d-bm-s\m-°q. _n.-sP.]n bpsS t]cn¬ h¿Ko-bX ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√-t√m. Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ C¥y≥ ]o∏nƒkv ]m¿´n BW-Xv. `c-W-L-S\ A\p-kcn®v C¥y-°m¿°v F√m-h¿°pw AXn¬ AwK-am-Imw. A∫mkv \Jvhnbpw jm\-hmkv lpssk\pw, tPm¿÷pw Hs° D≠t√m t\Xm°-∑m-cm-bn. Ipd®v apºv h∂ hm¿Ø Hm¿°p-∂nt√, bp.]n bnse 300 apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ _n.-sP.]n bn¬ tN¿∂ hm¿Ø. Bsd - ns‚ t]cpw h¿Ko-b-a-√ ˛ "cmjv{Sob kzbw tkhIv kwLv'. tIc- f - Ø n¬ Cu ASpØv t]cv am‰nb F≥.- U n.- F ^v t]mse.

AXns‚ t]cnepw Xo{h-hm-Zhpw h¿Ko-b-Xbpw H∂p-an-√-t√m ˛ tZiob hnI-k\ ap∂-Wn ˛ \mj-W¬ Uh-e-∏-sa‚ v {^≠v. Bsd-s - ns‚ Cw•ojv `mjyw \mj-\¬ hf-≠n-b¿ k¿hokv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥.

F¥v \√ t]cv! apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw {]ÿm\w h¿§o-bX F∂v hnfn-°m-hp∂ Hcp ^ntem-k-^n-bpsS B[m-c-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂psh-¶n¬ AXv C¥y≥ Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bm-Wv. ]s£ AXns‚ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bsd-s - ns\bpw _n.-sP.]nsbbpw t]mse A{Iam-fl-I-a-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v kwL-S-\sb h¿Ko-b-sa∂v hnfn-®p-Iq-Sm, 1977˛\v tijw {]tXy-In-®pw. kwLv ]cn-hm-c-sØ-t∏mse AXns‚ Z¿i\w aX-cm-jv{S-k-¶-ev]-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. kwLw lnμpcmjv{Sw ]d-bp-tºmƒ Pam-AØv lp{Ip-asØ Cem-ln ˛ Ckvem-an-I-cmjv{SsØ°pdn®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ kwLv CXv t\Sm≥ sIm√pw sImebpw Iem-]hpw Itø-‰hpw CXn-s\ms° th≠n-bp≈ {]Nm-c-Whpw am¿§-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ PamAØv kmln-Xyhpw {]kw-Kh - p-ambn Pohn-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Ipd®v Ime-ambn CXpw ssIhn´ a´m-Wv. atX-X-c-Xz-am-Wn-t∏mƒ {]kw-K-hn-j-bw, AXv BNm-cy\pw 113

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

B[m-c-߃°pw FXn-cm-sW-s∂m∂pw {]iv\-a-s√-∂mWv \ne-]m-Sv. h¿§o-b-X-bpsS Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S\ am{X-am-Wn∂v C¥y≥ Pam-AsØ Ckveman. kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb Cu cm{„o-bhpw Pam-A-Øns‚ B[m-chpw XΩnse sshcp≤yw ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v t_m[y-s∏-´Xv sIm≠mbn-cn-°Ww auZq-Zn-b≥ apJ-an-√mØ Hcp cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n-bp-≠m-°m\p≈ {iaw Ct∏mƒ Ah¿ Bcw- ` n- ® n- ´ p- ≈ - X v . CXv ]cn- l - c n°p∂Xn\p≈ KnΩn-°p-Iƒ CS-°nsS CXvhsc Pam-AØv {]Z¿in∏n-®n-cp-∂p. BNm-cy≥ auZq-Znsb Xncp-Øm\pw Nne-t∏mƒ X≈n-∏-dbm-\p-ap≈ {ia-߃t]mse. cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n kPo-h-am-bm¬ kw`hn-°m≥ km[y-X-bp≈ c≠p Imcy-߃ H∂p-In¬ Pam-AØv ]Xps°-∏-Xps° ssk≥t_m-UnsemXpßn A{]-Xy-£-am-Ipw, As√¶n¬ cm{„o-b-∏m¿´n IS-emkv kwL-S-\-bmbn IY-bm-Ipw. apkvenw-Iƒ thdn´v kwL-Sn-°p-∂Xv \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-߃ e`n°p-∂Xv C√m-Xm-°m\pw `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-bhpw kwL-Sn®v h¿§o-bX hf-cp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Im\pw am{Xta D]-I-cn°q F∂ Hcp hmZamWv apºpw Ct∏mgpw FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ D∂-bn-°p∂ as‰m-∂v. hfsc Xmsg-°n-S-bn-ep≈ Hcp kmam-\y-bp‡n am{Xta Cu \nK-a-\-Øn-ep≈p. Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy hyh-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\v {]tXyIw kwL-Sn-t°≠ Hcp Imcy-hp-an-√. cmPyØv D≠m-Ip∂tXm D≈tXm Bb s]mXp-[mcm cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n-Iƒ GXv {]Xy-b-imkv{X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°s - ∏-´X - m-bmepw Ah-bnse AwK-߃ alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.

C¥y-bnse tIm¨{K v AS-°-ap≈ tZio-b-I-£n-Iƒ DZm-l-c-Ww. F¥n\v IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bn¬ hsc CXv Xs∂-bm-Wt√m Ahÿ. PmXnbpw aXhpw Cs√s∂ms° ]d-™mepw Hcp Zen-X\v t]mepw {]th-i\w C∂v hsc A\p-h-Zn-°mØ kn.-]n.-sF.-F-Ωns‚ t]mfn‰v _yqtdm-hn¬ Ct∏mgpw Hcp apkventam {InkvXym-\ntbm C√.

CsXm∂pw A¤p-X-ap≈ Imcy-a-√, kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. {_n´-\nse te_¿ ]m¿´n- b nepw I¨k¿th- ‰ ohv ]m¿´n- b nepw Bw•n- ° ≥ {InkvXym-\n-I-ft√ D≈p. A_-≤-Øn¬ {InkvXym\n A√mØ Hcmƒ hfsc Xmsg-°n-S-bn-ep≈ Hcp ]Z-hn-bn¬ t]mepw FØn-bm¬ AXv temIw apgp-h≥ Adn-tb≠ hm¿Ø-bmbn IcpXp∂-h-cmWo I£nIƒ. Ata-cn-°-bnse ÿnXnbpw hyXy-kvX-a-√. _mdIv H_m-a-s°Xnsc FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ ]d™p ]c-Øm≥ {ian® {][m\ Btcm-]Ww H_ma apkven-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m P\m-[n-]Xy \mSp-I-fnepw 114

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

CXv Xs∂-bm-Whÿ. kwL-S-\-Ifpw cmPy-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-chpw Iøn-ep≈ `qcn]-£-k-ap-Zmbw ]ns∂ F¥n\v \yq\-]£w kwL-Sn-°p∂ t]mse kwL-Sn-°Ww? Ah-cpsS aXhpw kwkvIm-chpw kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS≠Xv F¥n¬ \ns∂m-s°-bmtWm B tI{μ-ß-sfms° Ah-cpsS ssII-fn¬ Xs∂-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. AXvsIm≠p \yq\-]-£sØ \yq\]-£-am-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ß-fpsS B[m-c-hp-amb aX-˛-kwkvIm-c-˛-`m-j-I-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw `qcn-]-£-Øns‚ {]iv\ta BIp∂n-√. P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ `qcn-]-£-am-Ip-∂Xv aqew e`n°p∂ ta¬ss° Ah¿°v ka- k v X - t a- J - e - I - f nepw B[n- ] Xyw t\Sns°mSp- ° p- I bpw sNøpw. kwL- S n- ° p- ∂ Xv Ah- I m- i - ß ƒ t\Sm\pw {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw Bbn-cn-°p-a-t√m.

F∂m¬ ChnsS Hcp I≈-°fn kn.-]n.Fw. AS-°-ap≈ ]m¿´nIƒ \SØm-dp-≠v. _n.-sP.-]n-sb Ct∏mƒ apºv P\-kw-L-sØbpw AXn\pw apºv lnμp-a-lm-k-`-sbbpw ImWn®p sImSpØv \S-Øp∂ I¨sI´p hnZy-bm-WX - v. apkvenw-Iƒ eoKn¬ kwL-Sn® t]mse lnμp°ƒ kwL-Sn-®-XmWv h¿§ob ^mknÃv kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂mWo hmZw. CXv I≈-am-sW∂v hmZn-°p∂h¿°-dnbmw. ^mknkw {]Xyb-im-kv{X-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ Cu kwL-S-\-Iƒ˛ kwL-]-cn-hm¿ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv AYhm Ah-cpsS BXy-¥nI e£yw C¥ysb lnμp-cm-jv{S-sa∂v Ah¿ hnfn-°p∂ Bcy-hw-im-[n-]-Xy-Øn-te°v ]cnh¿Øn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ^mknkw hf-cp∂ aÆn-s\-°p-dn®v t\csØ kqNn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{So-bhpambn Hcp _‘hpw AXn- ∂ n- √ . P¿Ω- \ n- b nepw C‰- e n- b nepw kv s ]bn- \ n- e p- s am∂pw ^mknkw hf¿∂Xv \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{So-b-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS _Z-em-b√. Ahn-sS-sbm∂pw \yq\-]-£-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-≠m-bn-´p-an-√. C¥y-bn_n.-sP.]n i‡n-s∏´ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sem∂pw \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{So-bkw-L-S\Ifn-√. KpP-dm-Øv, a[y-{]-tZiv, I¿Æm-S-I XpS-ßnb C∂v `cn-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ß-fm-bmepw C∂se `cn-®n-cp∂ cmP-ÿm≥ t]mep≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fm-bmepw Fhn-sSbpw eotKm a‰p \yq\-]-£kw-L-S-\-Itfm ^e-Øn¬ C√. F∂m¬ apkvenweoKv cmjv{So-bØn¬ \n¿Æm-bI kzm[o\w t\Snb kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. C¥ybn¬ ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ°v Hcp Im¬ sh°m≥ t]mep-ap≈ CSw C∂vhsc t\Sm≥ km[n-°mØ GI kwÿm-\-amWv tIc-fw. Hc-Sn-ÿm\tam bp‡ntbm C√m-Ø-XmWv Cu \nK-a\w F∂t√ CXv ImWn-°p∂Xv. 115

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\yq\-]£ cmjv{So-b-sØ-°p-dn®v s]mXp-hnepw apkvenw-eo-Kn-s\°p-dn®v {]tXy-In®pw D∂-bn-°m-dp≈ as‰m-cm-tcm-]Ww thdn´p \nev°¬ at\m-`mhw hf¿Øn DZv{K-Y\w XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh-∂Xm-Wv. C¥y-°msc C¥y-°m¿ F∂ \nebv°v ImWmsX Ahsc apkvenapw lnμphpw {InkvXym-\n-bp-ambn ImWm-\p-≈ {]h-W-X-bmWnXv hf¿Øp-I. CXv ImcWw tZio-b-t_m[w hf-cp-I-bn-√, F∂p am{X-a√ kwL¿jw hf-cp-Ibpw kv]¿≤ h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. a\p-jy-s\m∂p F∂p ImWp-∂-Xn\pw Cu at\m-`mhw XS- -am-bnØo-cp-∂p..... F∂n-ßs\ t]mIp∂p Btcm-]-W߃. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsSbpw `mh\mhnemka\p-k-cn®v Btcm-]-W-߃ I\-s∏-´-Xmbpw _men-i-ambpw ImWmw. ]WvUn-X\pw t\m_¬ kΩm\tPXm-hp-amb Aa¿Øy-msk≥ Fgp-Xnb "A`n-⁄m-\-Xbpw lnwkbpw' (Identity and violence) F∂ ]pkvXIw kzXzcmjv{So-b-Øn\pw aXm-fl-I-amb kzXzt_m[-Øn\pw FXn-cmbn Fgp-X-s∏´XmWv. \yq\-]£ cmjv{SobsØ D]-cyp-‡-co-Xn-bn¬ ImWp∂hcpsS _men-i-a-√mØ hmZ-apJ-߃ IqSn Dƒs°m-≈p∂p Cu ]pkvX-Iw. At±-l-Øns‚ ASnbp- d ® Hcp hnizmkw {]Jym- ] n- ® p- s Im- ≠ mWv ]pkv X - I - Ø ns‚ XpS°w. ""Hcp hn`m-K-tØm-Sp≈ i‡hpw B hn`m-K-Øn\v ]pd-Øp≈-hsc Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-Im-Ø-Xp-amb Nm¿®m at\m-`mhw an°-hmdpw a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂v Xm≥ AI-se-bm-sW∂pw `n∂-\m-sW-∂p-ap≈ [mcW IqSn krjvSn-°p-∂p''8 F∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWv ]pkvXIw At±lw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Xs∂. {io sk∂ns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ Hcp a\p-jy\v Ahs‚ Pohn-XØneqsS-bp-≠m-Ip∂ _‘w ImcWw \nc-h[n kzXz-߃ kzmbØ-am-Ip-∂p≠v. sk≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""\ΩpsS km[m-cW Pohn-X-Øn\mw \sΩ H´-\-h[n {Kq∏p-I-fnse AwK-ß-fmbn ImWp-∂p-≠v. Hcp hy‡n-bpsS ]uc-Xzw, hmk-ÿew, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Dev]Øn, enwKw, h¿§w, cmjv{Sobw, sXmgn¬, `£-W-{Iaw, hnt\m-Z-Xm-ev]-cy߃, kwKo-Xm-`n-cp-Nn, kmaq-ly-_m-[y-X-Iƒ apX-em-bh \sΩ hnhn[ {Kq∏p-I-fnse AwK-ß-fm-°p-∂p. Hcp hy‡n Htc kabw Cu Iq´mbva-I-fn-sems° AwK-am-Ip-∂Xv hgn {]tXyI A`n-⁄m-\-X-Iƒ B¿÷n-°p-∂p. Ch-bn-te-sX-¶nepw H∂v Hcp hy‡n-bpsS GI-am{X A`n-⁄m-\-X-bmbn IW-°m-°m-h-X√''9 CXn\v kam-\-amb hmZ-߃ thsd-bp-ap-≠v. aX-]-c-amb kzXzt_m-[-sØ-°mƒ i‡-amWv `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb kzXz߃ F∂ hmZ-am-Wn-Xn¬ {][m-\w. Hcp ae-bm-fn°v ae-bm-fn-tbm-Sp116

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ ASp∏w Hc-\y-`m-j-°m-c-t\mtSm tZi-°m-c-t\mtSm Hcn°epw D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. Hcp _wKmfn apkven-an\v Hc-d_n apkvenant\mSp≈Xns\-°mƒ ASp∏w _wKmfn lnμp-hn-t\m-Sm-bn-cn-°pw.

AXvsIm≠p aX-]-c-amb sFIy-t_m-[hpw A`n-⁄m-\-Xm-t_m-[hpw sI´p-I-Y-bm-Wv. aX-sØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ a\p-jys\ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn `mjbpw {]mtZ-in-I-Xbpw kwkvIm-c-hp-amIp∂p. kwkvIm-camWv A`n-⁄m-\-X-bpsS B[m-cw, aX-a√ F∂pw hmZn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. AXvsIm≠p AJn-te-¥ym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \yq\-]£w F∂ H∂p-≠m-hpI km[y-a√ F∂v N¿® cmjv{So-b-Øn-te-s°-Øp-tºmƒ hmZn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. {io Aa¿Øym-sk-∂ns‚ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ e£yw a\p-jy¿ XΩn¬ sFIyhpw kvt\l-hp-am-Wv. hwio-b-X, h¿§o-b-X, h¿Æsh-dn, PmXo-bX apX-emb Xn∑Isf C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-amWv sk≥ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. AX-{Xbpw \√Xpw «mLn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AXn\v Is≠-Ønb am¿§w \ntj-[m-flI - ambnt∏mbn. kzbw Is≠-Øm\pw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw {ian-°p∂ GXv a\p-jy\pw GsX¶nepw Hcp hnizmk {]am-W-tØmSv tN¿∂v \nev°m≥ _m[y-ÿ\mWv. AXv aX-am-Imw, aX-\n-tj-[-am-Imw, sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ {]iv\am-Wv. c≠m-bmepw ]pkvX-I-ØnsegpXn-sh® A£-c-ß-tfmSp am{Xa√, Cu A£- c - ß - f psS B[m- c - Ø n¬ Dcp- Ø n- c n- ™ p- h ∂ a\pjyIq´m-bva-tbmSp BIp∂p Cu tN¿∂p \n¬]v. aX-ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏´p hcp∂ Iq´mbvaIsf aX-k-ap-Zm-b-߃ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn Hcmƒ amdp-∂Xv P∑w sIm≠mImw, sXc-s™-Sp∏v hgn BImw. GXv hgnbn-eqsS Bbmepw Cu tN¿∂v\n¬]v hgn B¿÷n-°p∂ kzXz-t_m[w ÿnchpw {]mY-anIhpw as‰-¥n-ep-tasd i‡-hp-am-Wv. ]e-Xcw Iq´m-bva-I-fp-ambn Hcmƒ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠m-Imw. F∂m¬ kzXzw cq]-s∏-Sp∂ CS-ß-fnkzm[o\w sNep-Øm\pw Xs‚ hyXn-cn-‡X - b - mbn AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øm≥ Hcmsf t{]cn-∏n-°m\pw F√m Iq´m-bva-Iƒ°pw km[y-a-√. ]e-Im-c-W-ßfpw CXn-\p-≠v. P\-\w, hf-cp∂ kml-Ncyw, hnZym`ymkw F∂nh sXm´v IpSpw-__‘-߃ hsc kzXz-t_m-[-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bm-Wv. hf¿∂v ]Iz-X-sb-Øp-tºmƒ Pohn-X-Øns‚ e£yw, Xs‚ D◊-bpsS A¿∞w, {]]-©hpw Xm\p-am-bp≈ _‘w, {]]©-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ XpS-ßnb auenI kz`m-h-ap≈ {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-in-°pI hgn D≠m-Ip-∂, hf-cp∂ Bfl-_‘w Cu t_m[-Øn\v hnIm-khpw i‡nbpw \evIp-∂p. Xs‚ Pohn-X-sØ117

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

°mfpw a‰p _‘-ß-sf-°mfpw {]nb-s∏-´-Xmbn kmap-Zm-bnI kzXzw amdm≥ ImcWw C∏-d-™-Xm-Wv. Hcm-fpsS a\- n¬ CsX{X am{Xw BgØn¬ thcv ]nSn®p \nev°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v H∂mw A[ym-b-ØnD≤-cn® CJv_m-ens‚ hm°p-Iƒ sXfn-hm-Wv. CXns\ kmap-Zm-bn-IXm-hmZw F∂m-t£-]n-°p-∂XvsIm≠p {]tbm-P-\-an-√. CXv B hmZa-√. kz¥w D◊-bpsS, kz¥w AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ sXfn-hmbn Hcmƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ Hcp Nn”-hy-h-ÿsb sNdp-Xmbn ImWp-∂Xv icn-b√, e£y-sa-¥m-bm-epw. {]iv\-Øns‚ a¿Ωw InS-°p-∂Xv Hcp sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bn-em-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p. aX-k-ap-Zm-b-߃ AwK-߃°v \evIp∂ kzXz-߃ G‰pap-´-ep-Ifpw kwL¿jhpw A\n-hm-cy-am-°p∂p F∂ IW-°p-Iq-´-emW-Xv. HcpImcyw AXns‚ D≈n¬ AXns‚ \ntj-[-sØ-°qSn hln°p-∂p-sh∂ XXz-Øn-t∑-emWv Cu kwL¿j-kn-≤m¥w sI´n-s∏m°p-∂-Xv. kap-Zmbw Hcm-fn¬ P\n-∏n-°p∂ kz¥-sa∂ t_m[-Øn-∂IØv A\y≥ F∂ Hcp k¶ev]w IqSn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Cu A\y≥ FXn-cm-fn-bm-Wv, i{Xp-hm-Wv. kwL¿jw eLq-I-cn-°m\pw C√m-Xm°m\pw Ffp-∏-am¿§w AXvsIm≠p aX-Iob A`n-⁄m-\-Xsb XyPn°p-I, G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv \qdp-Iq´w A`n-⁄m-\-X-I-fn¬ H∂p am{Xambn Npcp-°p-I-sb-¶nepw sNøpI F∂mWv sk∂ns‚ ]£w. Hcp Imcy-Øn-∂-IØv AXns‚ \ntj-[tam sshcp-≤y-tam, Dƒs°m-≈p∂p-sh∂ hmZw slK-en-b≥ sshcp-≤ym-flIX F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ X¿°-imkv{X kq{X-am-Wv. {]Y-a-\n-co-£-W-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp {`aw am{XamWv Cu kn≤m¥w {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xv. Bgß-fn-te-°n-d-ßn-bm¬ sshcp-≤y-a-√, ka-\z-bhpw kl-I-c-W-hp-amWv ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I. aX-߃ {]tXy-In®v anj-\dn kz`m-h-ap≈ aX-߃ \evIp∂ kzXzw FIvkv¢q-kohv (Exclusive) A√. Ckvemw DZm-l-c-Ww. A\y¿ F∂ Hcp k¶ev]w AXv \¬Ip∂ kzXz-Øn\p AI-Øn-√. AXv C≥¢q-kohv (Inclusive) BsW∂p ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ ImWmw. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `mK-amWv F∂ hnizmkw Hcm-fn¬ P\n-∏n-°p-∂ H∂m-asØ Imcyw a\p-jy-k-aq-l-tØmSv X\n°v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ap≠v Xm≥ AXns‚ `mK-amWv F∂ t_m[-am-Wv. ""Ah-\m-Ip∂p \nßsf sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. \n߃°h≥ aX-Øn¬ {]bm-k-I-c-amb H∂pw Iev]n-®n-´n-√. CXv \nß-fpsS ]nXmhv C{_m-ln-ans‚ aX-am-Ip-∂p.

Cu shfn-]m-Snepw apºpw \nßsf apkvenw-Iƒ F∂v t]cv hnfn-®Xv Ah-\m-Ip∂p, (ssZ-hw) {]hmN-I≥ \n߃°v km£n-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\pw 118

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\n߃ a\p-jy-k-aqlØn\v km£n-I-fm-Ip-∂-Xn\pw th≠n''10. a\pjy-k-aq-l-tØm-Sp≈ _m[y-X-bpsS t]cmWv Ckvemw-aXw F∂nXn\n∂v am{Xw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p-≠t- √m. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B\ - n¬ Cu Bibw ]e cq]-Øn¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-®Xv ImWmw. a\p-jy¿°v \evIm-\p≈ A√mlp-hns‚ Ah-km\ktμiw FØn®p sImSpØv A\p-bm-bn-I-sfs°m≠v AXv kΩ-Xn-∏n-®-tijw Xs‚ hnS-hm-߬ {]kw-K-Øn{]hm-N-I≥ A\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-´Xv kZ- n¬ lmP-cm-b-h¿ a\p-jy¿°v Cu ktμiw FØn®p sImSp-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. \_n Xncp-ta\nbpsS hkn-øØv IqSn-bmbn-cp∂p Cu ZuXyw Gev]n-°¬.

Cu ZuXyw a\p-jysc apgp-h≥ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmbn ImW-W-sa∂pw Hcp ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw amXm-hn-s‚bpw k¥m-\ß - f - m-Wh - s - c-∂p-ap≈ Jp¿Bs‚ A[ym-]-\-Øns‚ A\p-_‘w IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kap-Zmbmw-K-߃°v kap-Zmbw \evIp∂ kzXz-t_m[w Hcn-°epw FIvkv¢qko-hm-hp-I-bn-√. thsdmcp Xe-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v lnμp-a-Xhpw CtX \ne-]mSp Xs∂-bmWv a\p-jy-t\mSv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. PqX-aXw t]mep≈ hfsc Npcp°w aX-ßtf CXn\v ]pd-Øp-≈p. Ahbv°v a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn¬ ]d-b-Ø° thcp-I-fp-an-√. am¿Ivkn-Ãp-I-f-S-°-ap≈ cmjv{Sob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fpsS h‡m°ƒ Dcp-hn´p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ c≠m-asØ hmZw C{Xbpw Ig-ºn-√mØ-Xm-Wv. Cu hmZ-Øns‚ B[mcw aXw kwkvIm-csØ Dev]m-Zn-∏n°p-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. kwkvImcw F∂ hm°n\v X¿°m-Xo-X-amb Hcp \n¿h-N\w Cs√∂ kuIcyw D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv Cu hmZw Ch-¿ D∂-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Ckvem-anIkaqlw F∂ H∂pXs∂-bn√ F∂n-SØv \n∂mWv Cu hmZ-Øns‚ Bcw-`w. Ckvem-ans‚ kaq-l-k-¶-ev]-sØ°p-dn®v Ch¿ H∂pw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´n-√. hfsc bp‡n-k-lhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb Hcp kaq-l-k-¶ev]w D≠-Xn-\v. hy‡n, IpSpw-_w, kap-Zm-bw, kaqlw F∂n-ßs\ t{iWo-b-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-XmW-Xv. CXv a‰p k¶-ev]-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXn-cn-‡-hp-am-Wv, LS-\-bnam{X-a-√, D≈-S-°-Øn-epw. kaq-l-Øns‚ {]IrXnZØ, kzm`m-hn-IL-S-\sb AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Xs∂ AXns\ kwkvI-cn-°p-Ibpw Pohn- X - Ø ns‚ bm{¥nI kz`m- h - Ø n\v ]pdØv Pohn- X sØ hf¿Øm≥ klm- b n- ° p∂ Hcp e£yhpw am¿§hpw \n¿t±in°pIbpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv kaq-l-Øn\v A¿∞-h-Ømb D≈S°w AXv {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv. hy‡n-bn¬ \n∂v kaq-l-Øn-te-s°-Øp-tºm-tg°pw Ckvemw kaq-l-Øns‚ Hmtcm bqWn-‰nepw khn-ti-j-amb at\m-L-S\Iƒ°v 119

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cq]w \¬In-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. CXv Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]e cq]-ß-fn-em-Imw. `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, `mj apX-embhbpsS hyXymk-߃ Cu at\m-L-S\bv°v ]pdØv \nev°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch H∂pw Cu at\m-L-S\Isf kzm[o-\n-°m≥ ]mSn√. Aßs\ kw`-hn-°p∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn-s\-bmWv Ckvemw hn]-cybw F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu hn]-cy-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v˛ ]e-t∏mgpw A⁄X t]mep≈ Imc-Wß-fm-ep-≠m-Ip∂hbm-Wn-h˛ C…m-an-s\bpw apkvenw-I-sfbpw c£n°p-∂-Xn-∂m-Wv Ckvem-an¬ \ho-I-cWw F∂ Bibw \ne-\n¬°p∂-Xv. CXv B[m-c-ß-fn-sem∂p IqSn-bm-Wv. AXvsIm≠p Ckvem-an-s‚bpw apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw km¿h-tZ-io-bX a\- n-em-°m≥ Cu at\m-L-S\sbbm-Wv ]Tn-t°-≠-Xv. CXv kwkvImc- h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏- ´ - X m- W v , \mK- c n- I - X - b p- a m- b - √ . \mK- c n- I X (Civlisation) CΩm-\p-h¬ Im‚ v \n¿Δ-Nn-®-t]mse a\p-jys‚ _mlyamb s]cp-am-‰sØ kqNn-∏n-°m-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jys‚ B¥-co-I-h-f¿®-sb-°p-dn-°p-∂-Xn-∂mWv kwkvImcw (Culture) F∂ hm°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. \mK-cnI-Xbpw kwkvIm-chpw XΩnse h≥ A¥cw a\- n-em-°msX Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-cw, apkvenw kaq-lw, apkvenw kzXzw F∂n-h-sbms° A¿∞-iq-\y-{]-tbm-K-ß-fm-sW∂v hmZn-°p-∂Xv shdpw hmNm-tSm]w am{X-am-Wv. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ImcyØn¬ Ata-cn-°-bnse Hcp apkvenw kam-\X ]¶n-Sp-∂-Xv, B kam\-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ sshIm-cn-IX ]¶n-Sp-∂Xv Ata-cn°-bnse kl-Po-hn-bp-am-bn-´m-bn-cn°pw, Abm-tfXv aX-°m-c-\m-bm-epw.

F∂m¬ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ho£Ww, Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ kao]\w XpS-ßn-bp≈ a\p-jy≥, {]]©w apX-em-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ auen-I-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬˛ Ch-b-{Xbpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´-h-bmWv˛ Abmƒ Cßv tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ Hcp apkven-ap-amtbm B{^n°-bn-tetbm Hmkvt{S-en-b-bnsetbm apkvenw-I-fp-amtbm Bbn-cn°pw Xs‚ hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-߃ ]¶p-sh-°p-I. kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Xe-Ønem-Wv, \mK-co-I-X-bpsS Xe-Øn-e√ Ckvem-anI km¿h-tZ-io-b-Xbpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂Xv F∂v kmcw.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ \yq\-]£ cmjv{Sobw thdn´p \nev°¬ at\m-`mhw hf¿Øp-sa∂ Bi¶ Aÿm-\-Øm-Wv. thdn´p \nev°¬ at\m-`mh-a√ H∂n®v \nev°m-\p≈ at\m-`m-h-amWv CXv hf¿Øp-I. kXyØn¬ \yq\- ] £w thdn´p kwL- S n- ° p- I bpw cmjv { So- b - Ø n{]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-sb∂ Imcyw \yq\-]£w kt¥m-jtØmsS sNøp-∂-X-√. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-߃ t\Sp-∂-Xn\v 120

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Ah-i-X-b-\p-`-hn-°p∂hcpsS apºn-ep≈ GI-am¿§w kwL-Sn-°p-Ibm-Wv. kwL-Sn-X-i‡n sImt≠ t\¿°v t\sc A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ ]¶v ]‰m≥ km[n-°mØ kml-N-cysØ adn-I-S-°m-\m-Iq. \yq\-]-£Øn\v Cu {iaw hnP-bn-∏n-s®-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ cmPyØp≈ `qcn-]-£k- a q- l sØ {]Xn- \ n- [ o- I - c n- ° p∂ ]m¿´n- I - f psS klmbw IqSntbXocq. CXv Xo¿®-bmbpw kwL¿j-Øn-eq-sS-b-√, kulr-ZØn-eqsS am{Xta e`n-°q. `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-hp-ambpw s]mXp-[m-cm]m¿´nIfp-ambpw bp≤-at- \m-`m-ht- ØmsS s]cp-am-dp-∂Xv sIm≠p \yq\]-£-cm-jv{So-b-Øn\v \jvSta D≠m-Iq. kmtlm-Z-cy-Øns‚ kwc-£W-Øn\pw hf¿®bv°pw Akw-L-Sn-X-cmbpw {]tXyI cmjv{Sob ta¬hn-em-k-an-√m-sXbpw t\Xr-Xz-an-√m-sXbpw Pohn-°p∂ \yq\-]-£sØ-°mƒ kw`m-h\ sNøm≥ km[n-°pI cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn°p∂ \yq\-]-£-Øn-∂m-Wv. P\-ß-fpsS hf¿®mkn≤m-¥-߃°pw aX-ku-lm¿±w, kmtlm-Zcyw F∂o aqey-߃°pw ap≥K-W-\bpw {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\bpw \evIm≥ IqSp-X¬ _m[y-X-bp-≠m-hpI \yq\]-£-kw-L-S-\-bv°m-bn-cn-°pw. IqsS Pohn-°p∂ P\X hf¿s∂-¶nam{Xta B A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ \yq\-]-£-Øn\pw hf-cm-\m-Iq. cmPyØv aX-ku-lm¿±hpw aX-km-tlm-Z-cyhpw \ne-\n-s∂-¶nte kam-[m-\Øns‚ A¥-co-£-ap≠mIq. kam-[m-\-Øns‚ A¥-co-£-Ønam{Xta hf¿® t]mep≈ {Inbm-flI Imcy-߃ kw`-hn-°q. Cu Ah-ÿ-Iƒ krjvSn-t°-≠Xv AXvsIm≠p \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{So-bØn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

Aev]w apºv kqNn-∏n® Hcp Imcyw Hcn-°¬ IqSn Bh¿Øn-°pI-bmWv, tIc-f-Øn¬ h¿Kob ^mknkw then°v ]pdØv \nev°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°-pIbm-Wv. kao-]-Im-e-sØm∂pw AI-tØ°v IS°m≥ Ah¿°v˛ ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ°v km[n-°p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. Cu kml-Ncyw tIc-f-Øn¬ krjvSn®Xns‚ s{IUn‰v Nne-scms° AhIm-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. kn.-]n.-sF.Fw BWv Ah-bn-sem-∂v, ]ns∂ Ahsc CsX-gp-Xp-tºmƒ ]n¥p-W-bv°p∂ Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an. Pam-AØv ]pXnb tKmUv^m-Z¿amsc kpJn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-∂mWv Cu Iqen-Ø√v Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kn.-]n.Fw \v C°-gn™ 15˛mw temIvk`m sXcs™-Sp∏v hsc Imcyamb FXn-cmfnIsfm-∂p-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ _wKm-fn_n.-sP.]n Hcp i‡n-bm-sW∂ bmYm¿∞yw ad®p ]nSn-®mWv Cu Ah-Im-ih - m-Za - p-∂b - n-°p-∂X - v. CsXms° Ah-KW - n®v kXysØ tXSnbm¬ \mw sNs∂-ØpI tIc-f-Øn¬ a‰v Gsd ÿe-ß-fn-sem∂pw ImWm≥ km[n-°mØ {Inbm-fl-I-amb kulm¿±-Øns‚ Hc-¥121

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

co£w \ne-\n-ev°p∂p F∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

Cu kulm¿Zm-¥-co£w ChnsS hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-ØXv {][m-\ambpw c≠p Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp-Ibpw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ P\-ß-fmWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. AXv lnμp-°fpw apkvenwIfpw Bbmepw lnμp-°fpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Bbm-epw. aXm-Xo-Xamb Hcp s]mXp-[mc i‡n-s∏´ Npcp°w {]tZißfn-sem-∂mWv tIcfw. GI-{]-tZiw F∂v Xs∂ ]d-bm≥ km[n-°pw. CXmWv Hcp Imcyw. c≠m-a-tØXv ap∂Wn cmjv{So-bhpw \yq\-]-£-ß-fp-sSbpw `qcn-]-£-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚bpw tXmtfmSp tXmƒ tN¿∂ {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw ap∂-Wn-I-fnse ]¶m-fn-Ø-hp-am-Wv. CXv c≠pw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´-h-bp-amWv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ c≠m-a-tØ-Xns‚ krjvSn-bmWv BZy-tØ-Xv. \yq\-]-£-߃°pw `qcn-]-£-Øn\pw thdn´p\nev]v km[n-°mØ hn[w ap∂Wn cmjv{Sobw Ahsc CW°n\n¿Ønt∏mhp-I-bm-Wv. CXn-∂n-S-bn¬ Hcp ]gpXv e`n-°m-ØXv sIm≠v Hcp hnShv krjvSn-°m\pw AXv hep-Xm°n kwL¿j-ap-≠m-°m\pw ^mkn-ÃpIƒ°v km[n-°msX hcp-∂p. Ah-cpw \yq\-]-£-ß-fnse kam-\-Nn¥m-K-Xn-°mcpw F{X {ian-®n´pw Hcp hnS-hp-≠m-°m≥ km[n-°m-ØXns‚ clkyw \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{So-b-Øn\pw ap∂-Wn-cm-jv{So-b-Øn\pw ChnsS lnμp kap-Zm-b-Ønepw {InkvXy≥ kap-Zm-b-Ønepw apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Ønepw D≈ i‡-amb kzm[o-\-am-Wv. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn\n∂p sIm≠v _m_-cn-∏≈n {]iv\-Ønepw a‰pw apkvenw-eoKv kzoIcn® \ne-]m-SpIsf hne-bn-cpØn t\m°p-I. Cu \ne-]m-Sp-IfpsS \ymbo-I-cWw IrXy-ambn t_m[y-s∏-Spw, CØcw henb cmjv{Sob Imcy-ß-sfm∂pw Xe-bn¬ Ib-dm≥ am{Xw Xe hen-∏-an-√mØ PamAsØ Ckveman t]mep≈ kwL-S\ - I - ƒ°v Xo¿®-bmbpw Cu ]T\w D]-I-cn-°pw.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. ant‚m-˛-tam¿en `c-W-]-cn-jvImcw (1909) hgn \ne-hn¬ h∂ kwhn-[m-\w.

B¿°p-th-≠n-bmtWm G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ah¿°v am{Xw thm´-h-Im-iap≈Xpw a’-cn-°m-hp-∂X - p-amb kwh-cWaWvUe - ß - f - mWv {]tXy-Ia - W - U v e-߃˛ Separate Electorates) 2. tUm: cmtP-{μ-{]-km-Zv, hn`‡ `mcXw. ]pdw 112˛113 3. K.H. Quadiri; Hasrat Mohani P. 129 4. Aen-KVv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Kk‰v: Aen-KVv tImsf-Pns‚ apJ-]-{Xw. 5. Aligarh Institute Gazette Aug: 22. 1901 122

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

6. The Tribune. Aug: 18. 1903 7. Fw.-sF.-X-߃: C¥y-bnse apkvenw cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ IY, A[ymbw 32 ]pdw 496 8. Amartya Sen; Identity and Violence, The illusion of destiny pp. 1,2 9. I bid PP. 4,5 10. hn: Jp¿-B≥ 22: 78

123

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

11 hn-`-P\w `oj-Wn-bpsS Dcp-∏Sn C¥y- b nse apkv e nw \yq\- ] £w cmjv { So- b - a mbn kwL- S n°p∂Xns\bpw Ah-Im-i-߃°v i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-∂-Xn-s\bpw Akln-jvWp-X-tbmsS ImWp-∂-h¿ apkvenw-Isf `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ahsc Akw-L-Sn-X-cm°n \n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw km[m-cW D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ DΩm-°n-bmWv C¥ym-hn-`-P-\w. 1947˛emWv hn`-P\w \S-°p-∂Xv. A∂v P\n-°pI t]mepw sNbvXn-´n-√m-Øh - c - mWv C∂sØ apkvenw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ F¨]Xv iX-am\w t]cpw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw cmPyhpw apkvenw-Ifpw _‘-s∏´ N¿® hcp-tºm-sgms° Hcp hn`mKw BfpI-fpsS Np≠nepw t]\-Øp-ºnepw BZy-saØpI C¥ym-hn-`-P-\-ambn-cn-°pw. Acp¨jqdn DZm-l-c-Ww. d^oJv k°-dnø as‰mcpZml-cW-am-Wv. IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-c-\m-b-Xns‚ t]cn¬ C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ v k¿ho-kn¬ \n∂v Gsd-°mew AI‰n\n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp CS-s]-´-Xns‚ t]cn¬ k¿ho-kn-se-Øp-Ibpw _n.-sP.]n t\Xmhv hmPvss]-bpsS \n¿∫-‘-Øn\p hgßn C¥y≥ hntZ-i-Imcy hIp-∏n¬ \n∂v cmjv{So-b-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX hy‡n-bmWv kønZv ilm-_p-±o≥. ilm-_p-±o≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°p th≠n kwkm-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ DS≥ t]cv hoWp, A`n-\h Pn∂! apkvenw eoKn\v C∂pw ITn-\-ambn FXn-cmWv ilm-_p-±o≥ F∂ Imcy-sam∂pw Pn∂ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Chsc XS™n-√. hn`-P\w FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS a\-»m-kv{X-bp-≤-Øns‚ Bbp-[-amWv. C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ `b-s∏-Sm≥ ioen® Hcm-bp-[w. Hcp kaqlsØ XI¿°m≥ G‰hpw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Bbp[- ß - f n¬ {][m- \ - s ∏´XmWv `qX- I m- e - Ø ns‚ Ahy- ‡ - X - b n\nev°p∂ Hcp A\n-jvS-kw-`-h-Øn¬ B kaq-lsØ {]Xn-°q-´n-em°p-I-sb-∂-Xv. sN∂mb B´n≥Ip´n-tbmSp ]d-™n-t√, \ob√ sh≈w Ie-°nbsX¶n¬ \ns‚ apØ-—≥ t\csØ sh≈w Ie-°n-bn-´ps≠∂v! CXv Xs∂ X{¥w. _m_vcn-∏≈n {]iv\-Øn¬ ^mkn-Ãp124

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Iƒ kzoI-cn-®Xv CtX AS-hm-bn-cp∂p. hn`-P-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ {]Xn°q-´n¬ Ib-‰p-∂Xv Hcp ]m¿´nsb A√, Hcp kap-Zm-bsØ BWv. ]m¿´n ChnsS Hcp {]XoIw am{X-am-Wv. Cu hn`-P-\sØ Im´n tIcf-Øn\v ]pd-Øp-≈, {]tXy-In®v DØ-tc-¥y-bn-ep≈ apkvenw-Isf C∂pw Nne¿ `b-s∏-SpØn Akw-L-Sn-X-cm°n \n¿Øp-∂p. tIc-fØnse apkvenw-Iƒ ]s£ Cu KqVm-tem-N\sb AXns‚ BZy\m-fp-I-fn¬ Xs∂ XI¿Øp. C∂-tØ-Xn\v sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ Xeapdbmbn-cp∂p AXv. Ah-c∂v Dds° ]d-™p: "Rß-f√ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ, \nß-fm-Wv, Rßfo ]m]-`mcw Gs‰-Sp-°p-sa∂v IcpXn ImØn-cn-t°≠, AXv \S-°m≥ t]mIp-∂n-√. a‰m-sc-°mfpw Cu cmPy-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v XymKw sNbvX-h-cmWv R߃, AXvsIm≠p Hcp Xºp-cm-s‚bpw P∑-kz-Ø√ Cu \msS∂p R߃ hniz-kn-°p-∂p'.

B Xe-apd GXm≠v Ah-km-\n-®p. Ncn-{X-Øn-s\m∏w k©-cn® Ah¿°v A°m-Z-anI hn⁄m-\-an-√m-bn-cp∂psh¶nepw A\p-`hw \evInb ]mT-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXv sIm≠m-W-hco KqVm-tem-N\ Xncn-®-dn™Xpw CXn\v Cc-bm-Ip-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Xß-fp-sSbpw ]n≥apd-°m-cp-sSbpw `mhn cmjv{Sob C—m-i‡n sIm≠p c£n®p \n¿Ønb-Xpw. C∂v ho≠pw ]gb ]√hn Bh¿Øn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. apkvenw-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bp≈ A©mw ]Øn-I-sf-bmWv sSÃv tUmsk∂ \nebv°v Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.-]m-T-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnCu ]√hn ÿnc-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®pw CXns‚ ]n∂nse KqVmtem-N-\sb°pdn®pw Adn-bmØ ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Iptd t]¿ CXv kXy-am-sW∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]mIn-kvXm≥ hn`-Pn®p t]mb-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Ct∂-‰hpw thZ-\n-°p∂- h ¿ C¥y- b nse apkv e nw- I - f m- W v . C¥y- b n¬ Ah- c psS _m¿ ssK\nwKv ]h¿ \jvS-s∏-´Xv C¥y-bnse apkvenw `qcn-]-£-{]-tZ-i߃ Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw ]mIn-kvXm-\mbn thdn´v t]mbXv aqe-amWv. C¥y°v s]mXp-hn¬ D≠m-b-Xn-s\-°mƒ `oa-amb \jvSw apkvenwIƒ°mWp-≠m-b-Xv. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ am{X-a-√, kmº-Øn-I-ambn apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hf¿® t\Sn-b-h¿, {]tXy-In®v hyh-km-bn-Iƒ, hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambn apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ hf¿∂-h¿, kaq-l-ØnKWy-amb kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ IpSpw-_-߃, aX-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿, imkv{X-⁄¿ (^n-kn-Ivkn¬ t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb c≠m-asØ imkv{X-≥ C¥ym D]-`q-J-WvU-Øn¬ ]mIn-kvXm≥Imc-\mb A_vZp em-amWv) Ihn-Iƒ, kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿, kwKo-X-⁄¿ XpSßn kapZm-b-Øn-\p-≠mb \jvSw sNdp-X-√. ]mIn-kvXm≥ {]tZ-iØv Dƒs∏´ 125

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

apkvenw-Iƒ°pw A]m-c-amb \jvS-ap-≠m-bn. C∂v temI-Øp≈ apkvenw Nn¥-I-cn¬ Gdnb Iqdpw (kn-bm-hp-±o≥ k¿Zm¿ DZm-l-cWw) {]kn≤]{X-{]-h¿Ø-Icn¬ an°-hcpw, imkv{X-⁄¿, kwKoX-hn-Zzm-∑m¿ (D-kvXmZv salvZn lk≥, Kpemw Aen etc) F∂n-hcpw C∂pw ]mIn-kvXm-\n-I-fm-sW-¶nepw C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂bmbn-cp∂p Ah¿ F¶n¬ CXn-ep-sa-{Xtbm A[nIw hf-cm≥ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. At∏mƒ Cu hn`-P\w apkvenw-Iƒ°p-≠m-°nb A{X \jvSw a‰m¿°pw D≠m-°n-bn-´n-√. F∂n´pw hn`-P-\-Øns‚ ]m]-`mcw AhcpsS Xe-bn¬ sh®p sI´p-∂p.

Cub-SpØ ImeØv IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cm-Wv apkvenw-Isf {]Xn-°q´n¬ Ib-‰m≥ ap≥\n-c-bn¬. hn`-P\w IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fnsehnsS-sb-¶nepw ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-s≠-¶n¬ Ahn-sSsbms° Cu Btcm-]Ww ImWmw. CXv hfsc hnNn-{Xhpw A¤pX-I-c-hp-am-Wv. Bfp-I-fpsS Hm¿Ω-i-‡nsb C{X {Iqc-ambn ]cn-lkn- ° m≥ a‰m¿°p km[n°pw? ]mIn- k v X m≥ {]ta- b - Ø nk¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw-eo-Kns\ ]n¥p-W-®p-sIm≠v IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-c≥ PmY \S-Øn-bXpw am∏n-f-ÿm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠v Cu Bh-iyØn\v IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ Ah-cpsS kw`m-h\ \evIn-bXpw \√-t]mse Hm¿°p∂ \nc-h[n Bfp-Iƒ ChnsS Ct∏mgpw Pohn-°p-∂p-≠v. apsºmcn-°¬ kJmhv C.Fw. i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv N{μnI ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn-cp∂ dlow tat®cn C°mcyw ]cm-a¿in-®-Xns\ hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v N{μn-I-bn¬ Xs∂ adp-]Sn Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Rm\mWv \ºq-Xncn-∏m-Sn\v adp-]Sn Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv Xs‚ teJ-\-Øn¬ IΩyqWn-Ãp-]m¿´n Hcn-°epw hn`-P-\sØ A\p-Iq-en-®n-´n-s√∂pw tat®cn sXfn-hm-bp-≤-cn® Pn. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤cWn A[n-Im-cn-bpsS hy‡n]c-amb A`n-{]m-b-am-sW∂pw Fgp-XpI-bp-≠m-bn.

AXv Ak-Xy-am-bn-cp-∂p. A[n-Imcn Xs‚ ]pkvXIw "Pakistan and National unity- A Communist Solution'¬ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n \ne]mSv hy‡-am-°n-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p tat®cnbpsS D≤-c-Wn. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv C{X [oc-ambn Cu Ak-Xysa-gp-Xn-b-Xn\v X°-Xmb Hcp Imc-W-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1940 apX¬ '47 hsc-bp≈ Ime-Øn-∂n-Sbv°v IΩyq-WnÃp]m¿´nbpambn _‘-s∏´ HutZym- K nI tcJ- I - s fm∂pw e`y- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ . APbv ` h- \ nAS®p]q´n-sh-®n-cp∂ Cu tcJ-Iƒ ImWm≥ Hcm-sf-t∏mepw IΩyqWnÃv]m¿´n A\phZn-®n-cp-∂pan-√. 1964˛¬ IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-]m¿´n ]nf¿∂p126

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

≠mb \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ kn.-]n.sF.FΩns‚ Iøn¬ Hcp Ncn-{X-tcJ-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-Xm-\pw. CsXms° C∂v kn.-]n.-sF-bpsS Iønem-Wp-≈-Xv. Ch¿ 1970 Ifn¬ tcJ-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am\n-°p-Ibpw 1973˛¬ 1917˛'23 ImesØ tcJ-Ifpw 1974˛¬ 1923˛'25 ImesØ tcJ-I-fp-a-S-ßp∂ c≠p `mK-߃ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v tcJ-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-sa∂ hmKvZm-\-ap-≠m-bncp-∂p-sh-¶nepw c≠p h¿j-߃°p tijw 1948˛'50 Ime-tØ-bpw 1951˛'57 Ime-tØbpw tcJ-Iƒ Ggpw F´pw `mK-ß-fn-embn 1976,'77 ImeØv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CsX-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb hnhm-Zß - ƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ aq∂mw L´-Øns‚ aq∂p `mK-߃˛ 1926,'27,'28 h¿j-ß-fnse tcJ-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. 1978˛'82 hscbp≈ sIm√ß-fn-em-Wnh {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. ]n∂oSv 1930 apX¬ 1947 hscbp≈ Ime-Øn-\n-Sbv°v kw`-hn® Imcy-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ tcJ-Isfm∂pw˛ H∂mw-]m¿´n tIm¨{K- n-t‚-X-S°w kn.-]n.sF ]pdØv hn´n√. Cu tcJ hngp-߬ A`ymkw IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ ImWn-®Xv ]mInkvXm≥ Imcy-Øn-e-S°w ]m¿´n kzoI-cn® \ne-]mSv ad®psh°p-∂Xn-∂m-bn-cp-∂psh∂v hy‡w. Cu I≈-°-fn-bm-bn-cp∂p \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSns‚ ss[cyw.

HutZym-KnI IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ ad®psh® Cu tcJ-Iƒ Ah¿ ad®pshs®-¶nepw CXn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´h ]pdØv htc-≠Xv Ncn-{X]T-\-Øns‚ tX´-am-bn-cp-∂-t√m. HutZym-KnI IΩyq-WnÃp]m¿´n-bpsS Ign™ ImesØ \b-]m-∏-cØw ]pdØvsIm≠p-h-cm-\m-sW∂v ]d™p-sIm≠v sI.-th-Wp-hns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kn.-]n.sF.(Fw-F¬) 1942˛'47 hsc-bp≈ tcJ-Iƒ AP-bv`-h-\n¬ \n∂v tNm¿Øn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. HUo n F∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-Wm-ebw {]kn≤o-I-cn® Cu ]pkvXIw 1988˛emWv AXns‚ BZy ]Xn∏v ]pd-Ønd-°n-b-Xv. CXv hfsc t]cpsS ssII-fn¬ ImWm≥ km[y-X-bn-s√∂ A\p-am-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv C{X ss[cy-ambn IΩyqWnÃv ]m¿´nsb sh≈-]q-im≥ {ian-®-Xv. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn\v A∂v Rms\-gp-Xnb adp-]-Sn°v B[m-c-am-°n-bXv Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse tcJ-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw-]m¿´n tIm¨{K- ns‚ apt∂m-Sn-bmbn tN¿∂ tI{μ-°-Ω-‰n-bpsS hnime πo\dn tbmKw C¥y-bn-e∂v kPo-h-ambncp∂ hn`-P-\m-h-iysØ IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-]m¿´n ImWp-∂-Xns‚ B[mcw C{]-Imcw hy‡-am°n: ""3.(a) C¥y-bn¬ sXm´p-sXm´p InS-°p∂ `q{]-tZ-i-߃ amXr-`qan-bm-b-hcpw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Htc ]mc-º-cy-ap≈hcpw s]mXp-hmb Hcp 127

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

`mj, kwkvImcw, at\m-L-S-\, s]mXp-km-º-Øn-I-Po-hnXw F∂nh D≈-h-cp-amb P\-X-Iƒ tZio-b-X-I-fm-Ip-∂p. Ah¿°v kzX{¥ C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ As√-¶n¬ s^U-td-j-\n¬ AXns‚ `mK-ambn kzbw`c-Wm-h-Im-i-tØmsS kwÿm-\-am-bpw, thdn´p t]mIm≥ AhIm-i-ap≈ cmPy-ambpw amdm≥ Ah-Im-i-ap≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.....'' ""(b) C{]-Imcw cq]w sIm≈p∂ ]pXnb tÉp-I-fn¬ CS-I-e¿∂p Pohn-°p∂ \yq\-]-£-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-cw, `mj, hnZym-`ymkw apX-em-bh `c-W-L-S\m kpc-£nX hyh-ÿ-Iƒ hgn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw Ch-bpsS ewL\w \nb-a-]-c-ambn Ip‰-I-c-am-°pIbpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Ip∂p'' ""4. apI-fn¬ \n¿h-Nn® hn[-ap≈ Hmtcm tZio-b-Xbv°pw kzbw `c-Wm-h-Im-itam thdn´p t]mIm-\p≈ Ah-Im-itam A\p-h-Zn-°p∂Xv t]mse-Øs∂ apkvenw aX-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ tZio-b-XIƒ°pw Cu AhImiw \evIpI F∂ XXzw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-XmWv. CXv tIm¨{K- v-˛-eoKv sFIy-Øn\v B[m-c-ambn `hn-°p-∂-XmWv. A{]-Imcw apkvenw-Iƒ Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿm-\-ambn ImWp-∂Xpw Ah¿°v alm- ` q- c n- ] - £ - a p- ≈ - X p- a mb `qhn- ` m- K - ß sf C¥y- b n\nevs°-Øs∂ kzbw`c-Wt- Ém°p-∂X - n\pw B{K-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶nthdn-´p-t]mbn Hcp {]tXyI cmPy-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿°v Ah-Im-iap-≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.....1 1942 \hº¿ 1 apX¬ 7 hsc BN-cn® sFIy-hm-cm-N-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® am\n-s^-tÃm-bn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""IΩyq-WnÃp ]m¿´n-bpsS \ne-]mSv hy‡hpw kp\n-›n-X-hp-am-Wv. kzX-{¥-C-¥y-bn¬ apkven-am-bmepw As√-¶nepw F√m tZio-b-XIƒ°pw Ah¿ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn sXm´p-sXm´p InS-°p∂ `q`m-Kß-fn¬ hkn-°p-∂-hcpw Cu {]tZ-isØ Xß-fpsS \mSmbn KWn°p-∂-hcpw s]mXp-hmb Hcp `mj, kwkvImcw, s]mXpkmº-ØnI PohnXw, at\m-L-S\ F∂nh D≈-h-cp-am-sW-¶n¬ Ch-cpsS \mSp-Isf C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\ntem s^U-td-j-\ntem \nevs°-Øs∂ ]c-am-[nIm-c-ap≈ tÉp-I-fm-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah¿°v Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xm-Wv. Cu Hmtcm bqWn-‰n\pw Ah B{K-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ hn´p t]mIm-\p≈ Ah-Im-ihpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv''2 ]m¿´n-bpsS H∂mw tIm¨{K v (1943) AwKo-I-cn® {][m\ cmjv{Sob {]ta-bØnepw Cu \ne-]mSv Bh¿Øn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. C¥ym-hn-`-P\w k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ AXv hgn apkvenwk-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\ ^e-am-sW∂v Xo¿Øv ]d-bp-∂-h¿ 128

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

DØcw ]d-bmsX Hgn™p amdp∂ Ht´sd tNmZy-ß-fp-≠v. H∂v 1906 ¬ cq]w sIm≠ apkvenw-eoKv F¥vsIm≠p hn`-P\w Bh-iy-s∏Sm≥ 1940 hsc ImØn-cp∂p? k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenweo-Kns‚ apgp-h≥ tcJ-Ifpw C∂v e`y-am-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ Ch {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°s∏-´n-´p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v aod-Ønse ""ao\m£n {]Im-i≥'' {]kn≤o-I-cn® ""The Indian Muslims, A documentary Record'' F∂ 12 thmfyß-fp≈ jm≥ apl-Ω-Zns‚ ]pkvX-Iw. (A-en-KVv apkvenw k¿h-Iem-im-e-bnse s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv s{]m^-kdpw k¿ kønZv A°mZ-an-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dp-am-bn-cp∂p tUm: jm≥ apl-Ω-Zv.) c≠m-asØ tNmZyw CXm-Wv. 1906 t\m tijtam 1940 hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hnC¥ysb c≠mbn ]IpØv ImWp∂ Hcp hcn-sb-¶nepw Cu tcJ-Ifn¬ Bsc-¶nepw I≠n-´p-t≠m? C¥y-bpsS `mKhpw as‰-√m-h-tcbpw t]mse C¥y-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fp-amWv apkvenw-Iƒ F∂v F{Xtbm XhW {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw, kzmX{¥yw t\Sp∂ C¥y-bn¬ Ah¿°v IqSn B kzmX{¥yw A\p-`-hn-°m≥ km[p-°p∂ hn[w kzX-{¥amb A¥-co£w C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v, AYhm Ah-cpsS aXw, kwkvIm-cw, `mj apX-em-b-h-bpsS kpc-£n-XXzw C¥y-bn¬ Dd-∏m°p-∂-Xn\v ]e-h´w ]≤-Xn-Iƒ apt∂m´p sh°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v apkvenw-eoKv F∂v eoKns‚X√mØ Bbn-c-°-W-°n¬ tcJ-I-fn\n∂pw hy‡-am-Wv. Cu Bhiyw A\ym-b-am-sW∂v Bcpw ]d-™n´n-√. X¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p apºv {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°-Wtam th≠tbm F∂ ImcyØn- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p. eoKv A{]- I mcw thW- s a∂pw tIm¨{K v kzmX{¥yw In´nb tijw C¥y-°m¿°v IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-bn-eqsS ]cnl-cn-°m-sa∂pw ]d-™p.

F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv tIm¨{K pw Cu {]iv\w BZyw ]cn-l-cn-°msa∂p AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Npcp-ßn-bXv Hcp h´-sa-¶nepw apt∂m´p sh°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´v CXmbn-cp-∂p. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´n\pw apºv˛ Km‘nPn tIm¨{K- ns‚ Pohmflmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw BIp-∂-Xn\p apºv 1916˛¬ Htc ]¥-enktΩ-f\w \S-Øn-s°m≠v eoKpw tIm¨{K pw {]Jym-]n® kwbp‡-]-≤Xn (eJv\uk‘n F∂v CXv Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p) CXns‚ as‰mcp sXfn-hm-Wv. Pn∂ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v eoKv {]knU-≠v. tKm]m-e-IrjvW tKmJse B ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-´n√. ]s£ Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS inev]-th-e-bn¬ At±-lhpw ]¶v sIm≠ncp-∂p. 1914˛¬ Bcw-`n-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ Hcp-°w. aq∂m-asØ 129

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

tNmZyw: C¥y hn`-Pn®p Hcp IjvW-hp-ambn t]mIm≥ eoKm-{K-ln-®ncp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ BZyw eJv\u k‘n°pw ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb {ia-߃°pw eosK-¥n\v ap≥I-sø-SpØp? eJv\u k‘n eoKv ap≥I-sø-SpØv \SØnb {ia-ß-fpsS ^e-am-bn-cp∂p. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´n\pw tlXp-hmbXv apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ {iaw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. eoKm-h-iy-s∏´ Imcyß-fn¬ a¿Ω{][m-\-amb ]e-Im-cy-ßfpw Ah-K-Wn®XvsIm≠mWo dnt∏m¿´v(tam-Øn-em¬ s\lvdp t\XrXzw sImSpØ IΩ-‰n Xøm-dm°n-b-Xv) ]n∂oSv hnhm-Z-hn-t[-b-am-b-Xv. eJv\u k‘n-bp≠mb Imemhÿ tIm¨{K- n-∂-IØv amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂Xv sIm≠mWv s\lvdpdn-t∏m¿´ns‚ kzcw amdn-bXpw eoKns‚ {iaw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xpw. {_n´ojv Kh-s◊‚ v hnfn®p Iq´nb h´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\-߃ apkvenwIƒ C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ \nev°m-\m-Wm-{K-ln-®Xv F∂-Xns‚ as‰mcp sXfn-hm-Wv. Cu ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-SpØ apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂bpw auem\m apl-Ω-Z-enbpw AS-°-ap≈ apkvenw t\Xm-°fpw tUm: Awt_-ZvI¿ AS-°-ap≈ ZenXv t\Xm-°fpw Htc Bh-iy-amWv Khs◊‚n-s‚bpw tIm¨{K- n-s‚bpw apºn¬ sh®-Xv. CXns‚ kØbpw apI-fn¬ ]d-™Xv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p; C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-ev°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-°p-I. h´-ta-i-mk-tΩ-f-\-߃ 1933˛emWv Ahkm-\n-°p-∂-Xv. ktΩ-f\w ]cm-P-b-s∏´ kml-N-cy-Øn-se-¶nepw eoKn\v thdn-´p-t]m-I¬ Bhiyw D∂-bn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. eoK-Xm-hiy-s∏-´p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°mtam?

Hcp kw`hw CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®p≠mbXv A\p-kva-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-Im-Zy-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in® apkvenw-eoKv Ae-lm-_mZv ktΩf\w h´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn-emWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. ktΩ-f\-Øn¬ A≤y-£-{]-kwKw \S-Ønb alm-Ihn A√mam apl-ΩZv CJv_m¬ Xs‚ {]kw-K-Øn-∂n-Sbv°v Xs‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb A`n{]m-b-am-sW∂ apJ-hp-c-tbmsS C¥y-bnse \yq\-]-£-{]-iv\-Øn\v Hcp ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p: C¥y-bpsS ]Sn-™mdp `mKØv apkvenw-Iƒ°v kzbw-`-c-Wm-h-Im-i-ap≈Xpw C¥y≥ s^U-td-j-∂IØv \nev°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp kzX{¥ `q{]-tZ-i-a-\p-h-Zn-°p-I. ""A Muslim India within India'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p alm-I-hn-bpsS {]tbmKw. Xm\n-ßs\ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-amb am\hpw At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. h´-ta-im-k-tΩ-f-\-߃ ]cm-P-b-s∏´t∏mƒ Pn∂m kmln_v Xs‚ cmjv{So-b-{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ `qanI H∂p am‰m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. e≠\n¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw {]ohn Iu¨kn-en¬ {]mIvSokv sNbvXp 130

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sIm≠v e≠-\n¬ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-Ibpw {_n´ojv ]m¿en-sa‚n¬ AwK-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-I. C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥yØn\pw C¥y-bnse kmap-Zm-bnI {]iv\ß - f - psS ]cn-lm-cØ - n\pw e≠\nse cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cn°pw C¥y-bn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ D]I-cn-°p-I-sb∂t±l-Øn\v tXm∂n. {_n´ojv ]m¿√n-sa‚n-se-Øm-\p≈ am¿§-at- ±-lØ - n-∂d - n-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cw•-≠n¬ At±lw ]Tn-°p∂ kab-ØmWv ZmZm-_mbv \h-tdmPn {_n´ojv ]m¿en-sa‚n-te°v a’-cn°p-∂-Xv. \h-tdmPnbpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ {][m\ tdmƒ \n¿h-ln®n-cp-∂-h-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p hnZym¿∞n-bmb Pn∂. e≠-\n¬ Hcp hoSv hmßn At±lw Cu e£y-Øn\v AhnsS Xma-k-am-°n. ]nev°m-eØv C¥y≥ FIvkv{] v ]{X-Øns‚ {]kn-≤-\mb ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn amdnb {^m¶v samsdbvkv A∂v tIw{_n-UvPn¬ ]Tn°p-I-bm-Wv. Pn∂mkmln_v e≠-\n¬ Xmakw XpS-ßnb hnhcw Adn™ samsdbvkv At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp IqSn-°mgvN Xc-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]eXpw tNmZn® Iq´-Øn¬ samsdbvkv CJv_m-ens‚ Ae-lm-_mZv {]kw-K-Ønse D]-cyp-‡-\n¿t±-i-sØ-°p-dn®pw tNmZn-®p. Pn∂m-kmln-_ns‚ {]Xn-I-cWw: ""My boy, Iqbal is a poet, poets are dreamers'' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. (Fs‚ Ipt™, CJv_m¬ Hcp Ihn-bm-Wv, IhnIƒ kz]v\w ImWp-∂-h-cm-Wv). C¥y-bv°-IØv Hcp apkvenw C¥y F∂ Bi-b-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv Pn∂m-km-ln_v Hcp Ihn-bpsS kz]v\w F∂v ap∏-Xp-I-fpsS BZyw hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Cu a\p-jy≥ ]ns∂ Fßs\ C¥y-bpsS hn`-P-\-I-Y-bnse \mb-I-\mbn? tNmZy-߃ C\nbpw tNmZn-°mw. F¥v ^ew? Ign™ Iptd h¿jß-fmbn tNmZn®p t]mcp∂ Cu tNmZy-߃s°m∂pw Bcpw DØcw ]d-™n-´n√. DØ-c-an-√mØ Cu tNmZy-߃ DØ-c-hp-a-t\z-jn®v \S°p-∂-Xn-∂n-sS-bmWv DØ-c-ß-fpsS FSp-Øm¬ s]mßmØ sI´p-Ifp-ambn Ncn{Xw cwKØv hcp-∂-Xv. Cu Ime-L-´-Øns‚ cl-ky-߃ {_n´ojv Kh-s◊‚ns‚ tSm∏v ko{I-‰p-Iƒ Dd-ßp∂ Ad-I-fn¬ 1967 hsc shfn®w ImWmsX hn{ian-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v 1999 s‚ apºv CXv e`n-°p-am-bncp- ∂ n- √ . F∂m¬ 1967˛¬ {_n´ojv {][m- \ - a {¥n lmtcmƒUv hn¬k¨ Cu cl-ky-tc-J-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m\p≈ Kh-s◊‚ v Xocp-am\w {]Jym-]n-®p. Hcp \nb-{¥-W-hp-an-√msX CjvSw t]mse cl-ky-tc-J-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p≈ kuI-cyhpw \evI-s∏-´p. {]kn≤o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Cu tcJ-I-fpsS FUn-‰¿am-cmbn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´Xv {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-bpsS Nß-e-I-sfm-∂p-an-√mØ kzX131

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

{¥-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. FUn-‰¿ C≥ No^mbn BZ-c-Wo-b\mb Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ s{]m^: am≥sk¿Lv \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. BZy \mep thmfy-߃°v am≥sk¿Lpw s{]m^: epw_n-bpw, Ah-tijn® F´p thmfy-߃°v am≥sk¿Lpw ]m≥U-d¬ aqWpw Bbncp∂p {][m\ FUn-‰¿am¿. 1970 apX¬ 1983 hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn12 thmfy-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: The Transfer of power 1942˛"47 F∂v t]cv.

Transfer of power F∂v Npcp-°-t∏cv. 1973˛¬ Xs∂ ]m≥U-d¬ aq¨ Wavell, The Vicroy's Journal {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. C¥y-bpsS hn`-P\w IrXy-ambn cq]-s∏´ ImeØv C¥y-bpsS ssht{kmbn Bbn-cp∂p thh¬. {][m-\-kw-`-h-ßf{Xbpw \S-∂Xv Ct±-l-Øns‚ Ime-ØmWv. Cu kw`-h-ß-fn-sems° ]¶m-fnbpw ZrIvkm-£n-bp-amb thh{]`p-hns‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fmWv ssht{km-bokv tPW¬. 1985 s{]m^: koKvf-dpsS au≠v _m‰Wpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. au≠v _m‰s‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv {]Xn-]m-Zyw. 1985˛¬ Xs∂ tIw{_nUvPv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ka¿∏n® Hcp Kth-jW {]_‘w ]pkvX-I-ambn ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. {Sn\n‰n tImsf-Pnse dnk¿®v s^t√m Bbn-cp∂ Bbni Pem-ens‚ ]pkvXIw "Sole spokesman, Jinnah, the Muslim leauge and the demand for Pakistan'. hn`-P-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw Pn∂m-km-ln-_n-s‚bpw apkvenw-eo-Kn-s‚bpw tdmfn-s\-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]pXnb hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Kth-j-W-amWv ]pkvX-Iw. ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Bbni FØp∂ \nKa\w ""tIm¨{K- mWv hn`-P-\-Øn\v \n¿_‘w ]nSn-®-Xv, Pn∂ AXns∂-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-''Wv. Cu tcJ-I-fp-sSbpw Bbn-j-bpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn-s‚bpw shfn-®-Øn¬ alm-cmjv{S AUz-°‰v P\-d-embn Zo¿L-Imew tkh-\a - \ - p-jvTn® {]kn-≤ \nb-a⁄ ≥ F®v.Fw.ko¿hmbn Partition of India, Legend and Reality (C-¥y-bpsS hn`-P\w anYybpw bmYm¿∞y-hpw) F∂ t]cn¬ 1942-˛47 hsc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hn¬ I¿´\v ]n∂n¬ \S∂ Ifn-Iƒ C¥y-bnepw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXp. CXnDƒs∏´ Nne Imcy-߃ auem\ A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zns‚ BflIY India Wins Freedom-¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. BkmZv 1959˛¬ BflIY {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-ØmsX 25 sIm√w Ign™v am{Xta {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°mhq F∂ \n_-‘-\-bn¬ ]q´n-sh® 30 t]PpI-fn-emWv Cu IY-Iƒ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv. ko¿hm-bn-bpsS ]pkvXIw CXnse Imcy-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn 1989˛emWv BZyw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°s∏-´-Xv. 132

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

1940˛¬ emtlm-dn¬ tN¿∂ apkvenw-eoKv hm¿jnIktΩ-f-\-ØnemWv k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw-eoKv C¥y hn`-Pn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v {]tabw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-sXm´papºv kn‘v kwÿm-\-ap…nw-eo-Kns‚ ktΩ-f\w 1939˛¬ hn`-P\w Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp∂p. Cu {]ta-b-ß-fn-sem∂pw "]mIn-kvXm≥' F∂ Hcp t]cv hn`-PnX cmPyØn\p]tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. emtlm¿ ktΩ-f-\-tijw C¥y-bnse ]{X߃ apkvenw-eoKv ]mIn-kvXm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Xe-s°´v \evIn-b-Xv. apkvenw-eo-K-√, C¥y-bnse eoKv hncp≤ ]{X-ß-fmWv ]mIn-kvXm≥ F∂ t]cns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-°ƒ F∂v kmcw. Cu ]ZØn-∂¿∞w ]cn-ip-≤-amb ÿew F∂m-Wv. Hcp hncp-t≤m-‡n- IqSn CXn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠-t√m, Cu ÿew Ign®v _m°n-bp≈ C¥y apgph≥ Aip-≤-{]-tZ-i-am-sW∂v! Cu {]tIm-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p Xe-s°-´ns‚ e£y-hpw. h´-tai ktΩ-f-\-߃ e≠-\n¬ \S-°p∂ ka-bØv tIw{_n-UvPn¬ ]Tn-®n-cp∂ Nu[cn dlvaØen F∂ Hcp hnZym¿∞nbpsS `mh-\-bn¬ hncn™ Hcp hn`-P-\-]-≤Xnbn¬ ]©m-_v, kn‘v, hS-°v]-Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn-{]-tZiw, Iivao¿, _eq-Nnÿm≥ F∂o {]tZ-i-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn ]mIn-kvXm≥ F∂ Hcp cmPyw cq]o-I-cn-°pI F∂ Bi-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]tZ-i-ßfpsS t]cp-I-fnse BZym-£-c-߃ FSp-ØmWp ]mIn-kvXm≥ F∂ t]cp-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu Pev]-\sØ apkvenweoKv A∂p Ah⁄-tbmsS X≈n-°-f-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. dlvaØen t\c-sØ-Øs∂ eoKn-s‚bpw Pn∂-bpsSbpw ITn-\-i-{Xp-hmbn amdn-bn-cp-∂p. eJv\u k‘nsb dlva-Øen hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Perilous Lucknow Pact of 1916" (B-]-ev°-c-amb eJv\u k‘n 1916)4 F∂m-Wv. 1940˛se emtlm¿ {]tabw C{]-Imcw hmbn°mw: ""Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hyh-ÿ-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-≤Xn A√msX cmPyØv {]mtbm-KnItam apkvenwIƒ°v kzoIm-cytam Bbncn°p-I-bn-s√∂v k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw-eoKns‚ Cu ktΩ-f\w kpNn-¥n-X-ambn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXm-bXv C¥y-bpsS hS°v ]Sn-™mdpw Ing°pw taJ-e-I-sf-t∏mse apkvenwIƒ FÆ-Øn¬ `qcn-]-£-ap-≈Xpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn sXm´p-sXm´p-In-S-°p-∂Xpamb `q{]-tZ-i-ßsf Bh-iy-amb ]p\x-{I-ao-I-c-W-ßtfmsS AXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn®v th¿Xn-cn-t°-≠Xpw Ch-bn-epƒs∏-Sp∂ bqWn-‰p-Isf kzbw-`-c-Whpw ]c-am-[n-Im-c-hp-ap≈ kzX-{¥-cm-Py-ßfm-Ip-amdv kwtbm-Pn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-am-Ip∂p''5 Cu {]ta-b-Øn¬ Hscm‰ cmPy-sa∂ k¶ev]w t]mepw Cs√-∂m-Wt√m hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ]mIn133

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

kvXm≥ F∂ t]cpw H‰ cmPy-sa∂ Bi-bhpw ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb am‰ß-fm-Wv. apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂ F∂ hy‡n-bn-te°v hn`-P-\-Øns‚ "]m]-`mcw' Npcp-°n-s°m≠p hcp∂ ]Xn-hp-≠v. eoKn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ hy‡n- F∂ \nebv°v CXv kzm`m-hn-I-am-sW∂p ]d-bmw. F∂mBbni Pem¬ ]d-bp∂ t]mse Pn∂ F∂pw \ne-sIm-≠Xv hn`-P\-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmb \ne-]m-Sp-Is - f-s¥m-s°-bpt≠m AXn-s\ms° th≠nbm-Wv. Xs‚ {]kn-≤-amb 14 C\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-e-S°w Du∂n-bn-´p≈ {]hn-iym-kz-bw-`-c-Wm-[n-Imcw (Provincial autonomy) F∂ Bi-bØn\v ITn-\-ambn FXncpw i‡-amb tI{μ-`-c-W-IqSw F∂ Bi-bØns‚ h‡m-hp-am-bn-cp∂p Pn∂. tIm¨{K- ns‚ A`n-{]m-b-tØmSm-bn-cp∂p Pn∂bv°v C°m-cy-Øn¬ tbmPn-∏v. ""tIm¨{K v i‡amb tI{μ-sa∂ Bi-b-tØmSv {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. AtX-kabw apkvenw `qcn-]£ {]hn-iy-Iƒ Ab™ Hcp s^U-d¬ kwhn[m-\-am-Wm-h-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. A[n-Imcw tI{μ-Øn-e√ {]hn-iy-I-fnemWv tI{μoIcn-t°-≠Xv F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ImgvN∏ - m-Sv. Pn∂bpsS kz¥w ho£Ww tI{μ-Øns‚ `mhn-cq-]sØ kw_-‘n-®n-StØmfw tIm¨{K- n-t∂m-SmWSp∏w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv''5 . CXv t]mse-Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂ {]tXyI \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ ImgvN∏ - m-Spw. AsXt∏mgpw Hgnhm°m≥ Xev]c - \ - m-bn-cp∂p At±lw. kap-Zm-bsØ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn[w Nne s]mXp-hmb B\pIq-ey-߃ \evIm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp∂psh-¶n¬ t\csØ CXv Hgn-hm°-s∏-Spam-bn-cp-∂p.

AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ cmjv{So-b-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p Pn∂. Hcp Aaq¿Ø-amb `mjbpw a\- n-em-Im-Ø, \nb-a-Øn-s‚bpw (`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-bpw) cmjv{So-b-Øn-s‚bpw aq¿Øhpw bp‡n-`-{Z-hpamb `mj am{Xw kwkm-cn-®n-cp∂ cmjv{So-b-°m-c≥. Pn∂-bpsS i‡nbpw t]mcm-bvabpw {][m-\a - mbpw CXv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Pn∂sb hna¿in-°mw. ]s£ A[n-t£-]n-°p-∂Xpw Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂Xpw Ncn{X-tØmSv sNøp∂ A\o-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Adp-]Xv h¿j-߃°p tijw C∂v Xncn™p t\m°p-tºmƒ hn`-P\w icn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v GsXm-cn-¥y-°m-c\pw B Hcp ]cn-t{]£yw ap≥\n¿Øn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. F∂m¬ A∂sØ cmjv{Sob Imem-hÿ sh®v, AhnsS \mw \sΩ sIm≠p-t]mbn \n¿Øn C°mcyw hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ In´p∂ DØcw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsSbpw at\m-L-S-\-bv°-\p-k-cn®v hyXykvX-am-Ipw. Ncn-{XsØ \njv]-£-ambn hne-bn-cp-Ø-W-sa∂v \n¿∫134

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

‘-ap≈hcpsS hn`-P-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w A`n-{]m-bhpw am{Xta AXvsIm≠p kXy-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-s\m-°q. hn`-P-\sØ h¿§o-b-ambn Pn∂ I≠p-sh-∂m-Wm-tcm-]-Ww. Pn∂sb hna¿in-°p∂-h¿ I≠tXm? F¥vsIm≠v 1937 hsc C¥y-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp∂ _¿Ω (C-∂sØ aym≥a¿) C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v thdn´v t]mbXv ]mInkvXm≥ hn`-P-\sØt∏mse Hcp {]iv\-am-bn√? 1948˛HmsS kntem¨ (C-∂sØ {ioe-¶) thdn´p t]mbn kzX-{¥-cm-Py-am-bn. Hcp ]cm-a¿iw t]mepw hn`-P\ N¿®-bn¬ kntem¨ kw_-‘n®v hcm-Ø-sXt¥? kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn Cu c≠p cmPy-ßfpw Cw•o-jp-Im¿ C¥y `cn-®ncp∂ ImeØv C¥y-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. aXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ImWmØXv sIm≠t√ Cu hn`-P-\-߃ {]iv\-am-Im-ØXv? F∂m¬ Pn∂ hn`-P-\sØ aX-]-c-amtbm h¿Ko-b-amtbm It≠m? Cs√-∂mWv Ncn{Xw \evIp∂ DØ-cw. Pn∂bv°v \yq\-]-£-{]-iv\-ßfpw ]mInkvXm-\p-sams° cmjv{Sobw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm≥ `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bpsS H∂mw ktΩ-f-\Øn¬ Pn∂ sNbvX A[y-£-{]-kwKw: ""\n߃ kzX-{¥-cm-Wv, \n߃°v \nß-fpsS t£{X-ß-fn¬, \nßfpsS ]≈n-I-fn¬, \nß-fpsS a‰m-cm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fn¬ t]mIm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v \nß-fpsS cmPy-amb ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬....... \n߃ GXv aX-Øn¬, GXv PmXn-bn¬, GXv hnizm-k-Øn¬ F∂-sXm∂pw cmPyØns‚ hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ s]´ Imcy-a-√. hnth-N-\-an-√m-Ø, Hcp PmXns°-Xn-cn¬, Hcp hnizm-k-Øn-s∂-Xn-cn¬ Ah-K-W-\-bn-√mØ \mfpI-fn-em-Wv \ΩpsS Bcw-`w. Htc cmjv{S-Øns‚ Xpeym-h-Im-i-ap≈ ]uc-∑m¿ F∂ auenI XXz-Øn-emWv \ΩpsS XpS-°w...........''6 ""\mw \ΩpsS a\- n¬ BZ¿i-ambn kq£n-t°≠ Imcyw, Hcp \mƒ kw`-hn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xv, \mw lnμp lnμp-h-√mØ, apkven-w ap-…n-a-√mØ Hcp \mƒ hcpw, aX-]-c-amb A¿∞-Øn-e-√, cmjv{So-bamb A¿∞-Øn¬. cmPysØ ]uc-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬. ImcWw aXw Hmtcm-cp-Øc - p-sSbpw hy‡n-]c - a - mb hnizm-ka - m-Wv. Rms\-t∏mgpw \bn°-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv \oXn-bp-sSbpw \ymb-Øn-s‚bpw XXz-ß-fm-em-Wv, cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ `mj-bn¬ ]d-bp-tºmƒ ap≥hn-[n-I-fpsSbpw i{XpX-bpsSbpw, ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kzP\ t{]a-Øn-s‚bpw hnImc-ß-fm-e-√.''7 Pn∂-bpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ \ns∂m-gp-Inb hm°p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch. ]ecpw CXn¬ sshcp-[y-ap-≈-Xmbn ImWp-Ibpw Pn∂ hn`-P-\-Øn∂m-[m-c-ambn t\csØ D∂-bn® \ymb-hm-Z-ß-fpsS \ntj-[-ambn 135

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

CXns\ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ hn`-P-\m-hiy-sØbpw t\csØ D∂-bn® \yq\-]-£m-h-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn _‘s∏´ "XpeyX' (Parity) t]mep≈ Bh-iy-ß-sfbpw "Zzn tZio-b-hmZ' (Two Nation Theory) sØbpw cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ IÆ-S-bn-eqsS ImWptºmƒ Cu sshcp≤yw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. kXy-ØnBi-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≈Xv Pn∂-bv°-√, At±-l-Øn¬ sshcp[yw I≠h¿°mWv F∂-XmWv hmkvX-hw.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. National Question in India, CPI Documents 1942-47, Editor T.G. Jacob P.P 30,31 2. Ibid P. 77 3. Shan Mohammed; The Indian Muslims, A Documentary Record 1900-1947 Vol. XI P. 150 4. Quoted by K.K. Aziz History of Partition of India P. 86 5. Ayisha Jalal; Sole Spokesman P. 10 6. Speeches of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah as Governor General of Pakistan Aug: 9, 1947 Quoted by Stanely Wolpert P. 339 7. Ibid P. 340

136

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

12 s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´pw sXc-s™-Sp∏v ^e-ßfpw ""t]mb Hcp h¿j-°m-e-Øn-∂n-Sbv°v \mw sNbvX Imcyß-sf-°p-dn®v F\n-s°-∂-√, B¿°pw hn[n ]d-bm≥ {]bm-k-ambncn°pw. ImcWw \mw AXp-ambn hfsc ASpØv \nev°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. kw`-h-ß-fp-ambn kpZr-Vamb _‘-amWv \ap-°p-≈-Xv. Hcp ]s£ \nßfpw \mapw sX‰v sNbvXn-´p≠m-hmw. Ht∂m ct≠m Xe-apdbv°v tijw hcp∂ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v Hcp ]s£ \mw sNbvX icn-I-tfXv , \mw sNbvX sX‰p-I-tfXv F∂v hn[n ]d-bm≥ Ign-t™°pw''1˛ Ph-l-¿-em¬ s\lvdp.

1916˛emWv tIm¨{K pw apkvenw-eoKpw eJv\u k‘n Iq´mbn {]Jym-]n-®Xv. C¥y°v th≠nbp≈ `c-W-L-S\m ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mKambncp∂p CXv. tIm¨{K pw apkvenw-eoKpw Xß-fpsS hm¿jn-Ik-tΩ-f-\-߃ eJv\u-hn¬ Htc ]¥-en-emWv \S-Øn-b-Xv. CXv apX¬ 1947 hsc-bp≈ {][m-\-kw-`-h-߃ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw \nco£-Icpw hne-bn-cp-Øn-bXpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®Xpw F{]-Imcw F∂v ImWpI. F∂n´v \mw \ΩpsS hne-bn-cp-ج kzbw \S-Øp-I. BcmWv C¥ym-hn-`-P-\-Øn-te°v Imcy-ßsf FØn-®-sX∂v GXm-≠-\p-am-\n°m≥ CXv D]-I-cn-t®-°pw. eJv\u k‘n-sb-°p-dn®v sI.-Fw.-ap≥jn: ""Hcp IW-°n¬ Pn∂-bmWv tIm¨{K- n-s‚bpw eoKn-s‚bpw ktΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬ \nd™p \n∂-Xv. C¥ybv°v Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS IcSv FgpXn D≠m- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ apJy- ] ¶v Pn∂- b p- s S- X m- b n- c p- ∂ p. tIm¨{K- n-s‚bpw eoKn-s‚bpw ktΩ-f-\-ß-sf-s°m≠v At±lw CXw-Ko-I-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' ""Ncn-{X-]-kn-≤-amb eJv\uk‘n Cu `c-W-L-S\bpsS Ahn137

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

`mPy`mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ eoKn-\m¬ \bn-°s∏-Sp∂ apkvenw-Iƒ lnμp-°-fp-ambn tN¿∂v C¥y-bpsS kzmX-{¥ye-_v[n°v {]h¿Øn-°p-sa∂pw ]Icw apkvenw-Iƒ°v {]tXyI\ntbmP-I-a-WvU-e-ßfpw Ah-cp-sS P\-kw-Jysb ]cn-K-Wn-°msX Bhiy-amb shbvt‰Ppw \¬Ip-sa∂v tIm¨{K pw {]Xn⁄ sNbvXp''.2 eoKv AXns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-tijw Pn∂-bpsS {ia-^-e-ambn tZiob-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ C¥y≥ \m-j-W¬ tIm¨{K p-ambn kl-I-cn-°p∂-Xn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv 1914˛Hm-sS-bm-Wv. CXns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-ambn-cp∂p eJv\u k‘n. 1916˛\v tijw tIm¨{K- n¬ h∂ am‰ßsfs¥ms°, eoKn¬ h∂ am‰-ß-sf-s¥ms°?

1914 BK-kvXn-emWv H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. bp≤-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS kPo-h-]-¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\v ]I-c-ambn {_n´≥ C¥ybv ° v kzmX- { ¥y- Ø n- t e°v hgn Xpd∂p \ev I p- s a∂ Hcp {]Xo£ C¥y-bn-em-I-am\w ]c-∂p. tIm¨{K- n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ `n∂-Xbpw ]nf¿∏pw Imc-W-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p, {]kn-≤-bmb B\n_- k ‚ v Cu Ah- k c- Ø n¬ kzmX- { ¥y- e - _ v [ n- ° p- t h≠n {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Hcp kwL-S-\bv°v P∑w \evIn˛ tlmw dqƒ eoKv. ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdm-Pn-bpsS [m¿ΩnI ]n¥p-W-IqSn kwL-S-\-bv°p-≠mbn-cp-∂p. At∂°v 91 hb- m-bn-cp∂p ZmZ-°v. BZyw tIm¨{K v CXv XS-bm≥ {iaw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ \S-∂n-√. B\n-_-k‚ v 1916˛¬ Xs∂ tlmw dqƒ eoKns‚ {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. Ah¿ Xma-kn-bmsX AdÃv sNø-s∏-´p. tamØn-em¬ s\l-dp-hn-s‚bpw tXPv _l-Zq¿ k{]p-hn-s‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ae-l-_m-Znepw Pn∂bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ t_mws_-bnepw eoKn\p i‡-amb {]hn-iymim-J-Iƒ D≠m-bn. B DS-s\-bmWv `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-Øn\v tÉv sk{I-´dn tamt≠-Kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Kh-s◊‚ v `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c°-Ωo-js\ \ntbmKn-°p-∂X - v. CXv tlmw dqƒ eoKn\v henb tXmXnP\-{]oXn h¿≤n-∏n-®p. XpS¿∂v B\n-_-k‚ v tIm¨{K- ns‚ {]knU-≠mbn 1917˛¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. Cu ktΩ-f\w tlmw dqƒ eoKns\ tIm¨{K- ns‚ `mK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tamt≠-Kv-˛-sNw-kvt^mUv `c-W-]-cn-jvImc dnt∏m¿´v {]Im-c-ap≈ C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ v BIvSv 1919 emWv \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. BIvSnAXr-]vX-cmb C¥y-°m¿°p G‰ as‰mcp {]l-c-ambncp∂p "due‰v BIvSv'. XpS¿∂p \S∂ Pmen-b≥hme-_mKv Iq´-s°m-ebpw BIvSpw tN¿∂v P\-ßf - n-ep-≠m°nb tcmj-amWv C¥y "alm-flm-Km‘n' F∂ cm{„o-b-°m-cs\ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Imc-Ww. cm{„ob-Øn\v A∂p-hsc 138

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]cn-Nn-X-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ cq]hpw `mhhpw ssIh∂psh∂v am{X-a-√, ]gb ]S-°p-Xn-c-Iƒ an°-hmdpw cwKØv \n∂v \njv{I-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂Xv Cu ImeØv ImWmw. 1920˛¬ Km‘nPn tlmw dqƒ eo-Kns‚ A[y-£-\mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. B\n-_-k‚ v cmPn-sh-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. Ah¿ cmPn°v ]d™ ImcWw "AXv aX-hp-ambn Np‰n-∏n-W-™n-cn-°p∂p' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. CtXm-sSm∏w Pn∂bpw sI.Fw.ap≥jnbpw AS-°-ap≈ 19 t]¿ IqSn tlmwdqƒ eoKn¬ \n∂v ]pd-tØ°v. ap≥jn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Km‘nPn Pn∂-sbbpw At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw BZyw tlmwdqƒeo-Kn¬ \n∂pw ]n∂oSv tIm¨{K- n¬ \n∂pw ]pdØv t]mIm≥ \n∫v ≤ - c m- ° n- b - t ∏mƒ Pn∂- b v s °m∏w R߃°pw tXm∂nb Imcyw Km‘n-Pn-bpsS `c-W-L-S\m hncp-≤-amb kz`m-htØm-sS-bp≈ \o°-߃ A\n-hm-cy-ambpw hym]-I-amb A{I-a-ßfn¬ Iem-in-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. P\-߃°v ta¬ At±-l-Øn\p ssIh∂ A]m-c-amb kzm[o-\-amWv R߃°v Cu `b-ap-≠m-Im≥ {][m-\-Im-c-Ww...... P\-߃°v _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn\v hgn Xpd∂p sImSp°p-∂Xv Ah¿°n-Sb - n¬ c≠p kap-Zm-bß - ƒ XΩn¬ kwL¿jw D≠mIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]tIm-]-\-ambn `hn-°p-sa∂v R߃ Icp-Xn-bXv kXyambn ]pe¿∂p. AXoh aq¿®-bp≈ bmYm¿∞y-t_m[w ImcWw Pn∂ CØ-cpWØn¬ Km‘n-Pn-bp-ambn Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ N¿®bv°pw Xøm-dm-bn√''3 hnhm-Z-ap-≠m-°nb as‰mcp Imcyw Jnem-^-Øv {]t£m-`-Øn\v Km‘nPn \evInb ]n¥p-W-bm-bn-cp-∂p. lnμp-˛-apkvenw sFIyw `{Zam-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv At±lw ]d™ Imc-Ww. bwKv C¥y-bn¬ 1921 HtŒm-_¿ 20 \v At±lw FgpXn: ""R߃°v c≠m-fp-Iƒ°pw Jnem-^Øv {][m-\-s∏´ {]iv\-amWv. auem\m apl-Ω-Z-en°v CX-t±-l-Øns‚ aX-am-Wv. Fs∂ kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Rms\s‚ PohnXw Jnem-^-Øn\v ka¿∏n-°p-I-hgn Fs‚ ]ip-hn\v apk¬ams‚ IØn-bn¬ \n∂p kpc-£n-XXzw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I-bm-Wv. ImcWw AsXs‚ aX-amWv''.4 Pn∂ C°m-cy-Øn-seSpØ \ne-]mSv ap≥jn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Pn∂ Km‘n-Pn-tbmSv apkvenw aX-{`m-¥-∑m¿°v hfw sh®p sImSp°-cp-sX∂v ap∂-dn-bn∏v \evIn-bn-cp-∂p. Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`-Øns‚ A]-ISw ap≥Iq´n I≠ GI-hy-‡n-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Pn∂. {io\nhm- k - i mkv { Xn ]n.- F - k v . - i n- h - k zman Aø¿s°- g p- X n: Jnem- ^ Øv {]t£m`w \mi-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ `b-s∏-Sp∂p-.5 Km‘n139

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Pn-bpsS ss{]h‰v sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ Cμp-em¬ bm⁄n-°-S°w6 [mcmfw t]¿ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Jnem-^Øv \bsØ hna¿in-®n-cp-∂Xmbn ImWmw. Km‘nPn Xs∂ _wKmƒ Kh¿Æ-dm-bn-cp∂ ImkntbmSv Hcn-°¬ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""Pn∂ At±-l-tØmSv (Km-‘n) Hcn-°¬ ]d-™p. At±lw BtcmKy-I-c-a-√mØ Ht´sd Imcy-߃ C¥y≥ cm{„o-b-Øn-te°v hen-®psIm≠p hcn-Ibpw Ahbv°v cm{„o-b-{]m-[m\yw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. At±lw sNbvXXv t]mse cm{„o-b-sØbpw aXsØbpw Iq´n-°p-g-°p-∂Xv Ip‰-Ir-Xy-am-sW∂pw Pn∂ ]d-bp-I-bp≠mbn.''7 Jnem-^Øv {]iv\-Øn¬ Pn∂ am{X-a√ CJv_mepw CtX \ne]mSv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ AIv_¿ jm Jm≥ \Po-_m-_m-Zn-s°-gp-Xnb IØn¬ CJv_m¬ ]d™p: ""k¿ køn-Zns‚ {]ÿm-\-^-e-ambn Pohn-X-hr-Øn-bmbn aXsØ ImWp∂ auem-\am-cpsS kzm[o\w kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ KWy-ambn Ipd-™n-cp∂p. cm{„o-b-^-Xvh-Iƒ°v th≠n Jnem-^Øv IΩ‰n Ah-cpsS kzm[o\w ho≠pw C¥y≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°v ta¬ sh®v sI´n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXv `oam-_-≤-am-Wv.''8 Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-fmWv CXn¬ ]s¶-SpØhcpw ]n¥p-W-®-h-cp-amb Bfp-Iƒ°v {]tNm-Z-\am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv F∂ Imcyw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn ]pdØv hcm-\p≈ km[yX C\n hnc-f-am-Wv. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ t\XrXzw Xncn®p ]nSn-°m≥ t\csØ k¿ køn-Zns\bpw ]n≥Km-an-I-sfbpw FXn¿Øpt]m∂ ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ hn`mKw \S-Ønb {iaw CXn\v ]n∂n-ep-≠v.

CJv_m¬ AXmWv kqNn-∏n-®Xv. aX-]-c-amb hnIm-cm-th-i-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Imcy-amb Nn¥tbm Btem-N-\tbm IqSmsX CXn-te°v FSpØv NmSnb \njvI-f-¶-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p Iq´-Øn¬. CXp-ambn klI-cn® apkvenw km[m-cW - ° - m¿ C°q-´Ø - n¬ s]Sp-∂h - c - m-Wv. F∂mKm‘nPn AS-°-ap-≈-h¿ F¥n-∂m-Wn-Xp-ambn C{X Bth-i-tØmsS kl-Ic - n-®Xv F∂Xpw C∂pw ]nSn-In-´mØ ImcyamWv. lnμp-˛a - pkvenw sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n F∂ DØcw hniz-k-\o-btam bp‡n-k-ltam A∂v \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂tXm A√.

Jnem-^Øv C¥y-bn¬ hen-sbmcp {]iv\-ambn hf¿∂n-cp-∂p-sh¶nepw Jnem- ^ - Ø ns‚ Bÿm- \ - a mb Xp¿°n- b n¬ C¥y- b nse apkvenw-Iƒ I≠ coXn-bn-e√ Cu {]iv\sØ Ahn-SsØ apkvenw140

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Iƒ I≠-Xv. Jnem-^-Øns‚ i{Xp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cp∂ Iam¬ ]mjbpsS IqsS-bm-bn-cp∂p AhnsS apkvenw a\- v. AXvsIm≠p AlΩZv iuJn ]mSnb t]mse "Hcp Xp≈n IÆo¿ s]mgn-°m≥ Hcm-fn√msX Jnem-^-Øns‚ ih-a©w' 1924˛¬ A¥y-bm{X \S-Øp-∂Xn\v Ah¿ kk-t¥m-jw km£n-bm-bn. Jnem-^-Øns‚ kwc-£W-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn _m[y-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ad-_n-Iƒ hfsc aptº Xp¿°n-I-fpsS Jnem-^-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Xp¿°nJnem-^Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂v Xßsf "tamNn-∏n-°m\p'≈ hgn-I-sf-°p-dn®m-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXvsIm≠p Jnem-^-Øns‚ A[o\-X-bn¬ \n∂v Ad_v \mSp-Isf bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ X´n-sb-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ Ad-_n-Iƒ AXm-tLm-jn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ temIØv apkvenw cmPy-ß-fntem apkvenw-Iƒ hkn-°p∂ a‰p cmPy-ß-fntem Bcpw Jnem-^-Øn\p th≠n Fs¥-¶nepw sNøm≥ apt∂m´p h∂n´n-√. C¥y≥ ap…w-Iƒ°v bp≤-Øn¬ kl-I-cn-®-Xn\v ]I-c-ambn Jnem-^-Øn\v £X-ta-ev∏n-°p-I-bn-s√∂ Hcp-d∏v {_n´≥ \evIn-bncp-∂p-sh-∂p-≈Xv icn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ {_n´≥ hnNm-cn-®m¬ t]mepw A∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Jnem-^Øv \ne-\n¿Øm≥ km[n-°p-ambn-cpt∂m F∂ Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv. {_n´≥ Aßs\ hnNm-cn-°p∂ {]iv\-an-√-Xm-\pw. Ah¿ CXv XI¿°m≥ ]e Imc-W-߃ sIm≠v hf-sc-°mew {ian®p t]m∂-Xm-Wv. Ad-_n-I-f-S°w km{am-Py-XzØns‚ Cu KqVm-tem-N-\bv°v Iq´p-\n-ev°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`-Øn\v c≠p ^e-ß-fm-Wn-¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bXv. H∂p h¿Ko-bX C¥y-bmsI Bfn-∏-S¿∂psh∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p apkvenw- eoKv Xoscbpw Zp¿∫-e-am-hp-Ibpw apkvenw-Iƒ°v t\XrXzhpw kwL-S-\-bp-an-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠mbn Ah¿ sNdp-sNdp kwL-ß-fpw I£n-I-fp-ambn On{Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. H∂m-a-tØXv {io\n-hmk Aø-¶mcpw kam\ a\-kvIcpw aptº Nq≠n-°m-Wn® {]t£m-`-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-a-tØXv ap≥Iq´n Xøm-dm-°nb πm\\p-k-cn®v kw`-hn-®-XmtWm? BsW∂v thWw Icp-Xm≥. kzmX{¥yw, P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Im-i-߃ apX-emb B[p-\nI Bi-b-ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ apkvenw-eoKv F∂ cm{„ob ]m¿´nsb aX-hn-Imcw DW¿Øn-hn´v XI¿Ø-Xm-sW∂v hn[n-sb-gpXm-\t√ sXfn-hp-I-fp-≈Xv? Pn∂m-km-ln_v AS°w {Inbm-fl-I-ambpw Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØmSpw Imcy-߃ hne-bn-cpØn \ne-]m-sS-SpØ t\Xm°ƒ°v t\sc Db¿∂ sh√p-hnfn IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`-w. Cu {]t£m`w Pn∂m-km-ln-_ns\ tIm¨{K- n¬ \n∂v 141

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Fs∂- t ∂- ° p- a mbn AI- ‰ n. Pn∂- b psS Xs∂ hm°p- I - f n¬: ""tIm¨{K pw Km‘n-bp-ambpw Rm≥ ]ncn-™p. I]-S-amb aXm-flI-X-bn-eq-∂nb cm{„ob kao-]-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm≥ F\n°v km[y-a-√. cm{„obw am\y-∑m-cpsS Ifn-bmWv''. A∂v hsc eoKnepw tIm¨{K- nepw kPo-h-ambn Pn∂ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. hn`-P-\m-h-iy-Øn\v hgn-sh® sXm´-SpØ kw`hw s\l-vdp-dnt∏m¿´mWv. s\lvdpdnt∏m¿´ns\ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂Xn\v apºv cmPyØv \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kmap-Zm-bn-Im-¥-co-£sØ°pdn®v a\- n-em°m≥ H∂p-c-≠p-Zm-l-c-W-߃ am{Xw. ip≤n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ sshXmfn-I-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂ cmPvIp-am¿ AtaØn: ""ip≤n C√msX lnμp-˛-apkvenw sFIyw Akm[yw. F√m apkvenw-I-fpw lnμp aXØn-te°v amdn-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ \ap°v Np‰pw lnμp-°ƒ lnμp-°ƒ am{X-am-bn-Øo-cpw. ]ns∂ \mw kzmX{¥yw t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Bcpw \sΩ XS-bn√''9sFtØm-®m-S-\-]-cn-]mSn Akv]r-iy-Pm-Xn-Isf kwLSn-∏n®v apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xn-cn¬ Xncn®p hnSm-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS `mKam- s W∂v tIm¨{K- ns\ ]n¥m- ß nbpw A\p- I q- e n®pw t]m∂ PwCøØp¬ De-am F lnμns‚ apJ-]-{X-amb A¬PwCø-ØmWv10 ]d-™-Xv. aX-\n-c-t]-£-Xbv°v ]nevIm-e-sØ∂ t]mse A∂pw tIfn-tI´ IpSpw-_-ambncp∂p s\l-vdp-hn-t‚Xv. Ah-cpsS a\- ns\t∏mepw A∂sØ kml-Ncyw F{X-am{Xw km[o-\n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v tamØnem¬ s\lv-dp-hns‚ Cu {]kwKw hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""Rms\mcp \√ lnμp-hm-Wv. HcSn IqSn apt∂m´p IS∂p Rm≥ ]d-b-s´, tIm¨{K v t]mepw Hcp lnμpkwL-S-\-bm-Wv. 1920˛21 ImeØv Xo¿®-bmbpw Nne apl-ΩZo-b¿ CXn¬ AwK-ß-fm-bn-´p-s≠-∂Xv icn-bm-Wv. C√m-bn-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ XpS°w apX¬ CXv hscbpw kwip-≤-amb lnμp-kw-LS-\-bmWv tIm¨{K v F∂p]-d-bm-am-bn-cp∂p''11 A°m-eØv cmPy-Øp-S-\ofw "ip≤n-˛-kw-L-S≥' {]ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw, "X_veotKm X≥kow' {]ÿm-\-Øns‚bpw kvt‰Pp-I-fn¬ t\Xm°ƒ \S-Ønb {]kw-K-߃, Fgp-Øp-Iƒ F∂nh hmfy-߃ IW°n¬ D≤-cn-®m¬ t]mepw Xocp-I-bn-√. ip≤n-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm°-fn¬ aZ≥tam-l≥amf-hy, B\n, aqwsP apX-em-b-hsc tIm¨{K nepw ImWm-am-bn-cp∂psh∂-XmWv {]iv\-Øn\v Kuc-h-ta-‰n-b-Xv. Ch-cn-sem-cm-fmb `mbn-]-c-am-\μv At±-l-Øns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn1912˛¬ Xm≥ C¥ym-hn-`-P-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp ]≤Xnsb°p-dn®v emem-ePv]-Xvdm-bn-s°-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. 1923emWv ]c-am-\μv 142

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Bfl-IY Story of my life {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.12lnμpalm-k-`-bpsS ÿm]-I-t\-Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-fmWv ]c-am-\-μv. AtX h¿jw Xs∂ {]kn≤o-I-cn® ]c-am-\-μns‚ "Bcy-k-amPv Hu¿ lnμp kwL-S≥' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ""CtX \n¿t±iw hyXy-kvX -co-Xn-bn¬'' At±lw ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≠v.13Cu hyXykvX coXn Fs¥∂v Cu ]pkvXIw D≤cn® lmanZv hy‡-am-°n-bn-´n-√. F∂m¬ C°mcyw ]o¿ kmZ hy‡am-°p-∂p. ""At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw D]-`q-J-WvU-Ønse apkvenw P\-kwJy lnμp-a-X-Øn¬ kzmwio-I-cn-°pI F∂tXm apkvenw-Iƒ ]pdØv t]mItem {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-√. C{Xbpw Fgp-Xnb tijw At±lw Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""hfsc apºv Xs∂ F\n°v t_m[y-ambn-´p≈ ]cn-lmcw c≠p kap-Zm-b-ß-sfbpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv. C¥y c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°pI, Hcp `mKØv Ckvem-an\pw at‰ taJe-bn¬ lnμp-aX hn`m-K-Øn\pw B[n-]-Xy-ap-≠m-hpI''.141912˛se hn`P\ \n¿t±iw apkvenw-Isf kn‘p \Zn-°-∏p-d-tØ°v "\o°pI' F∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ \n∂p≈ ]ptcm-KXnbmWv Cu \n¿t±-iw. `mbn ]c-am-\-μns‚ G‰hpw ASpØ Bfm-bn-cp∂p eme ePv]Xv dmbn. Bcy-k-am-Pn¬ \n∂mWv eme-bpsS "tZi-kvt\lw' XpSßp∂Xv. ]n∂o-sS-Øp-∂Xv tIm¨{K- n¬, ]ns∂ lnμpalm-k` - b - n¬.

Cu aq∂v kwL-S-\-I-fnepw kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Ct±lw alm-cm-{„-bnse (A-∂sØ t_mws_ kwÿm-\w) _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I-\p-ambpw _wKm-fnse _n]n≥ N{μ-]m-ep-ambpw ASpØ _‘amWv ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Htc Xqh¬ ]£n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿.

Chsc A∂v em¬, _m¬, ]m¬ Iq´p-sI´v F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS ieyw Ie-i-embn D≠m-bn-cp∂ eme _wKm-fnse tZi-_‘p kn.-B¿.Zmkn\v Fgp-Xnb IØn¬ ]d™p: ""Hcp-Imcyw IqSn-bp-≠v. Fs∂ CubnsSbmbn hfsc hnj-an-∏n°p∂ Hcp Imcyw. Xm¶ƒ {i≤m-]q¿Δw CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°Ww. lnμp-˛-ap-lΩ-Z≥ {]iv\-am-W-Xv˛ Ah¿ XΩn-ep-≠m-tI≠ sFIyw. Ign™ Bdp amk-ambn Rms\s‚ ka-b-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw \o°n-sh-®Xv apkvenw Ncn-{Xhpw apkvenw \nb-ahpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv. lnμp-˛-ap-l-ΩZ≥ sFIyw Akm-[yhpw A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-hpamWv F∂v Nn¥n-°m≥ Rm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \n -l-I-cW {]ÿm\-Øn¬ apl-Ω-Z≥ t\Xm-°-∑m¿ ImWn® Bflm¿∞-Xsb AwKoI- c n- ® p- s Im≠p Xs∂ ]d- b - s ´, Ah- c psS aXw CØcw Imcy߃s°ms° XnI®pw XS- -am-Wv. lIow APva¬Jm\p-ambpw tUm: In®vep-hp-ambpw I¬°-Ø-bn¬ sh®v Rm≥ \S-Ønb kw`m-j-W143

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-™n-cp-∂p-h-t√m. lIow APva¬Jms\-°mƒ \√ Hcp apl-Ω-Z≥ lnμp-ÿm-\n-en-√. F∂m¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp apkvenw t\Xm-hn\v Jp¿-Bs\ adn-I-S-°m-≥ Ign-bptam? Ckvem-anI \nb-asØ-°p-dn®v Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-bXv sX‰m-sW∂v hc-s´-sb-∂mWv Rm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AXv icn-bm-sW-¶n-tem, F¶nRms\-Øn-t®-cp∂ \nK-a\w {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmbn \ap-s°m-∂n°m≥ Ign-™mepw {_n´ojv amXr-I-bn¬ C¥y `cn-°m≥ \ap-s°m∂n®p \n¬°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√, AXm-bXv P\m-[n-]Xyw kzoIcn®v `cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. ]ns∂ F¥v sNøpw? Ggp tImSn apkvenw-Isf-°p-dn®v F\n°p `b-an-√. F∂m¬ lnμp-ÿm-\nse Ggp tImSntbm-sSm∏w A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n-sebpw at[y-jy-bn-sebpw sat ms]m´man-b-bn-sebpw Atd-_y-bn-sebpw Xp¿°n-bn-sebpw kmbp-[-cmb ]pcpjmcw IqSn tNcp-tºmƒ AXv A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-am-Ipw. AXvsIm≠p Bflm¿∞-ambpw kXy-k-‘-ambpw Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p, lnμpapkvenw sFIyw A\m-h-iyhpw B{K-ln®p IqSm-Ø-Xp-am-sW-∂v.

Rm≥ apkvenw t\Xm-°sf hniz-kn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xp-sIm≠p Imcyan-√, Jp¿-B-s‚bpw lZo-kn-s‚bpw Iev]-\-Iƒ B¿s°¥p sNøm≥ Ignbpw? t\Xm-°ƒ°v CX-h-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. ]ns∂ \mw \in°p-Itbm? Cu hnj-ak - ‘ - n-bn-¬ Xm¶-fpsS ]WvUn-Xa - \ - v Hcp tamN\-am¿§w Is≠-Øp-sa∂v Rm≥ {]Xo-£n-°s´''15 Cw•o-jp-]{Xw {Sn_q-WnsegpXnb \mep teJ-\-ß-fn¬ (\-h-º¿ 30, Unk: 5, 14, 17) Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ At±lw Xs∂ hgn Is≠-Øn. Unk-º¿ 14 s\gp-Xnb teJ-\-Øn-emWv hni-Zmw-i-ap-≈Xv: ""Fs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]©m-_ns\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°p-I, ]Sn™mdp taJe apkvenw `qcn-]£w hfsc IqSp-X-ep≈ {]tZ-i-am-Wv. CXv apkvenw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn≥ Iogn-em-°p-I, Ing°v `mKw knJv, lnμp `qcn-]-£-am-Wv. Cu taJe Aapkvenw `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn-ep-am-°pI.'' _wKm-fn-s\bpw Cßs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in® tijw eme Fgp-Xp∂p: ""C{]-Imcw apkvenw-Iƒ°v \mep {]hn-iy-I-fp≠mIpw 1) ]Tm≥ {]tZ-iw, AYhm hS°p ]Sn-™mdv AXn¿Øn {]tZiw, 2) ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]©m_v, 3) kn‘v, 4) Ing-°≥ _wKmƒ.

C¥y-bpsS a‰p `mK-ß-fn¬ C{]-Imcw th¿Xn-cn-°m-hp∂ hn[w P\kwJy Iq´m-bp-s≠-¶n¬ CtX t]mse th¿Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXv ]s£ GI C¥y- b - √ , C¥ysb lnμp C¥ybpw apkv e nw C¥ybpambn hn`-Pn-°-emWv''16 eme AS-°-ap-≈-h¿ Hcp apkvenw hncp≤ XcwKw krjvSn®phn´ 144

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

kml-N-cy-Øn-te-°mWv s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´v hcp∂-Xv. Fcn-Xo-bnFÆ-bpsS ^ew sNbvX dnt∏m¿´v. C¥ym-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v ASn-Ød `{Z-am-°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ Cu dnt∏m¿´m-sW∂v ]dtb≠n hcp-∂p. km[m-cW kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \ncp-]-{Z-h-Icw F∂p tXm∂p∂ Hcp Imcyw Xo ]nSn-°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ \nev°p∂ kml-Ncy-Øn¬ AXy¥w A]-I-S-Im-cn-bmbn amdpw. CXn\v G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-c-W-amWv s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´v. AXns‚ IY Cßs\: 1919˛se C¥ym- K - h - s ◊‚ v BŒn¬ ]Øv h¿jw Ign- b p- t ºmƒ \nbaw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n-bXv aqe-ap-≠m-b ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ IΩn-js\ \nb-an-°-W-sa∂v hyh-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´ojv Khs◊‚ v ]ØpsIm√w ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂Xv ImØv \nev°msX IΩojs\ \ntbm-Kn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. C°mcyw {]`p-k-`sb Adnbn-®p-sIm-≠v {]kw-Kn-°sh tÉv sk{I-´dn _n¿°≥ slUv C¥y°m¿°v sFI-I-WvtTy\ Hcp `c-W-L-S-\m-]-≤Xn°p cq]w \¬Im≥ Ign-bptam Fs∂mcp sh√p-hn-fnbpw Db¿Øn. IΩn-js\ \ntbm-Kn°m≥ t]mIp∂psh∂ Hcp hm¿Ø t\csØ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp `c-W-L-S-\m-]≤-Xn-°m-hi - y-amb \n¿t±iw ka¿∏n-°m≥ Z¬ln-bn¬ apkvenw kwLS\m t\Xm-°-fpsS tbmKw hnfn®pIq´m≥ k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw-eoKns‚ {]tXyI ktΩf\w 1927 s^{_p-h-cn-bn¬ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p.

CX-\p-k-cn®v 1927 am¿®v 20˛\p Z¬ln-bn¬ tbmKw tNcp-Ibpw \n¿t±i-߃°v cq]w \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Z¬ln apkvenw \n¿t±-i-߃ F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤-amb B \n¿t±-i-߃ Ch-bm-bn-cp-∂p: 1. (t_mws_ {]hn-iy-bpsS `mK-am-b) ""kn‘ns\ th¿s]-SpØn kwÿm-\-am-°p-I. 2. hS°p ]Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn {]tZ-iØpw _eq-Nn-ÿm-\nepw a‰p kwÿm\ßfn-ep≈Xv t]mse `c-W-L-S\m ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI. {]tXyI \ntbm-PI aWvU-e-hy-hÿ apI-fn¬ ]d-™Xv AwKoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ D]m-[n-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøpI-bm-sW-¶n¬ Isøm-gn-bm≥ Xøm-dm-sW∂v ktΩ-f\w {]Jym-]n-®p. apkvenw-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-amb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Ahn-SsØ lnμp `qcn]£w Ah¿°v \ev I p∂ Cf- h p- I ƒ kn‘v , _eq- N n- ÿ m≥, AXn¿Øn kwÿm-\w F∂n-h-bn¬ apkvenw `qcn-]£w lnμp \yq\]-£-Øn\pw \evIp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. ""]©m-_nepw _wKm-fnepw apkvenw-I-fpsS P\-kw-Jy-bv°m-\p-]m145

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Xn-I-ambn {]hniym \nb-a-k-`-I-fn¬ ko‰p-Iƒ kwh-cWw sNtø≠-Xm-Wv.'' ""tI{μ-\n-b-a-\n¿ΩmWk`-bn¬ ap∂n-sem∂p Ipd-bmØ ko‰p-Iƒ apkvenw-Iƒ°v kwh-cWw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.''17 1927 sabv amk-Øn¬ t_mws_-bn¬ tN¿∂ tIm¨{K v IΩ‰n apkvenw \n¿t±iw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-®p. F.-sF.-kn.kn sabv 15,16 Xnø-Xn-I-fn¬ tN¿∂p h¿°nwKv IΩ‰n AwKo-I-cn® apkvenw \n¿t±-iß - ƒ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - mbpw {]Jym-]n-®p. lnμpalmk-`-bpsS `mKØv \n∂v cq£-amb hna¿i-\-ß-fmWv DS≥ Db¿∂p h∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS lnμp-ÿm≥ ssSwkv t]mep≈ ]{X-ßfpw t\Xm°-fp-sams° Htc kzc-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmWv apkvenw \n¿t±-i-߃ F∂v Ae-ap-d-bn-´p. tIm¨{K v Cu \n¿t±-i߃ kzoI-cn-®Xv Xncp-Øn-°m-\p≈ AS-hm-bn-cp∂p Cu _l-fw. tZio-b-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ t]cn¬ {]tXyI \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-hyh-ÿsb C¥y-°msc `n∂n-∏n®p \n¿Øm-\p≈ Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS AShv F∂p hymJym-\n®hcpsS apºn¬ AsXm-gn-hm-°m-\p≈ k∂≤X C¥y-bnse apkvenw-I-ƒ Adn-bn-®p-sh-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu \n¿t±i- Ø nse {][m- \ hpw {it≤- b - h p- a mb Imcyw. \yq\- ] - £ - s a∂ \nebv°v Xß-fpsS kpc-£n-XXzw F∂ kzm`m-hn-I-amb `b-∏m-SmWv bYm¿∞ {]iv\w, {]tXyI \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-ß-f√ F∂v hy‡am- ° pI IqSn- b m- b n- c p∂p apkv e nw- I ƒ Cu \n¿t±- i - ß - f n- e q- s S. lnμpalmk`sb kw_- ‘ n- ® n- S - t Ømfw h¿§o- b m- [ n- ] - X y- Ø n\v B¿Øn ]q≠p \n∂n-cp∂ Ah¿°m-hiyw apkvenw-I-fp-ambn HscmØp-Xo¿∏v D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°-em-bn-cp-∂p. lnμpalm-k` Z¬ln-bntbmKw tN¿∂v CXn-∂n-Sbv°v F√m {]hn-iy-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Isf Dƒs∏-SpØn lnμp \n¿t±iw ka¿∏n-°m≥ Hcp kan-Xnsb \ntbmKn-®n-cp-∂p.

As°m-√sØ hm¿jn-I-k-tΩ-f\w tIm¨{K v aZn-cm-in-bn-emWv \S-Øn-b-Xv. Cu ktΩ-f\w ""`c-W-L-S\m XXz-߃ Xocp-am-\n-°m≥'' Hcp AJn-e-I£n ktΩ-f\w hnfn®p Iq´m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. CXv {]Imcw 1928 sabv 19˛\p t_mws_-bn¬ ktΩ-f\w \S-∂p. Cu ktΩf-\-Øn\v apºv tIm¨{K v Z¬ln-bn¬ s^{_p-hcn 12˛\p Hcp AJne-I£n t\Xr-tbmKw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p Hcp IΩ-‰n-sbbpw \ntbm-Kn-®ncp-∂p. t_mws_ ktΩ-f\w \ntbm-Kn® IΩ-‰n-bpsS A[y-£≥ ]WvUn-‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lv-dp-hns‚ ]nXmhv tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp Bbn-cp-∂p. IΩ-‰n-bn¬ apkvenw eoKn-s‚tbm apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn146

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

s‚tbm Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ t\Xm-°sf Bscbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n√. lnμpalm-k-`-bpsS {]K-¤-cmb c≠p D∂-X-t\-Xm-°ƒ D≠m-bncp-∂p-Xm-\pw˛ PbvI-dpw B\n-bpw. Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb apkvenw-I-fn¬ k¿ Aen Camw eoKn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ tIm¨{K- p-ambn ASp∏w ]pe¿Ønbncp∂ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. auem\m A_pƒ Iemw BkmZpw tUm: apl-ΩZv Beapw tUm: A≥km-cn-bp-sams° A°m-eØv eoKpambn kl-I-cn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXvt]m-ep≈ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p Camapw. am{X-a-√, At±lw A∂v tcmK-i-ø-bn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. kanXn ao‰nwKpI-fntem N¿®-I-fntem At±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-√. dnt∏m¿´ns‚ Xmsg Hscm∏v am{X-ambncp∂p Cam-ans‚ ]¶v.18 c≠m-asØ apkvenw ipsF_v Jpssd-in-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bphm-hmb At±lw dnt∏m¿´nhntbm-P-\-°p-dn-s∏-gpXn apkvenw \n¿t±-i-ß-tfmSv tbmPn-°p∂ Xs‚ kz¥w \n¿t±-i-ß-sf-gp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv lnμp-a-lm-k-`-tbmSv H´n-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp knJv eoKp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p˛ awKƒknwKv Cu kanXn Xs∂ A\m-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p; Ahn-th-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. eJv\uk‘n Xøm-dm-°n-bXv tIm¨{K pw eoKpw am{Xw tN¿∂mWv. lnμp-a-lm-k` A∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahsc ]s£ A∂p tIm¨{K- ns‚ atX-Xc {]Xn-_-≤-cmb BZy-Ime t\XrXzw AhK-Wn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS t\sc hncp-≤-ambn apkvenw-I-sf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ lnμp-a-lm-k-`bv°v {]mapJyw \evIn k`sb BZ-cn-°p-IbmWv sNbvX-Xv. tIm¨{K- n∂IØv h∂ am‰-Øns‚ \nZ¿i-\-ambn-cp∂p AXvsIm≠p Cu IΩ-‰n. lnμp-a-lm-k-`bv°v In´nb Cu {]map-Jyhpw Ah-cpsS \nd-km-∂n-[y-hp-amWv IΩ-‰n-sb-°p-dn®v kwib-ß-fp-≠m-°nbXpw ]n∂oSv Ahn-izmkw hf¿Øn-bXpw. CsXmcp A]-I-S-I-c-amb kqN-\-bmbn hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sm-\p≈ km[yX kaql-Øn¬ hf¿Øn. apkvenw \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS BsI-ØpI hn´p-ho-gvN-bm-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ A∂v \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ am\-kn-Im-h-ÿbpw `n∂Xbpw sh®p t\m°p-tºmƒ CØ-c-samcp \n¿t±iw Ah¿°n-S-bn\n∂p-≠m-bXv A¤p-X-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]©m_v cm{„o-b-Ønse apSnNq-Sm-a-∂\pw cm{„o-b-X-{¥-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ IuSn-ey\pw Pn∂mkm-ln-_ns‚ FXn-cm-fnbpw ]©m-_n-∂-∏pdw temI-ap-s≠-∂w-Ko-Icn-°mØ {]mtZ-in-I-hm-Zn-bp-amb ^kven lpssk-s\-t∏m-ep-≈-hsc \n»-–-cm-°n-bmWv Cu \n¿t±-i-߃ cq]-s∏-´-Xv. lnμp apkvenw sFIy- Ø n\v e`n® Ah- k m\ kμ¿`- a m- b mWv Pn∂m- k m- l n_v 147

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

CXns\ I≠-Xv. Cu Ah-kcw ssIhn´p t]mbm¬ Xncn™p \S°pI Akm-[y-am-sW∂t±l-Øn-∂-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. \n¿`mKyw F∂√m-sX¥v ]d-bm≥. tamØn-em¬ s\lvdphns\-t∏mse Hcmƒ°v CXv ImWm≥ Ign-™n-√. Km‘n-Pn°pw Ign-™n-√. Ah-scms° Icp-XnbXv eoKn-s\bpw Pn∂-sbbpw Ah-K-Wn-®m¬ H∂pw kw`-hn-°p-I-bns√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hnizm-kØ - n-∂m°w Iq´p∂ hn[w ]n∂oSv tZiob apkvenw-Iƒ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏´ BkmZv AS-°-ap-≈-h¿ s]cp-amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. eoKv "Jnem-^Øv' Gev]n® BLm-X-Øn¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw c£-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√Xm\pw. s\lv-dp-dn-t∏m¿´v `wKn-hm-°p-Iƒ ]d-™-X-√msX apkvenw \n¿t±i-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-sXm∂pw AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. IΩ-‰n CXv \ncm-I-cn°m≥ ]d™ ImcWw {it≤-b-amWv: ""aZn-cmin tIm¨{K- n-s‚bpw apkvenw eoKn-s‚bpw ho£-W-ß-fp-ambn lnμp-a-lm-k-`-bp-sSbpw knJv eoKns‚bpw ho£-W-߃ t\¿°p-t\¿ hncp-≤-am-bXv ImcWw R߃°v kmZcw c≠pw (apkvenw \n¿t±-ihpw lnμpalm-k-`m-\n¿t±ihpw) apgp-h-\mbn kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ \n¿hm-l-an-√mbva {]I-Sn-∏nt°≠n hcp∂p'' 19 CXn¬ \n∂v Hcp Imcyw hy‡- a m- W t√m; tIm¨{K pw eoKpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ tbmPn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw s\ldp IΩ-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ lnμpalm-k-`-bpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fmWv kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bsX-∂pw.

1928 Unk: 22\v I¬°-Ø-bn¬ tN¿∂ k¿h-I£n tbmK-ØnPn∂ apkvenw \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hn´p-hogvN sNøm≥ tIWt]-£n®p t\m°n. IΩ‰n AwK-am-bn-cp∂ tXPv _l-Zq¿ k{]p hsc Pn∂-bpsS Bh-iy-߃ AwKo-I-cn®p sImSp-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´p.

Ahn-sSbpw lnμp-a-lm-k` i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-ambn NmSn-ho-Wp. almk-`-bpsS {]Xn-\n[n PbvI-dmWv Pbn-®-Xv. Pn∂-bpsS {]kwKw k{i≤w tI´n-cp-∂-h-cn¬ Idm®n tabdpw ]m¿kn aX-°m-c-\p-amb PmwsjUv \p ¿hm≥Pn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. PmwsjUv ]nevIm-eØv FgpXn: ""]nt‰ Znhkw F´-c-a-Wn°v Pn∂ I¬°-Ø-bn¬ \n∂v h≠n Ib- d n. Rm\- t ±- l sØ ImWm≥ dbn¬sh tÃj- \ n¬ t]mbn.

At±lw Xs‚ ^ÃvIv-fmkv Iw]m¿´p-sa‚ns‚ hmXn¬°¬ \n¬°pI-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Fs‚ ssI ]nSn®p. B IÆp-Iƒ \nd-™n-cp-∂p, ]d™p: ""PmwsjUv CXv Ah-km-\sØ hgn-]n-cn-b-em-Wv.''20 1935 emWv {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v ]q¿Æ-ambpw kzbw`cWw A\p-h-Zn®p-sIm-≠p≈ C¥ym-K-h-s◊‚ v BIvSv \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 1937˛¬ {]hniym AkwªnIfn-te°v sXc-s™148

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Sp∏v \S-∂p. Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏pw DSs\ \ne-hn¬ h∂ a{¥n-k-`Ifpw CtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®p≠mb hnhm-Z-ß-fp-amWv hn`-P-\-Øn-te°v Ipd-®p-IqSn C¥ysb ASp-∏n® as‰mcp {][m\Imcyw. apkvenw-eoKv \ne Imcy-am-sbm∂pw At∂°v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. apkvenw kapZm-b-Øn-∂n-S-bn¬ tIm¨{K- n\pw kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp∂n-√. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-∂-Xv. sXc-s™Sp∏v Ign-™-t∏mƒ apkvenw \yq\-]-£-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ eoKv an°hmdpw apkv e nw ko‰p- I ƒ Pbn- ® p. F∂m¬ apkv e nw `qcn- ] £ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ AXns‚ {]I-S\w Zb-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]©m-_nHcp ko‰n¬ am{X-am-WXv Pbn-®-Xv. samØw ko‰v 84. _wKm-fn¬ 117 apkvenw ko‰p-I-fn¬ 39 FÆw. kn‘v, AXn¿Øn kwÿm\w F∂nh-bn¬ H‰ ko‰p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. C¥y-bn¬ samØ-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ 482 apkvenw-ko-‰p-I-fn¬ 109 FÆ-Øn¬ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p eoKn\p hnPbn-°m-\m-b-Xv. tIm¨{K- ns‚ ÿnXnbpw apkvenw ko‰p-Isf kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Zb-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. BsI 58 ko‰p-I-fn¬ am{X-ambn-cp∂p tIm¨{K v a’-cn-®Xv Xs∂. CXn¬ 26 FÆ-Øn-emWv Pbn-®-Xv. an°Xpw AXn¿Øn kwÿm-\-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIm¨{K v C¥y-bnse Nne kwÿm-\-߃ XqØv hmcn-sb-¶nepw samØ-ØnA{X sa®w AXn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1585 ko‰p-I-fn¬ AXv 716 ko‰pI-fn¬ am{X-amWv Pbn-®-Xv. apkvenw ko‰p-Iƒ tIm¨{K pw eoKpw IqSn Pbn® 135 ko‰p-Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ 347 ko‰p-I-fn¬ Pbn®Xv {]mtZ-inI I£n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v ]n∂oSv eoKns\ Ic-I-b-‰n-bXv tIm¨{K ns‚ t\Xm-°-fn¬ Nne-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. tIm¨{K- n\v hy‡amb `qcn-]-£-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv aZn-cm-in, bp.-]n, _olm¿, kn.]n (a[y{]-tZ-iv) Hdo F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwÿm-\-ßfn¬ \√ hnP-b-am-bn-cp∂p tIm¨{K- n-t‚-Xv. F∂m¬ t_mws_bn¬ Ah¿°v kz¥w `qcn-]-£-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXv t]mse-bp≈ kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ thsd- b p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. eoKpw tIm¨{K pw tbmPn®p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-am-bn-cp∂p sXc-s™-Sp∏n\v tijw kwPm-X-am-b-Xv. Aß-s\-sbmcp {]Xo£ D≠m-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw. F∂m¬ Cu {]Xo£ Aÿm-\-Øm-°n-s°m≠v tIm¨{K v kz¥w a{¥n-k-`-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. CsX-°p-dn®v sI.Fw. ap≥jn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apkvenw a{¥n- a msc sXc- s ™- S p- ° p- ∂ Xv kw_- ‘ n®v tIm¨{K v a{¥n-k` \ne-hn¬ h∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb Hcp 149

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

kml-Ncyw kwPm-X-am-bn. A{X henb {]iv\-ambn AX∂v tXm∂nbn-s√-¶nepw ]Øv h¿j-߃°v tijw kw`-h-ß-sfm-s∂m-∂mbn Actß-dn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ t_m[y-amb Imcyw C¥y-bpsS sFIyØns‚ Ah-km-\-Øns‚ Bcw-`-am-bn-cp∂p AsX-∂m-Wv........... sFIykw-ÿm-\-sØbpw t_mws_-bn-sebpw kml-Ncyw {]tXy-In®pw hnj-a-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. bp.]n bn¬˛ sFIy-kw-ÿm-\Øv 66 apkvenw ko‰p-I-fn¬ 9 FÆ-Øn¬ am{X-amWv tIm¨{K v a’-cn-®-Xv. Hs∂mgn®v F√mw tXm‰p, t_mws_-bn¬ 30˛¬ 2 FÆ-Ønepw. c≠pw tXm‰p.''21 Iq´pa{¥n-k-`-I-fp-≠m-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂ Xocp-am\w alm A_-≤am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v aPpw-Zmdpw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tIm¨{K v t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ Xocp-am\w _p≤n-iq-\yhpw hn\mi-I-c-amb ^ew Df-hm-°m≥ t]m∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ Cu kw`-h-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°nb Imcyw hyXn-cn-‡-amb Hcp kap-Zmb-sa∂ \nebv°v `mhn-bn¬ X߃°v cm{„o-b-ambn H∂pw {]Xo£n-°m-\n-s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.''22 hn.]n tat\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tIm¨{K v GI-]m¿´n a{¥n-k-`-I-fp-≠m-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. tIm¨{K- w-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-am{Xw apkvenw a{¥n-amsc sXc-s™-SpØp. CXv tIm¨{K pw eoKpw XΩn¬ Kpcp-X-c-amb AI¬®-bp≠m-°n. CXv \njv]-£-cmbn \n∂n-cp∂ apkvenw-I-sf-°qSn Pn∂bv°v ]n¥pW sImSp-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-®p-sh-∂Xv Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.''23 Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ auem\m A_p¬Iemw BkmZv bp.-]n.-bn-ep-≠mb kw`-h-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v. bp.-]n.-bnse ÿnXn a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ hfsc hyXykvX-ambncp∂p. Xmcm-Nμv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""bp.]n bnse apkvenw-eoKv 1906 setbm 1919 setbm eoKm-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXv hfsc amdn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p. AXns‚ `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb e£yw tIm¨{K- n-t‚Xv Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. AXns‚ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hfsc hyXykvX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXns‚ LS-\-bn¬ ]gb bmYm-ÿn-XnI `qhp-S-aIƒ°v {]map-Jy-tam B[n-]-Xytam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ""........ bp.]n bnse eoKv t\XrXzw juJ-Øen t]mep≈ Jnem^Øv t\Xm-°-fp-sSbpw Jmen-Jp- -am-s\-t∏m-ep≈ ]gb tIm¨{K p-Im-cp-sSbpw ssII-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. eoKv ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒs°Xn-cmbn tIm¨{K v apkvenw ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf a’-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√. am{X-a√, eoKv Sn°-‰n¬ Nne tIm¨{K v apkvenw-Iƒ a’-cn-®n-´p-ap-≠m-bn150

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cp-∂p. A{Kn-Iƒ®-dnÃv ]m¿´n-tbm-Sm-bn-cp∂p eoKns‚ a’-cw. ^kven lpssks‚ kzm[o-\-Ønepw bp.]n Kh¿Æ¿ am¬Iw slbven-bpsS t{]m’m-l-\-Ønepw \ne-\n∂ ]m¿´n-bm-bn-cp∂p CXv...... tIm¨{K ns‚ Iq´m-bn-cp∂ PwCø-Øp¬ De-am-bpsS ]n¥p-Wbpw eoKn-\p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. as‰mcp auen-I-hmZ apkvenwI£n-bmb Alvdm-dp-Ifpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ eoKn-s\m-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p......... ""eoKv bp.]n bn¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v Pbn-®Xv apkvenw Xmeq-°vZm¿amtcmSpw Pao-μm¿am-tcmSpw kacw sNbvXm-bn-cp-∂p....... tIm¨{K v Pbn® Htc-sbmcp apkvenw ko‰v eoKns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Pbn-®Xm-bn-cp-∂p.''24 ""sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-^ew {]Jym-]n-°-s∏´ DS≥ DW¿∂ {]Xo£ Cu c≠p kwL-S-\Ifpw kl-I-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-te-°p≈ BZy Im¬sh-s∏∂ \nebv°v Jmen-Jp- -am≥ 1937 am¿®v 12 \v Aelm-_m-Zn¬ sh®v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lv-dp-hp-ambn kw`m-jWw \S-Øn. ]s£ Hcp HØp-Xo¿∏v D≠m-bn-√. Hcp {]tXyI apkvenw I£nsb \nb-a-k-`-bv°-IØv AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂mbn-cp∂p s\l-vdphns‚ \ne-]m-Sv. AXn\v tijw \nbp‡ apJy-a{¥n tKmhn-μ-h-√`v ]¥pw JmenJp- -am-\p-ambpw N¿® \S-∂p. Hcp Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn√.''25 Xmcm-Nμv A_p¬ Iemw BkmZpw Jmen-Jp- -am-\p-ambn ]n∂oSv Is≠∂pw N¿® \S-Øn-sb∂pw BkmZv kl-I-c-W-Øn∂p]m[nbmbn eoKv Akwªn ]m¿´n Akw-ªn-bn¬ {]tXyI {Kq∏mbn Ccn°m≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw eoKv ]m¿√n-sa‚dn ]m¿´n ]ncn®p hnS-W-sa∂pw Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

F∂m¬ BkmZv Bfl- I - Y - b n¬ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv Ph- l ¿ems\lvdphmWv bp.]n bn¬ {]iv\-ap-≠m-°n-bXv F∂m-Wv. Xm≥ {ian®v GXm≠v HscmØpXo¿∏n-se-Øn-®n-cp∂ {]iv\w s\lv-dp-hns‚ CSs]-S¬ ImcWw hj-fm-hp-Ibpw eoKv N¿® Dt]-£n®p t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. BkmZv XpS¿∂p Fgp-Xp∂p: ""bp.]n eoKns‚ kl-I-cn-°m-sa∂ Hm^¿ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶napkvenw-eoKv I£n tIm¨{K- n¬ ^e-Øn¬ ebn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Ph-l¿em-ens‚ \ne-]mSv eoKn\v bp.-]n-bn¬ ]pXp-Po-h≥ \evIn...... bp.-]n-bn¬ \n∂mWv eoKv ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kml-N-cyØn¬ \n∂v Pn∂ icn°pw apX-se-Sp-Øp. At±lw AhnsS \n∂mcw-`n® B{I-aWw Ah-km\w hn`-P-\-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp''26 s\lv-dp-hns‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ s{_®¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""sXc-s™151

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Sp-∏nse tIm¨{K v hnP-b-Øns‚ DS-s\-bp-≠m-bXpw hnZq-c-^-e-apf-hm-°p-∂-Xp-amb ^ew apkvenw eoKp-am-bp≈ AI¬® h¿≤n-∏n-®psh-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnP-bm-thiw aqØ tIm¨{K v as‰√m cm{„ob I£n-I-tfmSpw Hcp Xcw A[n-Im-c-`m-h-tØm-sS-bp≈ kao-]-\-am-bncp∂p ssIs°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. "lnam-e-b≥ h¶Ø'ambn-cp∂p CXv. CXn\v sXm´-SpØ h¿j-ß-fn¬ I\Øhne \evtI-≠-Xmbpw h∂p.

1937 am¿®n¬ \S-Ønb D≤-X-amb {]kvXm-h\tbmsS s\lv-dp-hmWv Cu ssien°v XpS-°-an-´-Xv: ""C¥y-bn¬ C∂v c≠p i‡n-I-tf-bp≈p, {_n´ojp km{am-PyXzhpw tIm¨{K v {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ C¥y≥ tZio-b-Xbpw.'' Pn∂ H´pw Xma-kn-bmsX Xncn-®-Sn®p: ""A√, aq∂m-a-sXmcp I£n IqSn-bp≠v, C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ.....''27 1937˛se sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v tijhpw Pn∂ thdn´ Hcp cmPyw t]mep≈ H∂v Btem-Nn-®nt´ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v 1969˛¬ inh-dmhp Fgp-Xp∂p: ""sXc-s™-Sp∏v Ign™ tijw Pn∂ \S-Ønb {]kvXm-h-\-bnAt±lw {]Jym-]n®p: ""lnμp-°ƒ°pw apkvenw-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ am\yamb Hscm-Øp-Xo¿∏p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Fs∂-°mƒ kt¥mjw a‰m¿°pap-≠m-hp-I-bn-√, Fs∂-°mƒ AXn\v klm-b-I-ambn \nev°p-∂-hcpw D≠m-hp-I-bn-√.'' CtXm-sSm∏w At±lw Km‘n-tbmSv Cu {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]c-kym-`y¿∞\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Km‘nbpsS {]Xn-I-cWw hnjm-Z-\n¿`-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ""Fs¥-¶nepw sNøm≥ km[n-s®-¶n¬ F∂v Rm\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Rm≥ Xo¿Øpw \n -lm-b-\m-Wv. sFIy-Øn-ep≈ Fs‚ hnizmkw F∂-tØbpw t]mse D÷z-e-am-Wv. ]s£ ]I¬ shfn-®-Øn\p ]Icw Ip‰m-°q‰n-cp-´mWv Rm≥ ImWp-∂-Xv. Cu Akz-ÿ-X-bn¬ ssZh-tØmSv Rm≥ shfn-®-Øn\p Ic-bp-I-bmWv''29 C{Xbpw Fgp-Xnbtijw inh-dmhp tNmZn-°p∂p: ""]ns∂ Fßs\ C¥y≥ kml-Ncyw aq∂p-h¿jwsIm≠v ]mIn-kvXm\p th≠n-bp≈ \o°-Øn\v Poh≥ ]I¿∂p?''30 c≠m-tem-I-bp≤w, tIm¨{K v a{¥n-k-`-I-fpsS cmPn, t\csØ D≤-cn® eoKns‚ {]tabw, Iz‰n¥ym kacw apX-emb kw`-h-߃ Cu aq∂p-h¿j-Øn-∂Iw Hs∂m-∂mbn Ac-tß-dn. temI-a-lm-bp-≤Øn¬ kJy-i-‡n-Iƒ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw P¿Ω-\nbpw Iq´m-fn-Ifpw Pbn-°p-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p tZiob t\Xr-Xz-Ønse Nne¿ hniz-kn-®ncp-∂-Xv. BkmZv Xs‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ C°mcyw FSpØv ]d-bp-∂p≠v.

152

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp Kh¿Æ¿ P\-d¬ au≠v _m‰\v \evInb Ah-km-\-hn-cp-∂n¬ sNbvX {]kw-K-Øn¬ \n∂v Quoted by H.M Seervai, Partition Legend and Reality P. 1 2. K.M Munshi, Pilgrimage to Freedom P. 7 3. Ibid P. 18 (both Quoted by Seervai PP 10-13 4. Quoted by Majumdar, History of Freedom Movement in India vol. VIII P. 64 5. K.M. Munshi op cit P. 22 6. ""R߃ At±-l-hp-ambn (Km-‘n) klI-cn-®Xv tZiobkzmX-{¥y-Øn\v th≠n-bp≈ kacw \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mWv'' Cμp-em¬ bm⁄nIv FgpXn; ""sat m-s]m-´m-an-bb - psSbpw Atd-_y-bp-sSbpw ta¬ Xp¿°n kp¬Øms‚ B[n-]Xyw ASn-t®-ev]n-°m-\p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ hy{K-X-bn¬ R߃°v Hcp Xmev]-cy-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.'' Xm\n-°mcyw h√-`mbn ]t´-en-t\m-S∂p kwkm-cn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±-l-Øn-\n-°m-cy-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-tbmPn-∏m-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw bm⁄nIv XpS¿s∂-gp-Xp-∂p. Indulal Yajnik, Gandhi as I Know Him PP 129-130 Quoted by Majumdar op cit PP. 506-507 7. Transfer of power (London) vol VI P. 617 Quoted by Seervai P. 13 8. Quoted by Ikram, Modern Muslim India and Birth of Pakistan P. 175 9. cmPvIp-am¿ Ata-Øn-bpsS Z¬ln {]kwKw "tXPv' am¿®v 1926 Quoted by K.K. Aziz, History of partition of India vol. I. P. 138 10. Ibid P. 138 11. Motilal Nehru, Speech at Cawnpore, 'Sher-e-punjab' 19 Sept. 1926 Quoted by K.K. Aziz P. 139 12. Dr: Mohammed Alam, Speech at Punjab Legislative Assembly Quoted by Syed Sharifuddin Peerzada, The Foundation of Pakistan vol. II. P. 345 13. Abdul Hameed, Muslim Separatism in India P. 206 14. Syed Sharifuddin Peerzada, The Pakistan Resolution P.5. Quoting Bhai Paramanand's Arya Samaj Our Hindu Sangathan (Lahore 1923) Quoted by K.K. Aziz P.P. 79-80 15. The People (Lajpat Rai number) April. 13, Letter to C.R. Das Shortly before Gaya Congress 1925 Quoted by Prof: Thara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India vol. IV P. 110 16. Quoted by K.K. Aziz op. cit vol. I. P. 145. See also Thara Chand. History of Freedom Movement in India vol. IV. P. 110 17. M.H. Saeed, Political Biography of Jinnah PP. 368-369 18. Prof: Thara Chand. History of Freedom Movement in India vol. IV P. 114 19. Ibid P. 407 20. Hector Bolitho, Jinnah Creator of Pakistan P. 95 See also Prof: Thara Chand op cit. vol. IV P. 115 153

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

21. K.M. Munshi, op. cit P. 46 22. Majumdar op. cit vol. III P. 563 Quoted by Seervai op. cit P. 20 23. V.P. Menon op. cit. P. 55 24. Prof: Thara Chand op. cit vol IV PP 229-230 25. Ibid P. 230 26. A∂sØ Imcy-ß-fn¬ t\cn´p _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ tIm¨{K v t\Xm-hmbn-cp∂p auem\m A_p¬ Iemw Bkm-Zv. At±-l-Øns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn(India Wins Freedom) BZyw {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® 1959˛se ]Xn-∏n¬ tN¿°msX B¿°o-hn-kn¬ ]q´n-sh-®, HkyØv {]Imcw acn®v 30 sIm√w Ign™v 1988˛¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® 30 t]Pp-If - n¬ C°mcyw hni-Za - mbn At±lw {]Xn]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠.v tI{μ-hn-Zym-`ym-k˛ kmaq-ly-t£-ah - I - p-∏ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øns{]m^: Xmcm-Nμv {]kn-≤N - c - n-{X-Im-c∑ - m-cpsS klm-bt- ØmsS Xøm-dm-°nb kzmX{¥y {]ÿm\Ncn{Xw BZyw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv 1972 emWv. Xømdm-°n-bXv AXn\pw apºm-bn-cn-°W - w. BkmZv Bfl-IY - b - n¬ ]d™ Imcy߃ A∂v cl-ky-ambn InS-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. AXvsIm≠v C°m-cy-ØnBkm-Zns‚ A`n-{]m-b-am-bn-cn°pw B[n-Im-cn-Iw. 27. Azad, India Wins freedom P. 161 28. Brecher, Nehru A Political biography P. 231 Quoted by Seervai P. 20 29. Shiva Rao, Framing of India's Constitution P. 22 Qoated by Seervai P. 21 30. H.M. Seervai P. 21

154

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

13 hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ \mƒhgn 1945˛¬ hn.]n tat\m≥ ssht{km-bn-bpsS t]gvk-W¬ sk{I-´dn Chm≥ sP≥In-kns∂gp-Xnb Hcp IØn¬ \n∂p XpSßmw: ""1935 hsc apkvenw-Iƒ X߃°v \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`-I-fn¬ aXn-bmb {]mXn-\n[yw In´n-bm¬ Xmev]-cy-߃ kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v hnizkn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kwÿm\ a{¥n-k-`-Iƒ a‰p I£n-Isf am‰n \n¿Øn kz¥-ambn D≠m-°m≥ tIm¨{K v Xocp-am-\n-®-tXmsS \yq\]£w a\- n-em-°n-bXv \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`-bnse {]mXn-\n[yw sIm≠p am{Xw {]tbm-P-\-an-s√∂pw tIm¨{K v \yq\-]-£-ß-fpsS Xmev]-cy-ß-sfm∂pw kwc-£n-°m≥ t]mIp-∂n-s√-∂p-am-Wv. CXmWv Pn∂- b psS ]mIn- k v X m≥ apd- h n- f n- b psS bYm¿∞- I m- c - W w. apkvenweoKns‚ C∂sØ hf¿®-bpsS ASn-Ød A[n-Im-c-Øn\n∂p≈ Cu _ln-jvI-c-W-am-Wv. AXvsIm≠p apkvenw `qcn-]£ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-ep-≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ ]mIn-kvXm\p th≠n-bp≈ apd-hnfn apkvenw \yq\-]£ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ i‡-ambn ImWp-∂-XnA¤p-X-s∏-tS≠''1 tat\ms‚ A`n-{]mbw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-a-s√-¶nepw CXn¬ kXy-Øns‚ hen-sbm-cw-i-ap-≠v F∂ Imcyw X¿°-a-‰-XmWv. tIm¨{K v t\Xr-Xz-Ønse Nne¿ A_≤w sNbvsX-¶nepw tat\m≥ ]d-bp∂ t]mse Pn∂ DSs\ {]Xn-I-cn-®n-´n√ F∂v Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ hy‡m-Ipw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw apkvenw cm{„o-bsØ Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hn-em-°nbXn¬ CXv as‰-¥ns\°mfpw ]¶v hln-®n-´p≠v. a{¥n-k-`m-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°v {]mXn-\n[yw \evIm≥ am{Xw apkvenw ko‰p-I-fn¬ tIm¨{K v Pbn-®n-cp-∂n-√. apkvenw-eoKns\ Iq´msX a{¥n-k-`-I-fp-≠m-°n-b-Xns‚ ^ew apkvenw {]mXn\n[yw C√msX t]mbn-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p, G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv Ipdbp-I-sb-¶nepw sNbvXp. CtXm-sSm∏w tN¿Øv hmbn-t°≠ Imcy߃ thsdbpw D≠v. NneXv BkmZv Xs∂ Bfl-I-Y-bn-¬ FSpØv ]d-™n-´p-≠v. ]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lv-dp-hns‚ \b-\n-e-]m-Sp-I155

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

fmWv H∂v. C¥y-bn¬ c≠p I£n-Itf D≈p-sh∂ {]kvXm-h\ t\csØ D≤-cn-®p-ht√m. Ipd®p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Pbn-®p-h∂ Bthiw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p CXn\v {]tNm-Z-\w. A∂sØ kml-N-cyØn¬ XnI®pw hnth-I-iq-\y-am-bn-cp∂p Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb∂v BkmZv ]d- b p- ∂ p. as‰m∂p Pn∂bpw s\l- v d phpw ]c- k v ] cw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ _‘-Øns‚ kz`m-hw. Pn∂-sb-°p-dn®v s\lvdpthm s\lv-dp-hn-s\-°p-dn®v Pn∂tbm \√Xv ]d™ A\p-`hw hnc-fw.

AtX-k-abw s\lv-dp-hn-t\m-sS-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ F{Xtbm IqSp-XXhW Km‘n-Pn-bp-ambn Pn∂ sX‰p-Ibpw FXn¿Øv ]c-ky-{]-kvXmh\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. adn-®p-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ c≠pt]cpw Hcn-°epw CXv hy‡n-]-c-ambn FSp-°p-Itbm hy‡n-]-c-amb hna¿i\w ]c-kv]cw \S-Øp-Itbm sNbvXn-´n-√. ]c-kv]cw Ah-cm-Zcn-®n-cp-∂p. t\sc hncp-≤-am-bn-cp∂p s\l-vdphpw Pn∂-bpw.

1943˛emWv thh¬ C¥y- b psS ssht{kmbn Bbn Npa- X e Gev°p-∂X - v. {]Xyp-ev]∂ - a - X - n-bmb Hcp ]´m-f° - m-c\ - m-bn-cp∂p thh¬. hn≥Ã≥ N¿®n-ens‚ tZio-b-a-{¥n-k-`-bmWv thh-ens\ \nb-an-°p∂-Xv. \nb-an-°p-tºmƒ N¿®n¬ \S-Ønb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Isf A{]k-‡-am-°n-s°m≠v Xm≥ {]Xyp-ev]-∂-a-Xn-bmb Hcp cmPy-X-{¥⁄≥ IqSnbmsW∂t±lw sXfn-bn-®p. B‰ven Kh-s◊‚ v Ct±-lØns‚ tkh\w Zpcq-l-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®n-√m-bncp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ C¥y-bpsS Ncn{Xw Hcp ]s£ as‰m-∂m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. thh¬ Npa-Xe Gev°p-∂-Xn\v apºmbn {_n´ojv Kh-s◊‚n\v \evInbXpw A∂v C¥y-bn-em¿°pw Adn-bm-Ø-Xp-amb Hcp \n¿t±-i-sØ°p-dn®v ap≥jn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""en≥enXvtKm {]`p-hn\v tijw ssht{kmbn Bb thh-ens‚ \nb-a-\sØ tIm¨{K v A\p-Iq-e-am-b√ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂mR߃°-dn-bmØ Hcp Imcy-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p: ssht{kmbn Bbn hcp∂-Xn\v apºv {_n´ojv Khs◊‚n-t\mSv Km‘n-Pn-sbbpw s\l-dp-hns\bpw Pbn¬ tamNn-X-cm-°m\pw Ahsc ssht{km-bn-bpsS FIvknIyq-´ohv Iu¨kn-en¬ \nb-an-°m\pw At±lw \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂-Xm-W-Xv. Cu \n¿t±iw {_n´ojv Kh-s◊‚ v \ncm-I-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp≠m-bXv''2 C¥y-bnse kmap-Zm-bnI {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-ßfpsS `mK-ambn cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn Hcp t^m¿ape \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. \mep JWvUn-I-I-f-S-ßp∂ Cu \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ BsI-ØpI C¥ybpsS hn`-P\ - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\v tijw Km‘nPnbpw Pn∂m-km-ln_pw 156

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

1944 k]v X w- _ ¿ 9 apX¬ 27 hsc Pn∂m- k m- l n- _ ns‚ ae_m¿ln√nse _w•m-hn¬ sh®v N¿® \S-Øn. ka-hm-b-Øn-se-ØmØ-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v k]vXw-_¿ 27˛\v N¿® Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-bncp-∂p. ""Pn∂-bp-ambn N¿® \S-Øn-sb∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ tIm¨{K nse {]ap-J-cmb Nne t\Xm-°ƒ Km‘n-Pnsb hna¿in-®n-cp-∂p.

CXv A\-h-k-c-Øn-ep-≈Xpw Pn∂-bpsS A¥- p-b¿Øp∂-Xp-am-bnt∏m-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS hmZw''3 C¥y-bpsS sFIyw \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠pw apkvenw \yq\-]-£Øns‚ kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m-≠p-ap≈ as‰mcp ]cn-lm-cam¿§w tIm¨{K- ns‚ tI{μ-\n-b-a-k-`m-]m¿´n t\Xmhpw {]Xn-]-£t\-Xmhpw tIm¨{K v {]h¿Ø-I-k-anXn AwKhpw t_mws_ {]tZiv tIm¨{K v IΩ-‰n-bpsS {]kn-U-≠p-am-bn-cp∂ `pem-`mbv tZimbnbpw 1940 apX¬ apkvenw-eoKv tI{μ-\n-ba - k - `m ]m¿´n D]-t\-Xmhpw apkvenweoKv ]m¿´n-P-\-d¬ sk{I-´dnbpam-bn-cp∂ enbm-J-Øen Jm\pw tN¿∂v Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. "tZim-bn˛ enbm-JØv k‘n' F∂mWv CX- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . tI{μ- Ø nepw {]hn- i y- I - f nepw tIm¨{K v ˛ apkv e nweoKv ap∂Wn a{¥n- k - ` - I - f p- ≠ m- ° p- I - s b∂Xmbn- c p∂p CXns‚ kmcmw-iw. CXns‚ B[mcw tIm¨{K- v-˛-apkvenweoKv XpeyX (Parity) Bbn-cp-∂p. Km‘n-PnbpsS Adn-thmSpw kΩ-X-tØmSp-amWv tZimbn Cu k‘n°v ap≥I-sø-Sp-Ø-sX∂v skX¬hmZv ]d-bp∂p4. skX¬hmZv CXn\v sXfn-hmbn Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Ønc≠p tcJ-I-fpsS t^mt´mtIm∏n Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. H∂v k‘nsb-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp hni-Zo-I-c-W-°p-dn-∏m-Wv. CXn¬ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ssI∏-S-bn¬ \S-Ønb sh´-ep-Ifpw Xncp-Ø-ep-Ifpw ImWmw. c≠ma-tØXv tZim-bnbpw enbm-J-Øen Jm\pw 11˛1˛1945 \v H∏n´ k‘nbpsS Hdn-Pn-\epw.5 F∂m¬ Cu k‘n-s°-Xn-cmbn tIm¨{K v t\Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v i‡-amb hna¿i\w D≠m-b-t∏m-ƒ tZimbn H‰s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CtXmsS Gsd {]kn-≤-\m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ cm{„o-b-Po-hn-Xhpw Ah-km-\n-®p. tXPv _l-Zq¿ k{]p-hns‚ t\XrXz-Øn-ep≈ \njv]-£-cmb {]ap-Jhy-‡n-I-fpsS Hcp kan-Xn-bpsS \n¿t±-i-߃°pw CtX ]cy-h-km-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kan-Xn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´n-sebpw tIm¨{K- n\v Akzo-Im-cy-amb \n¿t±iw XpeyX (Parity) Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu c≠p ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw ]mIn-kvXm-\p-≠m-bncp-∂n-s√-∂X - mWv {it≤-bw. 1942˛ep≠mb {In]vkv ZuXy-Øn\pw CtX ]cn-Wm-a-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIm¨{K pw eoKpw Hmtcm Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Cu aq∂v {ia-ß-fp-sSbpw ^e-ambn cq]-s∏´ ]≤-Xn-Isf \ncm-I-cn-°p-I157

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bm-bn-cp-∂p. thh¬ {]`p-hns‚ {ia-^-e-ambn hnfn-®p-Iq-´nb knwem ktΩ-f-\Øn-s‚bpw KXn as‰m-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu ktΩ-f\w ]cm-P-b-s∏-´Xv {][m-\-ambpw apkvenw a{¥n-amsc \n¿t±-in-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw apkvenw-eo-Kn\v am{X-am-bn-cn-°W - s - a∂ Pn∂m-km-ln-_ns‚ \n¿∫‘w Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv tIm¨{K- ns‚ t\man-\n-I-fn¬ apkvenwI-fmcpw D≠m-Im≥ ]mSn-s√-∂v. CXv Pn∂m-km-ln-_ns‚ `mK-Øp-\n∂p-≠mb ]mfn® Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tIm¨{K v A∂p-hsc i‡nbmbn FXn¿Øp-t]m∂ XpeyX Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ henb FXn¿∏p≠m-°n-bn√ F∂Xv IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Pn∂m-km-ln-_ns‚ Cu hmin A\-h-k-c-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]d-b-Ww. At±lw Xs∂ hfsc Xma-kn-bmsX Cu XXzw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. apkvenw {]mXn-\n[yw a‰m-fp-Iƒ°v hI-sh®p sImSp-°p-∂Xv eoKns‚ cm{„ob \oXo-I-c-WsØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Bi-¶. tIm¨{K- ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ Cu \ne-]mSv. ]©m-_nse bqWn-b-\nÃv ]m¿´n AS-°-ap≈ I£n-Isf kw_‘n-®n-S-tØm-fhpw \ne-]mSv CXv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \yq\-]-£-amb apkvenw-I-fpsS i–w NnX-dn-t∏m-I-cpsX∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu \ne-]mSv eoKv aptº kzoI-cn®p t]m∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AtX-k-abw tIm¨{K- ns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ah¿°nXv AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ {]bm-k-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. FÆ-Øn¬ hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah-cpsS IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Bkm-Zn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ tZio-b-ap-…nwIsf Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ tIm¨{K- n\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. CXv a\ n-em°n C°m-cy-Øn¬ Hcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-°m≥ Pn∂m kmln_n\pw _m[y-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ hfsc {]kn-≤-amb hn´p-hogvN C√m-bva-bmWv Ipg-∏-am-°n-b-Xv. knwem ktΩ-f\ - Ø - ns‚ ]cm-Pb - Ø - n-∂p-Ss - \-bmWv {_n´-\n¬ sXcs™-Sp∏v \S-∂Xpw s¢a‚ v B‰ven-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ te_¿ ]m¿´n A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dp-∂-Xpw. C¥y≥ \mj\¬ tIm¨{K- p-ambn aptº ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Cw•-≠nse cm{„o-b-I-£nbmWv IΩyq- W n- à p- I m- s c- ° qSn Dƒs°m- ≈ p∂ te_¿ ]m¿´n. t\csØ sska¨ IΩo-j-\n¬ AwK-am-bn-cp∂ B‰ven°v C¥ysb-°p-dn®v Adn-bm-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p sh∏v. s]ØnIv temd≥km-bn-cp∂p C¥y°v th≠n-bp≈ sÉv sk{I-´-dn. knwem ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ ]cmPbw kzbw Gs‰-SpØ thh¬ F{Xbpw thKw P\-߃ FhnsS \nev°p-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bm≥ sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw 158

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

B‰ven Kh-s◊‚n\v Xs‚ \n¿t±iw ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw ssht{kmbnbpw C¥ym sk{I-´-dnbpw BKkvXv 21˛\v kwbp-‡-ambn tI{μØn-te°pw {]hniyIfn-te°pw sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øp-sa∂v {]Jym]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XWp∏v ImeØv \S-Øp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p {]Jym]-\w. k]vXw-_-dn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Ønb thh¬ `c-WLS\m-\n¿Ωm-Wk` sXc-s™-Sp∏v Ign™ DS≥ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-sa∂pw ]pXnb FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv Iu¨kn¬ D≠m-°p-sa∂pw {]Jym-]n-®p.

1946 emWv sXc-s™-Sp-∏-h-km-\n-®-Xv. sXc-s™-Sp∏v Xo¿∂-t∏mƒ tI{μ-\n-ba \n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ tIm¨{K v 57 P\-d¬ ko‰p-I-fnPbn-®p. t\csØ CXv 44 Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ apkvenw ko‰p-I-fn30˛¬ 30 FÆhpw eoKv Pbn-®p. {]hn-iy-I-fn-te°v \S∂ sXc-s™Sp-∏n¬ tIm¨{K v 923 ko‰p-Iƒ t\Sn 1937 se Ncn{Xw Xncp-Ønsb-gp-Xn. apkvenw-eoKv AtX-k-abw 492 apkvenw ko‰p-I-fn¬ 425 FÆw Pbn-®p. t\csØ CXv 108 Bbn-cp-∂p. tI{μ-Øn¬ eoKns‚ hnPbw 100 iX-am-\hpw {]hn-iy-I-fn¬ 86 iX-am-\hpw Bbn-cp-∂p. sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ^e-sØ-°p-dn®v ap≥jn FgpXn: ""sXc- s ™- S p∏v sXfn- b n- ® Xv apkv e nw- e oKv apkv e nw- I - f nepw tIm¨{K v lnμp-°-fnepw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w h¿≤n-∏n-®p-sh∂m-Wv. CXv˛ Cu ^e-߃ Pn∂bv°v apkvenw _lp-P-\-ß-fpsS ta¬ Hcp kzm[o-\-hp-an-s√∂v hniz-kn-°p∂ \ΩpsS Nne t\Xm-°fpsS IÆp Xpd-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p''6 sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v apºv \S∂ Hsc-gpØvIpØn-s\-°p-dn®v hn`-P\w N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ Hm¿t°≠-Xp≠v. Hsc-gpØpw AXn-\p≈ adp-]Sn- b pw. C∂p- h sc C¥y- b n¬ Fgp- X - s ∏´ HutZym- K nI Ncn- { XØnsem∂pw Cu kw`hw ]cm-a¿in-®n-´n-√. FgpØv auem\m BkmZv Km‘n-Pn-°-b-®-Xm-Wv, adp-]Sn Km‘nPn Bkm-Zn-s∂-gp-Xn-b-Xpw. FgpØv Bkm-Zn-t‚-Xm-sW-¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ Bfl-I-Y-bnC°mcyw At±lw ad- ® p- h - b v ° p- I - b mWv sNbv X n- ´ p- ≈ - X v . Cu FgpØpw adp-]-Snbpw Chm≥ P¶n≥kv ssI°-em°n ssht{km-bnbpsS ss{]h‰v sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ tPm¿÷v Bs_en∂b®p sImSpØn-cp-∂p. P¶n≥kv A∂v ]©m_v Kh¿Æ-dm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu FgpØp-Iƒ ]g-b-tc-J-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {_n´ojv Kh-s◊‚ v tcJ-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®t∏mgmWv CXv ]pdØv h∂-Xv kmam\yw Zo¿L-amb Bkm-Zns‚ Fgp-Øn-s\-°p-dn®v ko¿hmbv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Hcp tZiob apkvenw F∂ \nebv°v BkmZv AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmb Imcy-am-bn-cp∂p, kzX-{¥-C-¥y-bn¬ Xß-fpsS `mhn-sb159

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

°p- d n- ® p≈ apkv e nw- I - f psS `bm- i - ¶ - I ƒ bYm¿∞- a m- s W- ∂ Xv .

F∂m¬ tIm¨{K- nse Xs‚ lnμp kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ CXv kΩXn-°mt\m AwKo-I-cn-°mt\m Xøm-dm-bn-´n√ F∂Xpw Bkm-Zn-∂-dnbm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Pn∂-bpsS angn-hp‰ ssien: ""ktlm-Z-c≥ Km‘n°v aq∂p thm´pw F\n°v Hcp thm´p am{Xhpw7'' F∂-ßs\ Xpd∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw CXn-∂n-S-bn¬ InS-°p∂ kXyw At±lw AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. P\m-[n-]Xyw `qcn-]£w Kh-s◊‚p-≠m-°¬ am{Xa-√, P\-ß-fpsS hnim-e-amb kΩ-Xnbpw P\-ß-fpsS AwKo-Im-c-hpap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww Kh-s◊‚ v. Xe-sb-Æp-∂-Xns\ am{Xw B{i-bn°p∂ Hcp XXzhpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]¶n¬ \n∂v _ln-jvIr-X-amIp∂ Hcp \yq\-]-£-Øn\v kpc-£n-XXzw \evIp-I-bn-√. ................

Gsd Nn¥n-®-tijw lnμp apkvenw {]iv\-Øn\v ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±in-°p∂ Hcp IØv 1945 HmKÃv 2˛\v BkmZv Km‘n°v Ab®p. apgph≥ D≤-cn-t°≠ IØm-Wv. F¶nepw Cu N¿®bv°v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kw£n-]vX-cq]w aXn-bm-Ipw. ""Hcp apkvenw F∂ \nebv°v ]mIn-kvXm≥ F∂ Bi-bsØ Xm≥ X≈n-°-f-bp-∂p, ImcWw AXv apkvenw Xmev]-cy-߃°v Xo¿Øpw FXn-cm-Wv, BkmZv Fgp-Xn. ]mIn-kvXm≥ AwKo-I-cn®p sImSp-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]cm-Pn-X-a-\-ÿn-Xn-bpsS \b-am-Wv. F∂mapkvenw-I-fpsS \oXn-bp-‡-amb `b-∏mSv Zqco-I-cn-t°-≠Xv A\n-hmcy-am-Wv....... AXvsIm≠p H∂v) C¥y-bpsS `mhn-`-c-W-L-S\ s^Ud¬ kz`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww, C¥ysb apgp-h≥ _m[n-°p-∂Xpw bqWn-‰p-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb hnj-b-߃ am{Xw tI{μ-K-hs◊‚ v ssIImcyw sNøp-sa∂v hyhÿ sNøWw. c≠v) bqWn-‰pIƒ°v th¿]n-cn™p t]mIm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \evI-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. aq∂v) tI{μ-Ønepw {]hn-iy-I-fnepw s]mXp-a-WvU-e-ßfpw kwh-cWhpw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. \mev) kmº-ØnIhpw cm{„o-b-hp-amb ASnÿm- \ - ß - f n¬ ]m¿´n- I - f p- ≠ m- h p- I bpw kmap- Z m- b n- I - a mb ]ckv]ckwibw C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv hsc tI{μ \nb-a-k-`bnepw a{¥n-k-`-bnepw lnμp-˛-apkvenw XpeyX hyhÿ sNtø-≠Xm-Wv. BkmZv ""HtcItZ-i-I-cSv'' F∂v At±lw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ \n¿t±-i-ß-f-h-km-\n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v lnμp kplr-Øp-°-tfm-S-`y¿∞n-°p∂Xv ""`mhn C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Xß-fpsS \ne F¥m-bn-cn-°W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw apkvenw-Iƒ°v hn´p-sIm-Sp°m-\m-Wv. apkvenw-Iƒ Hcp Xocp-am\w Ah-cpsS ta¬ ]pd-Øp-≈h¿ ASn-t®-ev]n-°p-∂n-s√∂v a\- n-em-°p-tºmƒ hn`-P-\-hmZw Dt]160

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

£n-°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS Xmev]c - y-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n\v C¥y-bpsS sFIy-amWv \√-sX∂v a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂pw BkmZv ]dbp∂p''8 ko¿hmbn XpS¿s∂-gp-Xp∂p: ""FgpØv In´nb DS≥ Km‘n BkmZn\v HmKÃv 16˛\p Xs∂: ""Xm¶-fpsS IØv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-cp-sX∂v F\n°v tXm∂p-∂p, hni-Z-ambn Fgp-Xp-∂p≠v'' F∂p Iºn ktμiw Ab®p9. AtX Xnø-Xn°v Bkm-Zn-s∂-gp-Xnb IØn¬ At±lw ]d™p: ""Xm¶-fpsS IØn¬ \n∂v Fs‚ lnμp-°-sf-°p-dn-®mWv Xm¶-sf-gp-Xp-∂-sX∂v Rm≥ A\p-am-\n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Xm¶-fpsS a\- n-se-¥mtWm D≈-Xv, AXv Xm¶-fpsS Fgp-Øn¬ sXfn-bp-∂n√. kmc-an√, Xm¶-fm-{K-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ C\n \mw XΩn¬ ImWptºmƒ CsX-°p-dn®v t\cn¬ kwkm-cn-°mw. kmap-Zm-bnI {]iv\-ßfn¬ Xm¶ƒ°v ]d- b m- \ p- ≈ Xv F¥m- s W- ¶ nepw AsX- t ∂mSpw h¿°nwKv IΩ-‰n-tbmSpw Btem-Nn® tijw am{Xta ]d-bm-hq. an≠mXncn°emWv \√Xv F∂m-sWs‚ A`n-{]m-bw. ]m¿´n AXn-s‚ A`n{]mbw Xm¶-tfmSp Btem-Nn® tijw ]d-bpw. Ah¿°-Xn-\p≈ AhIm-i-ap-≠v, AX-h-cpsS _m[y-X-bm-Wv. Xm¶-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv F\n°v Hcp tbmPn-∏p-an-√. [rXn ]nSn®v Fs¥-¶nepw sNø-W-sa∂v F\n°v tXm∂p-∂p-an√''10 Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Iºn-bp-sSbpw IØn-s‚bpw kzcw Xm≥ alm-flm-hn¬ \n∂m-{K-ln-®-X-s√∂v I≠-t∏mƒ BkmZv Cu hgn-°p≈ {ia-ßfh-km-\n-∏n®p \n»-–-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm¨{K v h¿°nwKv IΩ‰n Bkm-Zns‚ Cu ItØm A`n-{]m-bhpw \n¿t±-i-hptam A∂v N¿® sNbvX-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-ØXv sIm≠v Aßs\sbm∂p kw`-hn®p ImWp-I-bn-s√∂mW\p-am-\n-t°≠-Xv. C¥y-bnse `c-W-L-S-\m-{]-iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ B‰ven Kh-s◊‚ v \S- Ø nb ASpØ {iaw a{¥n- k - ` m- Z u- X y- a m- b n- c p∂p˛ tI_n- \ ‰v anjy≥. 1946 am¿®v 24˛\mWv B‰ven a{¥n-k-`-bnse aq∂p a{¥nam¿˛ s]ØnIv temd≥kv {]`p, k¿ Ãmt^mUv {In]vkv, F.hn.

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ ˛ C¥y-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. tIm¨{K pw eoKpw XnI®pw hncp-≤-amb tNcn-I-fn¬ \nevs° Hcp ka-hmbw D≠m-°pI {ia-I-camb tPmen-bm-sW∂v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw thh¬ {]`p-hns‚ kqN\ {]Im-c-am-bn-cn°mw ""ZuXy-kwLw hniz-kn-®-Xv˛ AXv sX‰s√∂v sXfn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp˛ ]mIn-kvXm≥ ]q¿Æ-ambpw t\Sp-Isb-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v Xmsg-bp≈ Fs¥-¶nepw sIm≠p eoKv Xr]vXn AS-bp-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p''11 \o≠ N¿®-Ifpw kw`m-j-W-ßfpw ZuXy161

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

kwLw \S-Øn. BkmZv A∂v tIm¨{K v {]kn-U-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]kn-U≠v F∂ \nebv°v anj\v tIm¨{K v AwKo-I-cn® \n¿t±i-߃ \evIn-b-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb Hcp \n¿t±ihpw At±-lw \evIp-I-bp-≠m-bn. BkmZv Xs‚ \n¿t±-i-Øn]d™p: ""k{]pIΩ‰n dnt∏m¿´n¬ G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ Hcp \n¿t±-i-sa¶n-ep-ap-≠v. hnhm-Z-Øns‚ NqSn-∂n-S-bn¬ {i≤n-°-s∏SmsX t]mb-Xm-W-Xv. dnt∏m¿´v Hcp tI{μ-`-c-W-Iq-SsØ hn`m-h\ sNøp-∂p. lnμp-°ƒ°pw apkvenw-Iƒ°pw s]mXp-a-WvU-e-ßfpw `cW-Øn¬ Xpey-]¶pw D≈ Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-amWv {]kvXp-X-\n¿t±-iw.

Cu \n¿t±iw ]cn-KW - n-t°-≠X - m-sW∂v hy‡n-]c - a - mbn tXm∂p∂p''12 Cu \n¿t±iw \evIp-tºmƒ {In]vkv Cu A`n-{]mbw auem\ AwKoI-cn-°p-∂pthm F∂p ho≠pw tNmZn-®p-sh∂pw AsX F∂v ]s£ h¿°nwKv IΩ‰n ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´n-s√∂pw Cu ka-bØv tIm¨{K v XpeyX AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Imcyw kwi-b-I-c-am-sW∂pw At±lw adp]Sn \evIn-sb∂pw {Sm≥kv^¿ Hm^v ]h¿ ]d-bp-∂p.13 a{¥n-k-`m-k-anXn N¿®-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepw ka¿∏n-°-s∏´ tIm¨{K v, eoKv, a‰p ]m¿´n-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpsS \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\-Ønepw Hcp ]≤Xn Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw Cu ]≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v N¿® sNøm≥ knwe-bn¬ ktΩ-f\w hnfn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1946 sabv 5˛\m-bn-cp∂p c≠mw knwem ktΩ-f-\w. aq∂p Imcy-ß-fm-bncp∂p ktΩ-f-\-Øn\p apºn¬ N¿®bv°v sh®n-cp-∂Xv 1) {]hn-iyIsf {Kq∏p-I-fmbn kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. 2) s^U-d¬ bqWn-bs‚ A[nIm-chpw kz`m-h-hpw. 3) `c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿ΩmW kwhn-[m-\w.''14 tIm¨{K v {]kn-U≠v F∂ \ne-bn¬ knwem ktΩ-f-\-Øn\p apºv sNbvX {]kvXm-h-\-bn¬ G{]n¬ 12˛\p tN¿∂ tIm¨{K v h¿°nw-Kv IΩ-‰n°v apºn¬ Xm≥ ka¿∏n-®Xpw IΩ‰n AwKo-I-cn®Xpamb Xs‚ Hcp kvIoan-s\-°p-dn®v BkmZv ]d-bp∂p. anjs‚ apºn¬ tIm¨{K- n\p th≠n ka¿∏n® \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p kvIow. F∂m¬ Cu kvIoan¬ CS-°me Khs◊t‚m tIm¨{K v˛eoKv Xpey-Xm-X-Xztam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AtXk-abw tIm¨{K- ns\ k¿Δm-fl\m ]n¥p-W® - n-cp∂ tZiob apkvenw kwL-S-\-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ anj\v ka¿∏n® \n¿t±-i-ß-fn¬ CXp c≠pw D≠m-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw. Hcp tI{μ CS-°me Kh-s◊‚ v, `c-WL- S \m \n¿- Ω m- W - k - ` , tI{μ\nb- a - \ n¿ΩmW k`- b nepw Khs◊‚nepw tIm¨{K v, eoKv Xpey-{]m-Xn-\n[yw F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p 162

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

{][m\ \n¿t±-i-߃. kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v th≠n Ch-cm-bn-cp∂p \n¿t±i-Øn¬ H∏n-´n-cp-∂Xv: auem\m lpssk≥ Al-aZv aZ\n (Pw-C-øØp¬ De-amsblnμns‚ {]knU≠pw PwC-øØv AwK-amb BƒC¥ym apkvenw ]m¿√n-sa‚dnt_m-Uns‚ sNb¿am\pw Zmdp¬ Deqw Zbq-_-¥nse {][m\ A[ym-]-I-\pw), knlm-dp-±o≥ (Bƒ-C¥ym taman≥ tIm¨{^≥kv) ssiJv \nkm-ap-±o≥ (A-lvdm¿) A–paPoZv JzmP (apkvenw aPven-kv) lpssk≥ `mbn em¬Pn (inbm tIm¨{^≥kv). hn`-P-\sØ Ch¿ \n¿t±-i-Øn¬ i‡n-bmbn \ncmI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p''15 sabv 6 \v s]ØnIv temd≥kn\v \evInb IØn¬ Xs‚ kl-{]h¿Ø-I-cpsSbpw Xs‚ Xs∂bpw A`n-{]m-b-am-sW∂v ]d-™psIm≠v BkmZv Fgp-Xnb hnNn-{X-amb Imcyw CXm-bn-cp∂p: ""as‰mcp Imcyw R߃ hy‡-am-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂p. \nb-a\n¿ΩmW k`-bnepw a{¥n-k-`-bnepw {Kq∏p-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ XpeyX R߃°v kzoIm-cy-a-√. Hmtcm {Kq∏ns‚bpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw a\- n¬ \n∂v `b-∏m-Sp-Ifpw ktμ-l-ßfpw \o°m≥ sNøm≥ km[yam-b-sXms° sNtø≠Xv Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]s£ Rß-fpsS `c-W-L-S\bv°v B[m-c-ambn R߃ kzoI-cn-°-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln-°p∂ P\m[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ auen-I-X-Xz-߃°v FXn-cm-bn-Øo-cp∂ Abm¿∞co-Xn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I-b√ CXn-\p≈ am¿§w''16 sabv Hº-Xn\v FgpXnb IØnepw BkmZv CXm-h¿Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.17 sabv 8˛\v Km‘nPn Fgp-Xnb IØnepw Xpey-Xsb FXn¿Øn-´p-≠v. {In]vkn-\p-≈-Xmbn-cp∂p IØv.18 ko¿hmbv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""apI-fn-ep-≤-cn® {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw ssht{kmbn-bpsS Iu¨kn¬ sUmao-\nb≥ a{¥n-k` B°-W-sa∂ Bhiyhpw ]mIn-kvXm\v th≠nbp≈ apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-s∂Xn- s c- b p≈ tIm¨{K- ns‚ ka- c - a m- b n- c n- ° mw. Xo¿®- b mbpw Km‘n°pw s\l-dp-hn\pw ]t´-en\pw `mhn-bn-se-¥p-≠m-Ip-sa-∂-dn-bpam-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah¿ ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-®n-´p-≠m-hpI tIm¨{K- v-˛-eoKv Xpey-Xsb i‡n-bm-sb-Xn¿°p-Ibpw "sUmao-\n-b≥ a{¥n-k`'bv°v th≠n \nc-¥-c-ambn Bh-iy-s∏´p sIm≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmsW-¶n¬ eoKv ap´p-a-S-°p-sa∂pw As√-¶n¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ eoKn-s\s°m≠p hn´p-hogvN sNøn-°p-sa∂pw Bbn-cp-∂p. Km‘nbpw s\lvdphpw ]t´epw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS ]¶v al-Ømb A[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰Øn¬ \n¿h-ln-®n-´p-≠v. ]s£ {Iqc-amb Zpc-¥-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n°p-∂Xv hsc Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw A¥yw F∂-dn-bm≥ Ah¿°v 163

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

km[n-®n-´n√.'' ko¿hmbn kw`-h-ß-ƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v ho≠pw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Xpey-X-tbm-Sp≈ tIm¨{K- ns‚ FXn¿∏v AXns‚ Ncn-{XØnepw GI-C-¥ybv°v th≠n-bp≈ AXns‚ ka-c-Ønepw Hcp ]pXnb XpS-°-Øns‚ Bcw`w (watershed) AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. tIm¨{K v Xpey-X-tbmSp≈ AXns‚ FXn¿∏v XpS¿∂p sImt≠bn-cp-∂p. 1946 sabv 6˛\p tIm¨{K v {]kn-U-s≠∂ \nebv°v BkmZv Fgp-Xnb IØv hmb-\-°m¿ Hm¿°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. C¥y-bpsS sFIy-Øn\pw lnμpapkvenw sFIyw km[n-X-am-°m\pw A\n-hm-cysa∂v At±-l-Øn-∂p-d∏v D≠m-bn-cp∂ hnizm-k-Øn-s∂-Xn-cm-bn-cp∂p sabv 6˛s\-gp-Xnb IØv. Xs‚ hnizmkw At±lw Km‘n-Pn°v 1945 HmKÃv 2˛\v Fgp-Xnb (ap-ºp-≤-cn-®) IØn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. sabv 6˛s‚ IØv AXvsIm≠p At±lw {i≤m-]q¿Δw Nn¥n-s®-SpØ Xocp-am-\-Øn\p am{X-a√ tZiob apkvenw-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn\pw FXn-cm-bn-cp∂p........ Ct∏mƒ \ap°v ImWm-\m-hpI 1945˛46 ¬ \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v tijw tIm¨{K- n¬ tZio-b-ap-…nw-Iƒ°v Imcyam- s bmcp ]¶pw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ n√ F∂- X m- W v . ^e- Ø n¬ Ah¿ ]Xps°∏Xps° Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂v am™p-t]m-bn.''19 ""a{¥n-k`m ZuXykwL-hp-am-bp≈ IqSn-°m-gvN-bn¬ Km‘nPn cmPtKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bpsS t^m¿ap-e-bn-te°v ZuXy-kw-L-Øns‚ {i≤ £Wn-°p-Ibpw A\p-c-RvP\ N¿®bv°v CXv ASn-ÿm-\-am-°-Wsa-∂m-hi - y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ ZzntZ-io-bX - m-kn-≤m¥w (Two Nation theory) hymP-am-sW∂pw X\n°v kzoIm-cy-a-s√∂pw At±lw ]d-™p. CS-°me Kh-s◊‚ v kw_-‘n®v Xs‚ \n¿t±iw a{¥nk` cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Pn∂sb £Wn-°-W-sa∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ C„m\p-k-cWw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂p-am-Wv. Pn∂ \nc-kn°p- I - b m- s W- ¶ n¬ tIm¨{K- n\v Ah- k cw sImSp°W- s a∂pw At±lw Bh-iy-s∏-´p.''20 Pn∂sb {][m-\-a-{¥n-bm-°m≥ Km‘nPn Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sh∂v a‰p Nnecpw Fgp-Xn-°-≠n-´p-≠v. tIm¨{K- n-∂IØv CXv i‡n-bm-sb-Xn¿∏n\v hgn-sh®psh∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

1916˛\v tijw \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ tIm¨{K v ]n¥p-S¿∂p h∂ \b߃ D≠m-°nb ^e-߃ C¥y-bpsS sFIy-Øns‚ A¥yØn\v \nan-Ø-am-sb∂v kw`-h-ß-tfm-tcm∂v hni-Ie\w sNbvXv ]cn-tim-[n®m¬ B¿°pw t_m[y-am-Ipw. tIm¨{K- n¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw t\Xm-°ƒ tIm¨{K v C°m-cy-Øn-se-SpØ Xocp-am-\-߃s°Xncmbn \ne-s°m-≠n-´p-≠v. _wKm-fn¬ \n∂mWv C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS 164

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

apJy-ssI-h-gn-Ifm-bn-Øo¿∂ cm{„o-b-{]-hm-l-ß-sfms° D¤-hn-°p∂Xpw C¥y-bmsI ]c-°p-∂-Xpw. hnZym-`ymkw, B[p-\nI Nn¥-Iƒ F∂nh BZy-am-sb-Øp-∂Xpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw _wKm-fn-em-b-XmsWmcp Imc-Ww. C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K- p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºp Xs∂ kptc-{μ-\mYv _m\¿Pn-sb-t∏m-ep≈ DZv_p-≤-cmb t\Xm°-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tZio-bk - w-LS- \ - I - ƒ _wKm-fn¬ cq]w sIm≠n´p-≠v. ]n∂oSv ^mkn-k-ambn hf¿∂ h¿§o-b-cm-{„obw am{X-am-WnXn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hv. AXv alm-cm-{„-bn¬ \n∂mWv apf -s]m-´p-∂-Xv. _n]n≥ N{μ-]mepw Ac-hnμ tLmjpw Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw _wKm-fn¬ D≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw, B\-μ-a-Thpw htμ-am-X-chpw s]cp∏n®p ImWn® k\ymkn {]t£m-`hpw AXvt]mse DuXn ho¿∏n-°s∏´ Nne kw`-h-ßfpw Ds≠-¶nepw tIm¨{K- nse ]ptcm-Ka\hmZnIfpw atX-X-c-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw hf-sc-t∏¿ F°m-ehpw _wKm-fn-I-fmbn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ F∂pw tIm¨{K v lnμp-˛a - pkvenw {]iv\Ø - n¬ kzoIcn®p t]m∂ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒs°Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ Cu hn`m-K-Øn\v tIm¨{K- n¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ hfsc A]q¿Δ-amtb km[n®n-cp-∂p-≈p. _wKm-fn-I-tfmSv s]mXp-hn¬ A∂pw F∂pw C¥y-bpsS, {]tXy-In®v DØ-tc-¥y-bpsS cm{„o-b, kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-Øp-≠mbn-cp∂h¿ sh®v ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ AI¬®-bm-bn-cp∂p Imc-Ww. \n l-I-cW {]t£m-`hpw Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`hpw tN¿Øv sh®v HutZym-KnI ]cn-]mSn Bbn AwKo-I-cn® \mKv]q¿ tIm¨{K- n-te°v tZiv_‘p F∂v hnfn-t∏-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂ NnØ-c-RvP≥ Zmkv F∂ kn.-B¿. Zmkpw _wKm-fn-tIm¨{K- p-Imcpw t]mbXv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]cn-]m-Snsb FXn¿°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ B kZ- n¬ Xnf®p adn™p \n∂n-cp∂ hnIm-cm-th-i-Øn-∂n-Sbv°v FXn¿∏v \njv^-ehpw Nne-t∏mƒ A\n-„-kw-`-h-߃°v hgn-sh-°p-sa∂pw tXm∂n ]n≥amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp e£-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ Xnßn \nd™ ]¥en¬ Pn∂ am{X-amWv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]cn-]m-Snsb FXn¿°m≥ ss[cyw ImWn-®-Xv. kp`m-jvN-{μ-t_mkv ]nev°m-eØv Km‘n-Pn-s°-Xn-cmbn ]c-ky-ambn ]S-\b - n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS ]m\-ens\ tXmev]n®mWv t_mkv tIm¨{K- ns‚ {]kn-U-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Xan-gv\m-´nse tIm¨{K v t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn, {io\n-hm-k-imkv{Xn t]mep-≈-h¿, alm-cm-jv{S-bnse tKmJ-sebpsSbpw ZmZm-`mbv \h-tdm-Pn, ^ntdmkv jm taØ XpS-ßnb t\Xm°-fp-sSbpw ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ XpS-ßn H´\-h[n t]¿ Km‘n-Pn-bpsS cm{„ob-Øn\pw tIm¨{K n¬ 1920˛Iƒ°v tijw i‡n-s∏´ {]h-W-X165

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Iƒ°pw FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ Ah-scms° \n»-–-cm-°-s∏-´p.

Km‘n- P n- b psS P\- k - Ω nXn Xs∂- b m- b n- c p∂p {][m- \ - I m- c Ww. Km‘nPn Nne¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≈ t]mse km[m-cW - ° - msc {]tXyIn®v `qcn-]-£-k-ap-Zm-bmw-K-ßsf Cømw-]m-‰-I-sf-t∏mse BI¿jn°m≥ t]m∂ amkvac - n-Ii - ‡ - nbp≠mbn-cp∂ k\ym-kn-bp-sSbpw kq{Xim-en-bmb Hcp cm{„o-b-°m-c-s‚bpw AXy-]q¿h kwbp-‡-I-am-bncp-∂p. `qX-Im-esØ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ \oXn \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ A∂sØ kml-N-cy-ßsf ap∂n¬ \n¿ØnthWw hn[n ]d-bm≥. Ncn-{X-Ønse km[y-XIfpw ]e-t∏mgpw Duln-°m≥ t]mepw km[n-°m-Ø-Xp-amb `mhnbpw Ncn{X-sa-gp-Xp-tºm-ƒ `qX-am-Ipw. AXn-∂n-∏pdw \n∂v AXv tami-ambn CXv \∂mbn F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. C¥ym-hn-`-P-\-{]-iv\Ønepw \oXn-]q¿h-I-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv FSp-°m≥ A∂sØ kmlNcyw IW-°n-se-SptØ ]‰q. Aßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ ImWmhp∂ Imcy-߃ kw£n-]vX-ambn C{X-bp-amWv: 1. 1916˛¬ Htc ]¥-en¬ ktΩ-f\w \SØm≥ km[n-°p-am-dp≈ sFIy-Øn-se-Øn-bn-cp∂ tIm¨{K pw apkvenw-eoKpw hgn-]n-cn™Xpw A∂p-≠m-°nb k‘n-bn¬ ]c-kv]cw kΩ-Xn® Imcy-߃ ]n∂oSv \njn≤hpw tZi-hn-cp-≤-hp-ambXpsa-ßs\? Jnem-^Øv {]t£m`w t]mep≈ aX-hn-Imcw Xpfpºn \n∂, (C-¥y-bn-e-Xn\p aptºm ]ntºm cm{„o-b-cw-KØv C{X aX-hn-Imcw DW¿Ønb Hcp {]t£m`w Bcpw \S-Øn-bn-´n-√) CcpXe aq¿®-bp≈ IØn F∂v Nn¥n- ° m≥ km[n- ° p- ∂ - h - s cms° GI- k z- c - Ø n¬ ]d™ Hcp {]t£m`w Km‘nPn Gs‰-Sp-ØXv 1916˛s\ Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xm\pw eJv\u k‘n-tbmsS XpS°w Ipdn-°p-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp cm{„o-b-kwkvIm-csØ Xe-Xn-cn-®n-Sm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw C∂v Xncn™p t\m°p-tºm-ƒ hy‡-am-Wv. CXn\v hne-bmbn C¥y \¬In-bXv Fs¥ms° F∂v C∂pw apgp-h-\mbn IW-°m-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√.

C¥y-bn¬ lnμp-˛-apkvenw AI¬®bpw h¿§o-bX Hcp im]-ambn hf¿∂-Xp-amWv G‰hpw henb hne-sb∂v tXm∂p-∂p. hn`-P\w CXns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. 2. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´p ImeØv Cu hnShv AS-°m\pw Ign-™sXms° ad∂v Hcp ]pXnb XpS-°-Øn\pw e`n® Ah-kcw lnμp-alm-k-`-bpsS hmin°v apºn¬ (dn-t∏m¿´n¬ CXv ]d-bp-∂p-≠-t√m) If™p Ipfn-°p-Ibpw apkvenw-I-fpsS hnizmkw Ahn-izm-k-Øn166

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

te°v \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu ka-b-sØm∂pw eoKv Hcp i‡ntb- b - s √∂pw A°m- e Øv eoKns\ cm{„o- b - ∏ m¿´n- b mbn hfsct∏scm∂pw kzoI-cn-®n-´n-s√-∂p-ap≈ bmYm¿∞yw ap∂n¬ sh®psIm≠v Cu \ne-]m-Sns\ cm{„o-b-ambn \ymbo-Icn°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

Z¬ln apkvenw I¨sh≥j≥ tIm¨{K- n\v \evInb apkvenw \n¿t±-i-߃ apgps° atX-X-c-amb Bh-iy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂ Imcyw CtXmSv tN¿Øv hmbn-°-Ww. `c-W-L-S-\m-]-cn-jv°m-c߃, kwÿm-\-]-Zhn, \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW k`m-{]m-Xn-\n[yw XpS-ßn-b-h-bmbn-cp∂p Ah. CsXm∂pw C…mw aXhpambn _‘-s∏-´-X-√-t√m. a‰p kap-Zm-b-߃°v IqSn {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch-bn-e-[n-I-hpw.

3. 1937˛¬ \S∂ sXc-s™-Sp∏pw kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßfpw ]d-bp∂ kXy-sa-¥mWv? tIm¨{K v `qcn-]£w t\Snb kwÿm-\-ß-fnapkvenw {]mXn-\n[yw Ah-K-Wn®p sIm≠v kzoI-cn® \bw Bkm-Zns\-t∏mepw Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-®n-´n-s√∂v At±-l-Øns‚ BflIY hmbn-®mednbmw. kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ apkvenw-Isf am{X-a√ \yq\]-£-ßsf Ah¿ tIm¨{K- p-Im-cm-bn´pw Ah-K-Wn-®-Xmbn BflIY ]d-bp-∂p. ^m¿kn-bmb \cn-am-\p-≠mb t_mws_ kwÿm\sØ A\p-`hw At±lw DZm-l-cn-°p-∂p.21 _olmdn¬ {]kn-≤\mb tUm: skbvZv alvaq-Zm-bn-cp∂p apJy-a{¥n BtI-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS ]s£ At±lw apJy-a-{¥n-bm-bn-√. tIm¨{K- ns‚ AJnte¥ym P\-d¬ sk{I-´dn IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p alvaq-Zv. ]Icw IrjvW kn≥l-bmWv apJy-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv. Ct±lw kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-bnte-°√, tI{μ \nb-a-k-`-bn-te-°m-bncp∂p sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv; C°m-cyhpw BkmZv DZm-l-cn-°p-∂p.22 4. apkvenw-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\w Xß-fpsS hy‡nXzw˛ A]I-SØ - n-em-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂ `oXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu `oXn P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn[m-\-ß-fn-sems° kmam-\y-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu `oXn AI-t‰≠ _m[yX tZiob {]ÿm\Øn\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu `oXn-bn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-∂mWv Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw Hmtcm-Xcw Bh-iy-ß-f-hcp-∂-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. Hmtcm h¿jhpw Bh-iy-߃ h¿≤n®p hcp∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p eoKns‚ cm{„obw F∂ Btcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-°-s∏-´n-´p≠v. CXn\v thsdm-c¿∞-ant√? Hmtcm h¿jw Ign-bp-t¥mdpw Cu `oXn h¿≤n®p sIm≠p h∂p. CXns‚ sXfn-hmWv Bh-iy-ß-fn-ep≠mb h¿≤-\. 1940˛HmsS '37 se sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v tij-ap-≠mb A\p-`-hw, tIm¨{K v a{¥n-k-`-I-fpsS Ime-Øp-≠mb A\p-`-h-߃ F∂nh hn`-P\w F∂ Bh-iy-Øn-te-°-hsc FØn-®p-sh-∂t√ a\167

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

n-em-t°-≠-Xv. F∂m¬ hnNn-{X-sa∂v ]d-bmw, Hcp `mKØv `oXnbpw `oXn-b-I-‰m-\p≈ t]mwh-gn-I-fpsS t]cn¬ Bh-iy-ßfpw h¿≤n®p sIm≠n-cp∂t∏mƒ tIm¨{K- ns‚ kao-]-\-Øn¬ ]e Imc-W-߃ sIm≠m-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°mw, ISpw-]n-SpØw h¿≤n-®p- hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cmPy-X-{¥-⁄-Xbv°v ]Icw ]e-Xn-t\mSp-ap≈ hnt[-b-Xzhpw hmin-bpw˛ s\l-vdp-hn-s\-t∏m-ep-≈-h-cpsS tkmjy-enÃv ImgvN-∏mSpw Bi-b-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbpw, ]t´-en-s\-t∏mep≈h-cpsS h¿Ko-b-Im-gvN-∏mSpw {]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw tN¿∂m-W-h-km\w Xncn™p \S-°m≥ km[n-°mØ ]X-\-Øn¬ Imcy-ß-sf-Øn-®-Xv. ]t´-ens‚ \ne]mSv kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ BkmZv ]cn-l-kn-s®gp-Xp∂p: ""]t´-ens\ Cu ka-bØv Pn∂-sb-°mƒ henb Zzncm-{„-kn-≤m¥-hm-Zn-bmbn I≠Xv Fs∂ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Pn∂ hn`-P-\-]-XmI Db¿Øn-bn-´23p-≠m-hmw, F∂m¬ Ct∏m-ƒ B ]XmI hln-°p∂Xv ]t´-em-Wv.'' hn`-P-\-{]-ta-b-Øn\v tijhpw apkvenw-eoKpw Pn∂bpw hn`-P-\Im-cy-Øn¬ hn´p-ho-gvNbv°v Xøm-dm-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ \ne-]m-SpIƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-bn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p Xpey-Xm-hmZw. Zzncm-{„hmZw F∂v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ sX‰mtbm sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°m-\p-t±-int®m hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX Two Nation theory sIm≠p-t±-in-®Xv ZzntZ-io-bXm-hm-Z-am-bn-cp∂psh∂-Xn\pw CXv sXfn-hm-Wv. apkvenw-Iƒ Hcp tZiob-X-bm-sW-∂mWv Pn∂ hmZn-®-Xv. Ckvemw-a-X-Øns‚ B[m-c-Ønem-bn-cp∂p Cu hmZ-sa-∂-Xn\v Hcp sXfn-hp-an-√. kwkvImcw, `mj, Ncn{Xw, \nb-a-߃ F∂n-h-bn-sems° hyXn-cn-‡X ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv sIm≠mWv apkvenw-Iƒ Hcp tZio-bX BIp-∂Xv F∂m-bn-cp∂p hmZw. IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-]m¿´n C¥y _lp-tZ-io-b-X-I-fpsS Bhm-k-ÿm\-sa∂v A∂pw ]nev°m-eØpw hmZn-®n-cp-∂p. Multi Nation theory F∂ ]ZsØ Bcpw _lp-cm-{„-hmZw F∂v ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn tI´n´n-√. tZio-b-Xbpw D]-Z-io-b-X-Ifpw AS-ßn-b-Xm-Wn¥y F∂v s\ldp "C¥ysb Is≠-Ø-en'¬ hmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. temPn-°p-]-tbm-Kn®v ]cntim-[n-®m¬ CXv c≠pw XΩnse A¥-c-sa¥v F∂ tNmZy-Øn-\pØcw e`n-°p-I-bn-√. aXsØ Pn∂ C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´n-s√∂v At±lw ]mIn-kvXm≥ t\j-\¬ Akwªn D¬Lm-S\w sNbvXv \SØnb {]kw-K-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bXv t\csØ D≤-cn-®p.

CsXms° kXy-am-sW-¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ ZzntZio-b-Xm-kn-≤m¥-Øn\v Imcy-amb ]e Ipg-∏-ßfpw Zu¿∫-ey-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

168

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

hn`-P-\-hm-Z-Øn\v B[m-c-ambn apt∂m´p sh°m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ssII-fn¬ CX-√msX thsd H∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Pn∂-bnse cm{„ob-°m-c\mWv ChnsS ap∂n¬ \nev°p-∂Xv Zm¿i-\n-I-√, At±-l-Øn\v kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ Xmev]-cy-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. CXv Hcp AShv F∂ \ne-bnte Pn∂ I≠n-cp-∂p-≈p-sh∂v BkmZv t]mepw ]d-™n-´p≈ Imcy-am-Wv. Bbni Pem¬ ]d-bp∂Xv ZzntZ-io-bXm kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ a¿Ωw XpeyX (Parity) F∂ Bh-iy-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tZiobX BbXv sIm≠v FÆw {]k-‡-a-√. AXvsIm≠p apkvenw-Iƒ°v A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ Xpey-]¶v thWw. CXv e`n-°p-∂-Xn-∂mWv hn`-P-\hmZw Db¿Øn-bXv; Pem-ens‚ ]pkvXIw Du∂p-∂Xv Cu Hscm‰ Imcy-Øn-em-Wv. Pn∂m-km-ln-_n\v ]‰nb c≠m-asØ sX‰v P\-ß-fnseØnbt∏mƒ Cu hmZw hmbn-°-s∏-´Xv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-]-cn-k-c-ß-fnsh®m-Wv. A¿∞w Pn∂ Dt±-in-®-Xmbncn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂-Xp-d-∏m-W-t√m. ]s£ CXn-∂-t±-lsØ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-°q-Sm. ImcWw At±-l-Øns‚ apºn¬ a‰p am¿§-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xs∂bpw P\-ß-sfbpw cmPy-sØbpw c£-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-∂mWv XpeyX F∂ Bibw At±lw tIm¨{K- n\v apºn¬ sh®- X v . ChnsS tIm¨{K v sNbvXXv P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ \nL≠phnepw Imt\-jp-amcn IW°nepw CXns‚ A¿∞w Xnc-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]mtbm-KnI cm{„obw Adn-bmØhcm-bn-cp-∂n√ tIm¨{K v t\Xm-°ƒ. ]≠v CuPn-]vXn{_n´o-jp-Im¿ AhnsS P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ A©p-i-X-am\w am{X-ap-≠mbn-cp∂ tIm]v‰nIv {InkvXym-\n-Isf D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp I≈-°fn Ifn°m-\p≈ {iaw \S-Øn. {InkvXob \yq\-]-£-Øns‚ kwc-£-WØns‚ t]cv ]d™v CuPn-]vXns‚ A[n-Imcw \o´n-s°m≠p t]mIm\p≈ {ia-am-bn-cp∂p {_n´-t‚-Xv. CXv a\- n-em-°nb h^Zv ]m¿´n tIm]v‰nIv {InkvXy≥ t\Xm-°sf hnfn®p Iq´p-Ibpw Hcp sh≈-°S-em-kn-∂-Sn-bn¬ H∏n´v F¥v kwc-£Ww thW-sa-¶nepw FgpXn sImSp-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. h^Zv ]m¿´n t\Xmhv \lmkv ]mj-bpsS Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ ªm¶v sN°v F∂v t]cn-´mWv A¥¿tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ am[y-a-߃ sIm≠m-Sn-b-Xv. 5. tI{μ-\n-b-a-\n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ tIm¨{K v ]m¿´n t\Xm-hmbn hfsc°mew Ccp∂ ko\n-b¿ eoU-dm-bn-cp∂ `pem-`m-bn-tZ-imbn apkvenw-Iƒ°v XpeyX \evI-W-sa∂ Bhiyw Km‘n-Pn-bpsS AdnthmsS AwKo-I-cn-®p-sh-∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬ ]m¿´n-bn¬ \n∂v Xg-b-s∏´ kw`hw F¥n-te-°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv? `pem-`m-bn-bpsS Zpc-¥IY 169

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

skX¬hmZv hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Imcw: ""Km‘nPn At±lw Akp-Jambn InS-°p-tºmƒ c≠p {]mhiyw At±-lsØ kμ¿in-°p-I-bp≠mbn. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS au\-{h-X-Zn-h-k-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p c≠pw. h∂-bpS≥ BwKyw ImWn®p Xs‚ au\-{h-X-Zn-h-k-am-sW∂pw kwkm-cn°p-I-bn-s√∂pw At±lw c≠p {]mh-iyhpw tZim-bn-tbmSp ]d-™p.

CXv `pem-`m-bnsb Atß-b‰w \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xt∂mSv tIm¨{K v ImWn® ISpØ A\o-Xn-bpsS Imc-W-sa-s¥∂v Km‘n-Pn-bpsS hmbn¬ \n∂v tIƒ°-W-sa∂p≠m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-\v. hnIm-c-`cn-X-\mbn ]®-bm-bn-Øs∂ Xt∂mSv A\oXn {]h¿Øn-®n-´p≈Xmbn At±lw Km‘n-tbmSv ]d-™p. Xs∂ kμ¿in-°m≥ au\-{hX Znhk- ß ƒ Xs∂ sXc- s ™- S p- Ø Xv tJZ- I - c - a m- s W∂pw C°mcyw Xt∂mSv kwkm-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv CXv sNbvX-sX-∂mWv Xm≥ a\ n-em-°p-∂-sX∂pw tZimbn Btcm-]n-®p. hnIm-c-Xo-{h-X-bpsS ]pdØmWv kwkm-cn-®-sX-¶nepw B kzc-Øn¬ Xt‚-S-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-ßt- fm-Sp≈ [oc-amb sh√p-hn-fn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. X\n°v Km‘n-bpsStbm a‰m-cp-sS-sb-¶n-eptam HuZm-cy-ß-sfm∂pw Bh-iy-ans√∂pw Xs‚ cmPysØ Xm≥ IqtdmsS tkhn- ® n- ´ p- s ≠∂pw AXvsIm≠p Xs‚ cmPyw tIm¨{K v Xt∂mSv sNbvX-Xn-s\-°mƒ \oXn sNøp-sa∂pw tZimbn Km‘n-tbmSp ]d-™p. CXn-s\m∂pw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ adp-]-Snbpw Km‘n-bn¬ \n∂p-≠m-bn-√.''24 `c-W-L-S-\mhnZ-Kv[-\mb A`n-`m-j-I\pw \njv]-£-a-Xnbpw {]kn≤\pw h´-ta-im-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ \ΩpsS {]Xn-\n-[nbpw tIm¨{K v ]e {]mhiyw tkh\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb hy‡n-bp-am-bn-cp∂p k¿ tXPv _l-Zq¿ k{]p. s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°nb kan-Xn-bnAwK-am-bn-cp∂p k{]p. At±-lhpw apkvenw-Iƒ°v XpeyX \evIm≥ tIm¨{K- n-t\m-S-`y¿∞n-®n-cp∂p. ^e-ap-≠m-bn-√. auem\m A_pIemw BkmZpw tZiob apkvenw t\Xm-°fpw Hcp \n›nX Ah[n hscsb¶nepw XpeyX \ev I m≥ A`y¿∞n- ® p- s h- ¶ nepw ^e- a p≠mbn√ F∂p am{X-a-√, CtX Bkm-Zn-s\-s°m≠v Xpey-X-bvs°Xn-cmbn {]kvXm-h\ Cd-°n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\m-[n-]Xy XXz߃s°Xn-cmWv, P\-kwJym IW-°n-s∂-Xn-cmWv Fs∂m-s°-bmWv tIm¨{K v \ne-]m-Sn\v ]d™ \ymbo-I-c-Ww. tI_n-\‰v anj≥ ka-hmbw D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂v Xo¿®-bm-b-t∏mƒ 1946 sabv 16˛\v anj≥ Xøm-dm-°nb Hcp kvIow {]Jym-]n-®p. ]≤Xn C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1). hntZ-i-Im-cyw, cmPy-c£, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw F∂o aq∂v hIp170

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

∏p-I-ƒ am{Xw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂Xpw {_n´o-jn¥ybpw \m´p-cm-Pyßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂Xpamb Hcp tI{μ Kh-s◊‚ v 2) {_n´o-jn-¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp tI{μ-\n-b-a-\n¿Ωm-W-k-`bpw a{¥n-k-`-bpw. {][m-\s∏´ kmap-Zm-bnI {]iv\-ß-fn¬ \nba-k-`bv°v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°-Wsa-¶n¬ c≠p kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw lmP-cp-≈-hcpw thm´p tcJs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-cp-amb AwK-ß-fpsS `qcn-]-£hpw samØw k`-bnse `qcn-]-£hpw D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. 3). tI{μw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ aq∂p hIp-∏-√mØ apgp-h≥ in„m[n-Im-c-ßfpw {]hn-iy-I-fn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. 4). tI{μ-Øn-∂\ - p-hZ- n-°s - ∏´n´p≈ A[n-Im-cß - s - fm-gn®v F√m A[nIm-c-ßfpw \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fnepw \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°p∂XmWv. 5). {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v a{¥n-k-`, \nb-a-k` F∂n-h-tbmSp IqSn {Kq∏pI-fmbn H∂n®p IqSm-\p≈ kzmX{¥yw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm {Kq∏pw s]mXp-hmbn Gs‰-Sp-t°≠ A[n-Im-c-ta-Xv, {]hn-iy-Iƒ kz¥w ssIImcyw sNtø-≠h GXv F∂v kzbw Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠Xm-Wv. 6). tI{μ-`-c-W-L-S-\-bnepw {Kq∏p-I-fpsS `c-W-L-S-\-I-fnepw \nehn¬h∂v ]Øv h¿jw Ign-bp-tºmƒ `qcn-]-£-{]-Imcw `c-W-L-S\m N´-߃ ]p\-∏-cn-tim-[\ \S-Ø-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-Sm≥ {]hn-iym-\nb-a-k-`-Iƒ°v A[n-Imcw \evIp∂ hIp∏v Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. tI{μ-\n-b-a-k-`bpw `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bp-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v 5 hIp-∏p-I-f-S-ßnb \n¿t±-ihpw {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p. tI{μ-\n-b-a-k-`bn¬ {]hn-iy-I-fpsS P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[yw, kap-Zm-b߃°pw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]mXnI {]mXn-\n[yw, F∂n-hbpw `c-W-LS\m \n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bn¬ {_n´o-jn-¥y-bn¬ \n∂v 292 AwK-ß-fpw \m´pcm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n∂v 93 AwK-ß-fpw D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn{_n´o-jn-¥y≥ AwK-ß-fn¬ 210 lnμp-°fpw 78 apkvenw-I-fpw \mep knJp-Imcpw D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.25 {Kq∏p-Iƒ aqs∂-Æ-am-bn-cp∂p hn`m-h\ sNø-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv A,B,C F∂n-ßs\. kvIoan-ep-≠mbncp∂ as‰mcp {][m-\-h-Ip∏v {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂v `c-W-L-S\m hyh-ÿ-Iƒ \S-∏mb tijw {]hn-iy-Iƒ°v Dƒs∏´ {Kq∏n¬ \n∂v ]pdØv hcm\p≈ Ah- I m- i - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. ]pXp- X mbn sXc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏- S p∂ {]hniym AkwªnbpsS Xocp-am-\-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°Ww Cu Ah-Imi-hn-\n-tbm-Kw. {Kq∏v F bn¬ aZn-cm-in, t_mws_, bp.-]n, _olm¿, a≤y-{]-hn-iy, Hdo F∂o apkvenw \yq\-]-£-kw-ÿm-\-ßfpw {Kq∏v 171

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

_n bn¬ ]©m-_v, hS°v ]Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn kwÿm-\w, kn‘v F∂o apkvenw `qcn-]-£-kw-ÿm-\-ßfpw (P-\-kwJy 62:38) {Kq∏v kn bn¬ _wKmƒ, B mw F∂o kwÿm-\-ßfpw (P-\-kwJy apkvenw 52%, Aap-kvenw-Iƒ 48) Bbn-cp∂p Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]≤-Xn-bn¬ X߃°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ kwi-b-߃ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw hni-Zo-I-cWw tXSp-Ibpw sNbvX tijw tIm¨{K v h¿°nwKv IΩ‰nbpw apkvenw-eoKv Iu¨knepw ]≤Xn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn {]Jym]n-®p. ]n∂oSv F.-sF.-kn.kn tN¿∂p h¿°nwKv IΩn‰n Xocp-am\w AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmPyw hn`-Pn-°-cp-sX∂v B{K-ln-®-hscms° kt¥m- j n- ® p. apkv e nw- e oKpw Pn∂m- k m- l n_pw "]mInkvXm≥' hmZw ^e-Øn¬ Dt]-£n-®mWv anj≥ ]≤Xn kzoI-cn-®Xv. am{X-a√ CXn\p apºp-b¿Øn-bn-cp∂ XpeyX F∂ Bh-iyhpw CS°me Kh-s◊‚ns‚ Imcy-Øn-sem-gn®v Dt]-£n®p CXv kzoI-cn-°p∂-Xn-eq-sS. eoKn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-bn. ]s£ At∂°v JmCsZ AAvkw Bbn-Øo¿∂n-cp∂ Pn∂m-km-ln_v Xs‚ hy‡n-{]-`mhw sIm≠v FXn¿∏p-I-sf-sbms° \n»-–-am-°n-bmWv anj≥ ]≤Xn eoKv Iu¨kn-ens\s°m-≠w-Ko-I-cn-∏n-®-Xv. C¥y-bpsS sFIyhpw lnμp-˛-apkvenw kulm¿±hpw F∂ Xs‚ B{K-l-tØmSv At±lw \oXn ]pe¿Øn. At±-l-Øn\v A∂p sNøm-hp∂ ]c-am-h[n-bmWv At±lw sNbvXXv; Pn∂bv°v am{Xw sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ Imcyw. _oKw enbm-J-Øen Jm≥ Hcn-°¬ Pn∂-sb-°p-dn®v slIvS¿ t_men-tØm-tbmSv ]d™p: ""AXn-Xo-{h-amb ]q¿Æ-Xbv°pw kXyk-‘-Xbv°pw ]pdsa Pn∂sb Xm¶ƒ°v Hm¿t°≠n hcn-I, At±lw Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw ta¬ A[o-i-Xzw, AXv hy‡n-bpsS ta¬ Bbmepw Hcp P\- ° q- ´ - Ø n\v ta¬ Bbmepw ]pe¿tØ≠n hcp- t ºmƒ At±lw ImWn-°p∂ i‡n-bpsS t]cn-em-bn-cn°pw. Xs‚ Nq≠p-hnc¬ A\-°n-s°m-≠-t±lw ]d-bp-∂Xv Rm≥ ]e-h´w I≠n-´p-≠v, \n߃ ]d-bp-∂Xv hnUvVn-Ø-am-Wv, \n߃°-dn-bn-√, \nß-sf-¥ns\-°p-dn-®mWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v; Ah¿ AXm-cm-bmepw B hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ {]`m-h-Øn\p apºn¬ \n»-–-cmIpw''26 ]Xn-aq-∂mfp-Iƒ˛ auem\m l{kØv samlm-\n, auem\m A–p- -Øm¿ \nbmkn F∂o ]WvUn-X-∑m-c-S-°-ap≈ 13 Bfp-Iƒ am{X-amWv anj≥ ]≤Xn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s∂-Xnsc thm´v sNbvX-Xv. aq∂v Znh-ksØ N¿®Iƒ°v tij-amWv eoKv ]≤Xn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. tIm¨{K v KXy-¥-c-an-√m-sX-bmWv anj≥ ]≤Xn kzoI-cn-°p∂-sX∂v t\csØ hy‡-am-°nbn-cp-∂p. F∂mepw Hcp ka-hm-b-Øn172

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

se-Øp∂Xns‚ `mK-ambn Km‘n-Pnbpw a‰pw {ian-®-Xns‚ ^e-ambmWv kzoImcw D≠m-b-Xv. CXn-∂p-S≥ Xs∂ BkmZv tIm¨{K v {]kn-U≠v ]Zhn Hgn-bp-Ibpw s\lvdp ]pXnb {]kn-U-≠mbn sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lw t\c-sØ-Øs∂ ]≤-Xn°v A\p- I q- e - a m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ . cm{„o- b - Ø nse {]£p- œ m- ¥ - c o- £ hpw tIm¨{K v t\Xm-°ƒ Pbn-ep-I-fn-em-bXpw Imc-W-amWv apkvenwIƒ°n-S-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°m≥ tIm¨{K- n\v km[n-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv F∂pw AXvsIm-≠mWv eoKn\v kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-°m≥ Ign-™-sX∂pw apkv e nw _lp- P - \ - ß - f p- a mbn kº¿°- Ø n- ∂ - h - k - c - a p- ≠ m- b meoKns\ C√m-Xm-°m≥ km[n-°p-sa∂pw s\lvdp ZrV-ambn hniz-kn®n-cp-∂p. apkvenw-I-fp-ambn At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ hy‡n-_-‘am-bn-cn-°Ww Cu hnizm-k-Øn-te-°-t±-lsØ \bn-®-Xv. At±-lØns‚ Cu Bfl-hn-izm-k-amWv eoKns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfhpw lnμp-˛-apkvenw {]iv\sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fhpw At±-l-Øns‚ hn[n-Xo¿∏p-Isf kzm[o-\n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ CXv bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[-as√∂ kXyw BkmZv ]e-t∏mgpw At±-l-Øns‚ {i≤-bn¬ s]SpØn-bn´pw At±lw AXv AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. am¿Ivkn-k-Øn-t‚bpw sdmam‚n-kn-k-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp hnNn{X k¶-e-\-am-bn-cp∂p s\lv-dp. s\lvdp {]kn-U-≠mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ DS≥, ""Pqsse 10˛\v Ncn-{X-K-Xnsb am‰n-a-dn® Zu¿`m-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp kw`-h-ap-≠mbn''; BkmZv Xs‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn-se-gp-Xp∂p: ""A∂v s\lvdp t_mws_bn¬ Hcp ]{X-k-tΩ-f\w \S-Øn. ]{X-°m-cpsS tNmZy-Øn-\p-Ø-cambn Ph-l¿em¬ ]d™p: bmsXmcpSº-Sn-bp-sSbpw hne-ßp-I-fn√msX GXv kml-N-cy-sØbpw t\cn-Sm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-tØmSp IqSnbm-bn-cn°pw tIm¨{K v `c-W-L-S\m \n¿Ωm-W-k-`-bn¬ {]th-in°p-I. tI_n-\‰v anjs‚ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-sa∂v CXn-∂¿∞apt≠m? ]{X-°m-cpsS XpS¿∂p≈ tNmZy-Øn\v Ph-l¿em¬ Xd∏n®p ]d™ adp-]Sn tIm¨{K v `c-W-L-S\m k`-bn¬ kl-I-cn°m-sat∂ kΩ-Xn-®n-´p-≈p, anj≥ ]≤Xn am‰p-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-jvI-cn°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn\p Hcp XS- -hp-an√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p.''27 s\lvdp CXv hnIm-cm-th-i-Øns‚ ]pd-Øv, As√-¶n¬ Ahn-thIw F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hn[w sNbvX {]kvXm-h\ F∂n-ßns\ A∂pw ]nev°m-eØpw Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°m≥ {ian®n-´p-≠v. AXv s\l-vdp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\l-{]-I-S\w F∂v I≠maXn-bm-Ipw. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® t]mse Cu \ne-]mSv s\lv-dp-hn\v t\c-sØ-Øs∂ D≈-Xm-Wv. tI_n-\‰v anj\v apºv \evInb A`n-ap173

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

J-Ønepw C°mcyw At±lw ]d-™n-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂p: ""tIm¨{K v i‡-amb Hcp tI{μ-Øn-\p-th≠n {]h¿Øn-°pw, {Kq∏v kwhn-[m\w XI¿°p-Ibpw sNøpw. tIm¨{K v hnP-bn-°pw. Pn∂bv°v cmPyØv bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ Fs¥- ¶ nepw Xc- Ø n- e p≈ \ne- \ n- e v ] p- s ≠∂v tIm¨{K v Icp-Xp-∂n-√.''28 {]kvXm-h\ ]pdØv h∂v _l-f-am-btXmsS tIm¨{K v {]h¿Ø- I - k - a nXn tN¿∂v {]kn- U - ≠ ns‚ {]kvXm-h\ Xncp-Øm-\p≈ {iaw \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw ^e-ap-≠m-bn-√.

BkmZv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Pn∂ Cu hni-Zo-I-cWw kzoI-cn-°m≥ \n∂n-√. tIm¨{K- ns‚ D≈n-en-cn-∏mWv Ph-l¿em-ens‚ {]kvXm-h\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂Xv F∂-t±lw ]d-™p. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ cmPy-Øp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Xs∂ tIm¨{K v F{Xtbm XhW \ne-]mSv am‰n-∏-d-™p. A[n-Imcw AhcpsS ssII-fn-se-Øn-bn-´p-an-√. Cu ÿnXn°v F¥-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv \yq\-]£w tIm¨{K- ns\ hniz-kn-t°-≠Xv? {_n´o-jp-Im¿ cmPyw hn´p-I-gn-™m¬ tIm¨{K v ho≠pw hm°p am‰p-I-bn-s√∂pw Phl¿em-ens‚ {]kvXm-h-\-bn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ \ne-]m-Sn-te°v Xncn®p t]mhp-I-bn-s√-∂p-ap-≈-Xn-s\-¥m-Wp-d∏v?''29 Pn∂ ]d-™Xv icn-bmbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sI.-Fw.- ap≥jn km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: {]kn-U≠v F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ph-l¿em¬ Pqsse 10 \v ]d™ Imcy-߃˛ ""`c-W-LS\m Akw-ªn-bn¬ DS-ºSnIfpsS hne-ßp-I-fn-√msX GXv kml-Ncy-sØbpw t\cn-Sm≥ Xøm-dmbns°m≠mWv tIm¨{K v {]th-in°pI'' F∂ {]kvXm-h\bnep-≈Xv tIm¨{K- p-Im-cmb Rß-fpsS a\- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Imcy-am-bn-cp-∂p.''30 Pn∂mkmln_v DS≥ Xs∂ apkvenw-eoKv Iu¨kn¬ hnfn-®ptN¿Øv c≠p {]ta-b-߃ AwKo-I-cn®p; ""H∂v sabv 16 \v tI_n-\‰v anj≥ ]≤-Xn°v eoKv \evInb kzoIm-cyX ]n≥h-en-°p∂p''31, c≠ma-tØXv Bh-iy-߃ t\Sm≥ {]Xy-£-k-a-c-]-cn-]mSn {]Jym-]n-°p∂-Xpw. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Transfer of Power. vol XII Appendix 1 at P. 790 Quoted by H.M. Seervai. Partition, Legend and Reality PP. 27-28 2. K.M. Munshi, Pilgrimage to Freedom P. 90 3. H.M. Seervai op. cit, P 31 4. M.C. Setelwad, Builders of Modern India, Publication Division PP. 242-292.

Quoted by Seervai 174

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

5. H.M. Seervai op. cit. fn P. 32 6. K.M. Munshi op. cit P. 98 7. Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan P. 181 8. H.M. Seervai op. cit 38. Quoted and abridged from Transfer of Power vol. VI PP 155-157 9. Transfer of Power vol. VI P. 156 10. Ibid P. 172 11. Panderal Moon, The Viceroys Journal P. 226 12. Transfer of Power vol. VII P. 112 Quoted by Seervai P. 41 13. Ibid P 115 Quoted by Seervai P. 42 14. Prof: Thara Chand, History of Freedom Movement in India vol. IV P 467 15. Transfer of Power vol. VII PP. 286-287 16. Ibid P. 434 17. Ibid P. 467 18. Ibid P. 466 19. H.M. Seervai op. cit. P 44 20. Ibid P. 45 21. Prof: Thara Chand op. cit P. 464 22. Moulana Abul Kalam Azad. India Wins Freedom (1988 Edn) - p.16 23. Ibid PP. 17-18 24. M.C. Setalvad, Bhula bhai Desai PP. 340-341 Quoted Seervai P. 204 25. Prof Thara Chand op. cit PP 469-470 26. Hector Bolitho: Jinnah, The Creator of Pakistan P. 154 27. Azad op. cit PP 154-155 28. Transfer of Power vol VII P. 855, Seervai. P 64 29 30. Azad op cit PP 157-158 31. K.M. Munshi: op. cit P. 104

175

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

14 apkvenw eoKpw aX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw Ckvem-ans‚ B[m-c-ßsf am{X-a√ kaq-l-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v AXv \evIp∂ \n¿t±-i-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßsft∏mepw ]cn-tim-[n°p∂ B¿°pw kwL-SnX Pohn-X-Øn\v AXv \evIp∂ {]m[m-\yØn\p t\sc IÆ-S-bv°m≥ Ign-bn-√. kmaq-lnI PohnXw kzm`m-hnI-ambpw kwL-Sn-X-am-Wv, kmap-Zm-bnI PohnXw C\nbpw Iptd-IqSn kwL-Sn-X-am-Wv. ChnsS kwL-SnX PohnXw F∂v ]d-™Xv Cu c≠p kzm`m-hnI Pohn-XsØ Ipdn®√. t_m[-]q¿hw kwL-Sn-X-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv. t\Xm-hv, t\Xm-hns\ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\p-th-≠n-bp≈ kwhn-[m-\w, A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ AYhm _lp-P-\-߃ F∂n-ßs\ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ kwL-SnX Pohn-Xw. Hcp bm{X-bnt]mepw CØcw Hcp Nn´ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v˛ Iq´-Øn-sem-cmƒ t\Xm-h-IWw AXv aq∂mfpIfm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw. kq£va Xe-Øn-em-bmepw sNdn-bXpw XmevIm-en-I-hp-amb ImcyØn-\m-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw kwL-Sn-XXzw \n¿t±-in-°p∂ Ckvemw cmjv{Sobw t]mep≈ Pohn-X-Ønse G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp LS\bn¬ Cu \n¿t±iw _m[- I - a m- ° p- ∂ n- s √∂ hmZw ASn- Ø - d bp≈XmIm≥ Xc-an-√. C¥y-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ ap≥ t]Pp-I-fn¬ I≠t]mse cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ XW¬ Hcp \yq\-]-£-sa∂ \nebv°v apkvenwIsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AkvXnXz kwc-£-W-Øn-s‚, \ne-\n-ev]ns‚ D]m-[n-bm-Wv. cmjv{So-bsØ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv GXv coXn-bn¬, kzoI-cn-t°≠ s]mXp-hmb \ne-]m-sS-¥m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂nXymZn tNmZy-߃ c≠m-aXv hcp-∂-h-bm-Wv. H∂m-a-tØXv apkvenwIƒ hy‡n-I-sf∂ \ne-bv°-√msX kaq-l-sa∂ \nebv°v CXn-\mbn kwL-SnX cq]w B¿÷n®v {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xpt≠m F∂-Xm-Wv. aXØn\v ]pdØv sh®v cmjv{So-bsØ ImW-W-sa∂v hmin-]n-Sn-°p∂ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hn-[n-Iƒt° Cu tNmZy-Øn\v \ntj[ cq]-Øn-ep≈ 176

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

DØcw ]d-bm≥ km[n-°q. aXw Ah¿°v hy‡n-]-c-amb hnizmkw am{X-am-Wv. CØcw henb Imcy-ß-fn-sem∂pw aXw CS-s]´p IqSm. Ckvemw kwL-SnX kz`m-h-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ Hcp a\pjy kaql-sØ-bmWv hn`m-h\ sNøp-∂-sX∂v Kth-jWw \SØn I≠p-]nSn-t°-≠, B¿°pw Adn-bmØ Imcy-a-√. aq¿ØX ssIh-cn® Hcp a\pjy kaq-l-amWv AXns‚ k¶-ev]w. DΩØv F∂v \mw ae-bmfn-Iƒ apºv ]d-™n-cp∂ DΩ: F∂ hm°n\v ]e A¿∞-߃ kmt¶Xn-I-ambpw `mjm-]-c-ambpw D≠m-Imw. kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn Hcp t\Xmhns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp {]tXy-I -e-£y-Øn\v apt∂m´v t]mIp-∂h¿ F∂m-W¿∞w. AØcw Hcp kwL-Sn-X-amb Iq´m-bva-sbbmWv Ckvemw a\pjy kaq-l-Øn¬ hcp-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ am‰-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXztaev]n-°p-∂-Xv. "\∑-bn-te°v a\pjysc £Wn-°p-Ibpw "\∑ Iev]n-°p-I'bpw "Xn∑ hne-°pI-'bpw sNøpIsb∂Xv DΩ:bpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw, CXn-se√mw AS-ßp-∂p. e£y-Ønepw am¿§-Ønepw kz`m-h-Ønepw apgps° kmaq-lnI Pohn- X - Ø n¬ kwL- S n- X - a m- b n- c n- ° Ww F∂ Cu k¶ev ] w cmjv { SobsØ Hgn- h m- ° p- ∂ n- s √- ¶ n¬ Xo¿®- b mbpw cmjv { Sobw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\v apkvenwIƒ°v Hcp kwL-S\ IqSntb Xocq.

IqSn-bm-tem-N\ (iqdm:) kmaq-lnI Pohn-XØns‚ B[m-c-amWv Ckvem-an¬. IqSn-bm-tem-N\ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw cmjv{So-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fn-em-Wv. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n (k) tbmSp t]mepw kmaq-lnI Imcy-ß-fn¬ IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-°m≥ \n¿t±in-®n-´p-≠v.1 apkvenw-I-fpsS AS-bm-fhpw hntijW-hp-ambn Jp¿-B\n¬ ]d-bp∂ Hcp Imcyw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-bm-Wv.2 Ncn-{Xhpw CXn\v km£n-bm-bn-cn-°p∂p F{Xtbm {][m-\-s∏´ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬. DlvZv bp≤w Hcp-Zm-l-c-Ww. \_n Xncp-ta\n (k)-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A\pN-c-∑m¿ IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-s®-SpØ Xocp-am-\-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmbn {]h¿Øn®-Xns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp hn`mKw "I]S hnizm-kn-Iƒ' F∂v hnfn-°-s∏´p. Ckvem-an¬ Ch-cpsS Ncn-{Xm-cw`w ChnsS \n∂m-Wv. IqSn-bm-temN-\bv°p≈ {]m[m-\yhpw CXn-eqsS D≠m-Ip∂ Xocp-am-\-ß-fpsS ]hn-{X-Xbpw Cu kw`-h-Øn¬ \n∂p-am{Xw hy‡-am-Wv. P\m-[n-]Xy-sa∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xv auen-I-ambn CXv Xs∂-bm-W-t√m.

Ckvem-ans‚ Ncn{Xw apkvenw kaq-l-hp-ambn AI-em≥ XpS-ßp∂Xv apX¬ cmjv{Sobw apkvenw kaq-l-Øns‚ Nn¥m-hn-j-b-a-√mXm-bn-Øo-cp-∂X - ns\ amXrI F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-\m-hp-Ib - n-√. amXrI F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ L´-ß-fn-sems° ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ 177

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Imcyw apkvenw kaqlw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ hn[nI¿Øm-°fpw bYm¿∞ A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw F∂p Xs∂-bm-Wv. A[nImcw kºØv t]mse A\-¥-cm-h-Imiw _m[-I-amb kzØmbn amdn-b-tXmsSbmWv Cu ÿnXn amdp-∂-Xv. A[n-Im-c-Øn\v C{]-Imcw am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv aX-hn[n {]Imcw \njn-≤-amtWm F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v A√ F∂m-bn-cn°pw DØ-cw. F∂m¬ {]iv\-Øns‚ a¿Ωw InS-°p∂Xv A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ LS-\-bntem AXv ssIam‰w sNøp-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-°p∂ coXn-bntem A√. _lp-P-\-߃°v Xß-fpsS kaql-Øns‚ hyh-lm-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \n¿Æ-bm-[nIm-c-apt≠m F∂-XmWv bYm¿∞ {]iv\w. C¥y-bn-em-Ip-tºmƒ CtXm-sSm∏w t\csØ ]d™ Imcy-߃ IqSn _m[-I-am-Ip-∂p.

AXm-bXv C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-am-Ip-∂Xv sIm≠v AhcpsS kwkvIm-c-Øn\pw X\n-abv°v t\sc Db-cp∂ \ne-\n-ev]ns‚bpw {]iv\-߃.

CtXmSp tN¿Øv sh®v ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠ as‰mcp {]iv\w apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kpc-£n-X-Xz-Øn\pw t{ib- n\pw th≠n am{Xw kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp cmjv{Sob kwL-S\ apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ds≠-¶n¬ AXn-t\mSv apkvenw-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-amb \ne-]m-sS-¥mWv F∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw Hcp kwL-S-\sb H´-\-h[n cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-I-fn-sem∂v F∂ \nebv°v ImWp-∂Xpw AXn-t\mSv A{]-Imcw s]cp-am-dp-∂Xpw GXv {]amW {]Im-c-amWv Ckvem-an-I-am-hpI F∂ tNmZy-amWv IqSp-XIrXy-am-bn-´p-≈Xv F∂v tXm∂p-∂p. "ldmw' (\njn-≤w) "lem¬' (A-\p-h-Z-\o-bw) F∂n-ßs\ c≠p I≈nIfnsem-Xp-ßp∂ aX-hn[n tXSp-I-b√ Cu tNmZy-ß-fpsS e£yw. Aßs\ bm{¥n-I-amb Hcp kao-]-\-Øn-eqsS Hcp cmjv{Sob Nn¥-bv°v, Hcp {]-ÿm-\-Øn\v \oXnI-cWw \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°pI km[y-a-√, AXn-e¿∞-hp-an-√. \nb-a-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏-´-X√ Cu tNmZy-߃ F∂¿∞w. Ch Hcp apkvenwans‚ [m¿ΩnI t_m[-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm apkvenw-hy‡nbpw Cu tNmZy-ßsf t\cn-tS-≠Xv Xs‚ D◊-bpsS kØ-tbmSv Xm≥ ]d-bm≥ t]mIp∂ DØcw \oXn ]pe¿Øptam F∂ Bi-¶tbmsS Bbn-cn-°-Ww. kap-Zmbw Cu tNmZy-ßsf t\cn-tS-≠Xv kz¥w \ne-\n-ev]ns‚ t{ib- ns‚, am\-Z-fi-߃ sh®v am{X-am-bncn-°-Ww. cmjv { Sob {]iv \ - ß ƒ ]cn- l - c n- ° m≥ {]tXyIw kwL- S nt°≠Xns√∂pw AXn\p a‰p ]cn-lmc am¿§-ß-fp-s≠-∂p-ap≈ 178

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

hmZsØ Jfi\ hnt[-b-am-°-W-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. Cu hmZ-Øns‚ Hcp kph¿Æ-Im-e-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _m_-cn-∏-≈n-bpsS XI¿®-tbmsS B Imew AkvX-an-®p. AXvsIm≠v Cu hmZsØ Ah-K-Wn-°mw.

KX-Im-e-Øns‚ kvac-W-I-fn¬ Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ ]pcm-h-kvXp°-fpsS ÿe-Ime hn{`m¥n am{X-am-Wo-hm-Z-sa∂v a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v. Cu hmZ-Øn\v GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ DZv]m-Z-\-£-aX (Fertility) D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXns‚ ^ew ImtW-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv bp.]n-bnepw _olm-dnepw _wKm-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fnapkvenw-Iƒ°v \jvSs - ∏-´Xv F¥v F∂v tNmZn-°p-∂X - n-s\-°mƒ \jvSs∏-Sm≥ C\n F¥-h-ti-jn-°p∂p F∂v tNmZn-°-em-bn-cn°pw DØcw In´m≥ Ffp-∏w. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v F√m-h¿°pap≠m-Ip-∂Xv t]mep≈ {]iv\-ßfpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw [mcm-f-am-bp-≠v. kmwkvIm-cn-I, kmºØn-I, hnZym-`ymk cwK-ß-fnse {]iv\-߃ DZm-l-c-Ww. aX-cw-KsØ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ F√m-‰nepw {][m-\s - ∏-´X - m-Wv. cmjv{So-bc - w-Khpw AXv t]mse-Ø-s∂. Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ AYhm kwkvIm-cw, hnZym-`ym-kw, aXw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-sems° {]h¿Øn-°m≥ kwL-S-\-Iƒ thWsa∂v hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw kwL-S\m _mlpeyw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbv X n- ´ p≈ kap- Z mbamWv apkv e nw- k - a p- Z mbw. kwL- S - \ - I ƒ sIm≠pw dko‰v _p°p-Iƒ sIm≠pw [\y-amb kap-Zm-b-sa∂v ]≠v kn.-F®v hnti-jn-∏n®tXm¿°p-∂p. hfsc sNdnb Imcy-߃°v t]mepw kwL-S\ D≠m-°p-∂-h-cn¬ Nne¿°v cmjv{So-bw- ssI-Imcyw sNøm≥ kap-Zm-b-Øn-s\mcp kwL-S\ thW-a-s∂ Bibw Zl-\t°-Sp-≠m-°p-∂Xv Btcm-Ky-Øns‚ e£-W-a-√-t√m. cmjv{So-b-Øn\v s]mXp kwL-S\ aXn-sb∂pw as‰-√m-‰n\pw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ am{Xw kwL-S-\-Iƒ thW-sa-∂p-ap≈ hmZw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-X-√.

C∂v \ne-\n-ev°p∂ aX kap-Zm-b-ß-sfms° AXn-Po-h\ sa°m\n-k-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv. G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-߃ D≈n¬ Xs∂ hln-°p-∂-h. hy‡n, IpSpw_w Fs∂ms° ]d-bp∂ t]mse ssPh-L-S-\-I-fmWv kap-Zm-b-ß-fpw. apkvenw kap-Zmbw apºv kqNn-∏n® t]mse Ckvemw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ B[m-c-ß-fn¬ Du∂n \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Hmtcm ImeØpw D≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ß-sfbpw sh√p-hn-fn-I-sfbpw t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu B[m-c-ßsf AXXv Ime-L-´-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw AXv {]tbm-Kh-evI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠v. GXv \m´n-ep-ap≈ apkvenw kapZm-b-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob {]iv\-ßfpw CtX ]´n-I-bn¬ Xs∂ Dƒs∏179

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Spw. C¥y-bn¬ am{Xw ]ns∂ Fßs\ apkvenw kap-Zmbw C°mcyØn¬ Ai-‡-amIpw? P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚bpw B[m-c-ßfn¬ \ne-\n-ev°p∂ C¥y-bpsS cmjv{SobØns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ sImt≠m t]mcmbva sImt≠m, As√-¶n¬ apkvenwIƒ \yq\- ] - £ hpw ]n∂m- ° hpw BIp- ∂ Xv sImt≠m Hs° BWt√m Cu {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. c≠pw IqSn tN¿∂pw Bhmw.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-˛-a-tX-Xc N´-°q-Sn-\-IØv \n∂p-sIm≠p Xs∂ Ckvemw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ XXz-ß-sfbpw km[y-X-I-sfbpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Cu {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm-\p≈ ssPh-]-c-amb tijn apkvenw-Iƒ°p-≠v. F¥mWv Ckvem-ans‚ Cu Ignhv FSpØv ]dbp-∂-Xn¬ Ipg∏w? ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn? {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn? t]mIs´ Ncn-{X-]-c-am-sb-¶nepw? Ign™ Hc-[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNbvX-XmWv \mao hnj-bw, thsdmcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬.

F√m {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Hscm‰ kwL-S\ D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv \√Xv F∂v B{K-ln-°mw. ]s£ AsXm-cn-°epw bmYm¿∞y- a m- h p- I - b n- √ . AØcw AXym- { K- l - ß - f n- t e- s °m∂pw t]mImsX \ne-hn-ep-≈ bmYm¿∞yw AwKo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv {]mtbmKnI kao-]-\w. Hmtcm cwKØpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v kap-ZmbØn\v Hmtcmt∂m H∂n-e-[nItam kwL-S-\-I-fp-≠m-I-s´. aX-cw-KsØ A`n{]m-bm-¥-c-߃ IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Cu cwKØv kwL-S-\m-_mlpeyw \mw AwKo-I-cnt® ]‰q. F∂m¬ cmjv{Sob cwKØv H∂n-e[nIw kwL-S-\-I-fp-≠mbn IqSm. kwL-S\m _mlpeyw cmjv{Sob cwK-Øp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv kwL-S\ Xosc C√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpey-amWv. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ i_vZw NnX-dn-t∏m-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv {][m-\-ambpw kwL-S\ Ht∂ D≠m-Imhqsb∂v \njvI¿jn-°p-∂Xv. i{Xp°fpw FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw kwL-S-\m-_m-lpeysØ Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-߃°v NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-ap-≠v. cmjv{Sob kwL-S\ F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ ASn-Ød apkvenw kapZm-b-Øns‚ \ncp-]m-[n-I-amb sFIy-am-Wv. kap-Zm-b-Øn-∂-I-Øp≈ \qdp Iq´w A`n-{]mbm¥c-߃°pw X¿°-߃°pw AXo-X-ambn cmjv{So-bm-h-Im-i-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ne-\nev]v Dd∏p hcpØp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n sFIy-s∏-Sp-I. kap-Zm-bmwKw F∂ an\naw tbmKyX aXn Cu sFIy-Øn-\v. kwL-S\ H∂n-tesd D≠m-Ip-∂Xv sFIyw F∂ Bi-bsØ \nc¿∞-I-am-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-I. JmCsZ an√Øv apl-ΩZv Ckvam-Cu¬ kmln_v apkvenw eoKn\v saº¿jn∏v G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn√ F∂v Hcn°¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. F√m 180

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

apkvenw-Ifpw apkvenw eoKp-Im-cm-sW∂v IW-°m-°Ww F∂¿∞w.

Hcp kwL-S-\sb \ne-\n¿Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ a‰p kwL-S-\-I-fn\nt∂m kwL-S-\-bn¬ \nt∂m hyXy-kvX-amb Hcm-ibw AXn\v P\ß-fpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n-°m≥ km[n-°-Ww. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Ønapkvenw eoK-√mØ Hcp cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\bv°v AkvXnXzw e`n°-W-sa-¶n¬ eoKn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb e£yhpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw thWw. kwL-S\ D≠m-°p-tºmƒ AXn-s√∂msW¶nepw ]n∂oSv AXv D≠m-t°≠n hcpw. hf-sc-°m-esØ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ \n∂v In´nb A\p-`-h-]m-T-߃, ÿe, Ime kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS B[m-c-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v \S-Ønb At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]co£-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Nn¥bpsSbpw ]mfin-Xy-Øn-t‚bpw klm-btØmsS -P-∑-sa-SpØ Bi-bm-Z¿i-߃ F∂n-h-bmWv eoKns‚ cmjv{Sob kn≤m-¥hpw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw. "tdmw H‰ Znhkw sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-®-X√' F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv t]mse hf-sc-°m-esØ \nc-¥-c-amb {ia-ß-fn¬ \n∂v P\n® Bi-b-amWv apkvenw-eo-Kv. A√msX GsX¶nepw Hcp hy‡n t\Xr-tamlw kln-°-h-øm-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Hcp t\cw ]pe¿®bv°v P∑w sImSp-Ø-X-√. eoKn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXX ImWn-°m≥ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Ønthsdmcp cmjv{Sob kwL-S\ {ian-®Xv sIm≠v {]tbm-P-\-an-√.

ImcWw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ D]-cyp‡ {]iv\-ß-fpsS ]cn-lmcw F∂ e£y-Øn-se-Øm-\p≈ Htc-sbmcp am¿§w eoKv Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ Bi-b-ß-fm-Wv. AXn-s\mcp adp-]p-d-an-√. Hcp adp-]p-d-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ {iaw Ir{Xn-a-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXv kap-Zm-b-Øn-\mWv A¥na hni-I-e\-Øn¬ t{Zmlw sNøp-I. kwL-S\ {Ia-Øn¬ \in-°p-Ibpw kapZm-b-Øn\v sNbvX t{Zmlw _m°n \nev°p-Ibpw sNøpw. bp.-]n.-bnkmam\yw i‡nbp≠m-bn-cp∂ apkvenw cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-bm-bncp∂p tUm.-F.-sP.-^-co-Zn-bpsS apkvenw aPvenkv (]-gb apkvenw aPvenk-√). JmCsZan-√Øv aPven-kns\ apkvenw-eo-Kn¬ ebn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {iaw \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂v ^coZn CXns‚ `mK-ambn tIc-f-Ønhcn-Ibpw kn.-F®v AS-°-ap≈ t\Xm-°-fp-ambn ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXncp-∂p. ebn-°m-\p≈ Hcp-°-ß-sfms° ]q¿Ønbm-sb-¶nepw FhnsStbm sh®Xv ]mfn. ^coZn DSs\ \ncym-X-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS B A[ymbw Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn AS-™p. kwL-S\ ^co-Zn°v tijhpw henb tIm´sam∂pw X´msX \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. ASn-b-¥-cmh-ÿbv°v sXm´p-]n-dsI kwL-S\ P\-Xm-]m¿´n-bn¬ ebn®p A{]Xy-£-am-bn. aPven-kns\ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-®-Xv, Fs∂∂pw Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°pI 181

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

_m_-cn-∏-≈n-bm-Wv. c≠p kl-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-߃°v aPven-kns\ P\Xm-]m¿´n°v hn‰ AXns‚ A∂sØ t\Xm-°-∑m¿ aPvenkv hgn krjvSn® cmjv{Sob iq\y-X-bmWv bp.-]n.-ap-kvenw-Isf h≥ Zpc-¥Øns‚ Cc-I-fm-°n-b-Xv. apkvenw eoKns‚ Bi-b-߃ AtX ]Sn ]I¿Øp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p aPven-kv. apkvenw eoKv F∂ t]cn-t\m-Sp≈ hn`-P-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ae¿Pn-bm-bn-cp∂p aPven-kn\v XpW-bmbXv; hymP-ambn krjvSn® kwth-Z-I-Xzw. Hcp kwL-S\ \ne-\n-ev°-W-sa-¶nepw hf-c-W-sa-¶nepw AXns‚ t]mj-W-Øn-∂m-h-iy-amb sh≈hpw hfhpw AXv \nev°p∂ aÆn\n∂v In´-Ww. F¶n¬ am{Xta AXns‚ kzmX-{¥yhpw kwc-£n-°s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈p. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ apkvenw-eo-Kns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-hcn¬ Xs∂-bp-≈-hcpw kmXzn-I-sc-¶nepw CØcw hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Bhiy-Øn\v km£-cX t\Sn-bn-´n-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂Xv apkv e nw eoKv apkv e nw- I ƒ°n- S - b n¬ {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ kwL- S - \ Iƒs°√mw IqSn-bn-cp∂p skm≈m-\p≈ ¢∫m-sW-∂m-Wv. apkvenweoKv s]mXp-th-Zn-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w CXm-W-h¿ a\ n-em°n sh®n-´p-≈X - v. s]mXp-thZn F∂ hnti-jWw Xs∂ \nc¿∞I-am-Wv. s]mXp-thZn F∂p ]d-bp∂Xns‚ s]mcp-sf-¥mWv? _lpP-\-߃ Fs∂mcp LSIw s]mXp-thZn F∂ {]tbm-KØnen√. s]mXp-thZn Ipsd kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v H∂n-®n-cn-°m-\p≈ kwL-S-\-IfpsS Hcp s^U-td-j-\m-Wv. AhnsS _lp-P-\-ß-fn√; kwL-S-\-Itf-bp-≈p. eoKns‚ ASn-Ød Xs∂ am¥p∂ Hcp k¶-ev]-am-W-Xv. Cu k¶-ev]-Øn¬ _lp-P-\-߃ eoKn-t‚-X-√, Cu kwL-S-\-I-fptS-Xm-Wv. kwL-S-\-I-fpsS "kzØmb' Cu _lp-P-\-ßsf Ah¿ apkvenweo-Kn\v HuZm-cy-]q¿hw eoKv A`y¿∞n-°p-tºmƒ, Ch¿ {]oXn-s∏-Sp∂-Xn\v eoKv hgn-]mSv \evIp-tºmƒ hmbv] \evIpw, ktΩ-f-\-Øn-\v, PmYbv°v sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v thm´v sNøm≥ F∂n-ß-s\. Cu s]mXpth-Zn-bn¬ ta¬t°mbvam {]iv\-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw, D≠v. G‰hpw IqSp-X_lp-P-\-߃ Xncp-kz-Øm-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬t°mbva thWw. ÿm\am-\-߃˛kw-L-S-\m-]-chpw ]m¿en-sa‚dnbp-amb ÿm\-ßfpw ]Zhn-Ifpw; `qcn-]£w _lp-P-\-߃ BcpsS kzØmtWm Ah¿°v!

Bfp-Iƒ Ipd™ kwL-S-\-Iƒ ]´n-I-PmXn. `qcn-]£w P\-߃ "kz¥'-am-bp≈ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS sNmev]-Sn°v Ah-cpsS ]n® hmßn \n∂p sIm≈Ww Ch¿. Cs√-¶n¬ eoKn¬ \n∂v amdn \nev°mw. {]mtZ-inI Xe-ß-fn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-°-gn-™n182

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

´p≈ Hcp hkqcn tcmK-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. `mKy-h-imC{X-I≠v AXv ta¬t]m´v ]S¿∂n-´n-√. sXc-s™-Sp∏v cmjv{SobØnem- s W- ¶ n¬ `qcn- ] - £ - a p≈ kwL- S - \ - I ƒ kz¥- s a∂v k¿´nss^ sNømØ Bfp-Isf a’-cn-∏n-®m¬ tXmev°ptam F∂ `bw IqSn-°qSn hcp∂p; P\-߃°-√.

P\-߃ ]s£ ]Xn-\©mw temIvk`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ sXm≠ s]m´p-am-dp-®-Øn¬ hnfn®p ]d™p: "Rß-fm-cp-sSbpw kzØ-√, R߃°v apkvenw kap-Zm-b-tØmSv am{Xta {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp≈p; AXvsIm≠v R߃ apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ thm´¿am-cm-Wv. "apkvenw-eoKv tIc-f-Øn¬ alm-∑m-cmb t\Xm-°ƒ°v Iogn¬ \´p-h-f¿Ønb Hcp cmjv{Sob kwkvImcap≠v; P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw atX-X-c-Xzhpw kap-Zmb kvt\lhpw aX-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbpw Htc-t]mse Db¿Øn∏nSn-°p∂ kwkvIm-cw. B kwkvImcw Xß-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]ns‚ B[m-c-am-sW∂- d n- b m- h p∂ DZv _ p- ≤ - c mb tIc- f ob apkv e nw- I ƒ ]Xn- \ ©mw temIvk`m sXcs™Sp∏n¬ kwi-b-c-ln-X-amb hn[w t_m[y-s∏-SpØn-s°m-Sp-ØXv apkvenw-eoKv Xs∂-bmWv G‰hpw {][m-\-sa-∂m-Wv. ae-∏p-d-Øm-bmepw s]m∂m-\n-bn-em-bmepw eoKv ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf tXmev]n-°m≥ A[zm-\n® apkvenw kwL-S-\-Iƒ Ah¿°v thm´p≠v F∂v k¶-ev]n-°p-Ibpw AXn-s\mcp IW-°p-≠m-°p-Ibpw eoKns‚ FXn-cmfnIsf hniz-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏m-gmWv kn.-]n.-Fw.-A-S°-ap-≈-h¿ eoKn-√mØ ]m¿en-sa‚ v F∂v hymtam-ln®p t]mb-Xv. sXc-s™-Sp∏v ^ew ]pdØv h∂-t∏m-gmWv X߃°v thm´n√ F∂v eoKns\ FXn¿Ø aX-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw Cu aX-kw-L-S-\Iƒ°v thm´n√ F∂v eoKns‚ FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°pw t_m[y-am-b-Xv. eoKn-s\bpw eoKns‚ ap∂-Wn-sbbpw klm-bn-°p∂p F∂v hnizkn® kwL-S-\-Iƒ I≈n s]mfn-bmsX c£-s∏-´p. CXns‚ A¿∞w aX-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS IqsS Bfp-Iƒ˛ apkvenw _lp-P\w Cs√-∂√. _lp-P-\-߃ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. apkvenw _lp-P-\-߃°v an°t]¿°pw GsX-¶nepw Hcp aX kwL-S\ - b - p-ambn _‘-hp-ap-≠v. Xo¿®. ]s£ aX-cw-KsØ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ ]n¥p-W-bm-WXv; AXn\v am{X-ap≈ ]n¥p-W. cmjv{So-b-Øn-te°v Cu ]n¥pW hen-®n-g-t°≠-Xn-√. tIc-f-Ønse apkvenw-I-fn¬ _lp-`q-cn-`m-Khpw cmjv{So-bambn kz¥-amb A`n-{]m-b-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. AXn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw apkvenw eoKn-∂-\p-Iq-e-hp-am-Wv. _m°n-bp-≈-h¿°v tIc-f-Ønse Hmtcm cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-tbmSpw Iqdp-≠v. Nne¿°v tIm¨{K- n-t\m-Sv, Nne¿°v kn.-]n.-F-Ωn-t\mSv F∂n-ß-s\. CXv apkvenw-Iƒ°v am{X-a√ a‰p kap183

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Zm-b-߃°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v \mb¿ kap-Zm-b-Øn\v \n¿Æm-bI thm´p-I-fp≈ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp \n∂mWv F≥.-F-kv.F-kv.-F-Xn¿Ø iin Xcq¿ 2009-˛¬ Pbn-°p-∂-Xv. cmjv { Sob I£n- I sf samØ- Ø n¬ {Kkn- ® n- ´ p≈ aqeyØI¿®bpw P\-ß-fpsS a\- p-I-fn¬ ÿm\-ap≈ t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ A`mhhpw t\Xr-XzsØ hniz-kn-°mØ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw A\p-bmbnIsf a\- n-em-°p-Itbm hniz-kn-°p-Itbm sNømØ t\Xr-Xz-hp-sams° tN¿∂p-≠m-°nb Hcp Po¿Æ-X-bp≠v tIc-f-Ønse cmjv{Sob cwKØv. CXn¬ a\w aSpØv P\w as‰mcp _Z-en-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bnImWn® Nne tNjvS-Iƒ hymJym-\n-®mWv aX kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw PmXn kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw C√mØ cmjv{Sob A¿∞-߃ Iev]n°s∏´-Xv. F√m cmjv{Sob I£n-Ifpw Cu anYy-bv°n-c-bm-bn-´p-≠v. ]Xn-\©mw temIvk` - m-sX-cs - ™-Sp∏v sNbvX G‰hpw henb tkh\w tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu anYy XI¿Øp-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu anYy-bpsS as‰m-cm-[mcw C¥y Ign™ Iptd sXc-s™-Sp∏p-I-fn¬ ssIImcyw sNbvX {][m\ hnj-b-߃ cmjv{So-b-am-bn-cp∂n-√, t£{Xhpw ]≈n-bp-sams° Bbn-cp∂psh∂XmWv. cmjv{Sob-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Cu am‰w aX-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°pw h¿§o-b-˛-Xo-{h-hmZn-Iƒ°pw cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ {]k-‡n-bp-≠m-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-°n. aXhpw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n-SØv cmjv{So-bØn\pw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnj-b-߃°pw {]k-‡n-bp-≠m-hpI- b n- s √- ∂ p- d - ∏ m- W - t √m. tkmWn- b m- K m- ‘ n- b psS t\Xr- X z- Ø ntIm¨{K v Xs∂-bmWv cmjv{SobsØ ho≠pw sXc-s™-Sp-∏nte°pw cmjv{Sob N¿®-I-fn-te°pw 2004-˛¬ Xncn®p sIm≠p h∂-Xv. tkmWnb Km‘n-bpsS A∂sØ "tdmUv tjm' henb ]¶m-Wn-°mcy-Øn¬ hln-®-Xv. P\-ßsf sIm≠v cmjv{Sobw Nn¥n-∏n-®p. N¿® ho≠pw Xncn®v ^mknÃv AP-≠-bn-te°v sIm≠p t]mIm-\p≈ {iaw P\- ß ƒ ]cm- P - b - s ∏- S p- Ø n. 2009- ˛ ¬ tkmWn- b bpw a≥tam- l ≥ knwKpw t\XrXzw \evInb sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]Nm-cWw 2004s‚ hnImk-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]mhiyw akvPn-Zv˛ aμn¿ N¿® D≠m-b-tX-bn-√.

D≠m-°m≥ ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ i‡n-Iƒ ss[cy-s∏-´n-√. _lp-P\w tIc-fØnepw cmjv{So-b-Øn-te°v Bth-i-tØmsS aSßn h∂-Xns‚ clky-ß-fn¬ C\n-bp≈ H∂v C°m-cy-am-Wv. apkvenw-eo-Kn\v C°m-cy-Øn¬ AXm-bXv apkvenw-Isf cmjv{So-bambn t_m[-h-evI-cn®v DZv_p-≤-am-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬, AtXm-sSm-∏w aX-kw-L-S-\-I-sfbpw a‰p kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw ]q¿Æ184

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

amb Btcm-Ky-tØmsS Ah-c-h-cpsS cwK-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ ImcyØn¬ amXr-I-bp-a-t\z-jn®v ]pdØv t]mtI≠ Imcy-an-√. alm-∑m-cmbn-cp∂ t\Xm-°-∑m-cpsS amXrI C°m-cy-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. eoKns‚ D¤-h-Imew apX-ep-≠v. kzmX-{¥y-]q¿h C¥y-bn¬ 1906-˛¬ eoKv cq]oIrXamb-t∏mƒ {]kn-U-≠mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´Xv Ckvam Cueninbm, apkvenwIfpsS Cam-ambncp∂ apl-ΩZv BKm-Jm\m-bn-cp-∂p.

P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ auehn \hm_v hnJmdp¬ ap¬Iv \ΩpsS \m´nse kakvX tIcf Cø-Øp¬ Dea {]Xn\n-[m\w sNøp∂ kp∂o hn`m-K° - m-c\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. sk{I-´d - n-bmbn sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏´ \hm_v aplvkn-\p¬ ap¬°v Alvse lZo-kp-Im-c\m-bn-cp-∂p. Aen-K¿ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ \mb-I\pw Aen-K-dn‚ P\d¬ sk{I-´-dn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v \hm_v kmln-_v. apkvenw cmjv{Sob-Øns‚ BNm-cy-\p-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. C¥y-bn¬ A∂p-≠m-bncp∂ inbm. kp∂o hn`m-K-ß-fnse kwL-S\m t\Xm-°-fm-bn-cp∂p eoKns‚ Xe-∏Øv h∂hcn¬ an°-h-cpw. ]nevIm-eØv apkvenw-Iƒ BtLm-j-]q¿hw sIm≠m-Snb t\Xr-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p apl-Ω-Zen Pn∂m kmln-_-t‚Xv. t]cv ]d-bmsX Jm CsZ AAvkw F∂v am{Xw ]dbp∂ BZ-c-hm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°-t±-l-tØmSp≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. At±lw P∑\m CkvamCuen inb Bbn-cp-∂p.

Pn∂m-km-ln_v 1948 sk]vXw-_¿ 9˛-\m-Wv \ncym-X-\m-hp-∂-Xv. A∂v sh√q¿ _mJn- b m- Ø p- menlmØv Ad- _ n- t Im- t f- P ns‚ {]n≥kn- ∏ mƒ ssiJv BZw- l - { kØv Bbn- c p- ∂ p. tIc- f - Ø nse A°me {]kn≤ ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw Kpcp-\mY≥. H∏w apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp∂p l{k-Øv. Pn∂m kmln- _ ns‚ \ncymW hm¿Ø Adn™ DS≥ _mJn- b m- Ø naønØv \nkvImcw \S-Øm≥ l{kØv G¿∏mSv sNbvXp. At±lw l\^n aZvl-_p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. I¨apºn-en-√mØ aønØn\v l\^n-a-Zvl_v {]Imcw \nkvImcw C√. AXvsIm≠v injy\pw s]cn¥¬a-Æ°SpØ GewIqfw kztZ-in-bp-amb aqk-ap-…ymsc hnfn®v t\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \nkvImcw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. eoKv t\Xr-XzsØ ]fin-X-∑m-c-S-°-ap≈ apkvenw-Iƒ Fßs\-bmWv I≠n-cp-∂Xv F∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWo kw`-hw. kzX{¥ C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw-eoKv hf¿∂v i‡n {]m]n-°p-∂Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv, BZyw ae_m¿ Pn√bn¬, ]n∂oSv tIcfw kwÿm\-am-b-t∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬. tIc-f-Øn¬ DØ-tc-¥y-bnset∏mse inbmhn-`mKw apkvenw-I-fn-√. kp∂n hn`m-K-Ønse A`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-ß-tf185

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bp-≈p. CXv cq£-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂pw CXv XpS-cp-∂p-≠v. Cu A`n-{]mbm-¥-c-ß-fn¬ {]ap-J-am-bXv kp∂o-˛˛apPm-lnZv hn`m-K-°m¿ XΩn-ep≈-Xm-Wv. eoKv D≠mbn hcp∂ ImeØv C∂p-≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ Xo{ham-bn-cp∂p Ch¿ XΩn-ep≈ AI¬®. C¥y kzX-{¥-bmb L´-Ønae-_m¿ Pn√m apkvenw eoKv IΩ-‰n-bm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ahn`‡ C¥y-bnse tI{μ \nb-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn-cp∂ kØm¿ tk´v kmln_m-bn-cp∂p Pn√m eoKns‚ {]kn-U-≠v. At±lw ]mIn-kvXm-\n-te°v t]mbn. Hgnhv h∂ Pn√m eoKv {]kn-U≠v ÿm\-tØ°v sshkv {]kn-U-≠m-bn-cp∂ sI.-Fw.-au-ehn kmln_v htc-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

At±lw ]Zhn Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw kønZv A_vZp-d“m≥ _m^Jn Xßsf {]kn-U-≠m-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-I-bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. _m^-Jn-X-߃°v A∂v apkvenw eoKp-ambn kPo-h-_‘w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. eoKp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂psh¶nepw At±lw H∂m-a-Xmbn _nkn-\- p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p, tImgn-t°ms´ H∂mw InS- _n-kn-\- p-Imc≥. auehn kmln-_ns‚ \n¿∫-‘-Øn\p hg-ßn-bm-W-t±lw A∂v {]kn-U≠v ÿm\w a\-an√ma\-t msS G‰-Xv. Xß-f-h¿Iƒ A∂v kakvX tIcfm PwC-ø-Øp¬ De-am-bpsS t\Xmhpw Zcn-{Zamb A°meØv {][m\ kmº-ØnI t{kmX- p-am-bn-cp-∂p. sI.-Fw.- au-ehn apPm-lnZv {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ t\Xm-hv. apPm-lnZv Bi-b-°m-c≥ Xs∂ Bbn-cp∂ koXn kmln-_m-bn-cp∂p P\: sk{I-´dn (A∂v sk{I-´dn-sb-∂mWv ÿm\-t∏-cv. sk{I-´-dnbpw tPm.-sk-{I-´-dn-am-cp-am-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv) C∂-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn A∂v aX-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ Bbncp∂p eoKv t\Xm-°-fn¬ apIƒ X´n-ep-≈-h¿. Ch-cn¬ sI.-Fw.-au-ehn, C.-sI.-au-e-hn, F≥.-hn.-A-_vZp- emw auehn apX-em-b-h¿ tIcf-Øn¬ apPm-lnZv {]ÿm\w D≠m-°n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Htc kabw apkvenw eoKnepw apPm-ln-Znepw t\Xr-]-Z-hn-Iƒ hln®p. _m^Jn Xßfpw ]qt°m-b-X-ßfpw AS-°-ap≈ kp∂n t\Xm-°fpw _lp-`q-cn-`mKw hcp∂ kp∂n A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p apkvenw-eo-Kv. Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw H‰-s°-´m-bn-cp-∂p, F√m‰nepw {][m\w apkvenw kap-Zm-b-am-Wv, AXvsIm≠v apkvenw eoKv, AXns‚ sI´p-d∏v F∂n-h-bmWv BZy-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. as‰√mw CXn\v tijw hcp∂ Imcy-߃ am{X-am-Wv. apkvenw kapZm-b-tØm-Sp≈ Cu kvt\lhpw {]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw Ahsc Htc a\ p-Im-cm°n H∂n®p \n¿Øn. AXvsIm≠v _m^Jn Xß-sf-s°m≠v apPm-lnZv ]≈n°v Xd-°-√n-Sp-hn-°m≥ apPm-ln-Zp-Iƒt°m koXn-km186

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

ln-_ns\ sIm≠v kp∂n a{Z D¬Lm-S\w sNøn-°m≥ kp∂nIƒt°m Hcp {]bm-k-hp-ap-≠m-bn-√. ]nevIm-eØv kn.-F®v as‰mcp amXr-Ib - mWv Xo¿Ø-Xv. c≠p kwLS-\-I-fp-ambpw Xpey AIew \ne-\n¿Øn-sIm≠pw AtX kabw c≠n-t\bpw Htc t]mse amtdm-S-W®p \n¿Ønbpw icn-bmb kap-Zmb-t\-Xm-hmbn acn-°p-thmfw alm-\mb kn.-F-®v. \ne-sIm-≠p. kapZm-b-Øn\p th≠n \n¿`o-X-ambn kwkm-cn-°p-hm\pw imkn-t°-≠nSØv imkn-°m\pw Hs° At±lw ss[cyw ImWn-®p. apkvenw eoKns\ ]pdØv \n∂v \nb-{¥n-°p∂ hn[w aq∂p \mep XhW ]{X{]-kvXm-h\ \S-Ønb hfsc {]K-¤\pw Bfp-Iƒ Atß-b‰w BZcn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp t\Xm-hn-t\m-S-t±lw ]d™p: ""eoKntakv{Xn-∏-Wn°v Bsf Bh-iy-an-√.'' aX-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS ZuXy-\n¿h-lWØn¬ {i≤-bq∂n \ne-sIm-t≈-≠Xv apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ X\na \ne-\n-ev°p-∂Xn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. kap-Zm-b-Øn-∂-IØv AXns‚ B[mc-ßsf Zp¿∫-e-am-°p∂ {]h-W-X-Iƒ hf-cm-Xn-cn-°m\pw aX-kw-LS-\-I-fpsS km∂n[yw IqSntb Xocq. Ch¿ XΩn-ep≈ A`n-{]mb hyXymkw aX-Øns‚ kz—-Xbpw X\n-abpw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{K-l-Øn¬ \n∂v P\n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AsXmcp sX‰mb Imcy-a-√.

F∂m¬ kwL-S\ F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ ]Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ A]ISw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠Xpw CXn-s\-Xn-cn¬ kZm-Pm-{KX ]pe¿tØ≠Xpw F¥n\v th≠n-bmtWm kwL-S\ D≠m-°n-bXv B e£yØn-te-s°-Øm≥ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. kwL-S\ e£ysØ Ih®p sh®p \nev°p∂Xpw BZ¿i-sØbpw Bib-sØbpw kwL-S\ ASna-bm-°p-∂Xpw kXyw Xs‚ \ne-\n-ev]n\v th≠n _en Ign-∏n-°p-∂Xp-sams° kwL-S-\sb k¿h-{]-[m-\-ambn ImWm≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ k¿h km[m-cW B]-Øp-I-fm-Wv. CsX-√m-h¿°pw _m[I-am-Wv, eoKn-\pw. F∂m¬ aX-cw-KØv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿ kwLS\ F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ Cu adp-]p-dsØ Ipdn®v IqSp-X¬ PmK-cq-Icm-I-Ww. kwL-S-\-Iƒ im]-am-Ip∂ ]X-\-Øn-te°v FØp-∂Xv `bs∏-S-Ww. tIc-f-Øn¬ CØ-c-samcp Ahÿ Nne kwL-S-\-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-f-sa-¶nepw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ CX-]I-S-am-sW-¶nepw aX-cw-K-Øp-≠m-°n-tb-°m-hp∂ A{X Kpcp-X-cm-hÿ Cu cwKØv D≠m-°m≥ km[y-X-bn-√.

D]-cyp‡ A]-IS km[yX X≈n-°-f-tb≠ H∂√ F∂-Xns‚ F{Xtbm DZm-l-c-W-߃ \ap°v C∂v e`y-am-Wv. Hscm‰ DZm-l-cWw 187

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

am{Xw ]d-bmw. \ΩpsS aX-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, {]tXy-In®v bph-P-\-kwL-S-\-Iƒ BIm-i-Øn\v Nph-´n-ep≈ F¥n-s\-°p-dn®pw {]tabw ]m m-°pI ]Xn-hm-Wv. cmjv{So-b-am-bmepw kmº-Øn-I-am-bmepw H∂pw Ch-cpsS A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm-dn-√. Hmtcm cwKØpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿t° AXXv cwKß-fnse {]iv\-߃ Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw a\- n-em-°m\pw km[n°q-sb∂pw Cß-s\-bp≈ ]T-\-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ A`n{]mbw Akw- _ - ‘ - a m- b n- Ø o- c p- s a∂pw a\- n- e m- ° m≥ tIma¨ sk≥kv aXn. am{X-a√ Xß-fpsS A`n-{]mb {]I-S\w Hcp Znh-ksØ ]{X-X-es°´n-e-h-km-\n-°p-sa∂pw AXn-∂-∏p-d-tØ°v AXns\ sIm≠p-t]m-Im-\p≈ sajn-\dn ssIh-i-an-s√-∂p-ap≈ Imcyw Ch-ch-KW - n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ]ns∂ F¥n-∂` - n-{]mbw ]d-™p-sh∂v tNmZn®m¬ shdp-sX, thsd ]Wn-bn-√m-ØXv sIm≠v F∂ H‰ DØ-cta ]d-bm-\p-≠m-Iq. CXns‚ as‰mcp hiw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmtg Cu ]{X Xes°´v am\n-b-bpsS \nc¿∞-IX t_m[y-s∏-Sq. AX-h-km-\-hn-i-I-e\-Øn¬ AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ \nc¿∞-IXbmbn-Øo-cp-∂p. cmjv{So-b, kmº-Øn-I, kmaq-lnI afi-e-ß-fpsS {]iv\-߃ AXXv cwK-ßfn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v hn´p sImSp-°pI F∂-XmWv am\y-X. P\m-[n-]Xy coXn-bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏´ Cu kwL-S-\-Ifn-sems° IS∂p sN√m-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw A`n-{]mbw ]d-bm-\p≈ kzmX-{¥yhpw D≠v. aX-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ a‰p A\m-hiy taJ-e-I-fnIS∂p Ib-dpI hgn kz¥w DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw I¿Øhy-ßfpw A\mY-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ aZy hnev]\ \S°p∂ Pn√-I-fn-sem-∂mbn ae-∏pdw amdn-b-Xns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw anºdp-Ifpw anAvdm_p-Ifpw Iøn¬ sh°p∂ aX-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°v Xs∂ At√? Ipd-®p-ap-ºp-≠mb {]Xo-Im-fl-I-amb Hcp kw`-hw. Hcp aXkw-L-S-\-bpsS kwÿm\ ktΩ-f\w Pn√-bpsS Hcp `mKØv \S-°pI-bm-Wv. ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ kam-]\ Znh-k-am-Wv. Akq-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ P\ {]-hm-lw, henb ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS alm-km-∂n-[yw, tZi, -hn-tZi cmPy-ßfn¬ \ns∂Ønb AXnYnIfpsS {]f-bw. AtX Znh-kw, AtX kabw as‰mcp aX-kw-L-S-\-bpsS Iognse AXn-{]-i-kvXamb Iem-e-b-Øns‚ hm¿jn-Im-tLm-jhpw _ncpZ Zm\-hpw. BZytØ-Xns\ sh√p∂ P\-km-∂n-[yw, ]fin-X∑ - m-cpsS km∂n-[yw, AXnYn-I-fpsS _mlp-eyw... Cu c≠v alm-kw-`-h-ßfpw AXns‚ ss¢amIvkn-se-Øp∂ \nan-j-ß-fn¬ Cu c≠p ÿe-Øn-s‚bpw a[y-Øn¬˛ 188

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

tIm´-°e - n¬ Hcp tlm´-en-t\m-S\ - p-_‘ - n®p≈ hntZ-ia - Z- y-jm-∏n¬ aq∂v apkvenw bphm-°ƒ aZy-e-l-cn-bpsS ]pd-tØdn D≠m-°nb IØn-°pØn¬ Hcmƒ sIm√-s∏-Sp-∂p. sIm∂ sNdp-∏-°m-cs‚ hoSns‚ t]cv "ss_Øp¬ apJ±kv' F∂m-sW∂v! ae-∏pdw Pn√-bpsS kmwkvImcnIØI¿®-bpsS as‰mcp Nn{Xw ChnsS s]cpIn hf¿∂ A\-[nIrX K¿`-On-{Z-¢n-\n-°p-Iƒ \evIp-∂p. CsXms° hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv t\csØ kqNn-∏n® AtX Imcy-Øn-te°v Xs∂-bm-Wv. kap-Zm-bsØ Hcp ico-c-tØm-Sp-]-an-°m-sa-¶n¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn{]h¿Øn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-Iƒ AXns‚ Ah-b-h-ß-fm-Wv. ico-cØnse Hmtcm Ah-b-h-Øn\pw ico-c-Øns‚ \ne-\n-ev]n-∂m-h-iy-ambn sNtø-≠p∂ tPmen-Iƒ hoXn®p \evI-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ah-b-h-߃ Ahbv°v \evI-s∏-´n-´p≈ tPmen am‰n-sh®v a‰-h-b-h-ß-f-psS tPmenbn¬ IS∂p Ib-dp-tºmƒ ico-c-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]v F{]-Imcw Xmfw sX‰ptam AXv t]mse Cu kwL-S-\-Iƒ Ahbvt°mtcm∂n\pw hoXn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ tPmen-Iƒ hn´v at‰-Xn-te°v IS∂p Ib-dn-bmkap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \ne-\n-ev]ns‚ Xmfw sX‰pw. Xmf-`wKw F∂√ Cu Ah-ÿsb Xmdp-amdv Ae-t¶mew (Chaos) Fs∂m-s°-bmWv hntijn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. Cßs\ Hcp kml-N-cy-ap-≠m-Im≥ Hcn-°epw kapZmbw A\p-h-Zn®p IqSm. Hcp tkmjy¬ HmUn-‰nw-Kns‚ A`m-h-ØnemWv kXy-Øn¬ \ncp-Ø-c-hm-Z-]-c-amb Cu kao-]-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Hmtcm kwL-S-\bpw Hmtcm km{am-Py-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw kap-Zm-bsØ P∑-kz-Ømbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ {]h-W-Xbpw IqSn hcp∂p-≠v. CXv t\csØ ]d-™-Xn-s\-°mfpw henb A]-I-S-I-c-amb {]h-W-X-bm-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. hn: Jp¿-B≥ 3:159 2. hn.-Jp¿-B≥ 42: 38

189

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

15 Xo{h-hmZw cmjv{Sob {]iv\-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v \yq\-]£w kzoI-cn-°p∂ aq∂v am¿K-ß-fn-sem∂v Xo{h-hm-Z-am-sW∂v ]pkvX-Imcw`Øn¬ kmaqly-im-kv{X-⁄sc D≤-cn®v kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Xo{h-hm-Z-Øns‚ B[mc-ambn sl¿_¿´v an√¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®Xv "]oU-\-hn-{`m¥n' (Oppression Psychosis) F∂ kmaqly at\m-tcm-K-am-sW∂pw ]d-bp-Ibp-≠m-bn. Xo{h-hmZw P\m-[n-]-Xyw, ^mknkw F∂nh t]mse {]Xybimkv{Xm-Sn-ÿm-\-ap≈ {]ÿm-\-a-√. AsXmcp hnImc {]I-S\hpw \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb cmjv{Sob kao-]-\-hp-am-Wv. \nev°m-\p≈ Hcn-S-a-bmbn Bib kwln-X-I-sftbm {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-sftbm AXv kzoI-cn-t®-°pw. {]mtbm-Kn-Iw, A{]m-tbm-KnIw F∂o X¿°-߃ Xo{hhm-Z-Øn\v {]k-‡-a√ Xm\pw. Cu Imcy-Øn¬ ^mkn-k-hpambn AXn\v tbmPn-∏p-≠v. Xo{h-hm-Zhpw cl-ky-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw `oIc {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ F∂pw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ckvem-anI temIØv s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp≈ a‰p ]e Nn¥-I-sfbpw t]mse Xo{hhm-Zhpw ioCu hn`m-K-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. CkvamCuen inbm hn`m-K-amWv ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ CXn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®X - v. Cw•o-jn¬ A m-ko≥kv1 F∂v hnfn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Cu hn`mKw t]¿jy-bnse amk-¥-dm-∂-SpØ BeaqØnemWv P∑w sIm≠-Xv. k¬ PpIv kp¬Øm≥ amen-Ivjm-bpsS a{¥nbpw {]kn≤ cmPy X{¥-⁄\pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ \nkm-ap¬ ap¬Ins‚ kl]m-Tnbpw P\\w sIm≠v kp∂n-bp-amb lk≥ k_m-lmWv Ncn-{XØn¬ Ip{]-kn≤n t\Snb Cu kwLw D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. "lio-io≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ad-_n-bn¬ Chsc hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. lioiv F∂ ]ZØn-\¿∞w I©mhv F∂m-Wv. I©m-hns‚ h¿§-Øn¬ s]´ Hcp elcn ]Zm¿∞w ^nZm:CIƒ F∂v k_mlpw At±-l-Øns‚ BfpIfpw hnfn-®n-cp∂ bphm-°ƒ°v \evIp-Ibpw elcn aqØv t_m[w \in® Cu bphm-°sf kz¿§-sa∂v hniz-kn-∏n®v Hcp ]qt¥m-´-Øn{]th-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. kz¿§-Øn-ep≈sX∂v hnh-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ 190

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

aZyhpw aZn-cm-£n-bp-a-S°w ChnsS k÷o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p-h-s{X. elcn Cd-ßp-∂-tXmsS Chsc ]pd-tØ°v sIm≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw Cam-ans\ A\p-k-cn-®m¬ I≠ kz¿§w imiz-X-ambn e`n-°p-sa∂v hniz-kn-∏n°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. lin-io≥ F∂ t]¿ Ch¿°v hoWXv C{]-Imc-am-sW-∂mWv ]pdØv {]N-cn-®n-cp∂ IY.2 Cu IYbv°v sXfn-shm-∂p-an-√. F∂m¬ kwL-Øn¬ sN∂p s]Sp∂ ^nZm-C-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bphm-°ƒ k_m-lns‚ B⁄ A\p-k-cn-°m≥ Im´p∂ XnSp-°w, Gev]n® ZuXyw \n¿hln-°m≥ kln-®n-cp∂ XymKw, A¿∏W t_m[hpw Bflm¿∞-Xbpw h[-b-{¥-ßsf (Killing machines) t∏mep≈ bm{¥n-I-amb IrXyX Ch-sbms° ImWp-ºƒ Cu IY hniz-k-\o-b-ambn tXm∂pw. Hcmsf sIm√m≥ Gev]n-°s - ∏-´m¬ F{X hnjaI-ca - m-bmepw Ah-cXv sNbvXncn-°pw. F{X-Im-ehpw Ah-kcw ImØn-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-cpsS £a GXv thjhpw sI´m- \ p- a p≈ anSp- ° v , _lp- ` m- j m- ⁄ m- \ w, A]k¿∏I IY-Isf sh√p∂ kml-kn-I-X-˛-k-_mlpw Abm-fpsS kwLhpw A∂v icn°pw Dd°w sISp-Øp∂ `oXn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. F{Xtbm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ, ]fin-X-∑m¿, \ymbm-[n-]¿, t\Xm°ƒ F∂n-h¿ Ch-cpsS sIme-°-Øn-°n-c-bm-bn-´p-≠v. hnjw tX® ITm-cb - m-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS {][m\ Bbp-[w. Xs‚ _mey Ime kplrØmb \nkm-ap¬In-s\bpw k_mlv sIme-°-Øn-°n-c-bm-°n.3 {]kn≤ ]fin-X\pw Aen(-d)-bpsS {]]u-{X-\p-amb PAv^¿kmZn-Jns‚ aqØ ]p{X≥ Ckvam Cuens\ Cam-ambn kzoI-cn®v hgn-]ncn-™-h-cmWv Ckvam Cuen-inbm hn`m-Kw. c≠m-asØ aI≥ aqkmIm-kn-ans\ Cam-ambn hcn-®-h-cmWv Ckv\m Aicn hn`m-Kw. Cdm\n¬ Cu hn`m-K-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Ckvam Cu¬ t\csØ ac-W-s∏-´n-cp∂p-sh-¶nepw Ch¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv A{]-Xy-£-\mbnsb∂m-Wv. temIm-h-km\w alvZn-bmbn Xncn-s®Øpw F∂pw hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

Ckvam Cuen-I-fmWv {]kn-≤-amb "^mXzn-anøm Jnem-^Øv' A∫mkn-bm-°-fpsS ]X-\-Øn-s∂m-Sp-hn¬ ÿm]n-®-Xv. ^mXznao `c-W-Ime-Øn-∂-h-km-\-Im-eØv CkvamCuen-Iƒ c≠p {Kq∏p-I-fmbn ]ncn™p. ^mXznao Jeo^ A¬ apkvX≥kn-dns‚ ac-W-tØm-sS-bmWv Cu `n∂n-∏p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. apkvX≥kn-dns‚ aqØ ]p{X≥ \nkm-dns∂-Xnsc Cfb aI≥ A¬ apkvXAen-bpsS c£m-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Iem]-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw Abmƒ h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ckvam CuenI-fn¬ \nkm-dns\ ]n¥p-W-°p∂h¿ ]n∂oSv \nkm-cn-Iƒ F∂-dn-bs∏-´p. lk≥ k_mlv Ch-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ kzbw 191

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Cam- a mbn {]Jym- ] n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X n- c p- ∂ p. at‰ hn`m- K sØ kp¬Øm≥ kem-lp-±o≥ Aøq_n CuPn-]vXn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm°nbt∏mƒ Ah¿ C¥y-bn-te°v hcn-Ibpw C¥y tI{μ-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ChnsS KpP-dmØn¬ Ah¿°v sshiy-∑m-cm-b h-WnIv hn`mKsØ ˛ _\n-b-∑msc X-ß-fpsS aX-Øn¬ tN¿°m≥ km[n-®p.

C¥y-bn¬ Ch¿ t_md-Iƒ (_lvdIƒ) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. lk≥ k_m-lns‚ tIm´ Be-aq-Øm-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS G‰hpw henb c£m-I-h-Nw. Zp¿§-a-amb ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p Be-aqØv. AXvsIm≠v i{Xp-°ƒ°v Atßm´v Ffp-∏-Øn-se-Øm-\m-Ip-ambn-cp-∂n-√. Ckvem-anI temIØv A∫mko `cWw t]mep≈ i‡amb `c-W-Iq-S-߃ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ Xm\pw. AXvsIm≠v k_mlns‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-Øp-≠mb F√m B{I-a-W-ßfpw tXmev]n-°-s∏´p. k_m-lns‚ ac-W-tijw H∂c \q‰m-t≠mfw `c-W-IqSw \ne-\n∂p. lpem-°p-Jms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xm¿Øm-cn-I-fmWv Chsc Ahkm\w Be-aq-Øn¬ \n∂v HmSn-®-Xv. C¥y-bn-te°pw B{^n-°-bnte°pw a‰pw HmSn-t∏mb Ch¿ ]nevIm-eØv BKmJm\n-Iƒ F∂-dnb-s∏-´p. k_m-lns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb Cam-ans‚ ÿm\-t∏-cmWv BKmJm≥. C¥y-bnepw ]mIn-kvXm-\nepw Ch¿ tJmP apkvenw-Iƒ F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Xo{h-hm-Z-Øn\v P∑w sImSpØ lk≥ k_mlv ]oU\ hn{`m¥n ImcWw Xs∂-bmWv CØcw Hcp kwLS- \ - b p- ≠ m- ° n- b Xpw sIme- ] m- X I ]c- º - c - I ƒ kwL- S n- ∏ n- ® - X pw. k¬Pq-Ip-I-fpsS `c-W-Øn¬ c£-bn-s√∂pw i‡-cmb kp∂n-Isf t\¿°p t\sc A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m≥ X߃°v i‡n-bn-s√-∂p-ap≈ tXm∂-en¬ \n∂mWv `oI-cX krjvSn®v \ne-\n-ev°p-I-sb∂ Bibw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Bbp-[-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw sIm√m≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Bfp-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw B[p-\nI Xo{h-hm-ZnI-sf-°mƒ am\y-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p A m-ko-\p-Iƒ F∂v ]d-b-Ww. t_mw_p t]mep≈ \io-I-c-Wm-bp-[-߃ A∂n-√m-Ø-Xm-bn-cn°mw Imc-Ww. Ah¿ apJm-apJw \n∂mWv Hcmsf sIme sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. ]nSn-°-s∏´v sIm√-s∏-Sp-I-b-√msX A m-ko-\p-Iƒ Bfl-lXy sNbvXn-cp-∂p-an-√. i{Xp-°-sf∂v Adn-b-s∏-´-hsc sXc-s™-Sp-Øm-bncp∂p Ah¿ sIme sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂sØ Xo{h-hmZnIƒ `oIcX krjvSn-°m≥ \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf {]tXy-In®v kv{XoI-sfbpw Ip´nI-sfbpw Zp¿_-e-sc-bp-amWv sIme sNøp-∂-Xv. AXpw t\¿°v t\scb√, NXn-bn¬. t]mcm-Ø-Xn\v kzbw Nmhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

192

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

th´ arK-ß-sf-t∏mepw shSn-sh-°p-Itbm Asº-øp-Itbm sNøp-∂Xn\v apºv ssIsIm-´ntbm i_vZ-ap-≠m-°ntbm ap∂-dn-bn∏v \evInbmWv sIm√p-I. th´-bm-Sp-∂-Xns‚ kwkvImcw t]mepw ]men-°msX-bmWv \ΩpsS ImesØ Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ Bsf sIm√p-∂-Xv, C°mcy-Øn-sems° Ch-sc-°mƒ kwkvIm-c-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p A m-ko\p-Iƒ.

Xo{hhm-Zn-Iƒ s]mXp-hn¬ `ocp-°-fm-bn-cn-°pw. P∑\m A√ Dt±in-®-Xv. `ocpXzw Ah-cn¬ kwL-S\ k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-I-bmWv (indoctrinate) sNøp-∂-Xv. CXv Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ `oIc {]h¿Ø\-߃°v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. `mhn-sb-°p-dn®pw i{Xp-hns‚ i‡nsb Ipdn-®p-amWv krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ `bw. \ncmi am{Xw P\n-∏n-°p∂ `mhn-bpsS Nn{Xw. Hcn-°epw hcm≥ t]mIp∂ \mfp-I-fn¬ kpJtØmsS Pohn-°m≥ km[y-am-hp-I-bn-s√∂ Dd® hnizm-kw. X\n°v th≠nbpw Xs‚ kaq-l-Øn\pw `mhn IcpXn sh®n-´p-≈Xv `oI-camb ]oU-\-߃ am{Xw. ImcWw i{Xp AP-ø-\m-Wv. apºnepw ]n∂nepw ]m¿iz-ßf - nepw kZm {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sm\pw D]-{Z-hn-°m\pw IcpØp≈ k¿h-hym-]n-bmb i{Xp. CØcw Hcp i{Xp-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ k¶ev]w F√m Xcw Xo{h-hm-Z-ß-fnepw ImWmw. Cu i{Xp-hn-s\°p-dn®pw ]oU\w am{Xw IcpXn sh®n-´p≈ `mhn-sb-°p-dn®pw kZm `b-s∏´p sIm≠v \ncm-i-\mbn ac-W-hp-a-t\z-jn®p \S-°p∂ am\-knIm-hÿ krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv hsc Hcmƒ ]q¿Æ-\mb Xo{h-hmZn BIp-∂n-√. apkvenw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ CXn-∂m°w Iq´p-∂-Xn\v kz¿§k-¶-ev]hpw a‰p Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ Ah-c-h-cpsS hnizm-k-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®p≈ CXv t]mep≈ k¶-ev]-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Cu `b-Øns‚bpw i{Xp k¶-ev]-Øn-s‚bpw A`m-h-Øn¬ Xo{h-hmZw D≠m°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXvsIm≠v Hmtcm Xo{h-hmZn {]ÿm-\hpw i{Xp°sf Irjn sNbvXp-≠m-°p-∂p. Xo{h-hm-Z-Øns‚ F√m {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv k¶-ev]-Øn-ep≈ AP-ø-\mb Cu i{Xphns‚ k¿Δ-hym-]n-bmb km∂n-[y-am-Wv. a\p-jys‚ Ncn{Xw \∑bpw Xn∑bpw XΩn-ep-≈, ssZhn-I-Xbpw ss]im-Nn-I-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ ka-c-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xw IqSn-bm-Wv. a\pjy≥ `qan-bn¬ \ne-\n-ev°p-thmfw Cu kacw XpS-cpw. Xn∑°v ]e t]cp-I-fp-ap-≠m-Ipw. Xn∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc a\p-jy≥ \ne-s°m-≈-Ww. kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw tX´-am-W-Xv. ]s£ Xn∑-bvs°-Xn-cmbn kwLS\-I-fp-≠m-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ At\z-jn®p \S°p-Ibpw Xn∑-bvs°-Xn-cmb kacØn\v PohnXhpw Poh\pw A¿∏n193

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂ Hcm-Z¿i-an-√. CXn-∂¿∞w Xn∑bv°v hnSp the sNøp-∂-Xn\v PohnXw A¿∏n-°p∂ t]mse Xs∂ Pohn-XsØ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Xn∑sb Gev]n-°p-I-sb∂v Xs∂-bm-Wv. a\p-jy≥ sNtø-≠Xv \∑bv°v th≠n Pohn-°p-I-bmWv hn:Jp¿-Bs‚ \n¿t±iw. Iev]\ F{X A¿∞-h-Øm-Wv. ""(Xn-∑-sb) G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ \∑ sIm≠p {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-I.'' 4 kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS kz`m-hw, ssZh {]oXn-°mbn £a Ah-ew-_n-°p-I, \nkvImcw Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-°p-I, Zm\w sNøpI XpS-ßn-bhbv°v tijw hnip≤ Jp¿B≥ Ahsc hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv: ""Xn∑sb \∑ sIm≠v XS-bp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-Ip∂p Ah-cpsS kz`mhw''5 thsdmcp ÿeØv \_n Xncp-ta\n (k) tbmSv A√mlp ]d-bp-∂p. ""\∑bpw Xn∑bpw Xpey-a√. Xm¶ƒ (Xn-∑-sb) D¬Ir-jvS-amb \∑-sIm≠v XS-bp-I. At∏mƒ Xm¶-tfmSv i{XpX ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿ D‰ kplr-Øp-°-fmbn amdp-∂Xv Xm¶ƒ°v ImWmw.''6 \∑bpw Xn∑bpw XΩn-ep≈ ka-c-Øns‚ B[mc-Øn¬ t]mepw Xo{h-hmZw \ymbo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bn√ F∂mWv hn.Jp¿ Bs‚ ImgvN-∏mSv hy-IvXam°p∂-Xv. kXy-hn-izm-kn-bpsS ImgvN∏mSv CXm-bn-cn-°-W-a-t√m.

P\-Iob {]Xn-tcm[w F∂ am¿Ivkn-b≥ Pm¿K¨ BWv tIc-fØnse apkvenw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS kwcw-`-Øn\v \evIn-bn´p≈ \ymbo-I-c-Ww. \nb-a-hmgvNsb _q¿jzm a¿±-t\m-]-I-cWw F∂mt£]n-°p-∂-h-cpsS Cu Pm¿KWvv Acm-P-IXzw Ft∂ A¿∞ap-≈p, Ah¿ {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn\v hn`m-h\ sNøp∂ am¿§w ]cn-K-Wn°p-tºmƒ {]tXy-In®pw. \nb-a-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v P\m-[n-]Xy I£nIƒ Xo¿°p∂ {]Xn-tcm-[-a√ Cu P\-Iob {]Xn-tcm-[w. `c-W-L-S\m-am¿§-ßfpw hyh-ÿ-Ifpw A\p-k-cn®v Xo¿°p∂ P\-Iob {]Xntcm[w P\m-[n-]-Xy-am¿§-Øn-ep≈ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w Xs∂-bmWv. clky kz`m-h-ap≈ kwL-S-\-Ifpw Imbn-Im-`ymk ]cn-io-e\hpw AWn-I-tfmSp am{Xw ]d-bp∂ [¿Ω kac kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsam∂pw CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-X-√. A{I-an-Iƒ `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cn-°p-∂n-s√∂ \ymbo-I-cWw Xn∑sb Xn∑ sIm≠v XS-bW-sa∂ hmZ-Øn\v Xpey-am-Wv. CXv Hcp ]cnjvIrX kaq-l-Øn\v Zln-°p-∂-X-√, am{X-a√ Ckvem-ans‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bi-bm-Z¿i߃°v Xo¿Øpw FXn-cp-am-Wv. Pnlm-Zv, {]Xn-{In-b-bv°p≈ {]m[m-\yw, {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\p≈ AhIm-ihpw _m[y-Xbpw apX-em-b-h-bmWv aX-]-c-ambn Ch-cp-]-tbm-Kn°p∂ \ymbo-I-c-W-߃. Pnlm-Zn-s\-°p-dn®v Aev]w hni-Z-ambn N¿® 194

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sNø-Ww. {]Xn-{In-b-sb-°p-dn®v: ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B-\n¬ kqd: A¬_Jd:bn¬ h∂ 178, 179 kq‡-ß-fmWv CXv kw_-‘n®v h∂ c≠p {][m-\-s∏-´-h. AXn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. "hniz-kn-®-htc' Jnkmkv h[Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \n߃°v \n¿∫-‘-am-Wv. kzX-{¥\v kzX-{¥≥, ASn-abv°v ASn-a, kv{Xo°v kv{Xo. F∂m¬ h[n-°-s∏´ BfpsS Hcp ktlm-Z-c≥ (Ip‰ IrXy-Øn-\v) sIme-bm-fn°v am∏v \evIp-∂Xm-bm¬ \ymb-amb \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-Øn¬ HØp Xotc-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. sIme-bmfn \√ \ne-bn¬ AXv \evtI-≠-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. CXv \nßfpsS d∫n¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp Cfhpw A\p-{K-l-hp-am-Ip-∂p. CXn\v tijhpw h√-h\pw AXncv IS-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah\v thZ\mP\I-amb in£-bp≠v-'' 7 sXm´-SpØ kq‡w: ""_p≤n-bp-≈-h-tc, Jnkmkn¬ \n߃°v Pohn-X-ap-≠v. \n߃ kq£vaX ]pe¿tØ-≠-Xn\v.''8 Jnkmkv F∂ ]Z-Øn-t∑-emWv ChnsS A`ymkw. Cu ]Z-Øn\v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]Xn-{Inb F∂pw Cw•o-jn¬ Retaliation F∂p-amWv Nne¿ ]cn-`mj \evIn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ckvem-anI temIØv BZ-cn-°-s∏Sp∂ Cw•ojv ]cn-`m-j-Iƒ an°Xpw Jnkmkv F∂v Ad-_n-bn\evInb tijw {_m°-‰n¬ in£-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ XpeyXm \nbaw F∂v tN¿°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. a¿lqw A√m-am-bq-kp-^enbpw Law of equality- Xpey-Xm-\n-baw F∂mWv ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. a¿lqw auem\m alvaqZv lk≥ At±-l-Øns‚ D¿Zp-]-cn-`mj A¬Jp¿ B\p¬ Icow, hX¿P-a-Øp aB\nø hX^vkodplp Ce√p-K-Xn¬ D¿±nø:bn¬ 178-˛masØ kq‡-Øn\v "_dm-_dn' F∂v Jnkmkv F∂v {_m°-‰n¬ sImSp-Ø-tijw A¿∞w sImSp-Øn-cn°p-∂p. kaw F∂pw XpeyX F∂p-am-Wn-Xns‚ A¿∞w.

Jnkm-kns‚ A¿∞w kw_-‘n®v A√mam bqkp-^en hymJym\-°p-dn-∏n¬ ]d-bp∂Xn{]-Imcw: Cu kq‡hpw sXm´-SpØ kq‡hpw hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv Ckvemw "Pmln-enbm' Ime-L-´-Ønse (C-…m-anI ]q¿h-Im-e-L-´w) {]Xn-{InbmNm-c-ß-fpsS `oI-cX eLq-I-cn-®n-cn°pIbm-sW-∂m-Wv. \oXn-bpsS tX´w IrXy-ambn \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\v XpeyX ]men-°m≥ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw AtX kabw Xs∂ Zbbpw am∏v \evIepw i‡-ambn ip]m¿i sNøpIbpw sNøp-∂p. {]Xn{Inb Ft∂m {]Xn-Imcw Ft∂m (Retaliation) Jnkmkv F∂ hm°v ]cn-`m-j-s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xv AXp-sIm≠v icn-b-s√-∂mWv F\n°v tXm∂p∂-Xv. em‰n≥`mjbnse \nb-a-km-t¶-XnI ]Zw "Lex Talionis' (\oXn°v th≠n-bp≈ {]Xn-{Inbm \nb-aw) BIp∂p CXn-t\m-S-SpØv 195

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

hcp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ AXv t]mepw ChnsS ab-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

F¥m-bmepw hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb Imcy-߃°v km[m-cW kmt¶XnI ]Z-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°-emWv \√-Xv. Retaliation ({]-XnIm-cw, {]Xn-{In-b0 F∂ hm°v Cw•ojv `mjbn¬ hfsc ]c∂ A¿∞w Dƒs°m- ≈ p∂ H∂m- W v . Xn∑°v ]Icw Xn∑ Xncn®p \evIpI F∂-Xn-t\mSp Xpeyw t]mepamWn-Xv. Pmln-enøm Ime-L´-Ønse IpSn-∏-I-bv°mWv Cu {]tbmKw G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Pyw. Ckvemw ]d-bp-∂Xv: \n߃s°mcp Poh\p ]Icw Poh≥ FSp-°W-sa-∂m-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂ G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv AXn-semcp XpeyX thWw. Hcp tKm{X-Ønse Hc-Sn-asb sIm∂-Xn\v ]I-c-ambn Iptd kzX{¥ a\p-jy¿ sIm√-s∏-Sp∂ IpSn-∏I D≠m-I-cp-Xv, ]Icw ZbbpsS \nb-aw, aXn-bmb \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-Øn-eqsS kΩ-X-Øn-eqsS B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xv, AXmWv DØ-aw.''9 Jnkm-kns‚ A¿∞w `mj-bnXpey-X, kaXzw Fs∂m-s°-bm-sW∂pw sIme-°p-‰-Øn-\p≈ in£bnepw CXv ]men- ° - W - s a- ∂ m- W n- h nsS Dt±- i n- ° p- ∂ - s X∂pw ssiJp¬lnμv auem\m alvaqZv lks‚ Jp¿ B≥ hnh¿Ø-\Øn\v ssiJp¬ Ckvemw auem\m i∫o¿ AlvaZv Dkvam\n FgpXnb hymJym-\-Ønepw ]d-bp-∂p.10 ]cnip≤ Jp¿-B-\n¬ CXv kw_-‘-ambn h∂ thsdbpw kq‡ß-fp-≠v. 2:194, 5:45, 16:126, 17:33, 22:60, 42:40 DZm-l-cWw Ch-sbms° Cu hnjbw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXn-sem-s°bpw Du∂p∂ {][m\ Imcyw F¥mtWm Ip‰-ambn sNbvXXv A{X-am-{Xta in£bmbn \evImhq F∂-Xm-Wv. as‰mcp Imcyw CXv kw_-‘n-®p≈ an° Bb-Øp-I-fnepw am∏p \evIp-∂-Xn-s\bpw Zb ImWn-°p-∂-Xns\bpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. aZo-\-bn¬ Ckvem-anI `cW-IqSw D≠m-hp-Ibpw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃ XS-bm\pw Ip‰-ßsf hnNmcW sNøm\pw in£ hn[n-°m\pw kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvX tijw Cu Iev]-\-I-sfms° Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {Inan-\¬ \nba-ß-fpsS `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. CtXmsS hy‡nIƒ°v C°m-cy-Ønep≈ A[n-Imcw sIme-°p‰Øn\p≈ h[-in-£-bn¬ \jvS-]-cn-lmcw hmßn Cfhp sNøp-∂Xv am{X-am°n ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

C∂n-t∏mƒ CsX-°p-dn®v C¥y-bn¬ Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Hc¿∞-hp-an√. {]Xn-{Inb Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw _m[y-X-bmbnØocp∂ tKm{XNn¥ {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-°n-bm¬ F¥mhpw ÿnXn? Hmtcm hy‡n As√¶n¬ Hmtcm kwL-S\ cmPy-Øns‚ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿsb Ah-K-Wn®v Jnkm-kn\v ]pd-s∏-´m¬ F¥mIpw Ahÿ? GXv cmPy-Øm-Wn-X196

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\p-h-Zn-°pI? {]tXy-In®v A¿∞-sam-∂p-an-√mØ hmZw am{X-am-Wnh¿ AWn-Isf hniz-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. {]Xn-tcm-[-sØ-°p-dn®v t\csØ kqNn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. G‰hpw \√ {]Xn-tcm[w kzbw im‡o-I-c-W-am-Wv. i‡n-bpsS ]pXnb A¿∞w ssh⁄m-\n-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb apt∂-‰hpw Pohn°p∂ cmPysØ cmjv{Sob hyh-ÿ-bn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[o-\hp-am-Wv. CXv aq∂pw Ic-ÿ-am-°m-\p≈ GI-am¿§w cmjv{So-b-ambn kwL-Sn-°p-Ibpw P\m-[n-]Xy am¿§-Øn¬ aX-\n-c-t]-£-X -\-b-ambn kzoI-cn®p sIm≠v cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-I-bp-am-Wv. ]cnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]c-am-h[n i‡n kw`-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw A√m-lp-hns‚ i{Xp-°-sfbpw apkvenw-I-fpsS i{Xp-°-sfbpw CXp-]-tbm-Kn®v `bs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v.11 Cu kq‡-Øn¬ "IpXn-c-∏S' Fs∂mcp {]tbm-K-ap-≠v. A£-c-ß-sf-SpØv sh®v Cu kq‡sØ hymJym-\n-°p∂h¿°p≈ ap∂-dn-bn∏v IqSn-bmWo {]tbm-Kw. C∂v IpXn-c-Isf hmßn ]S k÷-am-°p∂ Bƒ°v h´m-sW∂v BfpIƒ ]d-bpw. Cu {]tbm-KsØ \ΩpsS Ime-L-´-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®mWv a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ B¿°pw kwi-b-ap-≠m-hp-I-bn√. CtX am\-Zfiw i‡n°v \evIp-∂-Xn\v F¥mWv sshapJyw? Cu kq‡sØ hymJym\nt°≠Xv Ime-L-´-Øn-∂-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. i‡n-kw-`-cWw, IpXn-c-∏S F∂ hm°p-Iƒ°v F¶nte A¿∞ap≠mIq. A¬JmC-Zbpw ejvIdpw Pbvsi apl-ΩZpw \ΩpsS ]gb F≥.Un.-F^pw \evIp∂ hymJym-\-Øn\v _p≤n-iq-\yX F∂pw Xo{hhmZw F∂p-am-W¿∞w. B[p-\n-Im¿∞-Øn-ep≈ apI-fn¬ ]d™ i‡n kw`-c-W-amWv C¥y-bn¬ kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS _m[y-X. Cu _m[yX AºXv iX-am-\-sa-¶nepw \nd-th-‰-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ _m_cn-∏≈n AhnsSØs∂ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p, k®m¿ kanXn Nq≠n°m-Wn® ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ B]-Xn-°p-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Pnlm-ZmWv Ch-cpsS as‰m-cm-bp-[w. PnlmZv Hmtcm apkven-an\pw _m[y-X-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ F¥mWo PnlmZv? ]pdØv ssh⁄m-\nI tI{μ-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CS-ß-fn¬ Pnlm-Zns\ Ipdn-®p≈ [mcW-I-fpsS DZm-l-cWw BZyw ]d-bmw.

1. Jihad: A Religious war of Muslims against the enemies of their faith: the new International webster's Dictionary and thesaurus 2. A Holy war under taken by Muslims against unbelieers. Readers Digest oxford Dictionary 3. A Holywar (for the Muslim fmith) A stunt campaign: chambers 197

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

20th Centuary Dictionary 4. apl-Ω-Zo-b-cpsS hnip-≤-bp≤w (a-X-Øn\v th≠n-bp-≈-Xv) kn.am-[-h≥ ]n≈, Cw•ojv ae-bmfw \nL-≠p.

5. aX-]-c-ambn apl-Ω-Zo-b¿ \S-Øp∂ t]mcv, aX-{]-Nm-c-Wm¿∞w Ckvemw \nbaw A\p-im-kn-®n-´p≈ hnip≤ bp≤w: i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen C°q-´-Øn¬ Chambers Dictionary D]-cyp‡ A¿∞w sImSpØ tijw {_m°-‰n¬ Ar: Struggle F∂v tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Ad_n `mjm¿∞w Struggle F∂m-sW-∂v. ]nS-®n¬, Xo{h-b-Xv\w, A≤zm\w, kmlkw apX-em-b-h-bmWv Struggle\v \ma-cq-]-Øn¬ A¿∞w. {Inbm-cq]-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Npcp°w kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ t]mcm´w F∂ Hc¿∞w Cu hm°n-\p-≠v. Aev]sa¶nepw am\yX Nmtºgvkv ]pe¿Ønsb∂p kmcw. a‰p- ≈ - h sc Ip‰- s ∏- S p- t Ø- ≠ - X n- √ . apkvenwIfn¬ \n∂m-Wt√m CXn-∂¿∞w Ah¿°v Int´-≠-Xv. \mapw km[m-cW CtX A¿∞-Øn¬ Xs∂-bmWo ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. bp≤w F∂ Hc¿∞w Cu hm°n\v Nne kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Cs√-∂√, ]s£ Cu hm°v Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ t]mepw Pohn-XØn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠n h∂n-´n-√mØhcmWv temI-Ønse apkvenw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ alm-`q-cn-]-£-hpw. F∂m¬ CX-√m-ØXpw Pohn-XØn¬ Bbncw XhW {]tbm-Kn-°m≥ apkvenw kaqlw _m[y-ÿhp-amb H∂n-e-[nIw A¿∞w Cu hm°n-\p-≠v. apkvenw-Iƒ°pw ]pdØp-≈-h¿°p-sam∂pw Cu A¿∞-ß-fn¬ Cu ]ZsØ ]cn-N-b-ans√-∂Xv A¤p-X-ap-f-hm-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Ønse ]fin-X-∑m¿°v CX-dn-bm-Ø-X-√.

Cu ]Z-Øns‚ `mjm¿∞w Xo{h-bXv\w F∂v Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ckvem-an¬ PnlmZv F∂ hm°v AXns‚ `mjm¿∞-sØ-°mfpw alØmb A¿∞-Øn-em-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv Kl-\-amb Bi-bß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ hm°m-Wv. Ad_n `mj-bn¬ bp≤-Øn\v a‰p t]cpI- f p- ≠ v . kmt¶- X nI {]tbmKw hgn Cu hm°n\v bp≤w F∂ A¿∞w Npcp°w kμ¿`-ß-fnte In´p-∂p-≈p. t\¿°v t\sc bp≤w F∂ hm°p-]-tbm-Kn-°msX Cu hm°n\v bp≤w F∂ A¿∞w IqSn kw`m-h\ sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°m-hp∂ Imcyw bp≤w F∂ Bibw Xs∂ temIw A∂p-hsc D]-tbm-Kn®, temI-Øn\v ]cn-NnX-amb A¿∞-Øn-e√ Ckvemw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv F∂m-Wv. bp≤Øn\v Hcp ]pXnb am\w \evIp-I-bmWv Cu ]Z-Øn-eqsS Ckvemw.

Pnlm-Zns‚ a‰p {]tbm-K-߃ IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ CXv hy‡-am-Ipw. kz¥w ico-c-tØmSv PnlmZv sNøpI F∂ {]tbm-K-ap198

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

≠v. Hcp ap…nans‚ BZysØ _m[yX C∏-d-™-Xm-Wv. CsX-°pdn®v kmZp¬ aBZv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv ico-c-tØmSv PnlmZv F∂ {]tbmKw \mev Imcy-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. 1. k∑m¿§w GsX∂ Xncn-®-dnhv. 2. k¬°¿Ω \njvT. 3. Xm≥ a\- n-em-°nb kXy-Øns‚ {]t_m-[-\w. 4. GXv kμ¿`-Ønepw ssI hnSmØ £abpw kl\hpw.

PnlmZv aq∂v hn`m-K-ambn ]fin-X-∑m¿ hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. 1. icoc-tØmSv Pnlm-Zv. 2. ]nim-Nn-t\mSv AYhm tZtl— F∂v hnfn-°-s∏Sp∂, kwkvIr-X-a-√m-ØXpw kz¥w ico-c-Øn\pw a\- n\pw kaql-Øn\pw lm\n-I-chpamb `uXnI Xmev]-cy-ß-tfmSv, kwibw AXns‚ \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXnt\mSv. 3. {]Xy£ i{Xp-hn-t\mSv. aq∂m-aXv ]d™ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv bp≤w Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ bp≤w am{X-a√ Dƒs∏-Sp-I. i{Xp-hns\ bp≤-Øn-eq-sS-b-√, a‰p am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ]cm-P-bs∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°pI F¶n¬ B am¿§w kzoI-cn-°-Ww. i{Xphns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn apkvenw kaq-l-sØbpw a\p-jys‚ ASnÿm\ kzmX-{¥yw, auen-Im-h-Imiw F∂n-h-sbbpw kpc-£n-X-am°Ww F∂-XmWv e£yw. Cu ka-c-Øn¬ Nne-t∏mƒ kºØv \jvS-s∏-Spw, A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏-Spw, Nne-t∏mƒ IpSpw_w \jvS-s∏Spw, Nne-t∏mƒ ico-cw-˛-Po-h≥ \jvS-s∏-Spw. Cu \jvS-߃s°ms° A√mlp {]Xn-^ew \evIpw. \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-a-√, {]Xn-^-ew. icoc \jvS-Øn\v ˛ Poh-Xym-K-Øn\v henb hne In´pw. c‡-km-£nXzw F∂Xv A]q¿h t\´-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu \jvS-߃ bp≤w Pbn-°-W-sa∂ \n¿∫‘ _p≤n aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂Xmbn-cn-°-Ww. Pbn-°m\pw hnizmk {]am-Whpw apkvenw kaq-lhpw i{Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm\pw Bbn-cn-°Ww bp≤w. AØcw bp≤-ß-fnse ac-W-amWv c‡-km-£n-Xzw. Pohn-XØn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm\pw Npfp-hn¬ kz¿§w ssI°-em-°m-\p-ap≈ Ipdp°p hgn-b-√. Aßs\ kz¿§w In´p-sa-¶n¬ AXm-Wt√m \√-Xv. bYm¿∞ apkven-ambn Pohn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ F{X {]bm-k-߃ kln°-Ww, Fs¥√mw _en Ign-°-Ww. Bflm-hns\ ]q¿Æ-ambpw ip≤oI-cn-®-h¿°-√msX AXv km[y-a-√. C{Xbpw {]bm-k-s∏´v Pohn-°p∂-Xn\v ]Icw Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw ta°n´v Ibdn Fßn-s\-sb-¶nepw sIm√-s∏´p In´n-bm¬ kz¿§w In´p-sa-¶n¬ F¥n\v PohnXw F∂v ]d™v Cßs\ ]mSp- s ]- S - W w. Ckv e mw k∑m¿§- a m- W v . F√m ssZhnI aX-ßfpw a\p-jy\v k∑m¿§-Z¿i-\-ambn Hmtcm Ime-Ø-h199

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

X-cn-®-Xm-Wv. k∑m¿§w Pohn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. aX-ß-fpsS D≈-S°w Pohn-X-am-Wv. Fßs\ acn-°-Ww, AXn-\p≈ Ffp∏ hgn-tbXv F∂v ]Tn-∏n-°m-\√ apl-ΩZv \_n(-k) \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xv, ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿B≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. C{μnb {Kmly-a-√mØ AXn-`uXnI kXyß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°p-I, \a-kvIm-csØ Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-am-°p-I, ssZhw \evIn-bn-´p≈ kº-Øn¬ \n∂v ssZhw AXv \evIn-bn-´n-√mØ ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v th≠n Nne-h-gn-°p-I, Cßs\bp≈, kq£n®v Pohn°p-∂-h¿°v \n w-ibw k∑m¿§w ImWn®p sImSp-°p∂ {KŸ-amWv Cu {KŸw12 F∂v ]d™p sIm≠mWv ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Bcw-`n°p-∂-Xv. Cu {KŸw a\pjy Pohn-XsØ klm-bn-°m-\p-≈-Xm-Wv F∂¿∞w. Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v Hfn-t®mSn tae-\-ßmsX kz¿§w In´m\p≈ Ipdp°p hgn ]d™p sImSp-°m-\p-≈-X√ F∂p-a¿∞w. Cßs\-bp≈ Hcp a\pjy kaq-lsØ `qan-bn¬ km£m-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne-t∏mƒ Nne-cpsS PohnXw tlman-t°≠n hcpw. (\-_n-Xn-cp-ta\n (k) c‡-km-£n-bm-b√ Pohn-X-tØmSv hnS-hm-ßn-b-Xv. A_q-_-°¿ kn±nJv (d) c‡-km-£n-bm-b-√. kz¿§w hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏´ A_qZ¿dv (d) AS°w H´-\-h[n klm-_n-Iƒ bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ InS-∂√ acn-®-Xv. \_n Xncp-ta\n (k)-bpsS `mcy-amcpw a°fpw Hs° Cu ]´n-I-bn-ep-≠v. Ch-cpsS PohnXw ]cn-ip-≤-am-bn-cp-∂n-√, aqeyhØmbn-cp-∂n√ Fs∂m∂pw CXn-∂¿∞-an-√. F∂p am{X-a-√, ]nevIme apkvenw-Iƒ°v Ckvem-ans\ ]Tn-∏n®p sImSpØ \_nNcy-Ifpw hN\-ßfpw Ch¿ hgn-bmWv \ap°v e`n-®-Xv. c‡-km£nXzØns‚ alXzw ]Tn-°p∂tXmsSm∏w Xs∂ ]Tn-t°≠ a‰p Nne Imcy-ß-fpap-≠v. H∂v \_n Xncp-ta\n (k) _Zvdns‚ cWm-¶-W-Øn¬ kpPqZn¬ InS∂v \S-Ønb {]m¿∞-\. Ah¿ bp≤-Øn\v h∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√. A_q-kp-^vbms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈Xpw apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xnsc bp≤w sNøm≥ ]W-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v a°-bnse Ckvem-ans‚ i{Xp°-fm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb Imc-h-s\-˛-I-®-hS kwLsØ XSbp-∂-Xn\v h∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hnc-en-se-Æm-hp∂ hmfp-Ifpw Ip¥-ßfpw Ht∂m ct≠m IpXn-c-Ifpw Hs°-bm-bn-cp∂p BsI Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ Bbp-[߃. `uXn-I-amb GXv ]cn-tim-[-\-bnepw Zp¿∫-e-cmb Cu kwLw ]cm-P-b-s∏-S-Ww. ssZhnI-amb AZriy klmbw sImt≠ c£-bp-≈p. Ahn-Sp∂v {]m¿∞n®p: Cu sIm®p kwLsØ \o c-£s∏-Sp-Ø-W-ta, ImcWw \o \ntbm-Kn® kXyw A\m-Y-ambnt∏mImXn-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ch¿ Pohn-°-Ww. _Z-dns‚ cWm-¶-W-Øn¬ Cdßnb Ckvem-ans‚ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ°v c‡-km-£nXzw \ntj-[n-°-W200

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sa-∂m-Wt√m Cu {]m¿∞-\-bpsS as‰m-c¿∞w. CXv hgn Ah-cpsS kz¿§-Øns‚ hmXn¬ AS-°p-I-bmtWm \_n (k) sNbvXXv? ""kXy-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ H∂n®v (bp-≤-Øn-\v) ]pd-s∏-Sm-h-X-√. AhcpsS Hmtcm Iq´-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hmtcm kwLw Zo\n¬ Ah-Kmlw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v th≠n ]pd-s∏-Sm-Ø-sX¥v sIm≠v?'' 13 CXns‚ hni-ZoI-c-W-ambn A√mam bqkp-^en At±-l-Øns‚ Jp¿-B≥ hymJym\ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Imcyw: ""bp≤w A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cn-°mw. Hcp Ckvem-anI Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Xe-h≥ bp≤-Øn\v FØn-t®-cm≥ Bhiy-s∏-´m¬ AX-\p-k-cnt® Xocq. F∂m¬ bp≤sØ a‰p≈ Imcyß-sf-°m-tfsd alXzhevI-cn-°-cp-Xv. bp≤-Øn\v t]mIm≥ km[n°p-∂-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ Hcp hn`mKw amdn \n¬°-Ww. ]T-\m-h-iy-߃°m-Wn-Xv. bp≤w Ign™v Bfp-Iƒ aSßn h∂p Ignbp-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS a\- p-Isf ho≠pw aX-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ km[mcW Xmev]-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® A[ym]-I¿ thWw.''14 Ckvem-anI Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Xs∂-bmWv Chn-sSbpw kqN-\. G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv bp≤sØt∏mseØs∂sb¶nepw {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv Ckvem-anI Pohn-Xhpw Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]\-ßfpw F∂v Cu kq‡w hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-∂p. kam-[m-\-tØmSpw kzmX-{¥y-tØmSpw Pohn-°m≥ bp≤hpw c‡s®m-cn-®nepw Bhm-sa-∂Xv temIw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ Imcy-am-Wv. Ncn{X-a-dn-bp-∂-h¿°v Km‘n-Pn-bpsS C¥y-t]mepw kzmX-{¥y-Øn\v hnebmbn sImSpØ c‡-sØ-°p-dn-®-dn-bm-a-t√m. {^©v hnπ-hw, Ata-cn°≥ kzmX-{¥y-k-acw apX-emb P\m-[n-]Xy ka-c-ß-fn¬ c‡w Nmen-s´m-gp-In-bXpw \ap-°-dn-bmw. Ckvemw ]s£ C°m-cy-Ønepw hfsc kq£va-X-tbm-Sp≈ kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Ckvemw bp≤w A\p-h-Zn-®-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp-∂p: ""bp≤Øn-∂n-cb - mbh¿°v Ah¿ a¿±n-Xc - m-bX - n-\m¬ (bp-≤Ø - n-\v) A\p-hmZw \evI-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. A√mlp Ahsc klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈-h≥ Xs∂bmIp-∂p. bmsXmcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an-√msX A√mlphmWv Rß-fpsS \mY≥ F∂p ]d™ ImcWw sIm≠p am{Xw XßfpsS `h-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]pdØv t]mtI≠n h∂-h-cs{X Ah¿''15 a°-bn¬ \n∂v Xß-fpsS hnizmkkwc-£-W-Øn\v aZo-\-bn-tet°mSnt∏mbn´pw Ahn-sSbpw Ahsc sskzc-ambpw kpc-£n-X-ambpw Pohn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°n-s√∂v i{Xp-°ƒ imTyw-]n-Sn-®-t∏m-gm-bn-cp∂p C\n \n߃ Bbp-[-sa-Sp-°p-I, ssZhw \nßsf klm-bn-°p-sa∂v ssZhw Ah-tcmSv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. bp≤w Hcn-°¬ Bcw-`n®p Ign-™m201

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Hcp bp≤w sIms≠m-cn-°epw {]iv\w Xocm-dn-√. ChnsSbpw Xo¿∂n√. c≠n-semcp I£n ]s‰ XI-cp-Itbm \in-°p-Itbm sNøp-tºmƒ am{Xta AX-h-km-\n-°q. \nc-¥-c-amb bp≤-߃ D≠m-bn. apkvenwIƒ Hcp cmjv{Sob i‡n-bmbn Db¿∂p h∂-tXmsS tdmw, t]¿jy≥ km{am-Py-߃ a°-bnse JpssdinIsf ]n¥p-S¿∂v `ojWn Db¿Ønb-t∏mƒ Ah-scbpw XI¿t°≠n h∂p. bp≤sØ Xmev]-cy-tØmsS Ckvemw I≠n-´n-√. \nhr-Øn-bn-√mØ L´-ß-fn¬ hnizm-k-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\p th≠n am{X-amWv Bbp-[-saSp-°m≥ apkvenw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. Jp¿-B≥ bp≤w sNøm≥ Iev]n® tijw ]d-bp-∂Xv ""^nXv\ bp≤-sØ-°mƒ ITn-\-X-cas{X''16 ChnsS JXv¬ F∂m-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. sIme F∂m-W-Xns‚ A¿∞w bp≤w Dt±iym¿∞am-Ip-∂p. sIme a¿±-\-sØ-°mƒ sa®am-sW-∂-√, a¿±\w sIme-sb-°mƒ NoØ-bm-sW-∂mWv {]tbm-Kw. bp≤hpw c‡-s®m-cn-®epw NoØ-bm-sW∂v Xs∂-bm-Wv Jp¿-Bs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. ]s£ A{I-an-Iƒ hnizm-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \nßsf a¿±n°m\pw ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw Xp\n-™n-d-ßn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CX-h-km-\n∏n-°-Ww. F∂m¬ At∏mgpw A√mlp CS-°nsS DW¿Øp-∂Xv i{Xp-°ƒ A{I-a-Øn¬ \n∂v hnc-an-®m¬ \nß-f-hsc shdpsX hnSWw. ]ns∂ Ahsc Itø‰w sNøp-∂Xv A{I-a-am-Wv. A{Iaw A√mlp Hcn-°epw s]mdp-°p-∂X - √ - . hnizmk Imcy-Øn¬ \nß-tfmSv bp≤w sNøm-Ø-h-tcmSv \nßfpw bp≤w sNø-cp-Xv. Ah-tcmSp \oXn sNøWw. \oXn A√mlp G‰w CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-\m-Wv. Hcp {]tZ-isØ \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn apkvenw-Iƒ k‘n-bp-≠m-hpIbpw F∂m¬ B {]tZ-isØ apkvenw-Iƒ Ahn-S-Øp-Im-cp-ambn CS™p klmbw A`y¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Ahsc klm-bnt°-≠-Xn√ F∂mWv hn[-n. AXv t]mse \nba hnim-c-Z-∑m¿ bp≤Øn\v Kth-jWw sNbvXv FSp-Øn-´p≈ \nb-a-߃ ]e {]mam-WnI {KŸ-ß-fnepw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. kmZp¬ aB-Zv, id-lp¬ apl-±_v, AlvIm-ap- p¬Øm\nø: Xlvco-dp¬ AlvImw F∂nh Ah-bn¬ NneXv am{X-am-Wv. apkvenw temIw s]mXp-hn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWo {KŸ-߃. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ apkvenw temIØv kp∂o hn`m-K-Øn∂n-S-bn¬ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ß-fp-an-√. Ch-bn-semcp \nb-a-amWv apkvenw-Iƒ sXc-s™-SpØtXm AwKo-I-cn-®tXm Bb t\Xr-Xztam `c-Wm-[n-Imcntbm Bbn-cn-°Ww PnlmZv {]Jym-]n-t°-≠Xv F∂Xv. `c-W-IqSw Pnlm-Zn\v aq∂p-]m-[n-bm-sW-∂-XmWv as‰mcp \nb-aw. a°-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°v Bbp-[-sa-Sp-°m≥ A\p-hmZw D≠m-bn-cp202

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

∂n-√. C_v\p-I-ko¿ CXn\v Imc-W-߃ \nc-Øp-∂p-≠v. Hcp ImcWw ""Ah¿ apiv c n°p- I fpsS \m´n- e m- b n- c p∂p'' F∂- X m- W v . as‰mcp ImcWw ""FÆ- Ø n¬ Ah¿ hfsc Ipd- h m- b n- c p∂p'' F∂Xpw ""apivcn°pIƒ FÆ-Øn¬ Ah-sc-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p-sh-∂-Xpw.'' aZo-\-bn¬ A\p-h-Zn-®Xv ""kpc-£n-X-amb Hcp Bÿm\hpw klm-bn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv'' sIm≠pw.17 Camw amh¿Zn, Camw C_v\p PamA: Camw C_v\p-J-ønw apX-emb ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n{]m-b-ß-fn¬ Cu kq£vaX ImWmw. ]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-B-s‚bpw \_nN-cy-bpsSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ cq]w sIm≠-XmWo hn[n-I-sfm-s°. a\pjy c‡- Ø n\v Atß- b ‰w hne- I - e v ] n- ° p∂ aX- a mWn…mw F∂Xv sIm≠mWo kq£va-X. CXv hnkva-cn-°p∂ Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ Ckvemtam AXns‚ kwkvIm-ctam A√ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. t\csØ kqNn-∏n® c≠p Xo{h-hmZn hn`m-K-ß-fn-epw˛CJvhm≥, Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an, Xo{h-k-e-^n-˛-a-\p-jy≥ aX-Øn\p th≠n-bp-≈, Ah¿ ImWp∂ aXm-`m-k-Øn\p th≠nbp≈ hne Ipd™ D]-I-c-W-߃ am{X-am-Wv. aXsØ BZyw aØm-°pI, ]n∂oSv Cu aØp-]-tbmKn®v a\p-jys\ A]-am-\-ho-I-cn-°p-I, CXmWv Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw ^mknÃp-I-fp-sams° sNøp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn-en∂v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-ƒ kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ Bibw Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS hmZ--ß-fm-Wv. ssZh-Øns‚ `qanbn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ B[n-]-Xyw, a\p-jy≥ AXv \S-∏m-°m≥ _m[yÿ≥, a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-ß-fmb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ßfpw cmjv{Sob hyhÿn-Xn-Ifpw `c-W-Iq-S-ß-fp-sams° ss]im-NnIw (Xm-Kq-Øv), Chsb tXmev]n-°p-Ibpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈ _m[y-X-bpsSbpw ssZhnI `cWw `qan-bn¬ bmYm¿∞y-am-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øz-Ønt‚bpw t]cmWv Ckvemw. CXn-\p≈ Ckvem-ans‚ am¿§-amWv PnlmZv. Cu Bibw Dds° ]d-b-Ww, CXns‚ km£m-XvIm-c-Øn\v ]cky-ambn {]-h¿Øn-°-Ww, Aßs\ th≠ F∂ X¿°-am-Wv apºv knan-sbbpw Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-sbbpw sX‰n-®-Xv, Iivao¿ PamAsØ Ckveman C¥y≥ Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS `mK-a√ F∂v ]d-™Xpw CtX ImcWw sIm≠p Xs∂. Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Ahkm\w aq°p ]nSn®v apßp-∂Xv hsc Pam AØv CsXms° Dds° ]d-bp-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Pam-AØv Ch-sbms° Dds° ]d-™mepw ]d-™n-s√-¶nepw Cu Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]nXrXzw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-h¿°v km[y-a-√. \nc-¥-c-ambn sa‰-tam¿t^mkn-kn\v hnt[-b-ambns°m≠n-cn-°p∂ 203

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

F≥.-Un.-F^v F∂p apºv t]cp≈ Xo{h-hm-Z-kw-L-S-\-bpsS amÿ s{_bn≥ PamAØns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fm-Wv. Ah¿ apºv Fg-pXnbpw {]kw-Kn®pw Nph-sc-gp-Xnbpw hmƒt]m-Ã-sdm-´n®pw h¿j-ß-tfmfw \S∂n´pw Bcpw Xncn™p t\m°p-∂n-s√∂ A\p-`-h-]m-T-am-W-hsc ]pXnb ]co£WØn-s\mcpßm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-∂-h¿°v tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p In´nb {]-tNm-Z\w sF.-F-kv.-Fkv A_vZp-∂m-kdns‚ hnP-bhpw ]cm-P-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. _m_-cn-∏-≈n-Ø¿°hpw AXns\ t\cn-Sm≥ apkvenw C¥ybv°v JmCtZan√-Øns\t∏meps≈mcp t\Xm-hns‚ A`m-hhpw krjvSn® temehpw Zp¿∫-ehpamb C¥y≥ apkvenwIfpsS Ah-ÿ-bmWv A_vZp-∂m-k-dn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ hnj-°q-Wp-Iƒ°v P∑w \evIn-b-Xv, Abm-fpsS AP≠ hfsc ]cnan-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. sF.-F-kv.-F- n\v Z£nW tIc-f-Ønepw ae-_m-dnse Npcp°w {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw \√ I®-hSw In´n. aAvZ\n-bmbn thjw amdnb A_vZp-∂m-k¿ DkvXm-Zm-bn, Icn-w]q-®-I-fp-≠m-bn, BsI apX¬ apS-°m-bn-cp∂ \m°n\v \√ am¿°‰v In´n. C{X-sbm-s°tbm aq∏¿°pt±iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. tZmjw ]d-b-cp-X-t√m, Cbm-fpsS Xo{h-hm-Z-Øn\v _p≤n-bpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbm-K-sam∂pw Bh-iy-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. AXvsIm≠v ]pd-tØ°v I≠-Xn-\-∏pdw AXn-∂-I-sØm∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AsXmcp kwL-S-\-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. aq∏-cpsS {]kwKw t]mseØs∂ Hcp H®-∏mSv am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXvsIm≠v AsX{X thK-amtWm kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xv AXn-tesd Ffp-∏-Øn¬ AXv ]ncn™p t]mbn. sF.-F-kv.-F-kv. ]s£ ]n∂mse h∂ Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v Hcp ]mT]p-kvX-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p; F¥v sNø-Ww, F¥v sNbvXp IqSm F∂v ]Tn- ∏ n- ° p∂ ]mT- ] p- k v X Iw. C¥y- s bm- ´ msI _m_- c n- ∏ - ≈ n {]iv\ØneqsS ^mknkw DgpXv ]mI-s∏-SpØn sh® aÆv Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°Ww F∂v Pam-AØv {_m≥Uv Xo{h-hm-Zn-Isf ]Tn-∏n®Xv sF.-F-kv.-Fkv Bbn-cp-∂p. Hdn-Pn-\¬ Pam-AØpw AXns‚ Zn\-]-{Xhpw sF.-F-kv.-F-kn\pw aAvZ\n-bmbn amdnb A_vZp-∂m-kdn\pw \evInb ]n¥pW Ip{]-kn-≤-am-W-t√m. ]mh-Øns‚ Imt_mw_v s]m´n XI¿∂-t∏mƒ Biz-kn-∏n-®Xv tIcf apkvenw bphXbv°v Bbn-c-°-W-°n¬ ImepIfp≠v F∂v FgpXns°m≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ Ah¿ ]S-®p-hn´ sNdp-∏-°m¿ aAvZ\nbpsS Imen\v ]Icw \nev I m- \ √ Xmev ] cyw ImWn- ® - X v . Ah¿°v Xmev ] cyw Abmƒ°v ]‰nb sX‰p-I-fnepw hnP-bn® hgn-I-fn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. t\csØ sNbvX Krl-]m-T-Øn¬ \n∂v A∂sØ ]pXnb apkvenw 204

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bphXbpsS a\ v hmbn-°m≥ GXm-≠-h¿°v Ign-™n-cp-∂p. Ah¿ ]s£ BZyw sNbvXXv X߃°v ]‰nb sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Øp-I-bmbn-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-b-Øn\v a\- n-em-ImØ kmlnXyw ]d™v Imew Ign-°p-Ibpw CSbv°v Npa-sc-gp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXXv sIm≠v Bbp v \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Ib - √ - msX {]tbm-P\ - s - am-∂p-ap-≠m-hp-Ib - n-s√∂v Ah¿ Xncn®-dn-™p. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ s]mXp-[m-c-bn-te°v FØm≥ BZyw sNbvXXv s]mXp-[m-c-bn-ep≈ Nnesc hio-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahcn¬ Nne¿ t\csØ IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcpw ]nevIm-eØv s]mXp[mcm kwL-S-\-I-fn¬ tNt°-dnbhcpw B-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-aXv sNbvX Imcyw A_vZp∂mk¿ aAvZ\n apºv ]c-kyambn sNbvXn-cp∂ {]kw-KsØ kzImcy ¢m p-I-fm-°p-Ibpw Hcp clky kwL-S-\-bp≠m°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. h¿§ob elf-I-fpsS ÿnXn hnh-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie¿Øn AhX-cn-∏n-°p-I, s]mSn∏pw sXmßepw tN¿Øv AXnse {Iqc-X-Iƒ h¿Æn-°p-I, i{Xp-hn-s‚-˛-kw-Lv]-cn-hm-dns‚ `oam-Im-chpw AP-ø-i‡nbpw h¿Æn-°p-I, Bh-iy-amb hymP-߃ tN¿Øv `oXn krjvSn°p-I, Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-]-\-ßsf hf-s®m-Sn®v PnlmZv t]mep-≈h Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I, kwL-S-\-bn-te-s°-Øp-∂-h¿°v aXn-∏p-≠m-°m-\mh-iy-amb PmS-Iƒ ImWn-°p-I, aX-˛-`u-Xn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw hfsc Ipd™-hcpw temI-]-cn-N-b-an-√m-Ø-hcpamb bphm-°sf ]m´n-em-°m≥ CsXms° aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bfp-IfpsS Bio¿hm-Z-tØmsSbmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pw Ah¿ Xpd∂v C°mcyw kΩ-Xn-°p-I-bn-s√∂pw AXv s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ \nevIm≥ Ah¿°v Bh-iy-am-bXv sIm≠m-sW∂pw Ip´n-Isf hniz-kn-∏n-°pI, kap-Zm-b-Ønse apkvenw-eo-Kv, ka-kvX-t]m-ep≈ kwL-S-\-Isf {]Io¿Øn-°p-I, Ch-bn-sems° {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿ XpS¿∂pw Ahbn¬ {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂pw Ch-sbms° \ΩpsS kwL-S-\-I-fmsW∂pw Chbv°v th≠n IqSn-bmWv \mw {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp-I, CsXm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p BZyw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ {]h¿Ø\ ssien. cmjv{Sob I£n-Iƒ XΩn¬ Igp-Ø-dp-∏≥ a’cw A\p-Zn\w apdpIn hcp∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ GXv kwL-Øn\pw ]nSn®p \nevIm≥ Cu a’cw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ km[n-°pw. Cu ]mTw aXcm-jv{S, Xo{h-hmZn {Kq∏p-Isf ]Tn-∏n-®Xv aX-kw-L-S-\-I-fn-ep-≠mb ]nf¿∏p-I-fm-Wv. sXc-s™-Sp∏v ImeØv thm´v cmjv{SobØn\p hnSp the sNøm≥ hn[n-°-s∏´ cmjv{Sob I£nIƒ Pb-˛-]-cm-Pb \n¿Æ205

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

b-߃°v GXv I®n-Øp-cpºns‚bpw Imep-gn-bpw. CXn¬ \n∂v Bcpw ap‡-c-√. BZ¿i cmjv{So-bØns‚ hnXm-\-Øn-te°v t]mepw Cu Ahn-lnX _m‘-h-ßsf ˛ cmjv{Sob A«o-e-Xsb hymJym-\n-®pb¿Øp-∂-h-cp-≠v. ]Xn-\©mw temIvk`m sXc-s™-Sp∏v ImesØ CS-Xv]-£˛ ]n.-Un.-]n-_-‘sØ Hm¿°p-I. sXc-s™-Sp∏v ImeØv thm´m-sc-¶nepw ths≠∂v ]d-bptam F∂mWv tNmZyw. CsXm-c-¥¿ tZiob \nb-atam, Ncn-{X-Øns‚ \nb-atam Hs° BsW∂ a´n-emWv tNmZyw. BZ¿iw AWn™p \S-°m-\p≈ B`-cWw am{X-am-sW∂v Icp- X p- ∂ - h ¿ am{Xw cmjv { Sob {]h¿Ø\w \S- Ø p∂ tIcfw t]mep≈ Hcp \m´n¬ CXn-∂mcpw adp-]Sn ]d-bn-√. F∂m¬ CXns‚ adp-]p-d-sa-¥mWv? apkvenw cmPy-amb ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ t]mepw In´mØ AwKo-Imchpw am\y-Xbpw PamAsØ Ckvem-an°v tIc-f-Øn¬ Ign™ Ipd®v sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn-embn e`n®p hcp-∂p. B[p-\nI cmjv{Sob LS\sb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfhpw atX-X-c-Xzw, P\m-[n-]Xyw apX-emb cmjv{Sob aqey-ßsf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fhpw G‰hpw amc-Ihpw hn[zwkI-hp-amb Bi-b-߃ sIm≠p \S-°p∂ Hcp I£n-bmWv Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an. am{X-a√ aX-hn-izm-k-Øn-\pw, hnizm-kn-Iƒ°pw B I£n B]-Øm-Wv. Cu B]-Øp-Iƒ ASp-Ø-dn-™Xv sIm≠mWv ]≠v A_p¬ AAvemauZqZnsb ]mIn-kvXm≥ \oXn\ymb kwhn-[m\w Xq°n-s°m-√m≥ hn[n-®-Xv, kønZv JpXp-_ns\ CuPn-]vXn¬ Xq°ns°m-∂-Xv. A∂sØ Aøq-_vJms‚ ]mIn-kvXm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v I\n-™Xv sIm≠mWv auZq-Zn-km-ln-_n\v Poh≥ In´nb-Xv. C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v ]e-h´w \ntcm-[n® kwL-S-\-bmWv C¥y≥ Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an. Iivao-cn¬ C∂sØ Xo{h-hm-Z-Øn\v XpS-°an-Sp-∂Xv Ahn-SsØ PamAsØ Ckvem-an-bm-Wv. AXns‚ hnZym¿∞n kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp∂ PwC-ø-Øp Øpe_-bmWv ]n∂oSv lnkp_p¬ apPmln Zo\mbn amdp-∂-Xv. CsXms° F√m-h¿°pw Adn-bp∂ Imcy-ß-fp-am-Wv. C∂sØ C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Xpd∂p ]d-bp∂Xv A]- I - S - a m- s W∂ `bw sIm≠mWv C¥y≥ Pam- A sØ Ckveman Ct∏mƒ GtXm A\y-{Kl `mj-bn¬ kwkm-cn®p sIm≠ncn-°p-∂-Xv. C∂v s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ {]Xn-\n-[oI-cn-°m≥ £Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Pam-AØv h‡m-°sfbmWv F∂n-StØ°v tIc-f-Øn¬ Ah¿°p≈ Aw-Ko-Imcw FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im-cp-sS, {]tXy--In®v kn.-]n.-Fw-s‚bpw Ah-cpsS _p≤nPo-hn-I-fpsSbpw Xmßpw klm-b-hp-am-W-hsc ChnsS FØn-®-Xv. 206

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

thm´p cmjv{Sobw F∂ sNfn-°p≠v F{X Bg-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂v CsXm∂p-am{Xw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. thm´p cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ Cu Zp¿∫eX Xs∂-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´nbp≠m-°m-\p≈ Ah-cpsS \o°Øn\v ]n∂n-epw.

CtX ]mX Xs∂-bmWv Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv, cmjv{Sob-°-fn-bn¬ ]Xn-\©mw temIvk`m sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Ah¿ bp.-Un.F-^n\v ]n¥pW {]Jym-]n®p sIm≠m-Wn-Xn\v XpS-°-an-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn\v apºsØ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ^mkn-k-Øns‚ t]cv ]d™v an°-hmdpw afi-e-ß-fn¬ kn.-]n.-Fw-\mWv ]n¥pW sImSp-Øn-cp-∂sX-¶nepw AXv {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂n-√. bp.-Un.-F-^n\v ]n¥pW \evIp∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Xmev]cyw apkvenw-eo-Kns\ apgp-h-\mbn Iøn-se-Sp°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw eoKv F≥.-Un.-F^v cwKØv h∂ Imew apX¬ Xs∂ AXn-s∂-Xn-cmbn \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. CXv F≥.Un.-F-^n\p th≠n D≠m-°nb \ne-]m-Smbncp∂n-√. sF.-F-kv.-F-kv. \ne-hn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ apX¬ eoKv kzoI-cn® Xo{h-hmZ hncp≤ \ne]m-Sns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-∏pdw Pn√m apkvenw eoKv IΩ-‰n-bmWv Cu \ne-]m-Sp-ambn BZy-ambn cwKØv hcp-∂-Xv. _m_-cn-∏≈n XIcp-∂-Xn\v hfsc apºm-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXns‚ {]kn-≤-amb Ip‰n∏pdw ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ {]tabw Xs∂ Cu hnjbw IqSn Dƒs°m≈p∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\v tijw Pn√m IΩ‰n Xo{h-hm-Z-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmbn Pn√-bn¬ Hcp Imws]-bn≥ Xs∂ \S-Øn. a¿lqw kønZv apl-Ω-Zen inlm_v Xß-f-h¿I-fp-sSbpw ae-∏pdw Pn√m {]kn-U≠v kønZv sslZ-cen inlm_v Xß-f-psSbpw kwÿm\ P\d¬ sk{I-´dn Bbncp∂ a¿lqw sImc-º-bn¬ AlvaZvlmPn kmln-_ns‚bpw AXniIvXamb t\XrXzw Cu \ne-]m-Sn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\v tijw 1996 \hw-_¿ 8\v apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ kwÿm-\-°-Ω‰n F≥.-Un.-F-^ns∂-Xn-cmbn i‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. eoKv saº¿jn∏v {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n® ka-b-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. F≥.-Un.-F-^p-Im¿ saº¿jn∏v ssI°-em°n eoKn¬ \pg™p Ib-dp-∂Xv kq£n-°W-sa∂pw F≥.-Un.-F-^ns‚ A]-ISw a\- n-em-°msX AXn¬ s]´pt]mb eoKp-Im-cp-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿ Xncn®p hc-W-sa∂pw A√mØ ]£w Ahsc ]m¿´n-bn¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øm-°-W-sa∂pw A∂v eoKv AWn-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. 18 eoKv c≠p h¿jw apºv kwÿm\°Ω‰n-bpsS {]tabw hgn Cu \ne-]mSv ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-®p. a‰p apkvenw kwL-S-\-Isf IqSn ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm≠v eoKv \S-Øp∂ Hcp ]cn-]mSn-bnepw C∂v hsc eoKv F≥.-Un.-F-^ns\ ]s¶-Sp-∏n-®n-´n-√.

207

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tIcfmkaq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp [mc-bn¬ apkvenw eoKn-\p≈ AwKoIm-chpw ]Z-hnbpw s]mXp-[m-c-bnseØm≥ D]-tbm-Ks∏SpØpI F∂XmWv ]c-ky-amb Cu ]n¥pW {]Jym-]-\-Øns‚ e£yw. apkvenw eoKv AXv a\- n-em-°n-bmWv Cu ]cky ]n¥p-W-tbmSv {]Xn-I-cn-®Xpw. eoKv Hcn-°epw Cu ]n¥p-Wsb «mLn-°p-Itbm AXn\v \μn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-√. sXc-s™-Sp∏v Bscms° ]n¥pW \evIpw, AsXm∂pw Imcy-am-t°-≠-Xn√ F∂ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. ]n¥pW eoKn-∂m-bn-cp-∂n-√, bp.-Un.-F-^n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ ]n¥pW \evIp-tºmƒ {]Xo-£n-®Xv am¿IvknÃv ]m¿´n ]n.-Un.]nsb sIm≠p \S-∂-t]mse Chsc sIm≠p \S-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu \ncmi Ah¿ sXc-s™-Sp∏v ^e {]Jym-]-\-∏n-t‰∂v Xo¿Øp. apkv e nw- e o- K ns\ Pbn- ∏ n- ® Xv Rß- f psS {]h¿Ø- I - c psS Nn´tbmsSbp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂hIm-i-s∏-´p-sIm-≠v. \o¿t°m-en°v \o¥m\pw AÆm\v acw Ib-dm\pw ]Tn-∏n-®Xv Rß-fm-sW∂v IqSn ]d-bm-™Xv `mKyw. Cu GSm-Iq-S-ß-fpsSsbm∂pw ]n¥pW C√mbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw eoKv Pbn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Pb-Øn-te°v \bn® ImcW-߃ t\csØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®Xv ChnsS Bh¿Øn-°p-∂n-√. kXyØn¬ P\-]n-¥p-W-bpsS Imcy-Øn-ep≈ Ch-cp-sS-sbms° Ah-Imi- h m- Z - ß ƒ I≈n- s ]m- f n- b msX c£- s ∏- S p- Ø p- I - b mWo ]n¥pW sNbvX-Xv. ^mknkw t]mseØs∂ Cu hnj-s®-Sn-Ifpw tIc-f-Øn¬ hfcmsX t\m°m-\p≈ _m[yX apkvenw eoKn-∂m-sW∂ Imcyw eoKv {]h¿Ø-I¿°-dn-bmw. ImcWw CXv eoKns‚ P\-]n-¥p-W-bpsS {]iv\-a-√. CXv tIc-f-Øn¬ apkvenw-eoKv \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-Øn-´p≈ cmjv { Sob kwkv I m- c - Ø n- t ‚bpw apkv e nw _lp- P - \ - ß - f p- s Sbpw Ckvem-an-s‚bpw \ne-\n-ev]n-s‚bpw {]iv\-am-Wv. ^mkn-k-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ X߃°p≈ _m[yX eoKv \nd-th-‰n-bXv t]mse-Øs∂ C°mcyØnepw _m[yX \nd-th-‰m-Xn-cn-°m≥ eoKn\v Ign-bn-√. ChnsS Hcp bm{¥nI k¶ev]w BIm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp b{¥-Øn\v AXns‚ Hcp `mK-sØbpw Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hp-I-bn-√. Ah-K-Wn-®m¬ AXns‚ Ne\w \ne-bv°pw. eoKns‚bpw ÿnXn CXv Xs∂-bm-Wv. GsX¶nepw Hcp \´v eqkm-bm¬, AXv Xo{h-hm-Z-_m-[-bm-bmepw aX-cmjv{S Nn¥ Bbmepw eoKns‚ Ne\w \ne-bv°pw. eoKn\v C°m-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v t_m[-ap-≈Xv sIm≠mWv AXv \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv.

208

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Assasin F∂m¬ sIme-]m-XI - n. lio-io≥ (I-©mhv Xo\n)F∂ Ad-_n-∏Zw tem]n-®p-≠m-bX - v.

2. Ziauddin Sardar, Desperately Seeking Paradise PP 94-100 3. Syed Amir Ali, A Short History of Saracens PP 317-319 C…mw, \memw thmfyw, Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-khpw bphX tImgn-t°mSv ]p: 743-˛747 4. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 23: 96 5. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 13: 22 6. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 41: 34 7. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 2: 178 8. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 2: 179 9. Abdullah yusuf Ali, The holy Qur-an, Revised and edited edition P.72 10. A¬ Jp¿ B\p¬ Icow, hX¿Pa: aB\nø: hX^v kodplp Ce√p KXn¬ D¿Znø: (D¿Zp) ]pdw: 32 11. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 8: 60 12. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 2: 2 ImWpI 13. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 9: 122 14. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. op.cit: P 541 15. hn: Jp¿ B≥ 22: 39, 40 16. hn: Jp¿-B≥ 2: 191 17. X^vko¿ C_v\p Iko¿ vol.I P525 18. N{μnI Zn\-]{Xw 1996 \hw-_¿ 9

209

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

16 cmjv{Sob \h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]ndhn ""dqt m-hns‚ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns\ ]cn-l-kn® {]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]`zn-I-fp-sSbpw tXmep- s Im- ≠ mWv AXns‚ c≠mw ]Xn∏v ss_‚ v sNbvX-Xv˛'' Im¿sseJmCsZ an√Øv Ah-km\w ]s¶-SpØ t\j-\¬ FIvknIyq´ohv _mw•q-cn¬ tN¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ \b-]-cn-]m-SnIƒ ]pXnb cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-Øn¬ F¥m-bn-cn-°Wsa∂ N¿®bvs°m-Sp-hn¬ atX-Xc P\m-[n-]Xy tNcn-bn¬ apkvenw-eoKv \nev°psa∂pw atX-X-c, P\m-[n-]-Xy-i-‡n-Iƒ°v eoKv ]n¥pW \evIpsa∂pw {]Jym-]n-°p∂ {]tabw ktΩf\w AwKo-I-cn-®p. tIc-f-Ønapkvenw hrØ-ß-fn¬ Cu {]tabw N¿®-bm-bn. Pam-AsØ Ckvemanbpw Ah-cpsS apJ-]-{X-hp-amWv _lfw XpS-ßn-b-Xv. eoKv Ckvemw aX-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ ewLn®p Ign-™p-sh∂pw Hcp apkven-an\v Hcp kml-N-cy-Ønepw atX-X-cXzw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂pw Pam-AØv "aX-hn[n' \evIn. thsd Bcpw Cu hmZw G‰p-]n-Sn-®n-√.

F¶nepw cmjv{Sob ]cn-⁄m\w hfscsbm∂pw C√mØ aX-t_m-[ap≈ apkvenw-I-fn¬ Nne-sc-sb-¶nepw Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-em-°m≥ PamA-Øn-\∂v km[n-®p. atX-X-cXzw kaw aX-\n-tj[w F∂ ka-hmIyw Pam-AØmNmcy≥ auZqZn-km-ln-_ns‚ ]pXnb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-am-Wv. bmsXmcp kml-N-cy-Ønepw Hcp apkven-an\v AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-ØXmWv atX-X-cXzw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ Ah-cpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sv. Cu {]ta-bsØ∏‰n c≠p-hm°v: 1967-˛se s]mXp sXc-s™-Sp∏v C¥y≥ cmjv{SobØnse kp{]-[m-\-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hm-Wv. 1937\v tijw kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ H´p hfsc FÆ-Øn¬˛ {]tXy-In®pw h≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tIm¨{K- n\v A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏´ sXc-s™-Sp∏m-bn-cp∂p AXv. tIm¨{K v `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Ømb kwÿm210

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xnepw A∂v `c-W-Øn-te-dnb cmjv{Sob ap∂-Wn-I-fn{][m\ ]¶v hln-®n-cp-∂Xv A∂sØ h¿§ob I£nbmbn-cp∂ `mcXob P\-kw-L-am-bn-cp-∂p. tIm¨{K- n-∂-IØpw CXns‚ {]Xn-^e-\-ap-≠m-bn. AXn∂IØv GXm≠v XpS°w apXte D≠m-bn-cp∂ h¿§ob tNcn˛ _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I≥ sXm´v k¿Zm¿ h√-`mbn ]t´¬ hsc-bp-≈-h-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw ]n≥Km-an-Ifpw tIm¨{K ns‚ ta¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {iaw sIm≠p-]n-Sn-®m-cw-`n®p. AtX-Xm≠v hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-s∂m-Sp-hn¬ {][m-\a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ {ioaXn Cμn-cm-Km-‘nsb tIm¨{K- n¬ \n∂v ]pdØm-°n, tIm¨{K v ]nf¿∂p.

Cu sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ Xte h¿jw aZn-cm-in-bn¬ tN¿∂ apkvenweoKv \mj-\¬ FIvkn-Iyq-´o-hns‚ cmjv{Sob {]tabw tIm¨{K ns\ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v H∂p am‰n \n¿Ø-W-sa∂v Blzm\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. {]kvXpX {]tabw cmPysØ cmjv{Sob ÿnXn hnebn-cp-Øn-s°m≠p ]d™p: ""Ct∏m-gsØ tIm¨{K v Kh¨sa‚ v Ign™ Ccp-]Xv sIm√-ambn A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp P\m-[n]Xy hyhÿbn¬ XnI®pw A\¿lamw hn[w Zo¿L-amb Ime-amWn-Xv. kzbw sa®-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®v hmKvZØw sNbvXn´pw AXv ]s‰ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Ah¿ P\ß-fpsS ta¬ `mcn® \nIpXn Npa-Øp-Ibpw hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v h≥ XpI-Iƒ ISw hmßp-Ibpw B ]-W-sams° Xß-fpsS `mh\m iq\yhpw Zp¿hy-b-I-c-hp-amb ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw ap°nØmgvØp-Ibpw sNbvXp `£y-[m-\y-ß-fp-sSbpw IpSn-sh-≈-Øns‚ t]mepw £mahpw cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ÿnXnsb XInSw adn°p∂ h¿≤n®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ hne-°-b-‰-hp-amWv C∂v P\-ßsf Xpdn®p t\m°p-∂-Xv. aq∂p ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Ign-™n´pw CXmWv ÿnXn. cmPysØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw auen-Ihpw kp{][m-\h - p-amb Irjn°v lm\n-Ic - a - mb hn[-Øn¬ L\-hy-hk - m-bß - ƒ°v A\m-h-iy-amb {]mapJyw \evIn sIm≠v Ah¿ cmPyØv kmº-ØnI-amb hnj-a-k-‘nbpw Zpcn-Xhpw krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Xß-fpsS `mh\m-iq-\yhpw Zpjv{]-tbm-‡-hp-amb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ sIm≠p sN∂n´ Ipg∏-Øn¬ \n∂v cmPysØ Ic Ib-‰m≥ Kh¨sa‚n\v Ign-bp-∂n-√.

F∂n´pw P\-߃ £an-°-W-sa∂pw X߃°v thm´p sNø-W-sa∂p-ap≈ Ah-cpsS hmZw hnkvabP\-Ihpw [n°m-c-hp-as{X? ""... apkvenwIfmZn \yq\-]£Øn\v DtZym-K-ß-fnepw \nb-a-\ßfnepw cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-Ønepw A¿lamb ]¶v 211

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\ntj[n-®p-sIm≠pw D¿Zp-hns\ Ah-K-Wn®p sIm≠pw apkvenw-Iƒ ]cn-]m-en®p hf¿Ønb Aen-K¿ apkvenw k¿h-I-em-im-esb sR°ns°m-√m≥ {ian®p sIm≠pw \S-Ønb tLmchpw \·-hp-amb A\oXn-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Xs∂ tIm¨{K v Kh¨sa‚pw tIm¨{K v t\Xm-°fpw apkvenw-Iƒ°v bmsXm-cm-h-em-Xnbpw Cs√∂v \m´n-∂IØpw ]pdØpw XØ-Ωsbt∏mse ]mSn \S-°p-∂Xv XnI®pw [m¿jvSy ]q¿Æ-am-Wv.'' 1 C°m- c y- ß - f psS shfn- ® - Ø n¬ ""ASpØ sXc- s ™- S p- ∏ ntIm¨{K- ns\ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pdw X≈p-∂-Xn\v'' \mj-\FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv Blzm\w sNbvXp. apkvenw eoKv an\naw ]cn-]m-Sn-IfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]Xn-]£ I£n-I-fp-ambn kl-I-cn®v sXcs™-Sp-∏ns\ t\cn-Sm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. cmPyØv \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Akw-Xr-]vXn-bmWv eoKv {]ta-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-^-en-®-Xv. P\-߃ tI{μØn¬ tIm¨{K- n\v Xncn-®p-h-cm≥ A\p-aXn \evIn-sb-¶nepw bp.]n, _olm¿, _wKmƒ, a{Zmkv tIcfw ]©m_v XpSßn Ht´sd kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-]£ I£n-I-fpsS ap∂-Wn-Isf A[n-Im-cØn-se-Øn-®p. Cu ap∂-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv A∂sØ kwLv ]cnhm¿ kwL-S-\-bmb `mc-Xob P\-kwLw s]mXp-[m-c-bnepw `c-WØnepw BZy-am-sb-Øp-∂-Xv. CXv apkvenw-eoKv {]Xo-£n-°mØ kw`h hnIm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. henb P\-]n-¥pWsbm∂pw C√m-bn-cp∂p-sh-¶nepw cmPyØv BZ-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ cmjv{Sob {]-ÿm-\-am-bncp∂p tkmjy-enÃv {]ÿm-\w. lnμn `mjm auen-I-hmZw t]mep≈ Indp-°p-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂psh¶nepw B¿÷-h-ap≈ t\Xm-°-∑mcpw \b]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ tkmjy-enÃpIf-S°w P\-kw-L-hp-ambp-≠m-°nb cmjv{Sob _‘w cmjv{Sobw Ftßm´p \oßp-∂p-sh∂pw tIm¨{K v cwKw hn´m¬ cmPyØv _Z-embn F¥mWv hcm-\p-≈sX∂pw Im´n-Ø-∂p. cmPyØv Hcp {[pho-I-cWw cmjv{Sob cwKØv A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ tIm¨{K v _ln-jvIr-X-amb aq∂v kwÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-gn®v F√m-‰nepw h¿Ko-b-X-bpsS kzm[o\w IrXyambn ImWm-dm-bn. cmjv{So-b-Ønse ]ptcm-K-a\ [mc-Ifpw ]n¥n-cn∏≥ [mc-Ifpw c≠mbn Xncn™p h∂p. Cu {[pho-I-cWw tIm¨{K n-∂-IØpw D≠m-tI-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. t\csØ kqNn∏n® Xne-I, ]t´¬ [mc cmjv{Sobw he-tØm´v Xncn-bp∂psh∂ sX‰n≤mc-W-bn¬ tIm¨{K- n¬ \n∂v ]ptcm-K-a\ ho£-W-ap-≈hsc ]pI®v NmSn-°m≥ {iaw XpS-ßn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn Cμn-cm-Km212

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

‘n°v tIm¨{K- ns‚ kwL-S\m t\Xr-Xz-hp-ambn CS-tb≠n h∂p.

CX-h-km\w Ahsc tIm¨{K- n¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°p-∂-Xn-se-Øn®p. Cμn-cm-Km-‘n-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\-a-{¥n. Hcn-S-°me sXc-s™-Sp∏n-te°v cmPyw \oßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. _mw•q¿ {]tabw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. apX-emfn-Ø-Øn\p th≠n \ne-s°m≠ kzX-{¥m-]m¿´n, `mc-Xob P\-kwLw, tIm¨{K- nse h¿§ob ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ tem_n, Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp t\m°p-Ip-Øn-bpsS tdmfn¬ tkmjy-en-Ãp-Imcpw tN¿∂ Hcp ap∂Wn atX-Xc P\m-[n-]Xy i‡n-I-fpsS sFIyhpw hf¿®bpw Bh-iys∏-Sp∂ A]-IS kqN-\-bmbn eoKv ]cn-K-Wn-®p. sXm´p \S-°m\ncp∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Cu ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ tem_n "alm-kJyw' F∂ t]cn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns\ t\cn-Sm-s\m-cp-ßn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. C∂-sØt∏mse IW-°‰ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n-I-fpsS km∂n[yw C¥y≥ cmjv{Sob-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A∂sØ i‡-cmb {]mtZ-inI I£n-I-fn{]ap-J¿ {ZmhnU apt∂‰ Ig-Ihpw (A∂v IgIw ]nf¿∂n-´n-√) _wKmfn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ _w•m tIm¨{K pw ]©m-_nse AIm-en-Zf - pambncp∂p. ]ns∂bp≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv 1964-˛¬ ]nf¿∂v c≠p IjvW-amb IΩyqWnÃp ]m¿´n Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu {]mtZ-inI I£n-I-fnepw IΩyq-WnÃp-Im-cnepw AIm-en-Zfpw kn.-]n.-FΩpw BWv alm-k-Jy-tØmSv A\p`mhw ]pe¿Øn-b-Xv. kn.-]n.-Fw. tIm¨{K v ]nf¿∏v ImeØv Cμncm-Km-‘nsb klm-bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cmjv{Sob em`w ]n¥n-cn-∏∑m-cpsS IqsS \nev°p-I-bm-sW∂v I≠-t∏mƒ Ifw amdp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. _wKm-fnepw tIc-f-Ønepw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p Ch¿°v C∂-sØt∏mse A∂pw kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ at‰ IjvWw kn.]n.-sF°v DØ-tc-¥y-bpsS Nne tI{μ-ß-fn¬ P\-]n-¥pW kmam\yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kn.-]n.-sF. -tIm¨{K ns‚ IqsS \n∂p. alm-k-JyØn-s∂-Xn-cmbn ]nSn®p \nevIm≥ tIm¨{K n\v Iq´p th≠n-bn-cp∂Xv Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-emWv Zo¿L ZrjvSn-tbmsS apkvenw eoKv D]cyp‡ {]tabw AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. C¥y≥ cmjv{Sobw A∂m-cw-`n® Zp¿Zi-bn¬ \n∂v C∂pw ]q¿Æ-ambn Ic-I-b-dn-bn-´n√. C∂pw {][m\ {]Xn-]£ I£n \ΩpsS ]m¿√n-sa‚n¬ _n.-sP.-]n-bm-W-t√m. atX-XcXzw C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-evt°-≠Xv aX-\yq-\-]-£-ß-sf, hnti-jn®v apkvenw-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ah-cpsS Bfl-c-£-bpsS {]iv\am-Wv. C¥y-bnse as‰mcp kaq-l-Øn\pw atX-X-cXzw C{X-tØmfw {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-X-√. CXv a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v A∂v apkvenw cmjv{Sob 213

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

kwL- S - \ - I - f n¬ apkv e nw eoKn\v am{Xta km[n- ® p- ≈ p- s h- ∂ Xv sIm≠mWv _mw•q¿ {]ta-b-ap-≠m-b-Xv. cmjv{Sob cwKØv {]-h¿Øn®n-cp∂ XAvaosd an√-Øv, apkvenw aPven-kv, aPvenkv CØn-lm-Zpapkven-ao≥ apX-emb kwL-S-\-I-fpsS `mKØv \ns∂m∂pw C{X Zo¿L ZrjvSn-tbm-sS-bp≈ \o°-ap-≠m-bn-´n-√. Cs∂√m kwL-S\ - I - fpw atX-X-c-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Pam AsØ Ckvem-anbpw. F¥n\v Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ hsc atX-X-c-Xzhpw tkmjy-en-khpw ]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-h-t√m. _mw•q¿ {]ta-b-Øns‚ Dƒ°mºv - C ∂v apkv e nw kap- Z mbw atX- X - c - X z- Ø n\v \ev I m≥ Xøm- d mb {]m[m\yw ap≥ Iq´n ImWm≥ apkvenw eoKn\v km[n-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. atX-X-c-Xz-sa-∂m¬ aX-hn-cp-≤-Xtbm aX-\n-tj-[tam BsW∂ [mcWbmWv CXn-s∂-Xn-cmbn apºv hmsf-Sp-°m≥ Nnesc t{]cn-∏n®n-cp-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ atX-X-cXzw Aßn-s\-b√ F∂m-iz-kn®p sIm≠mWn-t∏m-g-h¿ Xß-fpsS \ne-]m-Sn\v \ymbo-I-cWw tXSp∂Xv. ChcpsS t\sc adp-]p-dØv \nev°p-∂-h-cmWv atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬ IΩyq-W-n-Ãp-Imcpw BXy-¥nI skIyp-e-dn-Ãp-I-fpw. aXsØ hy‡n-bpsS hnizmk Xe-Øn-∂-∏p-d-tØ°v IS-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°cp-sX-∂m-W-h¿ hmin ]nSn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv atX-X-c-Xz-Øn-s∂-Xn-cm-Ipw. aXsØ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v ]s‰ ]pdw X≈p-tºm-gmWv bYm¿∞ atX-X-cXzw ]pe-cp-I. aX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hy‡n \nb-a-߃ (Cu {]tbmKw Xs∂ sX‰n≤mcWm P\-I-amWv) a{Z m aX hnZym-`ymkw, \yq\-]£ hnZym-`ym-k, kmwkvIm-cnIm-h-Im-i-߃ XpS-ßn-b-hsb ChscXn¿°p-∂Xv CXns‚ ASn-ÿm\-Øn-em-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ atX-X-cXzw \S-∏m-bn-´n-s√-∂m-Wn-h¿ imTyw ]nSn-°p-∂-Xv. skIyp-e¿ (Secular) F∂ Cw•ojv hm°n\v `uXnIamb, ssZhnI-a-√m-Ø, aX-]-c-a-√m-Ø, (Cw-•-≠n-s‚bpw a‰p-amb {]tXy-Im¿∞Øn¬) N¿®n-t‚-X-√mØ Fs∂ms°bmW¿∞w. skIyp-e-dnkw F∂ hm°n\v aX-\n-tj[w F∂pw A¿∞-ap-≠v. CXn-s\ms° hnc-fambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ thsdbpw A¿∞-ß-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ ""skIype-dn-khpw skIyp-e¿ cmjv{Shpw H∂-√. skIyp-e¿ cmjv{Sw skIype-dn-k-sa∂ Nn¥m-KXn HutZymKnI \b-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-I-bm-sW¶n¬ AXv skIyp-e¿ cmjv{S-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cpw. skIyp-e-dn-k-sa-∂maX-\n-tj-[-am-Wv. F∂m¬ skIyp-e¿ cmjv{S-sa-∂Xv hy‡n°pw kaql-߃°pw aX-kzm-X{¥yw A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw Hmtcm hy‡n°pw Abm-fpsS aX-ta-sX∂v t\m°msX ]ucm-h-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n®p 214

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp cmjv{S-am-Wv. AXv GsX-¶n-ep-samcp aXsØ HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn-bn-te-°p-b¿Øp-Itbm aXsØ {]Ncn∏n°mt\m \ncp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Ømt\m {ian-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√.''2 sFIy-cmjv{S k` AwKo-I-cn® a\p-jym-h-Imi Nm¿´¿ BapJw c≠mw JfinI Xs∂ aX-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn\p t\sc-bmWv hncNq≠p-∂-Xv. 1948 Unk: 10˛\v ]mco-kn¬ sh®mWv Nm¿´¿ {]Jym-]n°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. sFIy-cmjv{S k`-bpsS A∂sØ P\-d¬ Akwªn AwKo-I-cn®v {]Jym-]n® Cu Nm¿´¿ GXm≠v F√m a\p-jym-h-Im-iß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-Wv. B¿´n-°nƒ 18 BWv aX-kzm-X-{¥ysØ-°p-dn®v A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv: ""Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw Nn¥m-kzm-X{¥yw a\- m£n kzmX{¥yw F∂nh D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Ah-Imiw Hcmƒ Abm-fpsS aXtam hnizm-ktam amdp-∂-Xn\pw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. H‰-bvt°m, Iq´m-tbm, ]c-ky-amtbm kzIm-cy-amtbm Hcmƒ°v Abm-fpsS aXtam hnizm-ktam ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw A\p-jvTn-°m\pw Bcm-[-\-bv°pw, BNc-W-Øn\pw Ah-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.'' Nm¿´-dns‚ 19, 20(1), (2), hIp-∏p-Ifpw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-bmWv. 30˛mw hIp∏v Cu Ah-Im-i-߃ GsX-¶nepw t]cn¬ \in-∏n°p-∂-Xns\ XS-bp-∂p. AwK-cm-Py-ß-sfms° AwKo-I-cn-®-h-bmWo Nm¿´¿. Nne apkvenw cmPy-߃ Nm¿´-dnse Nne hIp-∏p-It- fmSv hntbmPn∏v {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ssItdmhn¬ ktΩ-fn®v Hcp _Z¬ Nm¿´¿ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn\v Imcy-amb ]n¥pW apkvenw cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. IpSp- mb ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu FXn¿∏v.

Cu Nm¿´¿ Hcp atXXc cmPy-Øns‚ aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kz`mhw F¥m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mW\pim-kn-°p-∂-Xv. IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ Dt±-in-°p∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ atX-X-cXzw \S-∏m-°m≥ C∂v {]bm-ks∏-tS≠n hcpw. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ {_jvt\hn-b≥ `c-W-L-S-\sb∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ 1977˛¬ t`Z-KXn sNø-s∏´ `c-W-L-S-\-bnt]mepw auen-Im-h-Im-i-߃ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Ggmw A[ym-b-Øn""hIp∏v 52: bp.-F-kv.-F-kv.B¿ ]uc-∑m¿°v ap∂pd∏v sNø-s∏´ a\ m£n kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. AXm-bXv GsX-¶nepw aXw A\p-jvTn°mt\m A\p- j v T n- ° m- X n- c n- ° mt\m aX- ] - c - a mb Bcm- [ - \ - t bm, \mkvXnI {]Nmc-Wtam \S-Øp-hmt\m D≈ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. aXØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kv]¿≤tbm i{Xp-Xtbm IpØn-bn-f-°p∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. bp.-F-kv.-F-kv.-B-dn¬ ]≈n tÉn215

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\n∂pw ]≈n-IqSw ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw th¿s]-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.''3 F∂mWv FgpXn sh®n-cp-∂-Xv. kq{X-Øn¬ aXw {]N-cn∏n°m\p≈ Ah-Imiw hn´p-I-f-bp-Ibpw \nco-iz-cXzw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ AhImiw auen-Im-h-Im-i-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.

IqSmsX aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw XS-bp-∂-Xn\v Ah-km-\-Øn¬ ""]≈n-°qSsØ ]≈n''bpambn th¿s]-Sp-Øp∂ IYbpw ]d-bp-∂p. tkmhn-b‰p-bq-Wn-b-\n¬ aX-߃°p t\sc \S∂ A{I-a-ßfpw AXym-Nm-cßfpw Cs∂-√m-h¿°pw Adn-bmw. ChnsS kqN\ aX-hn-cp≤ cmjv{Sam-bn-cp∂ djy°v t]mepw sNøp∂ Imcyw Xpd∂p ]d-bm-\p≈ ss[cyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-Xm-Wv. C¥y-bpsS atX-X-c-Xzhpw CXns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bm-Wv. sFIycmjv{S k`-bpsS a\p-jym-h-Imi Nm¿´dpw C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\bpw GXm≠v Htc ka-b-Øp-≠m-hp∂ c≠p tcJ-I-fmWv 1948 Unkw_¿ 10 \mWv a\p-jym-h-Imi Nm¿´¿ {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS `cW-L-S\ 1949 \hw-_¿ 26-˛-\mWv `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k` {]Jym]n-°p-∂-Xv. [mcm-f-ambn D≤-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ tUm.-F-kv.-cm-[m-IrjvWs‚ ]pkvX-I-Ønse Cu hcn-Iƒ {it≤-b-amWv. ""C¥y Hcp atX-Xc cmjv{S-ambncn°-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ AZr-iy-amb Hcm-flmhns‚ bmYm¿∞ysØtbm PohnX- Ø n¬ aX- Ø ns‚ {]k- ‡ nsbtbm \mw \ncm-I-cn-°p-Itbm aX-c-ln-X-XzsØ am\n-°p-Itbm sNøp- I - b m- s W∂v AXn- \ ¿∞- a n- √ . aX- \ n- c - t ]£X Xs∂ Hcp hmkvX-hnI aX-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p-sht∂m cmjv{Sw Znhy-amb {]tXy-Im[n-Im-c-߃ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p-sht∂m D≈ A¿∞hpw AXn-\n-√. ...........

C¥ym cmjv{S-Øns‚ aX-\n-jv]-£Xsb aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-tbmtSm \nco-iz-c-X-Xz-tØmtSm Iq´n°pg®p IqSm. ChnsS \n¿Δ-Nn-°-s∏´ atXX-cXzw C¥y-bpsS ]ucm-Wn-I-a-X-]m-c-º-cyØn∂-\p-kr-X-am-Wv.''4 Cu hmN-I-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv \ΩpsS atX-X-c-Xz-Øns‚ B[mcw ]m›mXy Nn¥-b-√, C¥y F∂pw {]I-Sn-∏n®p t]m∂n-´p≈ aX-kln-jvWp-X-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-amWv F∂ A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. \ΩpsS atXX-cXzw \mw ISw sIm≠-X√ F∂v kmcw. aXsØ AXns‚ ÿm\Øv \n∂v Cf°nsbSp-°p-Ibpw Bhiy-an-√mØ CS-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p t]mbn {]Xn-jvTn-°m≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXns‚ ^e-ambn cmjv{So-bw, imkv{Xw, kmº-Øn-Iw, k¿KmflI {]-h¿Ø\ taJe F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \ns∂ms° aX-Øn-s∂Xn-cmb i_vZ-ap-b¿∂p. cmjv{Sobw imkv{XsØt∏msebpw a‰p cwKß-fn-se-t∏m-sebpw aX-\n-tj-[-Øn\v ap≥ Xq°w \evIp∂ thZnbm216

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Im-Xn-cp-∂Xv AXns‚ {]tXyI kz`mhw sIm≠pw Hc-f-thmfw aXØns‚ `mKyw sIm≠p-am-Wv. ChnsS {]Xn-°q-´n-ep-≈Xv tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-a-X-am-Wv. ]≈n-bpsS ssZh-ZØ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ t]cncmjv{So-b-Øn-t∑¬ A[n-Imcw \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ ]≈n-bpsS {iaØn¬ \n∂mWv atX-X-cXzw P\n-°p∂Xv. kwL¿j-Øn¬ \n∂mWm-cw-`-sa-¶nepw C∂v A¥¿tZ-iob cwKØv aXhpw cmjv{Shpw c≠p kzX{¥ AkvXn-Xz-ß-fmbn ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn®p sIm≠pw klI-cn®p sIm≠p-amWv \ne-\n-ev°p-∂-Xv. C∂p≈ {]iv\w aX-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ Xo{h-hm-Zhpw aX-au-en-I-hm-Z-hp-am-Wv. Ch cmjv{S-tØmSv am{X-a-√, aX-Øns‚ B[n-Im-cnI [mc-bp-ambpw G‰p-ap-´p-∂p. CtXmsSm∏w C¥y-bnse ^mkn-k-Øns‚ {]iv\hpw tNcp-∂p. C¥y-bnse ^mknkw aX-Øns‚ tae-¶n-bm-Wt√m AWn-bp-∂-Xv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ ^mkn-k-Øn-s∂-Xnsc am{X-a√, Xo{h-hm-ZØ - n-s∂-Xn-scbpw apkvenw-Iƒ°v t]mcm-Sm-\p≈ Iq´v atXX-cXzw Xs∂-bm-Wv. ^mkn-ksØ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v Xpc-Øm-\p≈ GI am¿§w `qcn-]£ kap-Zmbw IqSp-X¬ atX-X-c-XzsØ Db¿Øn∏n-Sn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXv kw`-hn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ CtX {]h-WX aX \yq\]-£-ß-fnepw hf-c-Ww. apkvenw-Iƒ°m-Wn-°m-cy-Øn¬ IqSp-XDØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw. ^mkn-Ãp-Iƒ {Sq skIyp-e-dn-khpw kyqtUm skIype-dn-k-hp-ambn skIy-pe-dn-ksØ hI-Xn-cn®p sh®n-´p-≠v. bYm¿∞ skIyp-e-dn-Ãp-Isf kyqtUm-sk-Iyp-e-dn-Ãp-Iƒ F∂v hnfn-®p-sIm≠v h¿§o-b-X-sbbpw ^mkn-k-sØbpw sh≈]qim-\mWo RmWn-t∑Ifn. skIyp-e-dn-k-sØ˛ atX-X-c-XzsØ Ah¿ \∂mbn `b-s∏-Sp∂p-sh-∂m-Wn-Xns‚ A¿∞w. \yq\-]-£-߃ Cu `b-∏m-Sns\ D]tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {iant°≠Xm-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂p. atX-X-c-Xz-Øn\v th≠n i‡-ambn \ne sIm≠p sImt≠ CXv km[y-am-Iq. Xo{h-hmZn-I-fmWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ apkvenw-I-fpsS BknUv sSÃv. Xo{h-hm-ZsØbpw Ah-cpsS kyqtUm Pnlm-Zn-s\bpw kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v ]SnI-S-Øn-s°mt≠ CXv \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-°q. apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ CXx-]-cy-¥-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ t\¿ ]IpXn Du∂n-bXv apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ cmPy-tØmSpw cmPysØ P\-ßtfm-Sp-ap≈ {]Xn-_-≤X hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-em-Wv. amXr-cm-Py-tØm-Sp≈ kvt\lw Poh-c‡w sIm≠v \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw {]I-Sn-∏n® kap-Zm-bamWv apkvenw-Iƒ. B {]Xn-_-≤X F∂pw Ah-cn¬ kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. B[p-\nI ImeØv cmPy-kvt\lw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv Ipsd IqSn hnim-e-amb A¿∞w Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚ 217

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cmjv{Sob hf¿®-sb, kmº-ØnI hf¿®sb kmwkvIm-cnI hf¿®sb klm-bn-°p-∂, Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ tZi kvt\lØns‚ ]pXnb `mjy-am-Wv. cmPy-Øn\v Poh≥ XymKw sNtø≠ Bhiyw ]g-bXv t]mse Ct∏m-gn-√. At∏mƒ apkvenw-I-fn¬ IpSn sIm≈p∂ AXp-ey-amb cmPy-kvt\-lsØ ]pXnb ZuXy-ß-fn-te°v Xncn®p hnSp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p th≠-Xv. CXv Ah¿°v hnizm-k-ap≈ Hcp cmjv{Sob I£n°v am{Xw sNøm≥ km[n-°p∂ Imcy-am-bn-cp-∂p. hn`-P-\-Øns‚ Zp¿`qXw C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Isf `o-I-c-ambn th´bm-Sn-bn-cp∂ IcmfZn\-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-S-s\. ]mInkvXm≥ hn`-P-\sØ sX‰mbn hmbn-®-h¿ C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ t]mtI-≠-h-cm-sW∂v hn[n Fgp-Xn-Øp-S-ßnb \mfpIƒ. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw Ahn-iz-k-\o-bamw hn[w AXv Xpd-s∂-gp-XpI t]mepw sNbvX \mfp-Iƒ. tZi-°qdv sXfn-bn-°m≥ Ahsc sh√p-hnfn®p sIm≠v {`ms¥-SpØv Bfp-Iƒ Ah¿°v Np‰pw \n∂v Is√dn™ B \mfp-I-fn-em-Wv, A\m-Y-Xz-Øns‚ ]oU\w {Iqc-ambn th´bm-Sp-∂-Xn-∂n-S-bn-tebv°v km¥z-\-Øns‚ KoXn-I-fp-ambn apkvenw-eoKv s\©p hncn®v IS∂p sN∂-Xv. ]d™v ]d™v kXy-am-°nb hn`-P\-Øns‚ ta¬hn-emkw apkvenw-eo-Kns‚Xmbn-cp-∂p. B eoKn-∂n√mØ `b-∏mSv X߃s°-¥n\v F∂v Nn¥n-°m≥ Ah¿°v {]tNmZ\w IqSn-bmbn eoKns‚ hc-hv. {]kn≤ IΩyq- W nÃv t\Xmhpw kmln- X y- I m- c - \ p- a m- b n- c p∂ {io.]h-\≥ A∂sØ apkvenw-I-fpsS Zpc-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-s®-gpXn: ""GXm≠v \mbm-S-s∏´ Hcp kap-Zm-b-sa∂ t_m[w A°m-eØv Hcp henb hn`mKw apkv e nw- I - f n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. C¥y≥ bqWn- b ≥ apkvenw-eoKv Poh-\n-√mØ Hcp kwL-S-\-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. B kwLS-\-bp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv t]mepw B]-Øm-sW∂ t_m[w DØ-tc-¥ybn¬ ]cs° D≠m-bn. tIm¨{K- n-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ h¿Ko-b-t°m-a-c-߃ C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Isf ]m°n-ÿm-\n-Iƒ F∂v ]c-ky-ambn Bt£-]n-®n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. "Cu apkvenw-Iƒ°v ChnsSsb¥p Imcyw; Ch¿°v ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ t]mIcptXm?'' F∂v tNmZn® Hcp {]-apJ ae-bmf ]{Xw C°m-cy-Øn-se-gpXnb apJ {]kwKw Ct∏mgpw Fs‚ kvac-W-bn-ep≠v'' 5 apkvenw-Iƒ Xs∂ thW-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v CXn\v adp-]Sn ]dbm≥. Ah-cXv Dd-s°-∏-d™p: Ah-cpsS DW¿Øp ]m´ns‚ Ihn, ]pen-t°m´n¬ ssl{Zp-km-ln-_ns‚ Xqen-I-bn-eqsS: ""]mInkvXm\nt]mIq-em, ]mIn-kvXm-\n-I-fmIq-e, ]mIn-kvXm-\n-e-b-°W \nßsf 218

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

A∏-cn-∏n\n thIqem''! apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ cmjv{So-b-ambn kwLSn-∏n-°p-∂Xv cmPy-t{Zm-l-sa∂ a´n¬ _lfw sh®n-cp∂hsc t\cnSp∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnØzw Xs∂ `mcn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-∂n-S-bn-emWv apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ tZi-°qdv tNmZyw sNøp∂ {]iv\w IqSn eoKn\v Gs‰-Sp-t°≠n h∂-Xv. Hcp `mKØv cmPy-Øns‚ kzmX-{¥yØn-∂-h¿˛ apkvenw-Iƒ \evInb _en-Zm-\-Øns‚ tcmam-©-P-\I IY-Iƒ Ahsc A\p-kva-cn∏n°pIbpw cmPy-Øn\v Ahsc°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Ah-Im-i-ap≈ DSb Xºp-cm-°-∑m¿ Bcp-an-s√∂v Ahsc t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I, cmPyØv apkvenw-Iƒ°v e`n-t°≠p∂ Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ahsc DW¿Øn Cu Ah-Imi t_m[sØ kwL-SnX i‡nbpsS Du¿÷ t{kmX- mbn am‰p-I. CXm-bn-cp∂p JmCsZan√Øpw koXn-km-ln_pw t]m°¿ kmln_pw AS-ßp∂ t\Xm-°-∑mcpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw kzoI-cn® coXn. tZi-kvt\lw Ah¿°mcpw ]Tn-∏n®p sImSp-t°≠ Bh-iy-ap-≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. tZi-kvt\-l-Øns‚ t{]c-W-bmWv JmCan√Øns\bpw koXn kmln-_n-s\bpw a‰pw tIm¨{K- ns‚ ap≥\n-c-bn-se-Øn-®ncp-∂-Xv. c≠p t]cpw F.-sF.-kn.-kn. AwK-߃ hsc Bbn-cp-∂-h-cmWv. kºØv sIm≠pw ico-chpw a\ pw sIm≠pw tIm¨{K- ns\ tkhn-®-h-cmbncp∂p Ah-scm-s°. alm-fl-Pn-bpsS tIc-fm-k-μ¿i\ thf-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ {]kwKw samgn-am-‰-Øn\v sI.-]n.-kn.-kn. \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv koXn-km-ln-_n-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Km‘n-Pn-bpambn hy‡n-]-c-ambn _‘-ap≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p JmC-sZ-an-√Øv. kz¥w kapZm-b-Øns‚ hnfn-tI´v eoKn¬ FØn-bn-cp-∂Xv sIm≠v Ah-cpsS tZikvt\lw h¿≤n-®n-t´-bp-≈p.

1947 Unkw- _ ¿ 13, 14 Xnø- X n- I - f n¬ Idm- ® n- b n¬ tN¿∂ k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ Ah-km-\sØ Iu¨kn¬ tbmKw Ign™v C¥y-bn-te°v Xncn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv k¿tΔ¥ym apkvenw eoKns‚ P\-d¬ sk{I-´-dnbpw ]mIn-kvXm≥ {][m-\-a-{¥n-bp-am-bncp∂ \hm_vkmZ -en-bm-J-Ø-en-Jm-t\mSv bm{X ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v JmCsZ-an-√Øv At±-lsØ kμ¿in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu kμ¿`-ØnJmC-sZ-an-√-Øns\ Biz-kn-∏n-°m-s\∂ hÆw \hm_vkmZ C¥ybn¬ \n߃°v h√ {]iv\-hp-ap-≠m-hp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂ H∂p hnh-c-a-dn-bn-®m¬ aXn-sb∂pw th≠ Imcy-߃ Xm≥ sNbvXp-sIm≈p-sa∂pw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXn-t\m-Sp≈ JmCsZ-an-√-Øns‚ {]-Xn-I-cWw Xoscbpw A{]Xo-£nXam-bn-cp-∂p. JmCsZ-an-√Øv ]d™p: \hm_v kmln_v C∂v \mw c≠p cmPy-°m-cmbn 219

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]ncn-bp-I-bm-Wv, Rm≥ C¥y-°m-c-\m-Wv, Aßv ]mIn-kvXm≥Imc-\pw.

C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ°v F¥v kw`-hn-®mepw Aßv Zbhv sNbvXv Rß-fpsS {]iv\-Øn¬ CS-s]-S-cp-Xv. Hcp ]s£ R߃ Hcp ImcW-hp-an-√msX A{I-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v tI´mepw R߃ sXcp-hnth´-bm-S-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v tI´m¬ t]mepw Xm¶ƒ CS-s]-S-cp-Xv. RßfpsS Imcyw R߃ t\m°n-s°m-≈mw. Xm¶ƒ°v Rß-tfmSv h√ kvt\l-hp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Xm¶ƒ sNtø-≠Xv ]mIn-kvXm-\nse lnμp \yq\-]-£sØ kwc-£n-°p-I-bm-Wv.'' A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb Cu adp]Sn tI´v enbm-J-Ø-en-Jms‚ IÆv \nd-™p-sh∂v Ncn-{Xw. Idm-®n-bn¬ sh®v Xs∂-bp-≠mb as‰mcp kw`-hhpw {]kn-≤-amWv. k¿tΔ-¥ym-ap-kvenw-eo-Kns‚ {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-∏n®v C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ \n∂p≈ Iu¨kn-e¿am-cpsS enÃpw a‰pw ssIam-dnb tijw A∂v k¿tΔ-¥ym-apkvenw eoKns‚ ^≠v hn`-Pn® hI-bnC¥y-bpsS hnlnXw 17 e£w Ibp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]Ww ssI]‰m≥ ]s£ JmC-sZ-an-√Øv hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. ]ecpw \n¿∫-‘n®p t\m°n. ^e-ap-≠m-bn-√. ]nev°m-eØt±lw ]d-™Xv ]mIn-kvXm\n¬ \n∂v ]Ww sIm≠p h∂mWv C¥y-bn¬ eoKp-≠m-°n-bXv F∂v ]d-bm≥ A∂Xv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ CS-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp∂psh∂mbn-cp-∂p. JmCsZ-an-√Øns\ Bsc-¶nepw cmPy-kvt\-lhpw tZi-°qdpw kztZ-im-`n-am-\hpw ]Tn-∏n-t°≠nbncpt∂m? Cu \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ eoKns‚ \b-ambn At±lw kZm IqsS sIm≠p \S-∂n-cp-∂p. a¿lqw kn.-F®v Ft∂mSv Hc-h-k-c-Øn¬ ]d™p: Rm≥ temIØv an°-cm-Py-ßfpw kμ¿in-®n-´p-≠v. ]s£ ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ t]mbn-´n-√. JmC-sZ-an-√Øv ]mIn-kvXm-\n-te°v t]mI-cp-sX∂v hne-°n-bn-cp∂p'' sh∂v. JmC-sZan-√-Øns‚ CØcw \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]msS \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bXpw eoKn-\-\y-hpamb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-bn-bp∂p C{_mlnw kpsse-am≥ tk´v sNbvX G‰hpw henb sX‰v.

1989-˛¬ At±lw C¥y≥ bqWn-b≥ apkvenw-eo-Kns‚ {]kn-U≠v F∂ \nebv°v Xs∂ ]mIn-kvXm-\n¬ t]mhp-Ibpw JmC-sZ-an-√Øns‚ \b-߃s°-Xn-cmb hn[w {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXpw AXv hnhm-Z-am-bXpw {]kn-≤-am-W-t√m.

C¥y≥ apkvenw-I-fpsS {]iv\w C¥y-bpsS B`y-¥-c {]iv\-amsW∂pw C¥ybv°v ]pdØv \ns∂mcmƒ Abm-fm-cm-bmepw AXn-enS-s]-Sm≥ ]mSn-s√-∂p-ap≈ Imcy-Øn¬ JmC-sZ-an-√-Øn\v \n¿∫-‘ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv CØcw CS-s]-S-ep220

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

I-fp-≠mb ka-b-sØms° C¥y-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn-en-cn-°p∂-h¿ {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv Xs∂ At±lw {]Xn-I-cn® F{Xtbm kw`-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ C¥y-bv°-IØv ]m¿√n-sa‚nepw ]pdØpw apkv e nw- I ƒs°- X n- c mbn D≠m- I p∂ F√m A\o- X nIƒ°psaXnsc Hcp hym{LsØt∏mse A±lw s]mcp-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. C∂sØ sXc-s™-Sp∏v coXn am‰n B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{º-Zmbw G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v acWw hsc JmCsZan-√Øv Bhiy-s∏´p sIm≠n-cp-∂p. {]tXyI \ntbm-PI afie hyhÿbv°v At±lw `c-W-L-S\m \n¿ΩmW k`-bn¬ i‡-ambn t]mcm-Sn-bn-cp∂p. AXv \S-°msX t]mb-t∏mƒ apkvenw-Iƒ°v kwh-cWw G¿s∏Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´p. AXpw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-SmsX t]mbt∏mƒ B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n-[y-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p t]mcm-´w. CXn-sem∂pw Hcp hn´phogvNbpw At±lw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ BZy-Ime {]kw-K-ß-fn-sems° At±lw Hc-d_n sNm√v ""kzcmPy kvt\lw Cuam-s‚-˛-k-Xy-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ `mK-amWv'' Bh¿Øn-°m-dp-≠m-bncp-∂p. At±-lsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXv A£cw {]Xn icnbm-bn-cp-∂p.

JmC-sZ-an-√-Øns‚ in£-W-Øn¬ hf¿∂ tIcfm apkvenwIƒ°nS-bn-emWv {Inbm-fl-I-amb kzcm-Py-kvt\lw ]nevIm-eØv hf¿∂v i‡n {]m]n-®-Xv. C∂v C¥ym cmPy-Øns‚ GXv `mK-Øp≈ apkvenwIsf°mfpw cmjv{S-\n¿ΩmW {]{Inbbnepw P\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Hmtcm XpSn-∏nepw kPo-h-amb ]¶pw Nne-t∏mƒ t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb ]¶pw hln°p∂ apkvenw kaqlw D≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Hmtcm sk‚n-ao-‰dpw Cu Imcy-Øn\v km£n-bm-Wv. AXv km£-c-X-bmbmepw kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bm-bmepw kmt¶-XnI hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-ambmepw hntZ-i-\mWy kºm-Z-\-am-bmepw apkven-ans‚ _m[y-X-bmb ]¶v tIc-f-Øn¬ iq\y-ambn InS-°mØ Ahÿ krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv Ejn-Xp-ey-\mb JmC-sZ-an-√-Øn-s‚bpw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsSbpw kn.F-®-S-°-ap≈ ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-tSbpw kw`m-h-\-bmb cmjv{Sob kwkvImc-Øns‚ ^ew Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Fw.-kn. D≤-cn-®Xv kn.-F-®v. apl-ΩZv tImb, cmjv{Sob Poh-N-cn-{Xw ]p: 313, 314 2. ]n.-sI.-i-c-XvIp-am¿, A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃ ]p. 1˛2 3. tkmhn-b‰v tkmjy-enÃv dn∏-ªn-°p-I-fpsS bqWn-bs‚ `c-W-L-S\ (au-en221

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

I-\n-b-aw) ]p: 18 4. Dr: S. Radhakrishnan, Recovery of Faith, P.202. tUm. Fw.-hn. ss]en D≤-cn-®Xv, C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ ]p: 149 5. ]h-\≥, ]cn-Nbw ]p 342 Fw.-kn.-D-≤-cn-®-Xv, OP.C! t ]p: 21

222

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

17 kap-Zm-bw, kwL-S-\, `mhn tIc-f-Ønse apkvenw kap-Zmbw hf¿®-bpsS BZy-L´w ]n∂n´p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. kmaq-lnI kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw sskzc-Po-hn-Xhpw sXm´v km£-cX hscbp≈ Imcy-ß-fn¬ C¥y-bnse apkvenw-I-fnap∂m°w \nev°p∂ kap-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn-te-XmWv F∂ Imcyw X¿°-hn-t[-bta A√. amXr-Im-]-c-amb hf¿®-bmWv `uXnI cwKØv Ah¿ t\Sn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ah¿ tIc-f-Øn\v ]pd-Øp≈ apkvenwIsf am{X-a-√, kz¥w `qX-Im-esØbpw tXmev]n-®n-cn-°p∂p: G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv Ign™ A™qdp sIm√sØ Ncn-{X-sØ-sb¶nepw. t]m¿Øp-Ko-kp-Im¿ Im∏mSv Imep IpØnb A∂m-cw-`n® AhcpsS Zp¿±i Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv C°-gn™ AºXv h¿j-Øn-∂-IØm-Wv. C∂v tIc-f-Ønse apkvenw-Iƒ°p≠v F∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏Sp∂ s]mXp kzØp-°-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw hy‡n-X-e-Ønepw kmaqlnI Xe-Ønepw Ahcm¿Pn-®n-´p≈ t\´-ß-fn¬ an°Xpw Cu Imeb-f-hn-∂p-≈n¬ Ah¿ t\Sn-b-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse C¥y≥ bqWnb≥ apkvenw eoKns‚ Ncn{Xw Cu t\´-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-hp-ambn A\\y-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Nnesc Atem-kc - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah-cpsS Zp¿∫e-ß-fmb ssIIƒ sIm≠v ambv°m-hp-∂-X√ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ kzØmb Cu A£-c-ßsf; eoKns‚ t\´-߃ F∂v B¿°pw ImWm-hp∂ hep-∏-Øn¬ tIc-fØns‚ Xebv°v apI-fn¬ Fgp-Xn-sh-®n-´p≈ Cu A£-c-ß-sf. apkvenw kap-Zmbw F{Xtbm ]n∂n¬ \n∂n-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv kapZm-bsØ eoKv kwL-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI cmjv{So-b-∏m¿´n-bmbn apkvenw-Iƒ kwL-Sn-t°≠ Bh-iy-I-X-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI Xe߃°v P\m-[n-]Xyw \ne-\n-ev°p-Ibpw apkvenw-Iƒ C¥y-bn\yq\-]£-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ime-tØmfw {]k-‡n-bp-≠v.

ASn-Ø-dbv°v Hcp am‰hpw kw`-hn-°p-I-bn-s√∂v kmcw. F∂mta¬°q-c-bpsS Imcyw AX-√. Adp-]Xv h¿j-߃°v apºv \ne-\n∂n-cp∂ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-w kmºØnI-hp-amb ]n∂m223

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

°m-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v eoKns‚ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ {]Xn-^-en®n-cp-∂-Xv. P\-ß-fXv s]s´∂v Xncn-®-dn-™p. ImcWw AXh-cpsS A\p-`-h-ß-fp-sS-˛-]-®-bmb Pohn-X-Øns‚ IÆmSn {]Xn-_nw-_-am-bncp-∂p. Iayq-WnÃp ]m¿´n tIc-f-Øn¬ hf¿Øm≥ F{X-sb{X BfpI-fmWv IjvS-s∏-´-Xv, F{X t]¿°mWv Poh≥ \jvS-s∏-´-Xv. IW°v Ncn-{X-Øn-∂-dn-bmw. tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu {]ÿm\w {]N-cn-∏n-°p∂Xn\p th≠n am{Xw {]h¿Øn® \mSI ime-Iƒ, s{]m^-jW¬, AtaNz¿ \mSI {Sq∏p-Iƒ, Ihn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS kwLhpw Ah-cpsS FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ IrXn-Ifpw, ]m´p-Imcpw kwKo-X-⁄cpw, sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Im°-sØm-≈m-bncw {]kn≤o-I-c-W-߃, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v samØw kwL-S-\, Hmtcm sXmgntaJ-ebv°pw {]tXyI kwL-S\ - , k¿°m-dp-tZym-Kÿ ∑ - m¿°pw A[ym]-I¿°pw CXv t]mse _lp-cq-]nIfmb kwL-S-\-Iƒ, hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v kwL-S-\-Iƒ, Ip´n-Iƒ°v, bph-P-\-߃°v, imkv{X-Øns‚ t]cn¬ F√mw kwL-S-\-Iƒ, \ne-hn-ep≈ kwL-S-\-I-fnepw {KŸimem {]ÿm-\-߃ t]mep≈hbnepw \pg™p Ibdn kz¥-am°¬˛ ]mcm-hmcw t]mse ]c∂p InS∂ Cu {]Nm-cW b{¥-ßfpsS ]n≥_-e-Øn-emWv IΩyq-WnÃp ]m¿´n t\Snb hf¿®. a‰p kwL-S-\-Iƒ thsdbpw coXn-bn-ep≈ ta¬hn-em-k-߃ hf¿®-°p]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

F∂m¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ H∂n-s‚bpw ]n≥_ew apkvenw eoKn\p-≠m-bn-´n-√. Hcp hnZym¿∞n kwL-S\ t]cn-\v, ]ns∂ C∂pw Zb\o-bm-hÿ XcWw sNbvXn-´n-√mØ Hcp apJ-]-{Xhpw; Xo¿∂p eoKns‚ {]Nm-c-tWm-]m-[n-Iƒ. ]ns∂ H∂p-≠v. hmbv]m´v ]mSp∂ Ipd®v am∏n-f-∏m´v Kmb-Icpw {]K-¤-cmb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sslZ¿, ]n.Sn.-_o-cm≥ Ip´n auehn t]mep≈ am∏nf Ihn-Ifpw eoKn-∂m-Zy-ImeØv Af-h‰ klmbw \evIn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ eoKns‚ hf¿® imkv{Xo-b-ambn hniIe\w sNøp-tºmƒ sNs∂-ØpI apkvenw _lp-P-\-ß-fpsS a\ v hmbn-°p-Ibpw \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS, Ah \S- ∏ m- ° p- ∂ - X n\v ImWn® Bflm¿∞- X - b n- e qsS Pohn- ° p- I bpw sNbvX-t∏m-gmWv eoKv hf¿∂Xv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bbn-cn°pw. Hcp KnΩn°pw eoKv {]tbm-Kn-®n-´n-√. P\-ß-fpsS {]iv\-ß-fpsS a¿Ωw sXm´-dn™ {]h¿Ø-\w, ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[tØm- s S- b p≈ kao- ] - \ - ß ƒ, AXn- ` m- h p- I - X z- Ø ns‚ kv ] ¿iw Gev°mØ `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hmKvZm-\-߃, Bflm¿∞-X-bp≈ AWn-Ifpw Bflm¿∞-Xbpw {]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw ]mfin-Xy-hp-ap≈ 224

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

t\Xr-Xzhpw k¿tΔm-]cn kaq-lØ - ns‚bpw Ime-L´- Ø - n-s‚bpw A\nhm-cy-Xbpw tN¿∂-t∏mƒ eoKv hf¿∂p.

Hcp kmaq-ln-I-ÿm-]-\sØ hf¿Øp-∂Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ Bhiyßfm-Wv. AP-K-f-kvX\w t]mep≈ H∂ns\ kaqlw A[n-I-Imew s]mdp-∏n-°p-I-bn-√. CXv \nb-a-am-Wv. AXvsIm≠v Hmtcm ÿm]-\hpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ime-Øn-∂-\p-krXw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßsf \n¿Æbn-s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu \nbaw hnt\m-Z- t{]m’m-l\Øn\v th≠n ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ ¢∫p-Iƒ°v t]mepw _m[-I-am-Wv. Hc-ºXv sIm√w apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hnt\mZ am¿§-ß-f√ C∂v \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. A∂p≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Rß-fpsS Ip´n-°m-eØv R߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-hp-ambn-cp∂ Imc-I-fn, Xe-∏¥v Ifn, Ip´nbpw tImepw, ]S-bm-fn-Ø-√v, B´-°fw Ch-sbm∂pw C∂sØ Xe-ap-dbv°v ]cn-N-b-an-√. kml-Ncyw, kuI-cyw, Hgnhv kabw apX-emb {][m-\-s∏´ Imcy-ß-f-S°w CXn\v tlXp-hmbn `hn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. IqSmsX C∂v hnt\mZw hmWn-Py-h-ev°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \msa¥v Ifn-°-Ww, F¥v Xcw Ifn ImW-Ww XpS-ßn-bh Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv \ap°p th≠n Nne _nkn-\ v lukp-I-fm-Wv. F´p \q‰m≠v Ime-Øn-∂n-Sbv°v temI-Øn\pw apkvenw kaq-lØn\pw h∂n- ´ p≈ am‰- ß sf icn- b mb ]cn- t {]- £ y- Ø nhnebncpØpIbpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Xß-fpsS {]h¿ØØn¬, s]cp-am‰ ZuXy-t_m-[-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-amb am‰-߃ Dƒs°m≈m≥ Xøm-dm-Im-Ø-XmWv C∂v apkvenw kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-´p≈ Zp¿§-Xn°v Imc-Ww. Ckvem-an-s‚bpw apkvenwIfp-sSbpw kph¿ÆIm-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hn⁄m\ XrjvWbv°pw At\z-j-W-a-\-ÿnXnbv°pw h∂ am‰-ß-fm-Wv, AXym-hiyw kuIcy{]Z-sa∂v IcpXn Ime-Øns‚ apdn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ kzbw AS-®n´v t\Snb hymP-kp-c-£nX-t_m-[-amWv apkvenw-Isf XI¿Ø-Xv. ""Znh-k-߃°v XΩn¬ am‰an- s √- ¶ n¬ C{X- b - [ nIw Znh- k - ß - s f- ¥ n\v ''? F∂v B\- μ ns‚ "Bƒ°q´'Øn¬ Hcp IYm-]m{Xw tNmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. C∂-se-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-sW-∂-XmWv C∂n\v thdn´ AkvXnXzw \evIp-∂-Xv. A\p-£Ww ]cn-W-an®p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ H∂ns‚ t]cmWv Imew. am‰- Ø ns‚ Cu alm- { ]- h m- l - Ø n¬ ssÿXn- I X B{K- l n®p t]mIp∂ Hcp kaqlw AXns‚ A¥y-I¿Ω-Øn\v tIms∏m-cp-°pbmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. apkvenw kap-Zmbw \in-°msX \ne-\n-∂-Xn\v a‰p Nne Imc-W-߃ ImWmw. kXy-Øn¬ \mi-tØ-°mƒ `oI-c-amWv \ΩpsS C∂sØ \ne-\n-ev]v. \mw Pohn-°p∂ temI-sØbpw \ΩpsS 225

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Ac kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØbpw ASpØv sh®v ]cn-tim-[n°p-tºmƒ CXv t_m[y-am-Ipw. GsXmcp kaq-l-Øn\pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ s]m°m≥ km[n-°mØ `mcn® DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fmWv B[p-\nI apkven-ans‚ Npa-en-ep-≈-Xv F∂ bmYm¿∞yw ]q¿Æ-ambpw AXns‚ Kuc-ht- ØmsSbpw Dƒs°m≈p-∂n-SØv \n∂m-bn-cn-°Ww \mw Bcw-`n-t°-≠-Xv. Cu DØ-c-hm-ZnXzsØ bYm-hn[n a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw CXns‚ \n¿h-l-W-Øn\p apºnep≈ k¶o¿Æ-amb {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fpsS kz`mhw I≠-dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvX Htc-sbmcp Nn¥-I≥ Ign™ A™qdp h¿j-°m-e-Øn-∂nS- b n¬ apkv e nw temIØv A√mam apl- Ω Zv CJv _ m- e mWv . as‰mcmfpsS t]cv \ap-°-dn™p IqSm. alm-\mb CJv_m¬ Cu sXm∏n a‰p ]e¿°pw \evIm≥ {ian-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw AXv alm-∑m¿°v kl-P-amb hn\-b-{]-I-S\w am{X-am-Wv. At±lw aZn-cm-in-bnepw sslZ-cm-_m-Znepw sNbvX {]kw-K-ß-fn¬ B[p-\nI apkvenw t\cnSp∂ {]iv\-ß-fpsS auenI kz`mh sas¥-∂-t±lw hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. Cu {]kw-K-ß-fmWv ]n∂oSv "aX-X-Xz-Nn¥bpsS ]p\- w-hn[m\'sa∂ t]cn¬ ]pkvX-I-am-°n-b-Xv. {]kw-K-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°p∂ hn[w Cu {KŸsØ am‰n-sb-gpXn _rl-Øm-°m≥ CJv_m¬ B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw apkvenw temI-Øns‚ \n¿`mKyw, AXn-∂-t±-l-Øn-∂-h-kcw In´n-bn-√. Zm¿i-\nI ka-ky-I-fpsS {]Im-i-\-ß-fmb At±-l-Øns‚ t]¿jy≥ alm-Im-hy-ß-sfm-s°bpw Cu IrXn-bn¬ N¿® sNbvX {]-iv\-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ß-fm-Wv. IhnbpsS `mjbpw Zm¿i-\n-Is‚ `mjbpw XΩnse A\-¥cw a\- n-emImsX t]mb-XmWv CJv_m¬ Ihntbm Zm¿i-\n-It\m t]mep≈ _meni tNmZy-ß-fp-b-cm≥ Imc-Ww. knbm-hp-±o≥ k¿Zm-dns\ D≤-cn-°p-I-bmhpw {]iv\-Øns‚ hy‡Xbv°v \√-sX∂v tXm∂p: ""apkvenw kaq-lsØ Ckvem-anIhevIcn-°p-∂-Xn\v {ian-°p-∂, \nb-a-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ihp-amb ]cn-jvI-c-W-߃°v th≠n ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Bcpw AwKoI-cn-t°-≠p∂ ka-Im-enI bmYm¿∞y-Øn\v aq∂v hi-ß-fp-≠v. H∂ma-tØXv hfsc hy‡-am-Wv, Hcp ]s£ Gsd thZ-\m-P-\-Ihpw. B[p\nI temIØv apkvenw Nn¥ ]q¿Æ-ambpw {]m¥-h-evI-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn°p∂p F∂XmW-Xv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ ]pXnb temI-Øns‚ ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-bn-te°v Zm¿i-\nItam _u≤n-Itam Bb Hcp kw`m- h - \ bpw AXns‚ `mKØv \n∂p- ≠ m- b n- ´ n- √ . AXv s Im≠v BtKmf hn⁄m-\-b-Xv\-ß-fn¬ Xpey-]-¶m-fnØw \evIn AXns\ 226

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

kzoI-cn-°p-sa∂ anYym-[m-cW sh®p ]pe¿tØ-≠-Xn-√. CXns‚ kzm`m-hnI ^ew apkvenw P\-Xbpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Acn-In--te°v am‰n \n¿Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. kzX{¥¿ F∂ anYymt_m[w Ah¿ sh®p ]pe¿Øp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah¿ kXy-Øn¬ ta[m-hnXzw ]pe¿Øp∂ \mK-cnI-X-bpsS ASn-a-I-fm-Wv. CXm-Zy-tØ-Xn-tesd thZ\m-P-\-I-am-Wv. apkvenw P\X Ah-cpsS `mhn \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ A\ph-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂ hnizm-ksØ apkvenw DΩ: ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp temIØv apJ-hnebvs°Sp-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.'' ""h¿Ø-am\ bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ Cu hiw ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm\-ß-sfbpw Ckvem-anIhevI-cW N¿®-I-sfbpw t\cn´v Xs∂ _m[n°p-∂p-≠v. kpUm-\n¬ I≠-t]mse Hcp cmPyw Ckvem-anI icoAØv \S-∏m-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®m¬ hyh-km-b-h-evIrX cmPy-ß-fpsS hyh-ÿm-]nX FXn¿∏v t\cn-tS≠n hcp-∂p. GsX-¶nepw hn⁄m\ imJ Ckvem-anI hevI-cn-°m-\p≈ ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS {iaw, B taJe {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶n¬ ta[m-hnØw ]pe¿Øp∂ \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v `ojWn Db¿Øp-∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw efn-X-ambn AXv B \mK-cn-I-XtbmSv Iq´n-t®¿°-s∏-Spw.'' ""\ΩpsS Ime--L-´-Øns‚ hy‡-amb c≠m-asØ {]tXy-IX Imcy-ß-sfms° ]c-kv]c _‘n-Xhpw ]c-kv]cw B{i-bn®p \nev°p∂- h - b p- a mWv F∂- X m- W v . B[p- \ n- I hpw DØ- c m- [ p- \ n- I - h p- a mb temIØv Hmtcm∂pw a‰p-≈-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´pw a‰p taJ-e-I-fnep-≠m-Ip∂ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßsf B{i-bn-®p-amWv \nev°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]c-kv]c _‘-Øn¬ \n∂v, ]c-kv]cw Iq´n LSn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ \n∂v {]iv\-ßsf AS¿Øn-sb-SpØv ]cn-l-cn-°pI km[y-a-√. Cßs\bp≈ Hcp temIØv kmaq-ln-I, kmº-Øn-I, hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jvI-c-W-ßsf ]pdØv \n¿Øn icoAØv \S-∏m°pI \nc¿∞-I-amb Hcm-i-b-am-Wv. hn`h tijn-bpsS Ak-a-amb hoXw sh∏n\v ]cn-lmcw ImWmsX Ckvem-anI t_¶nwKv G¿s∏-SpØp-∂Xv sIm≠v kmaq-lnI \oXn-bpsS {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏Sp-I-bn-√. kºZvhyhÿ th¿s]-Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ hn[w `q]-cn-jvI-cW-hp-ambn IÆn tN¿°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv cmjv{So-b-hp-ambpw cmjv{Sobw imkv{X-hp-ambpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy, sshZyw, kmaq-lnI cq]-h-evI-cWw XpS-ßn-b-hp-ambpw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]cn-jvI-cWhpw Ckvem-anIhevI-c-W-hp-sams° AXvsIm≠v H‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-sbSp- ° m- h - X - √ . {ia- ß ƒ hnP- b n- ∏ n- s ®- S p- ° m≥ km[n- ° - W - s a- ¶ nhyXykvX hi-ß-fn-eqsS hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn {]iv\-ßsf ssIIm227

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cyw sNø-Ww. hn⁄m\ imJ-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw ebn®v k¶c hn⁄m\-im-J-Iƒ hnI-kn-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, ssh⁄m-\n-I-imJ-I-fpsS Hcp \h-{]-]©w apkvenw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-cØn-s‚bpw Bh-iy-߃°-\p-krXw Ckvem-ans‚ {]]-©-ho-£-WØn\v hnt[-b-ambn cq]-s∏´p hcpw. h¿Ø-am-\-Ime ssh⁄m-\nI LS\ ]m›mXy \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw _u≤n-I-hp-amb ]cn-k-cØv cq]-s∏-´-Xm-Wv, AXns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-Iƒ°pw {]]© ho£-W-Øns‚ tX´ßƒ°pw A\p-krXw P∑w sIm≠-Xv... ""\ΩpsS temI-Øns‚ aq∂m-asØ {]tXy-IX AXn-Po-h-\-Øns‚ kØ- _-lp-Xz-am-sW-∂-Xm-Wv. Um¿hn≥ anYybv°v hncp≤amw hn[w AXn-Po-h\w t\Sp-∂-h¿ D]m-[n-I-fpsS _lp-XzsØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØp-∂-h-cm-Wv. GIapJ kwkvIm-c-߃ B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw H‰-s∏´p \nevIp-Ibpw A\y-h-evI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsb \in∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-km\w Ah-cpsS GI-ap-J-tØm-sSm∏w ac-W-Øn\v Iog-S-ßp-Ibpw sNøpw. Irjn-bn¬ hfsc hy‡-ambn kam-\-amb H∂p ImWmw. GI-hn-fsb B{i-bn-°p-∂-h¿ ]´n-Wn-bn-em-W-h-km\n-°p-I... F∂m¬ hyXy-kvX-hn-f-Iƒ sFiz-cy-ap-≠m-°pw. AXv t]mse _lp-Xz-ap≈ kaq-l-߃°v kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb AXn-Po-h\-Øn\p≈ Ah-kcw hfsc D∂-X-am-Wv, kaqlw km[m-cW KXnbn¬ hf-cp-Ibpw sNøpw.''1 kXy-{]-t_m-[\w AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ \oXn-I-cWw IqSn-bmb Hcp kaq-lØ - ns‚ \ne-\n-ev]n\v Cu ZuXy \n¿h-lW - Ø - n-\p≈ tbmKyX F∂ Hc¿∞w IqSn D≠v. k¿Zm-dns‚ D]-cyp‡ hcnIfn¬ Iq´nt®¿°m-\-√msX sh´n-°-f-bm≥ H∂p-an-s√∂v apkvenw kap-Zm-bsØ ASp-Ø-dn-bm-hp∂ Bcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-a-t√m. AXvsIm≠v apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ BZysØ _m[y-X, Ah-sc-hnsS Bbmepw B`y¥c kwkvI-c-Whpw ]cn-jvI-c-W-hp-am-Wv, \thm-∞m\ {ia-ß-fmWv. CXv hnizm- k - Ø ns‚ Xe- Ø n- t e°v ]cn- a n- X - s ∏- S pØn ImWp∂hcp-≠v. hnizm-k-Ønse "Ie¿∏v' Igp-In-°-f-™m¬ F√mw `{Z-am-sb∂ Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ \ntj-[-amWv Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ "kwkvI-cWw' \S-s∂∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ kDuZn Atd-_y-bnse apkvenw kap-Zm-bw. kap-Zm-b-Øn\v AhnsS Hcp XcØn- e p≈ hf¿®bpw D≠m- b n- ´ n- s √∂v Xs∂ ]d- b - W w. Iptd tIm¨{Io‰v sI´n-S-ßfpw BUw-_c Imdp-Ifpw Iq‰≥ \K-c-ßfpw s]t{Sm tUmf¿ \evInb a‰p kuI-cy-ßfpw F√m Kƒ^v \mSp-I-fnsebpw s]mXp Zriy-am-Wv. C∏-d™ hnizm-k-kw-kvI-cWw Imcy228

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

am-sbm∂pw \S-∂n-´n-√mØ bp.-F.-C-bm-Wv. bp.-F.-C-bnse A_q-Z-_n, Zpss_ {]hn-iy-I-fmWv Cu "hf¿®'bn¬ ap∂n¬. F∂m¬ Ad_v \mSp-I-fn¬ kap-Zmbw kmaq-ln-Ihpw Nn¥m-]-c-hp-amb cwK-ß-fnhf¿® t\Sn-bn-cp-∂Xpw B[p-\nI temI-Øn-s‚bpw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚bpw AwKo-Im-chpw BZ-chpw Ic-ÿ-am-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb \mSv CuPn-]vXm-Wv. Pam¬ A_vZp-\m-k-dns‚ Ime-L´w AkvX-an-®tXmsS Cu hf¿®bv°v hncm-a-am-sb-¶nepw C∂pw Xmc-X-tay\ C°m-cy-Ønap∂n¬ \nev°p-∂Xv CuPn]vXv Xs∂-bm-Wv. ssiJv apl-aZv A_vZphn-s‚bpw dioZv dnk-bp-sSbpw Nn¥-Iƒ Cu hf¿®-bn¬ ]¶v hln®n-´p-≠v. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw Cu Nn¥-Iƒ A]q¿Æhpw Aaq¿Øhp-am-sW-¶nepw Ch-sbm-cn-°epw ]n¥n-cn-∏-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu ]ptcmKXn XS-™Xv cmjv{So-b-Ønse GIm-[n-]-Xy-ßfpw CJvhm-\papkvenaqs‚ aX Xo{h-hm-Z-hp-am-Wv. kaq-l-Øns‚ ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿbv°v hnizm-k-Ønse Ie¿∏pw A]q¿Æ-X-I-fp-amWv Imc-W-sa∂ ImgvN-∏mSv Aim-kv{Xo-b-hp-am-Wv. Ahn`mPyamWv a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw AXns‚ s]cp-am-‰-ß-fp-sa∂ sXfnbn-°-s∏´ XXz-sØ-bmWv Cu hmZw H∂m-aXv \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp]mSv LS-I-ß-fpsS HsØm-cp-an-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-amWv a\pjy Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn. Ch-bn-te-sX-¶nepw H∂v A\yw \n∂p t]mbm¬ ]ptcm-KXn XS-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ Zni ]nt∂m´v Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. ]ptcm-K-Xn°v aXw A\n-hm-cy-a-s√∂v C_p-\p-J¬Zq≥ Xd-∏n®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. aXw AYhm {]hm-N-I-Xz-amWv a\pjy ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS B[m-c-sa∂ hmZsØ Jfin®p sIm≠v J¬Zq≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""{]hm-N-IXzw IqSmsXØs∂ a\pjy PohnXw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n-ev°p-Ibpw sNømw. Hcp hn[n I¿Ømhn\v kzi-‡n-bm-tem, a‰p-≈-hsc Iosgm-Xp-°m≥ Abmsf ]cym]vX-\m-°p∂ kwL-t_m-[-Øns‚ kzm[o\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-tbm, Ah-cn¬ hn[n \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw Abmƒs°mØ t]mse Ahsc \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøm≥ km[n-°pw. thZ-°m-cmb aX-hn-`m-K-߃, AXmbXv {]hm-N-I-∑msc ]n¥p-S-cp∂ P\-߃, thZ-sam-∂p-an-√mØ aPpkn2 Isf-°mƒ FÆ-Øn¬ Ipd-hm-Wv. aPp-kn-Iƒ FÆ-Øn¬ IqSpX-ep-≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w Ah-cpsS `cW hwi-ßfpw Ncn{X kvXw`ßfpw \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p˛ PohnXw \ne-\n-evIp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw ]ns∂ ]d-bm\pw C√. AXp-t]mseØs∂ cmjv{Shpw `c-W-hw-ihpw hS°pw sX°pw D≈ DjvW taJ-em-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ C∂pw D≠v... Cßs\ {]hm-N-IXzw kaq-l-Po-hn-X-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ hmZ-Øn229

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m¿°v ]‰nb sX‰v \n߃°v hy‡-am-Ipw.''3 kmaq-lnI am‰-Ønepw hf¿®-bnepw aXw Hcp ]¶pw hln-°p-∂ns√-∂m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn√ alm-\mb C_v\p-J¬ Zq≥ Dt±-in-®-Xv. `uXnI hf¿®-bp-sSbpw \ne-\n-ev]n-s‚bpw \nb-a-߃ XnI®pw thsd-bmWv. Ncn-{X-Ønse BZn-a-\m-K-cnI-X-Iƒ°v {]tXy-In®v \Zo-XS \mK-cn-IX-Iƒ°v Adn-™n-S-tØmfw kXy-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bncp-∂n-√. {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw {]Xn-`m-k-ß-sfbpw ]qPn-°p∂ {]mIr-X-aX-ßf - m-bn-cp∂p Ch-bn¬ an°-Xn-t‚bpw hnizm-kk - w-ln-XI - ƒ. tkm{I´o-kns‚ {Kokns‚ t]mepw Nn{Xw hyXy-kvX-a√; tkm{I-´okpw πmt‰mbpw Acn-tÃm-´n-ep-sam∂pw {Kokns‚ s]mXp-a-X-Øn¬ hnizkn-®n-cp∂ns√¶nepw. tdmans‚ {]Xm]w IØn-\n-∂Xv tdmw {InkvXpa-X-Øn-te°v amdp-∂-Xn\v apºm-Wv. tIm¨Ãm-ss‚≥ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®Xv sIm≠mWv XI¿® D≠m-bXv F∂-√, {InkvXp-a-XØns‚ Hcp klm- b hpw tdmans‚ {]Xm- ] - Ø n\v \nan- Ø tam tlXpthm Bbn´n√ F∂m-Wp-t±-in-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Ckvemw s]mXp-hmb Cu A\p-`-h-Øn\v hncp-≤-amb Hcp Nn{Xw temI-Øn\v apºn¬ ImgvN sh®p. Hcp \h-tem-I-kr-jvSn°v, A∂v hsc temI-Øn\v ]cn-Nn-X-a-√mØ Hcp ]pXnb kwkvIm-cØns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn°v AXv t\XrXzw sImSp-Øp. a\p-jys‚ c≠p Xe-ß-tfmSpw \oXn ]pe¿Øp∂ hf¿® ImgvN sh® Hcp ]pXnb kwkvIm-c-Øn\v. a\p-jys‚ Bflo-b-X-esØ am{Xw ImWp-Ibpw `uXn-I-tem-IsØ Ah-K-Wn-°pI t]mepw sNbvX aX-ßsf Bbncp∂p A∂v hsc temIw ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. ]≈n-Iƒ imkv{X Kth-j-W-Øns‚ tI{μ-ß-fmbn amdnb A¤pX ImgvN A∂v temIw I≠p. ]nevIm-eØv Zo\pw Zp≥bmhpw c≠m-°n, c≠-d-I-fn-em°n ]ckv]cw hmXn¬ sIm´nbS-°p∂ Imew hsc CXv XpS¿∂n-´p-≠v.

"C¬av' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v aX-]m-fin-Xy-sa∂pw I¿Ωim-kv{X-]m-finXy-sa∂pw A¿∞w h∂-tXmsS Ckvemw AXv krjvSn® Ncn-{X-Øn\n∂pw A\y-h-evI-cn-°-s∏-´p-sh∂v am{Xa√, Ime-Øn\v Nnd-sI-´p∂ aX-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Ckvem-an-s\bpw temIw FÆm≥ XpS-ßn.

C…m-ans‚ ap‰Øv ]n®-sh®p hf¿∂ imkv{Xhpw imkv{X t_m[hpw krjvSn® hnπ-h-Øn¬ \n∂v Ckvemw ]pd-Øm-sb-¶nepw Ncn{Xw C∂p hsc Z¿in-®n-´n-√mØ AXn-i‡ - a - mb Hcp \mK-cnI-Xbv°v _p≤nbpsS Cu hf¿® P∑w \evIn. hntcm-[m-`mkw Cu \mK-cn-IXbpsS Dev]∂amb B[p-\nI bqtdm-∏ns‚ tImf-Wn-I-fmbn apkvenw \mSpIfpw, A\p-[m-h-Icpw ASn-a-I-fp-ambn apkvenw-Ifpw amdnbtXmsS230

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

bmWv Ckvemw AXns‚ XI¿®-bpsS C∂sØ Bg-Øn-te-s°-Ønb-Xv; kz¥w krjvSn-bpsS Cc-bm-bn.

B[p-\n-IX (Modernity) _p≤n°pw bp‡n-Nn-¥bv°pw a\p-jyPo-hn-X-Øn¬ {]mYayw \evInb Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ t]cm-Wv. ""B[p-\n-IX (Modernism) a[y-Ime Nn¥-I-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXambn bp‡n-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂Xpw bp‡n-bpsS ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v apºn¬ \ne-\n-ev°m≥ km[n-°mØ F√m {]amW-ß-sfbpw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb {]h-W-X-bm-Wv. a[y-Ime a\pjys\ {]am-W-ß-fpsS i_vZw \ni-_vZ-\m-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\nI a\p-jy≥ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃ tXSpIbpw sNøpw. tNmZyw sNømsX Hcp {]am-W-tØ-bpw, AXv cmjv{Sob-am-bmepw aX-am-bmepw Abm-f-\p-k-cn-°p-I-bn-√... bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw hna¿i-\m-flI kao-]-\hpw A∂p-hsc AS™p InS-∂n-cp∂ ]e hn⁄m-\o-b-ß-fp-sSbpw hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd∂p sImSp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.4'' B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AXn-i-tbm‡n]c-amb hmb-\-bpsS Hcp apkvenw DZm-l-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv kn±o-Jn-bpsS hm°pIIƒ D≤-cn-®-Xv. bp‡n-Nn¥ ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmb hn[n-I¿Øm-hm-Ip∂ Cu {]h-WX a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ B[n-]Xyw t\Sp-∂Xv CXm-Zy-am-Wv. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-em-cw-`n®v C∂v hsc AP-ø-ambn \ne-sIm≠v a\p-jys‚ h¿Ø-am-\hpw C∂se hsc Ahs‚ `mhnbpw F¥n\v Ahs‚ `qXsØt∏mepw Itø-dm≥ {ian® Cu {]h-WX a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn\v \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw hne-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. ⁄mt\m-Z-b Ime-L´w (Enlightenment Era) F∂v a\p-jy-N-cn{XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-ambn hnfn-°-s∏´ bqtdm-]y≥ \thm-∞m-\-tØm-sS-bmWv B[p-\n-IX \ne-hn¬ hcp∂-Xv. Hcp `mKØv B[p-\n-IX {Inbm-fl-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jys‚ Hu∂-XysØ hnfw-_cw sNøpw hn[w a\p-jys‚ D≈n-ep-d-ßn-°n-S∂n-cp-∂Xpw Dd-°n-°n-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb Ign-hp-I-sfbpw k¿Km-flI-X-sbbpw AXv DW¿Øp-Ibpw I¿Ω\nc-X-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _p≤n-bp-sSbpw bp‡n-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw Iq®v hne-ßmbn amdn-bn-cp∂ aX-hym-Jym-\-ß-fpsS ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂Xv a\p-jys\ tamNn-∏n-®p. imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bp-sS-bp-amb Hcp bpK-Øn-\Xv P∑w \evIn. a\pjy Pohn-X-Øn\v XnI®pw ]pXnb Hcp apJw \evIm≥ AXv klm-bn-®p. e£-°-W-°n¬ h¿j-ß-fpsS a\pjy Ncn-{X-Øn\v A]-cn-Nn-X-amb taJ-e-I-sfms° AXv a\p-jys‚ apºn¬ Xpd-∂n´p sImSp-Øp.

231

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

CXns‚ adp-hiw AtX-k-abw Idp-Øn-cp-≠Xpw am\p-jnI aqeyß-fpsS \ncm-I-c-W-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-Wv. k¿Zm¿ B[p-\n-IXsb hc®p Im´p-∂Xn{]Imcw : ""B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI hyhÿ'' ]pXnb temI''-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fp-sSbpw Imc-Whm-Z-bp-‡n-bp-sSbpw ^e-ambn D≠mbn h∂-Xm-Wv. Cu kmwkvImcnI hyhÿ GI-inem cq]-Øn-ep-≈Xpw ASn-®-a¿Øp∂Xpam-Wv. AXns‚ IÆn¬ ]m›mXy \mK-cn-IX amXr-Ibpw kXy-Øns‚ GI-am{X Ie-h-dbpw "a‰p-≈-hsb' (Others) Hs° Af-°m-\p-]-tbmKn- t°-≠p∂ Af- hp- t Im- e p- am- Wv . ]Sn- ™m- d ≥ apX-em-f n-Ø-Ønte°pw DZm-c-a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-te°pw tcJo-b-ambn apt∂-dp-∂Xpw temIsØ apgps° Hscm‰ BtKmf Jfi-am°n ]m›mXy \mK-cnI-X-bn-te°v ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-°m≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-amWv Ncn{Xw F∂Xv hniz-kn-°p-∂p. apX-em-fnØ kºZv hyh-ÿ, {]tbm-P\ hmZ hymh-km-bnI hyh-ÿn-Xn, bp‡y-[n-jvTnX kwL-S-\, ]pXn-bXns\ ]pXn-b-Xm-bXv sIm≠p am{Xw Bt«-jWw apX-em-b-h-bm-WXns‚ hnizmk {]am-W-߃. AXns‚ \n¿Δ-N\ {]Imcw B[p-\nI-a-√m-Ø-sXms° A[-ahpw AXvsIm≠v BZ-c-h¿ln-°m-ØXpw A¥- n-√m-ØXpw \ne-\n-ev°m≥ sIm≈m-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. ""Ign™ AºXv h¿jw km£yw hln-®Xv B[p-\n-IX km{ºZm-bnI kwkvIm-c-ßsf apgps° \in-∏n-®-Xn-∂m-Wv. "hnI-k-\-Øns‚' t]cn¬ ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ßfpw kap-Zm-b-ßfpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-´p. "]ptcmK-Xn-'bpsS t]cn¬ ]c-ºc - m-KX hn⁄m-\o-bß - ƒ˛ imkv{Xw, sshZyw, kmt¶-XnI hnZy-Iƒ˛ B{I-an-°-s∏-S-pIbpw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. "B[p-\nI'amIp-∂-Xn\v ]c-º-cm-KX Pohn-X-co-Xn-Ifpw kwkvIm-c-ßfpw Ign™ Ime-Øns‚ IY-bm°n am‰n.''5 B[p-\nIX cmjv{Sob cwKØv Agn®p hn´ Xn∑-I-fn¬ {][m\w sImtfm-Wn-b-en-khpw Cw]o-cn-b-en-k-hp-am-Wv. bqtdm-]y≥ B[n-]Xy Zpcbpw Ipcn-ip-bp-≤-ß-fpsS _m°n-]-{X-amb aX-{`m¥pw tN¿∂v t\csØ Bcw-`n® A[n-\n-th-i-߃°v aX-{`m-¥n-∂-∏p-d-ap≈ Hcp e£y-ap-≠m°ns°mSp-ØXv B[p-\n-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "sh≈-°m-cs‚ `mcw' t]mep≈ Pm¿K-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øn\v \ymbo-I-c-W-ambn am{X-a√ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS D¬°¿j-Xm-hm-ZØns‚ IqSn ^e-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p. A[n-\n-hn-jvS cmPy-ß-fnse P\ß-fpsS cmjv{Sob kzmX-{¥yhpw kºØpw am{X-a√ Ah-cpsS kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚ kq£n- ∏ p- I - s fbpw kwkv I m- c sØ Xs∂bpw 232

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

B[p-\n-IX sIm≈-b-Sn-®p. thcp-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]ngp-sX-Sp-°-s∏´ Cu P\-X-Isf A]-I¿j-Xm-t_m-[-Øn-∂n-c-bm°n am‰nb tijw k¿Zm¿ kqNn-∏n® hn[w Ahsc B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw ]Sn-™m-d≥ \mK-cnI-X-bp-sSbpw Bcm-[-I-cm°n am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {Inbm-flI hiw bp‡n-Nn-¥bv°pw _p≤n°pw AXv \evIp∂ {]m[m-\y-am-sW∂ Imcyw X¿°-a-‰-Xm-Wv. F∂mhntbm-Pn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv AXv am{X-am-Wv kXysØ Adn-bm-\p≈ am¿§-sa∂ hmZ-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. ]uckvXy kwkvImc-ßfpw aX-ßfpw bqtdm-∏nse Xs∂ CΩm-\p-h¬ Im‚n-s\-t∏m-ep≈ Zm¿i-\n-Icpw Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sns\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. ip≤ bp‡nbpsS ]cn-anXn Chn-sS-sbms° Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ckvemw Adn-hns‚ Hcp t{kmX- mbn bp‡n-Nn-¥sb ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ ASn-°Sn Nn¥n-°m\pw _p≤n D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw a\p-jyt\mSv Iev]n-°p-∂p-≠v. hkvXp\njvT bmYm¿∞y-ßsf (B-Imi `qanIƒ, {]IrXn apX-em-b-h) \nco-£n-°m\pw kXyw Is≠-Øm\pw t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ Jp¿-B≥ Adn-hns‚ G‰hpamZysØ t{kmX- mbn FÆp-∂Xv ]s£ Znhy shfn-]m-Sns\ (h-lvbv) BIp-∂p. _p≤n-bpsS D]-tbmKsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw aX-Øns‚ \ne-]mSv CXmWv: tKmN-c-ambhbn-eqsS AtKm-N-c-am-b-h-bn-te-°v, Zriy-am-b-h-bn-eqsS AZr-iy-am-b-h-bn-te-°v. AZr-iy-am-b-h-bpsS \ne-\nev]v a\p-jy-_p≤nsb B{i-bn®√, \mw Is≠-Øn-bmepw Cs√-¶nepw Ah-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]ns\ AXv _m[n-°p-∂n-√.

C∂v B[p-\n-IX t]mb Ime-Øns‚ IY-bmbn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn°p-I-bm-Wv. AXns‚ kzm[o\w F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw AkvX-an®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. B[p-\n-IX hcpØn sh® \mi-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw AXp-≠m-°nb \jvS-ßsf Ipdn®pw temIw C∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂p. ""Z¿i-\w, Adn-hns‚ kmaq-ln-I-im-kv{Xw, `mjm-im-kv{Xw, kmlnXyhpw kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ßfpw, inev]-Ie apX-emb a\p-jys‚ At\z-jW taJ-e-I-fn¬ kao-]-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hnIm-k-߃ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AIØv \nd-®p-sh-®n-cp∂h apgps° am¥n ]pd-Øn-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ Al-¶m-c-Øns‚ I≈n s]mfn-°pIbpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS B{I-a-W-ß-fn¬ AXv ]pf-bp-I-bm-Wv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kwc-£-I¿°v (k-Xy-Øns‚ GI Af-hp-tIm¬ bp‡n-bm-sW∂ AXns‚ hmZ-Øns‚ B[m-c-Øn¬) \ne-\n∂p t]m∂ AXns‚ P∑kn≤-amb ta∑ kwc-£n-°-W-sa∂p≠v; ktμ-l-Øn-s‚bpw A\n-›n-X-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ssII-fn233

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]n®n®o¥-s∏-S-cp-sX-∂m-{K-l-ap-≠v...'' ""DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX \ΩpsS hn[n-bpsS ]pXnb ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ H∂mw A[ym-btam Ah-Xm-cn-Itbm A√. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ bp‡n`{Z-amb Ht´sd {]h-N-\-ß-sf, Ah ]Icw sh°m≥ {ian® bp‡n-lo-\-ß-fmb anYym-[m-c-W-I-sf-°mƒ A_-≤-ambn amdn-bXns‚ AS-bm-f-am-W-Xv. DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv ASn®-a¿Ø-en¬ \n∂v hntem-`-\-Øn-te-°v, t]meo-kn¬ \n∂v am¿°-‰nte-°v, ssk\y-Øn¬ \n∂v t_¶n-te-°v, ⁄m\-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ Bg-a-f-°p∂ hmb-\-bn¬ \n∂v hymJym-\-im-kv{X-Øns‚ D]-cn-πh hmb-\-bn-te-°v, `mKn-I-ambn amdp∂ {]h-W-X-sb-bm-Wv... DØ-cm-[p\n-IX Hcp acp-`q-an-bm-Wv, B[p-\n-IX Np‰pw s]mSn™p Xo¿∂-Xns‚ [qfn-I-fn¬ AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ ]pXnb cq]-߃ P\-X-Iƒ ]cXn \S°p∂ Hcp acp-`-q-an. Cu At\z-j-Ww, \ΩpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb \ne-\n-ev]ns‚ coXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp ]pkvXI-Øns‚ Cu cq]-s∏-Sp-ج, Xo¿®-bmbpw Ie-l-ß-fn-te°pw kwL¿j-ß-fn-te°pw FØn-°pw. F∂m¬ Cu kwL¿j-Øn-∂∏pdw Hcmƒ°v hn`m-h\w sNøm≥ km[n-°pw, hnth-I-ap≈ kpc-£nX-amb Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ km£m-XvIm-csØ''6 apkv e nw- t em- I - Ø ns‚ ssII- f n¬ h∂- W - ™ n- ´ p≈ Ah- k csØ°pdn-®mWv ChnsS kqN-\. B[p-\n-IX hcpØn sh® ]cn°p-I-fn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥ \ap°v hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd∂p In´n-bn-cn°p-∂p. IÆp-Iƒ Xpd∂p sh®v Cu Ah-k-csØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØm≥ kzbw k÷-cm-hp-I-bm-WmZyw th≠-Xv. Cu Imcy-Øn¬ kapZm-b-Øn-∂-IØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ apgp-h≥ {Inbm-flI kwL-S-\-Ifpw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃ Is≠-Sp-°p-I-bm-WmZyw sNtø-≠Xv. apkvenweoKns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu BtKmf kml-Ncyhpw tZio-b˛- {- ]m-tZ-inI kml-Nc - y-ßfpw kq£vaa - mbn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠p thWw ]gb AP-≠-Iƒ ]pXp°m≥. kaq-l-Øns‚ ka-{K-amb hf¿® e£y-am-°p∂ Cu AP≠-Iƒ ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°m≥ Fs¥ms° sNøm-\ps≠∂ Imcyw ssZ\w Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Xocpam-\n-°-s∏-tS-≠XmWv. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ hy‡-amb ImgvN-∏mSv eoKn\pw kap-Zm-b-Øn\pw D≠m-tI-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. kaq-l-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw t£a-Øn\pw \S-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø\-ß-fpsS Hcp `mK-amWv cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-hpw. cmjv{So-b-{]-h¿Ø\-tØmsSm∏w CXc cwK-ß-fnepw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ icn-bmb am¿§234

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Øn¬ \S-°-Ww. cmjv{Sob cwKsØ {]h¿Ø\w hnP-bn-°-W-sa¶n¬ CX-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. kmº-Øn-I-cwKw sXm´v Bflo-b-cwKw hsc \ofp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ ÿnXn-sa-®-s∏-Sp-ØmØ kml-N-cy-Øncmjv { Sob cwKsØ {]h¿Ø\w hnP- b n- ∏ n- s ®- S p- ° pI GXm≠v Akm[yw Xs∂-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse apkvenweoKv {]ÿm\w t\cntS≠ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\w CXm-Wv. cmjv{So-b-cw-KØv Ah¿ hf¿∂p GXm≠v ]IzX FØn-°-gn-™n-´p-s≠-¶nepw cmjv{So-b-sam-gn-®p≈ cwK-߃ NneXv "tam¿_nUv t{KmØv' F∂v hnfn-°m-hp∂ Akp-JØn\v hnt[-b-am-hp-Ibpw kaq-l-Øn\v _m[y-X-bm-Ip∂ kwL-S\m s]cp-°-Øn\v km£n-bm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ kmº-ØnI cwKw t]mep≈h iq\y-ambn InS-°p-I-bm-Wv. as‰mcp Imcyw ]gb Ime-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXambn apkvenw kaqlw Hcp hiØv cmPyw, {]tZ-i-߃ F∂n-h-bn-te°v kzm¿∞nI-fmbn Npcpßn®pcpßn hcp-∂p, thsdmcp `mKØv sshIm-cn-I-ambn, an°-t∏mgpw kz¥w \ne-\nev]v A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hn[w tZiob-ambpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-ambpw hnI-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp kaql-Øns‚ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v t\sc FXn¿Zn-i-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X. hnIkn-t°-≠n-SØv kt¶m-Nn-°p-Ibpw kt¶m-Nn-t°-≠n-SØv hnI-kn-°pIbpw sNøp-I. c≠pw kaq-l-Øn\v \mi-at√ D≠m-°q. ""cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w Ncn-{X-Im-c\v hmbn-°m≥ km[n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. CXn\v ImcWw cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø\w kZm e£y-tØmsS sNøp∂ H∂m-Wv. cmjv{So-b-°m-c≥ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-≈-h-\m-Wv. \b]-cn-]mSn F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ ]≤-Xn-bm-Wv. cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v apºv cq]w sIm≈p-∂-XmWv \b-]-cn-]m-Sn. Cu \b]-cn-]mSn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-®mWv cmjv{So-b-°m-cs‚ hnPbw \ne- s Im- ≈ p- ∂ Xv '' 7 kaq- l sØ samØ- Ø n¬ apºn¬ I≠p sIm≠mWv \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv ap≥Iq´n FgpXn-Ø-øm-dm-°nbXmbn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. Ch-bn¬ NneXv kºZv cwKhp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. NneXv kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cnI-hp-amb e£y-ap-≈-h-bm-bn-cn-°pw. Ign™ ico-AØv hnhm-Z-°meØv ico-AØv \nb-a-ß-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v \ne-s°m≠ BfpIsf Ipg-°nb G‰hpw k¶o¿Æ-amb {]iv\w ico-AØv \nb-a߃ apkvenw-Iƒ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu hnhm-Za - p-≠mb ka-bØv ico-AØ - \ - p-Iqe kZ- p-If - n¬ \n∂v Ckvem-anI \nb-a-Øns‚ sI´-gn-®-t∏mƒ _lp-`q-cn-`mKw apkvenwIƒ°pw Aap-…nw-Iƒs°-∂-t]mse CsXms° ]pXnb Adn-hp-I235

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

fm-bn-cp-∂p. hnhm-l-tam-N-\-Øn\v Ckvemw Iev]n-°p∂ \n_-‘-\Iƒ IrXy-ambn ]men®v hnhm-l-tam-N\w GXm≠v Akm[yw Xs∂bm-Wv. temI-Ønse GsX-¶n-ep-samcp \nbaw hnhm-l-tam-N-\sØ XmevIm-enI imco-cnI _‘-hn-t—-Z-\-ambpw aq∂p amk-Øn-sem-cn°¬ Ft∏mƒ thW-sa-¶nepw ho≠pw _‘-Øn-te°v {]th-i\w \evIp∂ H∂mbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv \mw tI´n-´pt≠m? H∂pw c≠pw Xh- W - b p≈ XmevIm- e nI _‘- h n- t —- Z \ ImeØv kz¥w ho´n¬Øs∂ `¿Ømhv `mcysb Xma-kn-∏n-°-Ww. aq∂m-a-tØXv am{Xta th¿]m-Sm-Ip-∂p-≈p. F∂m¬ Ahn-sSbpw Nne D]-[n-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ _‘w ]pXp-Xmbn Bcw-`n-°m≥ Ckvemw A\paXn \evIp-∂p.- C-sXms° tIc-f-Ønse km[m-c-W-°m-cmb apkvenwIƒ°v ]pXnb hnh-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \nbaw Adn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Zpcp-]tbm-K-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂ Imcyw Xo¿®-bm-Wv. Cu Zpcp-]-tbm-K-amWv "icoA-Øns\ {]Xn-Iq-´n-em-°m≥ Nnesc klm-bn-®-Xv. Zpcp-]-tbm-KsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXv XS-bm≥ {ian-t°-≠Xv kap-Zm-bØns‚ _m[y-X-bm-Wv. A∂v cmPohv Km‘n-bpsS P\m-[n-]Xy Kh¨sa‚ v D≠m-bXv sIm≠v c£-s∏-´p. ico-AØv \nb-a-Øns‚ km[pXbpw bp‡nbpw \ap-°m-cpsS apºnepw ka¿∞n-°mw. Zpcp-]-tbmKw AXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂n-√. A∂mhn-hm-ZØ - n¬ Fgp-Xnbpw {]kw-Kn®pw kPoh-ambn ]¶v sIm≠ Hcm-fmWv Rm≥. F{Xtbm Aapkvenw kplrØp-°ƒ A∂v t\cn´v I≠v ico-AØv \nb-asØ hmgvØp-Ibpw hnhm-Zß - sf CI-gvØp-Ibpw sNbvX A\p-`h - a - p-≠v. Ch-cn¬ ]e¿°pw ]s£ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ IZ-\-I-Y-Iƒ ]d-bm-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp cmjv{Sob ]m¿´n°v hy‡n \nb-a-߃ kwc-£n®p sImSp-°m≥ t]mcm-Smw. \nb-a-߃ AXXv kaq-lsØ ]Tn-∏n-t°≠ Npa-Xe IqSn˛-CXv aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ km[y-am-sb∂v hcn-√. am¿lqw _\mXvhme kmln-_n-s\-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ A\p-`-hn® {]bm-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]n∂oSv ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]iv\w Zpcp-]tbm-K-Øn-t‚Xv Xs∂. kmº-ØnI cwKØv kap-Zmbw hf¿® t\SpI F∂ e£yw at‰Xv cwK-tØbpw t]mseØs∂ {][m-\-am-Wv. Chn-sS-bmWv IqSpX¬ k¶o¿Æ-X-Iƒ ImWm-hp-∂-Xv. H∂m-asØ Imcyw CXv Iq´mbn {ian®v ssIh-cn-t°≠ Hcp e£y-ambn kap-Zmbw ImWp-∂n-s√-∂Xm-Wv. ]Ww kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xns\ XnI®pw hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\hpw kzImcy {]iv\-hp-am-bmWv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. AXv aqew kap-Zm-b-Øn\v Iq´mb Hcp kmº-ØnI Pohn236

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

X-sØ-°p-dn®dnbmsX t]mIp-∂p. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Bflm-hmb Cu kao-]-\-sa-ßs\ apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn-se-Øn-sb-∂Xv A¤pX-ap-f-hm-°p∂ tNmZy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. kmº-ØnI hf¿®bv°p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kmaq-lnI {]h¿Ø-\-ambn ImWp∂ Nne sIm®p kaq-l-߃ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v. Ch-bn¬ NneXv apkvenw-I-fn¬ s]´-hbm-Wv. Ch¿ hmWn-Pyw, hyh-kmbw F∂o kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm≥ Ah-c-h-cpsS kap-Zm-bmw-KsØ t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw _p≤n-]-c-ambpw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu klmbw H‰-Ø-hWb√, Abmƒ kz¥w Imen¬ \nev°m≥ Bhp∂Xv hsc kPo-h-ambn XpS-cpw. HmtcmcpØ-cp-sSbpw Ign-hp-Ifpw A`ncp-Nnbpw t\m°ntbm ]mc-ºcy sXmgn-en¬ A`n-cpNn D≠m-°ntbm hy‡nsb Ah¿ hnSmsX ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´ kapZm-bmw-K-ß-fmWv C¥y-bnse IpØ-I-Iƒ an°-Xpw. Cu klmbw \ncp-]m-[n-I-hp-a-√. kap-Zm-b-tØmSp IW°v ]d-bm≥ AwK-ßsf _m[y-ÿ-am-°p∂ hn[-amWv Ch-cpsS kap-Zm-b-kwL-S\m kwhn[m-\w. Cu hrØ-Øn-sem-Xp-ßm-Ø-hsc Ah¿ ssIImcyw sNøpw. apkvenw-I-fn¬ t_mdm-hn-`mKw CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p. CXns‚ Hcp KpWhiw CØcw kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ Zmcn-{Zy-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿ Ipd-bp-sa-∂Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]mc-ºcy ]W-°m¿ Ipd-hmsW-¶nepw Kƒ^v ]Ww kº-∂-cpsS FÆw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ h¿≤n∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Ch-cn¬ A]q¿hw Nne¿ am{Xw kap-Zm-bsØ klmbn°p-∂Xv s]mß-®-ambn ImWp-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw Gsd t]¿ Hcp {]kn≤nbpw B{K-ln-°msX {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-sSbpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ am{Xw kap-Zm-bsØ Xß-fpsS ]Ww sIm≠v klm-bn-°p∂-h-cm-Wv. {]Xn-_-≤-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ch¿ Bcp-sSbpw ]nd-Ine- √ . ]s£ Chcpw kap- Z m- b hpw XΩn- e p≈ _‘w dko‰p ]pkvXIØn-s‚Xv am{X-am-Wv. ]ncn-hp-Im-cmWv kap-Zm-b-_-‘-Øns‚ am[y-aw. IpSpw-_w, IqSn h∂m¬ kz¥w {Kmaw-˛-C-h¿ t\cn´v _‘s∏-Sp-∂Xv C{X-am-{Xw. F∂m¬ Ch-cn¬ ]ecpw Kƒ^n¬ t]mIp-∂Xn\v apºv kaq-l-Øn¬ \nd™p \n∂n-cp∂ kmaqly {]h¿Ø-IcmWv Xm\pw. aXw, hnZym-`ym-kw, cmjv{Sobw F∂nh t]mseØs∂ kmº-ØnI cwKØpw am¿§-Z¿i-\-Øn\v t\Xr-Xzhpw kwhn-[m-\hpw kap-Zm-bØn-\p-≠m-I-Ww. AXvt]mse kmº-ØnI cwKØv kz¥-amb Hcp e£y- t _m- [ hpw Imgv N - ∏ mSpw \ap- ° p- ≠ m- I - W w. D≈ kºØv 237

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

Fßs\ sNe-h-gn-°-W-sa∂v ]Tn-∏n-®m¬ t]mcm. AXn-\p≈ kwhn[m\w Ct∏mƒ Bh-iy-Øn-tesd D≠v. F∂m¬ ]pXnb temIØv Ckvem-ans‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ ewLn-°msX AsX-ßs\ D≠m°mw F∂v ]Tn- ∏ n- ° m≥ {ian- ° msX sNe- h m- ° p- ∂ - X n- s \- ° p- d n®v ]d- ™ Xv sIm≠v Imcy-an-√. Fß-s\bpw ]W-ap-≠m-°m-sa∂ hnizm-k-amWv Hc-f-thmfw C∂v tIcf apkvenw-I-f-psS Bflm-hns\ £bn-∏n®p sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu {]h-WX kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kº-Øns\ am{Xa-√, kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep≈ kI-e-Xn-s\bpw Zpjn-∏n-°pw. km£n-]-d-bm≥ Bsf hnfn-t°-≠-Xn-√-t√m. kº-Øp-≠m-°m-\p≈ am¿§w kap-Zm-bØns‚ kl-I-c-W-Øn\pw am¿§ Z¿i-\-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ kml-Ncyw D≠m-I-Ww. CXv A°u-≠_vƒ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Gjy-sbbpw bqtdm-∏n-s\bpw Hcp ImeØv _‘n-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv Ad_n hWn°p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmaq-lnI {]-h¿Ø\- a m- b n- c p∂p Cu hmWn- P yw. Ckv e mw CXns\ kwkv I - c n®v Gsd°mew \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. I®-hSw Ad-_n-Iƒ°v Hcp `mKØv hy‡n-K-X-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw adp-`m-KØv kmaq-ln-I-am-bn-cp∂p. Iq´mbn ]Ww apS-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS coXn. hy‡n-Iƒ XΩn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ ]¶m-fnØ I®-h-Shpw kaqlw t\cn-´n-S-s]´v \SØp∂ Iq´mb I®-h-Shpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. _Z¿ bp≤ tlXp- h n- s \- ° p- d n®v t\csØ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- I - b p- ≠ m- b n. A_qkp^vbm≥ kndn-b-bn-te°v Nc-°n\v t]mbXv Jpssd-in-I-fpsS apgph≥ apX¬ apS°pw sIm≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. I®- h - S - Ø nse em`w apkvenwIƒs°-Xnsc ka-c-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\mbncp∂p CXv. Cu kw`-h-Øn¬ \n∂\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂Xv Cu coXn Ad-_n-Iƒ°v ]cnNn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-W-t√m. bqtdm-∏n\pw C¥y AS-°-ap≈ Gjy≥ cmPy-߃°n-S-bnepw \nc-¥-c-ambn k©-cn-®n-cp∂ hmWnPy kwLß-fpsS kmº-ØnI t{kmX- n-s\-°p-dn®v \ap°v IrXy-amb hnh-can-√. Duln-°m-hp∂ Imcy-ß-fmWv kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. Ad-_n-Iƒ hnIkn-∏n-°p-Ibpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Bi-bsØ B[p\nI Ime-L-´-Øn-∂p-krXw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kmºØnI {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v kaq-l-Øn\v am¿§-\n¿t±iw \evIm\pw kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf kmaq-ln-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-®mkao-]-Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn-´p≈ Ht´sd {]iv\-߃ ˛ Ah-bn¬ IpSpw_ {]iv\-߃ t]mep-ap-≠v, ]cn-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w kapZm-b-Øn-t‚-Xmb Hcp kmº-ØnI \bw cq]-s∏-S-Ww. BZy-tØ-Xn\v aX-˛-km-º-ØnI cwK-Øp-≈-h¿ ap≥ Isø-Sp-°p-Ibpw eoKv kl-I238

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cn-°p-Ibpw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v eoKv ap≥I-sø-Sp-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h¿ kl- I - c n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X m¬ CXv c≠pw H‰- s Im√w sIm≠v bmYm¿∞yambnØocpw. kzIm-cy-kzØv kºm-Z-\hpw a‰pw \S-°p∂Xv t]mse \S-°-s´, kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Iq´mb {i≤ ]Xn-tb-≠Xv Cu Imcy-ß-fn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww. hnZym-`ym-k-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fmWv `mh\m iq\yhpw Zo¿LZr-jvSn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ sIm≠v [\y-am-bn-´p≈ a‰p c≠p taJ-e-Iƒ. \ΩpsS hnZym-`ymk kwL-S-\-Iƒ apgps° ÿm]\-ßf - p-≠m-°p-Ibpw amt\Pv sNøp-Ib - p-amWv hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø\w F∂mWv a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈-sX∂v tXm∂p-∂p. CXv {][m-\-a√ F∂√. F∂m¬ ÿm]-\-߃°v apºv ÿm]n-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv apkvenw kapZm-b-Øns‚ hnZym-`ym-km-h-iy-߃ F¥m-Wv, F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN∏mSm-Wv. CXn-∂mZyw Bhiyw kap-Zmbw F¥m-I-W-sa-∂-Xns\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp k¶-ev]-am-Wv, kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \msf-sb-°p-dn®p≈ Hcp kz]v\-am-Wv. k¿k-ønZv Aen-KVv D≠m-°m≥ ]pd-s∏Sp∂ ImeØv AhnsS sI´n-S-ap-≠m-°m\pw ÿew hmßm\pw sNeh-gn-®-Xns\°mƒ F{Xtbm A[nIw kabw sNe-h-gn-®Xv Xs‚ kapZmbw F¥v ]Tn-°-W-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥bv°pw N¿®bv°pambn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ kap-Zmbw \msf F¥m-bn-Øo-cWw F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p≈ Hcp kz]v\w a\- n-en-√m-Ø-h¿°v ]‰nb tPmen-b√ hnZym`ymk {]h¿Ø-\w. kap-Zm-b-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ B[m-cß -- -sf°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adnhpw kap-Zm-b-tØm-Sp≈ kvt\lhpw {]Xn-_-≤Xbpw, Pohn-°p∂ temI-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hn⁄m-\hpw Hs° Ds≠¶nte kz]v\w ImWm≥ km[n-°q. thW-sa-∂n-√, kz]v\w ImWm-\dn-bp∂hcn¬ \n∂v kz]v\-߃ ISw hmßmw. ISw hmßn In´p∂ kz]v\-ß-sf-¶nepw D]-tbm-Kn®v Aen-KVv (k¿ køn-Zns‚ Aen-KVv) t]mep≈ Hcp ÿm]-\-sa-¶nepw D≠m°n t\m°p-I, kap-Zm-bØn¬ AXp-≠m-°p∂ am‰-߃ s]s´∂v ImWm-dm-Ipw. Zmdp¬ lpZmA-°m-Zan Fs∂mcp ÿm]-\-ant√ Xncq-c-ßm-Sn-°-Sp-Øv. AXv ]q¿Æam-bn-´p-≠v, F∂-√, F¶nepw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v samØw amXr-I-bm-°mhp∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ NneXv AXn\v ]n∂n-ep-≠v. AXns‚ ^ew AhnsS \n∂n-d-ßp∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ km[n°pw. aX-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-f√ Dt±-in-®-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏mSv; aX-]-camb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ A`n-{]m-bm-¥-c-ßfpw hntbm-Pn-∏p-Ifpw D≠mIpw. F∂m¬ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e£yw t]mep≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifn¬ hntbm-Pn-∏p-≠m-tI≠ Imcy-an-√.

239

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

H∂p Xo¿®-bm-Wv, apkvenw kap-Zmbw Hcp Imcy-Øn¬ IqSp-XIqSp-X-embn Xmtgm´p t]mbvs°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p; ]c∂ hn⁄m-\hpw Nn¥m-ti-jnbpw ssIap-X-emb _p≤n-Pohn hn`m-K-Øns‚ ImcyØn¬. hnZy km¿h-P-\o-\-ambn´n√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Hc-ºXv h¿j߃°v apºv apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ hnhn[ cwK-ßfnse ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw FÆw C∂-tØXnepw F{Xtbm IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ km¿h-P-\o\X bmYm¿∞y- a m- s b- ¶ nepw hn⁄m- \ - Ø ns‚ Afhv icmicnbnte°v Xmgp∂ ImgvN-bmWv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. Hsc-gp-]-Ønb©p h¿jw apºv CXn-te-sdbpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ kap-Zmbw [\y-am-bn-cp∂p. ""]fin- X s‚ acWw temI- Ø ns‚ ac- W - a m- I p- ∂ p.'' F{X hmkvXhw? ""Hcp \mK-cnI-X, Hcp cmPyw, Hcp kap-Zmbw _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fn-√msX, \nc-¥-c-amb Bib [mc-I-fn-√msX \ne-\n-ev°pI km[y-a-√. \nc-¥-c-hn-a¿i-\-ßfpw Bfl-hn-a¿i-\-hp-an-√m-sX, hna¿i-\-߃°v cq]w \evIp-∂-hcpw AXv {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-h-cp-an-√msX kap-Zm-b-߃ \ne-\n-ev°p-I-bn-√. Bi-b-ßfpw Ah-bpsS {]m[m-\yhpw am{Xw Nn¥m-hn-j-b-am-°p-∂-Xn\v PohnXw ka¿∏n® Hcp-]‰w a\p-jy-cn-√msX Ch¿°v \ne-\nev]v km[y-a-√. Xe-bn-√mØ icocw t]mse-bmWv _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fn-√mØ kaq-lw. CXm-Wn-∂sØ apkvenwkaq-l-ßfpsS IrXy-amb Ah-ÿ. apkvenw kap-Zm-b-Øn-en∂v _p≤n-Po-hn-Ifn- √ . Ah- c psS Iq´- Ø n¬ ]fin- X - ∑ m- c pw (- A - ° m- Z - a n- j y≥am¿) _yqtdm-{Im-‰p-I-fp-ap-≠v˛ F∂m¬ _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fn-√... apkvenw-k-aql-ß-fn¬ _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS Xo£vW-amb Cu A`m-hw, D≈ Aev]w Nne¿ Xß-fpsS taJe XmgvØn-bXv sIm≠p IqSn D≠mbXm-Wv. Ah¿°v IqSp-X¬ Xmev]-cy-ap-≈Xv skIyp-e-dn-kw, DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX, BtKm-f-h-evI-cWw apX-emb ^mj≥ {]Xybimkv{X-ß-sf-°pdn®v N¿® sNøp-∂-Xn-emWv. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `uXn-Ihpw _u≤nIhpw Bflo-b-hp-amb Bh-iy-߃ Ch¿°v Xmev]-cy-ap≈ hnj-bßtf A√.'' 8 k¿Zm¿ Ae-‰m-kns\ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""_p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ C√m-Xm-hpI-sb-∂m¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ t\XrXzw C√m-Xm-hp-I-sb∂m-W¿∞w. 1. {]iv\-ß-fpsS \n¿Æ-bw. 2. {]iv\-ß-fpsS \n¿hN\w 3. {]iv\-ß-fpsS hni-I-e\w 4. {]iv\-ß-fpsS ]cn-lm-cw. {]iv\ß-f-psS \n¿Æbw t]mepw kzbw _u≤n-I-amb Hcp {]iv\-am-Wv. k{In-b-cmb _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS A`m-h-ap≈ Hcp kaqlw {]iv\-ß240

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

fp-∂-bn-°m-\m-hp∂ Hc-h-ÿ-bn¬ t]mepw Bbn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.''9 hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kmaq-lnI e£y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m[w \ΩpsS hnZym-`ym-ksØ KpW-]-c-ambn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-I-sb-∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w GsX-¶nepw ]co£-bn¬ Pbn-°pI As√-¶n¬ _ncpZw t\SpI F∂ k¶-ev]-Øn\n∂v \mw am‰ntb Xocq. Xß-fm-cm-sW∂v Ip´n-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-kØn-eqsS Adn-bm≥ km[n-°-Ww. AX-dn-bmsX kz¥w thcp-Iƒ \jvS-s∏´ Hcp kaqlw krjvSn-°-s∏-´n-s´¥v Imcyw? k¿ kønZv Aen-K¿ tImtf-Pnse Ip´n-I-tfmSv Hcn-°¬ tNmZn®p: \ΩpsS hnizmksØ°pdn-®-dn-bm-sX, AXv ]q¿Øn-bm-°msX \n߃ AXn-ka¿∞cpw henb ]fin-X-∑mcpw BIm-i-Ønse \£-{X-ß-fpsams° Bbn-s´¥v Imcyw? ""F∂v.'' Poh-\n-√mØ hkvXp-X-Isf°pdn-®p≈ \njv{I-b-amb t_m[-ap-≠m-°p-I-bm-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv, \ΩpsS {ia-ß-fneqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ temI-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-bncn-°Ww hnZym-`ym-kw. {Kokn-s‚bpw \thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚bpw A\yw \n∂p-t]mb kuμ-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ \jvS-t_m-[-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠mIp∂ B{Kl-ß-fn¬ \n∂√ hnZym-`ymkw {]-tNm-Z\w sImt≈≠Xv adn®v kaqlw \msf F¥m-I-W-sa-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Xnf-°-ap≈ `mh\-bn¬ \n∂mbncn-°-Ww, hcm≥ t]mIp∂ ImeØv Nn¥ t\Sm≥ t]mIp∂ hnP-b-Øn¬ \n∂m-bn-cn-°Ww AXv Bthiw \pItc-≠Xv.'' 11 km¿h-tZ-io-bX {][m\ aX-ß-fpsS Hs° ASn-ÿm\ `mh-amsW-¶nepw C∂Xv \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv Ckvemapw {InkvXp-a-Xhpw am{Xam-Wv. `qan-bpsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mK-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-ØmsX a\p-jy-h¿§sØ H∂mbn ImWp∂ \ne-]mSv bmsXmcp `wKhpw IqSmsX Ckvemw \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-cp-∂p-≠v. a‰p-an° Imcy-ß-fnepw hyXn-N-e-\-ß-fp-≠m-b-t∏mgpw Cu cwKw ]cn-ip-≤-ambn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ km[n-®n-´p≠v F∂Xv C∂sØ apkvenw-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Bizm-k-I-c-am-Wv. {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Cu `mhw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ N¿®pw hØn-°m\pw t]m∏pw Hm¿tØm-tUmIvkv k`bpw a‰pw D≠v. {]tXy-In®v hØn-°m\pw t]m∏pw. kpkw-L-Sn-X-amb Hcp ]utcmlnXy irwJ-ebpw AXn-∂m-h-iy-amb N¿®n-s‚-˛-C-S-h-I-bpsS kwhn[m-\hpw am{Xw aXn CXv hkvXp \njvT-ambn \ne-\n¿Øm≥. apkvenwIƒ°v t\csØ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Hcp kwhn-[m\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p˛ Jnem-^Øv AXv t{iWo_≤-amb Hcp kwL-S\m kwhn-[m-\-am-bncp-∂n√ Hcp Ime-Øpw. F∂mepw AXv sFIy-Øns‚ ]mi-am-bn241

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

cp∂p: Ah-km-\w, Ah-km\w Zp¿∫-e-amb ]miw. AXpw ]s£ Ign™ \q‰m-≠m-Zy-tØmsS \jvS-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw Ah¿ Cu `mhw tIm´w hep-Xm-sbm∂pw X´msX \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v. km¿Δ-tZ-io-bX F∂ k¶ev]w {Inbm-fl-I-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXv tIhew sshIm-cn-I-am-Ip-∂-XmWv C∂sØ Hcp coXn. C¥y-bnse Jnem-^Øv {]t£m`w shdpw sshIm-cn-I-amb Hcp kao-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ AXn\v apºv C¥y-bnse apkvenw-Iƒ Xp¿°n-bpsS Imcy-Øn-se-Sp-Øn-cp∂ kao-]\w {Inbm-fl-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ bp≤ß-fn¬ Xp¿°nsb klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]e \ne-bnepw D’mlw ImWn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. sshZy-k-lmbw FØn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kmº-Øn-I-ambn klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw C¥y≥ apkvenw-Iƒ C¥ybn¬ ]ncnhv \S-Øp-Ibpw acp∂pIfpw ]Whpw tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah Ab®p sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX kw`-h-߃, saUn-°¬ kwL-߃ Xp¿°n-bn-te°v t]mb A\p-`-h-߃ Hs° D≠v. C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v ]Ww ]ncn-∏n®v Xp¿°n-bnseØn°p-∂-Xn-∂n-S-bn¬ H∂mw temI-alm-bp≤w Bcw-`n-®Xv ImcWw ]ncn® ]Ww FØn-°m≥ km[n°msX t]mb A\p-`-h-ß-fp-≠mb Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv ae-∏pdw Pn√bnse at©-cn. Ahn-sS-bp≈ lnZm-b-Øp¬ apkven-ao≥ k`-bpsS ^≠n¬ Ct∏mgpw C{]-Imcw ]ncn-∏n® Hcp sNdnb XpI (A-∂Xv henb XpI-bm-bn-cp-∂p) h¿jm-h¿jw Iøn-cn-∏mbn ImWn®p t]mcp∂p-≠v. Cu _‘hpw kvt\l-hp-amWv Jnem-^Øv {]iv\w {]t£m`-am°n hf¿Øn-b-h¿ Zpcp-t±iy ]q¿hw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. kXy-Ønapkvenw-Isf cmjv{Sob e£y-Øn\v Icp-°-fm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcmSv \ap-°p≈ kvt\lw kz¥w em`-Øn\v NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v {ian-°p-hm≥ i{Xp-°sf t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ Afthmfw sshIm-cn-I-am-Ip-∂Xv kq£n-°-Ww. Jnem-^Øv {]t£m-`Øn¬ \n∂v ]Tn-t°≠ ]mT-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. tIc-f-Ønse apkvenwIƒ Gsd-°psd CXv ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. AXvsIm-≠mWv _m_cn∏≈n XI¿∂ ka- b Øv tIc- f - Ø n¬ I≠ kwb- a \w apkv e nw- I - f n\n∂p≠mb-Xv. ]≈n-tbmSv kvt\l-an-√m-ØXv sIm≠-√. C¥y-bnG‰hpw \∂mbn ]≈n-Isf kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-cp≈ \mSmWv tIc-fw. ]s£ Cu kvt\lw NqjWw sNøm≥ Ah-c∂v A\p-h-Zn-®n-√.

NqjWw sNøm-\p≈ ]e coXn-bn-ep≈ {ia-ßfpw \S-Øn-b-h-cp-≠mbn-cp-∂p. Xmsg lnμp-°ƒ°pw apI-fn¬ Hcp \ne-bp-≠m°n AXv apkvenw-Iƒ°pw \evIn {]iv\w Xo¿°-W-sa∂v ]cn-l-kn-® C.Fw.F-kv.-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ ]m¿´n°v Fs¥mcp kvt\lam-bn-cp∂p A∂v 242

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]≈n-tbm-Sv. P\w F√mw Xncn-®-dn-™p. \ΩpsS \ne `{Z-am-Ip-tºm-gmWv \ap-°m-sc-sb-¶nepw klm-bn-°m\m-hp-I-sb∂ kmam-\y-_p-≤n- hn-Imc {]I-S-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ tNm¿∂p t]mIp-∂-XmWv {]iv\w. Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw {]iv\-ap-≠m-bm¬ kam[m-\t- ØmsS apkvenw-Iƒ Pohn-°p∂ {]tZ-iß - f - nse kam-[m\w IqSn XI¿°-W-sa∂ Nn¥ kap-Zm-b-kvt\-l-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip-∂-X-√. ]pd-Øp-≠m-hp∂ {]iv\-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ kam-[m\w D≈ CS-߃ IqSn Iem-]-_m-[-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂-h¿ kap-Zm-b-Øn\v \∑ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cp-a-√. {]iv\ _m[nX {]tZ-isØ ktlm-Z-c∑m¿°v Fs¥-¶nepw klmbw sNøm≥ km[n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ kam[m\w D≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ kam-[m\w XpS¿∂pw \ne-\n-evI-Ww. Ah¿ IjvS-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \nß-f-ßs\ kpJn-t°≠ F∂ Nn¥m-KXn at\mtcm-K-Øns‚ e£-W-am-Wv. _m_-cn-∏≈n {]iv\-Øn-e-S°w Nne¿ Ign™ ImeØv kzoI-cn® \ne-]mSv CXm-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn-semgn®v C¥y-bn¬ an°-hmdpw ÿe-ß-fn¬ kap-Zm-b-kvt\-l-Øns‚ te_-sem-´n® Cu kap-Zmb t{Zmlw \·-ambn Agn-™m-Sp-I-bm-bncp-∂p, _m_-cn-∏≈n XI¿®bv°v tijw {]tXy-In-®pw. \ntj-[m-fl-I-amb Cu kap-Zm-b-kvt\-l-\m-Sy-Øns‚ t\sc adph-i-am-Wv km¿Δ-{Xn-I-ambns°m≠n-cn-°p∂ kzm¿∞w. GsX-¶n-epsamcp {]tZ- i ØpIm¿ X߃°v th≠n B{K- l n® Hcp t\´w X߃°v e`n-°msX as‰mcp {]tZ-iØv hkn-°p-∂-h¿°v e`n-®psh∂v tIƒ°p-tºmƒ BÀm-Zn-°m-\pw, Xß-sf-°mƒ B\p-Iq-eyØns‚ Bhiyw as‰mcp {]tZ-i-Øn-\m-sW∂v a\- n-em°n Hcm-\pIqeyw B {]tZ-i-Øn\v hn´p sImSp-°m-\p-ap≈ a\- ns‚ IqSn t]cmWv kap-Zmb kvt\lw. Cu kvt\lw \jvS-s∏-´p Ign-™m]ns∂ kap-Zm-b-Øn\v th≠n {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-I-fpsS {]k‡n \jvS-s∏-Spw. kap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\-I-fnse cmjv{S-ob {]ÿm\-߃°v hnti-jn®pw A¿∞-an-√m-Xm-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wp-≠m-hpI. apkvenw-Iƒ°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ apkvenw cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\bv°v IqSp-X¬ i‡n-bp-≠m-Ipw. Cu i‡n°v ]s£ cmjv{So-b-Øn¬˛ kwÿm-\-cm-jv{So-b-Ønepw tZiob cmjv{So-bØnepw A¿∞w \evIp-∂Xv apkvenw-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-amb {]tZ-i-ßfmbncn°pw. \yq\-]£ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse kzm[o\w sImt≠ ap∂Wn cmjv{Sobw km[y-am-Iq. \yq\-]£ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse apkvenw _lpP-\-߃ ]n¥pW \evIpI `qcn-]£ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse kzm[o\w X߃°p]Im-c-s∏-Sp-sa∂ hnizm-k-Øm-em-bn-cn-°pw. CXv hnkva-cn®p 243

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

sIm≠p≈ kzm¿∞w \yq\-]£ cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ {]k‡n Xs∂ \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øpw. kmtlm-Z-cy-_-‘-Øn-s‚bpw cmjv{So-b-amb \ne-\nev]n-s‚bpw Xmev]-cy-߃ H∂n-°p∂ CØcw cwK-߃ Hcn-°epw I¨ap-ºn¬ \n∂v \yq\-]-£-cm-jv{Sobw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ø-cp-Xv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ 1. Ziauddin Sardar, Islam post modernism and other futures PP 106- 107 2. aPp-kn-Iƒ F∂v Ad_n `mj-bn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv tkmcm-kv{Xo-bsc BIp-∂p. Ckvem-an\v apºv t]¿jy≥ {]tZ-iß - f - nse {]_-ea - X - a - m-bn-cp∂p Cu aXw. Ct∏mƒ C¥y-bn¬ am{X-amWv Imcy-ambn Cu aX-hn-`m-Ka - p-≈X - v. ^m¿kn-Iƒ F∂v Ch¿ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. t]¿jy-°m¿ F∂¿∞w.

3. C_v\p-J¬Zq≥, apJ-±nax a\pjy Ncn-{X-Øn-s∂m-cm-apJw (a-eb - mfw hnh¿Ø\w, ap´m-Wn-t»-cn¬ tImb-°p-´n) ]p:60 4. Mazharuddin siddiqi, Modern reformist thought in Muslim world P.1 5. Ziauddin Sardar op. cit P.122 6. Ibid P. 123 7. R.G. Colling wood, The Idea of History p.309 8. Ziauddin sardar op. Cit P.110-111 9. S.H.Alatas, Intellectuals in Developing Societies P. 8 10. Althaf Hussain Hali, Hayath-e-Javeed (Urdu) Vol.II P.196 11. Bertrand Russel, Principles of Social Reconstruction p.116

244

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

\ma-kq-NnI AIv_¿ N{I-h¿Øn ˛ 39 AIv_¿ jm Jm≥ \Po-_m-_mZn ˛ 140 APva¬ Jm≥ l°ow ˛ 143 A[n-Imcn Pn. ˛ 126 A^vKm\n Pam-ep-±o≥ kønZv ˛ 44, 45, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 A_p¬AAv em auZqZn-k-ønZv ˛ 48, 63, 64, 114, 206, 210 A_pƒIemw BkmZv auem\m ˛ 47, 72, 79, 80, 132, 145, 149, 153, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173 A_q-kp-^vbm≥ ˛ 238 A_vZp¬ aPoZv tJmP ˛ 163 A_vZp-d-lvam≥ _m^Jn X߃ kønZv ˛ 186, 187 A_vZp-dlow jm ˛ 54 A_vZp- emw auehn F≥.-hn. ˛ 186 tUm: A_vZp- -emw(-t\m-_¬ kΩm\ tPXm-hv) ˛ 125 A_vZp- -Øm¿ \nbmkn auem\ ˛ 172 A≥kmcn tUmIvS¿ ˛ 147 Aa¿Xy-sk≥ ˛ 116, 117 Ata-Øn-cmPv Ipam¿ ˛ 142 Awt_-ZvI¿ `m`m-km-ln_v ˛ 96, 130 Aao¿ Aen kønZv ˛ 28, 57, 109 Aøq_v Jm≥ ˛ 206 Aøq_n kp¬Øm≥ kem-lp-±o≥ ˛ 192 Ac-hnμv tLmjv ˛ 165 Acn-tÃm-´n¬ ˛ 230 Acp¨ jqdn ˛ 124 Ae-hn-X-߃ køn-Zv(-a-ºp-dw) ˛ 142 Aen Camw k¿ ˛ 147 A¬ apkvX≥kn¿ Jeo^ (^m-Xzn-an) ˛ 191 Ae-‰mkv ˛ 240 Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ F.-hn. ˛ 161 AtimI N{I-h¿Øn ˛ 38 Akokv AlvaZv ˛ 45 A m-ko≥ ˛ 190, 192, 193 245

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

AlvaZv Jm≥ k¿ kønZv ˛ 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 107, 108, 140, 239, 241, 340 AlvaZv _td-¬-hn-k-ønZv ˛ 51 AlvaZv iuJn ˛ 141 Alvdm¿ ˛ 149 Ad-_n-Iƒ ˛ 141 BKm-Jm≥ apl-ΩZv ˛ 185 BKm-Jm≥ (\n-km-cn) ˛ 192 BZw l{kØv ssiJv ˛ 185 B\n ˛ 142, 147 B\n _k‚ v ˛ 138, 139 B≥P-se-a¿°¬ ˛ 112 B\-μ-aTw ˛ 165 B∫¬ tPm¿÷v ˛ 159 Bbni Pem¬ ˛ 132, 133, 169 Bcy-∑m¿, Bcy-h¿Kw ˛ 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 Bcy-k-amPv ˛ 31, 142, 143 B¿.-F-kv.-Fkv ˛ 21, 27, 33 B‰ven-¢-a‚ v ˛ 156, 158, 161 C_v\p Iko¿˛ 203 C_v\p J¬Zq≥ ˛ 229 C_v\p Jønw, Camw ˛ 203 C_v\p amP Camw ˛ 203 CJv_m¬ apl-ΩZv A√ma ˛ 17, 18, 63, 76, 128, 130, 131, 140, 227 C\m-bØv dkq¬au-em\ ˛ 79 C¥y≥ bqWn-b≥ ap…nw-eoKv ˛ 110 C¥y≥ ]o∏nƒkv ]m¿´n ˛ 113 Cμn-cm-Km‘n ˛ 65, 212, 213 Cμp-em¬ bm⁄nIv˛ 140 C_v\p Jmknw apl-ΩZv˛ 39, 40 C{ap¬ ssJkv˛ 19 CΩm-\p-h¬ Im‚ v ˛ 120 CwXn-bmkv AlvaZv ˛ 46 Ckv\m-A-icn ˛ 191 CkvamCuen inbm-hn-`miw ˛ 185, 186 CkvamCu¬ (in-bm-Ca - mw)˛ 191 CkvamCu¬ kmln_v JmC-sZ-an-√Øv ˛ 35, 180, 181, 220, 221, 222 Chm≥ P¶n≥kv ˛ 155, 159 Chm≥PenIv ]o∏nƒkv ]m¿´n ˛ 112 DÆn-aqØ aq∏≥ Ff-ºp-em-ticn ˛ 74 D]m-≤ymb Zo≥Z-bm¬ ˛ 27 Da¿Jmkn ˛ 74 246

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

F√≥ _tdm {]`p ˛ 51, 53 HudwKtk_v-A-ew-Ko¿ ˛ 50 EtKzZw ˛ 37 Iam¬ ]mj ˛141 Ic≥kvIn ˛ 64 ImX-enIv ]m¿´n ˛ 112 Im\U {InkvXy≥ sUtam {Im‰nIv ]m¿´n ˛ 112 Im‚ vsh¬ kvanØv hn¬ {^Uv ˛ 112 In®veq-ssk-^p-±o≥ tUm ˛143 Im_n\v‰ anj≥ ˛161, 170, 173, ]≤Xn 172, 174 Imw{_nUvPv ˛132 sI.-Fw.-au-ehn ˛186, 187 tIm¨Ãm-ss‚≥ ˛ 230 {InkvXy≥ sUtam {Im‰nIv bqWn-b≥˛ 112 {InkvXy≥ ]o∏nƒkv ]m¿´n˛ 112 {InkvXy≥ tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n Hmkv{Xnb ˛ 112 {InkvXy≥ tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n kzn v ˛ 112 {InkvXy≥ tkmjy-enÃv bqWn-b≥ (P-Ω\n)˛ 112 IrjvW-kn≥l ˛ 168 Jeo^ ˛ 62, 63 Jmen-Jp -am≥ ˛ 149, 150 Jnem-^Øv {]t£m`w 72, 73, 139, 140, 141 Jnkmkv ˛195, 196, 197 JpXp_v kønZv ˛ 206 Km‘n taml≥Zmkv Icw-Nμv ˛129, 138, 139, 140, 141, 148, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169 sibv¬ hnt\mƒ´v ˛ 45 tKmJse tKm]m-e-IrjvW ˛ 129, 165 tKm_n\yp ˛ 25 tKmdn alvaqZv ˛ 41, 42 Kpemw Aen ˛ 126 PA-^¿ kmZnJv ˛ 191 P\-kwLw ˛ 31 PwC-ø-Øp¬ Dea F lnμv ˛ 142, 150 Pw Cø-Øp-Øp-e_ ˛ 206 Pam¬ A_vZp-∂m-k¿ ˛ 228 PbvI¿ ˛ 147, 149 PmXn-hy-hÿ ˛ 30 Pmw sjUv\p- ¿ hm≥ ˛ 149 Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv ˛ 138 Pn∂ apl-Ω-Zen JmCsZ AAvkw ˛ 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 148, 149, 151, 156, 157, 158, 159, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175 247

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

PnlmZv ˛ 198, 204 PqX-k-apZmbw ˛ 21 ssP\-aXw ˛ 38 Qc-ZpjvSn ˛ 28 {Sn_yq¨ ˛ 109, 145 U®v {InkvXy≥sUtam{Im-‰nIv ]m¿´n ˛ 112 sUman-\n-b≥ a{¥n-k` ˛ 163 XAvaosd-√Øv ˛ 213 X_veotKm X≥kow ˛ 142 Xø_vPn _Z-dp-±o≥ ˛ 79 Xmcm-Nμv s{]m^: ˛ 149 XneIv _meKwKm[¿ ˛ 30, 143, 211 Xo{h-tZ-iobXmhmZw ˛ 26 Xo{h-hmZ kwL-S-\-Iƒ ˛ 203, 205 Xpss^¬ AlvaZv ˛ 25, 110 Xp¿°n ˛ 141 Xp¿°n-Iƒ ˛ 142 Z¬ln ap…nw I¨sh≥j≥ 148, \n¿t±-i-߃ ˛ 145, 146, 147 Zkyp-°ƒ ˛ 29, 31 Zmdm-jn-t°mhv ˛ 39 Zmdp¬ lpZm-A-°m-Zan ˛ 239 tZi-_‘p kn.-B¿.-Zmkv ˛ 143, 164, 165 tZimbn `pep-`mbn ˛ 157, 169 \cn-am≥ ˛ 168 \h-tdmPn ZmZm-`mbv ˛ 130, 138, 165 \mknkw ˛ 24, 25 \mj-W¬ apl-Ω-Z≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ˛ 108, 109 F≥.-Un.-F^v ˛ 113 \nkm-ap-±o≥ ssiJv ˛ 162 \nkm-ap¬ ap¬Iv ˛ 190, 191 \nkm¿ ˛ 191 \pAvam\n in_ven A√mam ˛ 79, 80 s\lvdp Ph-l¿em¬ ˛ 65, 137, 149, 150, 163, 172, 173 s\lvdp tamØn-em¬ ˛ 130, 138, 142, 145, 146 s\lvdp dnt∏m¿´v ˛ 129, 130, 142, 143, 146 \yq kuØv shbn¬kv {InkvXy≥ sUtam-{Im-‰nIv ]m¿´n ˛ 213 ]t´¬ h√-`mbn ˛ 111, 163, 167 ]¥v tKmhnμ h√`v ˛150 ]h-\≥ ˛ 218 ]mIn-kvXm≥ ˛132, 133 {]tabw ˛ 133 ]m≥U-d¬ aq¨ ˛131 ]m¬ _n]n≥ N{μ ˛143, 164 248

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

]o¿kmZ ˛142 ]pd-\m-\qdv ˛ 87, 88 ]pen-t°m-´n¬ ssl{Zp˛ 218, 224 s]ØnIv temd≥kv ˛158, 163 t]m°¿ kmln_v _n ˛ 219 {]ohn Iu¨kn¬ ˛130 t{]m{Im-Ãkv ˛ 68 πmt‰m ˛ 230 ^coZn F.sP ˛181 ^k¬ kønZv (a-ºp-dw) ˛ 74 ^kven lpssk≥ ˛ 147 ^mØnlv apl-ΩZv ˛ 72 ^mXzn-anøm Jnem-^Øv ˛ 191 ^mknkw ˛ 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33 {^m¶v samd-bnkv ˛131 {^m≥knkv dm_n≥k≥ ˛ 46 ^nZmCu ˛191 ^ntdmkv jm taØ ˛165 _\mXvhme Pn.-Fw. ˛ 236 _μqIv hme sP.-Fkv ˛ 100 _¿_md sa‰v Im^v ˛ 45 _l-Zq¿jm ˛ 51 _m_¿ ˛ 67 _mdIv H_ma ˛ 114 _mw•q¿ \mj-W¬ FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv ˛110, {]tabw ˛ 213 _n¿sI≥ slUv ˛145 _oKw enbmJØen Jm≥ ˛172 _ocm≥ Ip´n auehn ]n.Sn. ˛224 t_md-Iƒ ˛192 _p≤-aXw ˛38 t_mdnkv sbXvkn≥ ˛ 64 {_jv t\hn-b≥ `c-W-L-S\ ˛215 s{_®¿ ˛150 `c-W-L-S\ ˛ 35 `mbv]-c-am-\μv ˛ 142, 143 hn`-P\ ]≤Xn ˛ 142, 143 aPqw-Zm¿ ˛149 aX-k-ap-Zmbw ˛ 18, 20 aZn-cmin \mj-\¬ FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv {]tabw ˛ 211, 212 akvl-dp-±o≥ kn±oJn ˛ 45 alvZn Camw ˛191 alvZn-l-k≥ DkvXmZv ˛126 alvaqZvKkv\hn ˛ 41, 42 249

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

alvaqZv lk≥ auem\ (ssi-Jp¬ln-μv) ˛ 80, 195, 196 awKƒ ]msfi ˛ 51 am≥k¿Lv s{]m^: ˛131 am¿§ \nt±-i-I-X-Xz-߃ ˛ 36 amf-hy aZ≥ taml≥ ˛ 142 an√¿ sl¿_¿´v ˛ 22, 190 apJ¿Pn iymw {]kmZv ˛ 101 ap≥jn sI.-Fw. ˛ 137, 139, 150, 160, 173 apwsP ˛142 ap√m-_m-jm\n ˛ 39 apkvenw aPvenkv ˛ 213 apt m-fn\n ˛ 27 apl-ΩZv apPo_v ˛ 46 apl-ΩZv A_vZp ˛ 229 apl-ΩZv ^mdqJv Nncn-bm-t°m´n auem\m ˛ 79 apl-Ω-Zen auem\ ˛ 80, 130 apl-Ω-Z≥ s]mfn-‰n-°¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ˛ 108 apl-ΩZv Bew tUm: ˛ 146 apl-kn-\p¬ ap¬Iv \hm_v ˛ 107, 109, 110, 184 aqkm-Jmknw (inbm Camw) ˛ 191 tat\m≥ hn.]n ˛ 149, 155 samlm\n l{kØv ˛ 80 tamt≠Kv ˛138 tamt≠Kv ˛ sNwkv t^mUv `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-߃ ˛ 138 tamdn-k≥ ˛ 109 au≠v _m‰≥ ˛132 bwKv C¥y ˛139 bp.-F≥. a\p-jym-h-Imi Nm¿´¿ ˛ 214, 215 bqWnt^mw knhn¬ tImUv ˛ 35 bqkp-^en A√ma ˛195 bqkp^v l÷m-Pv_n≥ ˛ 40, 41 cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn ˛157, 164, 165 cmPohv Km‘n ˛ 236 cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fkv.tUm: ˛216 eJv\u k‘n ˛ 129, 135, 137, 166 emem ePv]-Xvdmbn ˛142, 143 hn`-P\ \n¿t±iw ˛ 144 em¬, _m¬, ]m¬ ˛143 en≥enXv tKm ˛156 enbm-J-Ø-en-Jm≥ \hm-_vkmZ ˛ 158 epw_n. s{]m^: ˛131 htμ-am-Xcw ˛165 h¿Æ-hy-hÿ ˛ 30 250

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

hen-øp-√jm ˛ 54, 55 hmKv\¿ dn®m¿Uv ˛ 24 hmPvss] ˛124 hmjnw-KvS¨ _p°¿ Sn ˛ 21 hnJm-dp¬ ap¬Iv \hm_v ˛ 111, 185 hn≥è N¿®n¬ ˛156 hneyw tdm^v ˛ 46 hn¬k¨ lmtcmƒUv ˛ 131 sh√q¿_m-Jn-bm-Øp- m-en-lmXv ˛ 185 thZ-߃ ˛ 28 thWp sI ˛ 127 thh¬ ˛ 131, 132, 157, 158, 160, 162 i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv ˛ 126, 127 i∫o¿ AlvaZv Dkvam\n ˛ 196 ilm-_p-±o≥ kønZv ˛124 ipsF_v Jpssdjn ˛146 ip≤n kwL-S≥ ˛142 {io\n-hmk imkv{Xn ˛166 jm≥ apl-ΩZv ˛129 juJ-Øen auem\ ˛ 80 k®m¿ kanXn ˛ 96, 100 kØm¿ tk´v ˛ 185 k{]p tXPv _l-Zq¿ ˛ 139, 149, 158 k{]p IΩ‰n ˛ 161 kmem¿PwKv \hm_v ˛ 55 Ãmen≥ tPmk^v ˛ 64 Ãmt^mUv {In]vkv ˛ 161 kn.-F®v (ap-l-ΩZv tImb) ˛181, 221, 222 kn‘p-\-Zo-XS \mK-cn-IX ˛ 27, 28, 32 knbm-hp-±o≥ k¿Zm¿ ˛108, 207, 208, 221 knlm-dp-±o≥ ˛162 kndm-Pp-±ue ˛ 55 kn‰m-ak - c - X - pjv{S ˛28 ko•¿ s{]m^: ˛132 koXn kmln_v ˛186, 219 ko¿hmbn F®v.-Fw ˛132, 160, 161, 163 Ãoh´v lpÃ≥ Nmw]¿se-bn≥ ˛ 25 kp`mjv N{μ-t_mkv ˛ 166 kptc-{μ-\mY _m\¿Pn ˛ 165 kp¬Øm≥ keow aq∂m-a≥ ˛ 73 skIyp-e-dnkw ˛214 skIyp-e¿ cmjv{Sw ˛214 251

\yq\-]-£-cm-{„obw : Z¿i-\hpw ZuXyhpw

skX¬ hmZv ˛169 sk¥v AhkvX ˛ 29 skbvZv al-aqZv tUm: ˛168 sska¨ IΩo-j≥ ˛158 tkm{I-´okv ˛ 230 kvtIm´njv {InkvXy≥ ]m¿´n ˛ 112 tkmbm -l-k≥ ˛ 102 kyqtUm-Pn-lmZv ˛ 217 lio-io≥ ˛ 190, 191 lk≥ k_mlv ˛ 190, 191, 192 l{kØv samlm\n ˛ 172 lnμpXz ˛ 31, 33 lnμp-a-lm-k` ˛ 31, 142, 145, 146, 147 lnμp cmjv{S ˛31 lnkv_p¬ap-Pm-ln-Zo≥ ˛ 206 lnμp-ÿm≥ ssSwkv ˛145 ln‰ve¿ ˛ 25, 26 lpem-°p-Jm≥ ˛192 lpssk≥ AlvaZv aZ\n ˛ 68 lpssk≥ `mbv em¬Pn ˛ 162 slIvS¿ s_mentØm ˛172 slK¬ ˛ 25, 26 tlmw dqƒ eoKv ˛138, 139 d^o D±o≥ AlvaZv ˛ 45 d^oJv kI-cnø ˛124 dioZv dnk ˛ 229 dlow tat®cn ˛ 226 dpjvZn k¬am≥ ˛ 84 dqt m ˛ 83, 210 tdmk≥ _¿§v B¬{^Uv ˛ 24 dueØv BIvSv ˛138

252