As You [11] by AS YOU e-magazine

ÆÝãå»ë ¹áõ As you

¾É»ÏïñáÝ³ÛÇÝ å³ñµ»ñ³Ï³Ý

E-magazine

N 11 / 2014

ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ

civil society

Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ

Post-soviet feminist solidarity

·»Ý¹»ñ

gender

Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÏ³óáõÃÛ³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÏÇÝ Çñ³í³å³ßïå³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ íñ³

The influence of Integrated Security concept on women human rights defenders life

ë»é³Ï³Ý ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõÝ

sexual health

ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ë

Genital herpes

ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ

social justice

Ðá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñÁ ¨ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ

International classifications of mental disorders and the question of homosexuality

×³Ý³å³ñÑáñ¹

traveller

îÝï»ë³å»ë ³Õù³ï, ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñ³ñáõëï ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³Ý. ²ñ÷ÇÝ» ¶³Éý³Û³Ý

Economically poor, extensively rich India. Aprine Galfayan

àÕçáõÛÝ, ëÇñ»ÉÇ ÁÝÃ»ñóáÕ, §ÆÝãå»ë ¹áõ¦ ¿É»ÏïñáÝ³ÛÇÝ å³ñµ»ñ³Ï³ÝÇ ³ßË³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ³ÝÓÝ³Ï³½ÙÁ å³ÛÍ³é ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ù»½ ¿ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ å³ñµ»ñ³Ï³ÝÇ 11-ñ¹ Ñ³Ù³ñÁ: ä³ñµ»ñ³Ï³ÝÇ ³Ûë Ñ³Ù³ñÇ §ø³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ¦ µ³ÅÝáõÙ Ï³ñáÕ »ë Í³ÝáÃ³Ý³É Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÇÝ: §¶»Ý¹»ñ¦ µ³ÅÝáõÙ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ »Ýù Ñ³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ, áñÇ Ù»Ë³ÝÇ½ÙÝ»ñÁ ÃáõÛÉ »Ý ï³ÉÇë ³ÏïÇíÇëïÇÝ Ï³Ý· ³éÝ»É Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇ ¨ ï³ñ³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç Çñ»Ýó Ñ³Ù³ñ ³å³Ñáí í³ÛñáõÙ ¨ Ùï³Í»É ë»÷³Ï³Ý µ³ñûñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ: ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ »ë Ï³ñ¹³É §ê»é³Ï³Ý ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõÝ¦ µ³ÅÝáõÙ: §êáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ µ³ÅÝáõÙ ³Ûë ³Ý·³Ù Ëáë»É »Ýù Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÇ Ù³ëÇÝ: ²Ûë ³Ý·³Ù Ù»ñ ×³Ý³å³ñÑáñ¹Ý ¿ ²ñ÷ÇÝ»Ý, áñÁ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ÝÏ³ñ³·ñ»É ¿ ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝáõÙ áõÝ»ó³Í Çñ ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Ø³ÕÃáõÙ »Ýù ù»½ Ñ³×»ÉÇ ÁÝÃ»ñóáõÙ:

Greetings dear reader, The staff of As You e-magazine presents you its 11th edition with great mood. In the section dedicated to Civil society you can get acquainted with the concept of Post-Soviet feminism solidarity. In Gender section we have introduced the ideas of integrated security, the mechanisms of which let the activist stop in time and space in a safe place to think about their well-being. In the Sexual Health section you can learn about Genital herpes. We have written about classification of mental disorders worldwide and about the issue of homosexuality in the Social Justice section. The traveller of this edition is Arpine and she presents her experience in India. Wish you a pleasant reading.

ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ civil society

Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ Post-soviet feminist solidarity Ø»Ýù Ñ³×³Ë ³ëáõÙ »Ýù, áñ Ù»½` ï³ñµ»ñ ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí ¨ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ Ñ³Û³óÝ»ñáí Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó, ÙÇ³íáñáõÙ ¿ ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Ø»Ýù ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ »Ýù ÷ÝïñáõÙ Ù»ñ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý Ù»Í Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñáõÙ ¨ Ù»ñ ï»Õ³Ï³Ý ËÙµ»ñáõÙ: ü»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ß³ï áõñÇß ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µéÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¹»Ù, ÑÇÙÝíáõÙ »Ý ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³: ê³Ï³ÛÝ Ç±Ýã »Ýù Ù»Ýù Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ³ë»Éáí ¨ ÇÝãå»±ë »Ýù Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÇ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ: ²Ûë Ñ³ñó»ñÇ å³ï³ëË³ÝÁ ¹Åí³ñ Ã» ·ïÝ»Ýù µ³ó³ïñ³Ï³Ý µ³é³ñ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ, Ï³Ù ìÇùÇå»¹Ç³ÛáõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ³Ûë Ñ³ñó»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ï³É ÇÝùÝ»ñë Ù»½ ¨ Ù»ñ ÁÝÏ»Ý»ñÇÝ: ÐÝ³ñ³íáñ ¿, áñ ¹³ ÃáõÛÉ Ïï³ ³í»ÉÇ É³í ×³Ý³ã»É ¨ Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³É ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó: âÝ³Û³Í Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ï»ë³ÏÝ»ñ Ï³Ý` ¹ñ³Ýù Ñ³í³ë³ñ³å»ë å»ïù ¿ ³ÝÑ»ï³Ý³Ý

²ÝÛ³ Èíáí, àõÏñ³ÇÝ³ ÆÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÛÝ ¿, »ñµ ¹áõù ¨ ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÁ áõÝ»ù Ó»ñ ³½³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³ÏáÕ ÝáõÛÝ ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÙÇ³ëÇÝ ¹áõù Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ ¨ ·ïÝáõÙ »ù ³Û¹ å³ï×³éÁ áõ ëÏëáõÙ ³ßË³ï»É ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ ëÏ½µáõÝùáí: ä³ñï³¹Çñ ã¿, áñ ¹áõù ÇÝùÝ»ñ¹ áñáß³ÏÇ ÷áñÓÇ ÏñáÕ ÉÇÝ»ù` Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ã» ÇÝãå»ë ¿, »ñµ Ñ³ÛïÝíáõÙ »ë ÝÙ³Ý Çñ³íÇ×³ÏáõÙ: ºí ¹áõù ÷áñÓáõÙ »ù ÷áË»É Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ÏáÝÏñ»ï Ù³ñ¹áõ û·Ý»Éáõ, ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ ³ßË³ñÑÁ Õ»Ï³í³ñáÕ ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ÷áË»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáíª ÝÙ³Ý Ó¨áí û·Ý»Éáí Ý³¨ Ó»½: ²ÝÓ³Ùµ »ë ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ã¿Ç Ñ³Ï³¹ñÇ ÙÇÙÇ³ÛÝ ³å³ïÇ³ÛÇ, ³Ýï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ÷³Ï ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ñ»ï: êáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³Ù»Ý¨ÇÝ ÝÙ³Ý ã¿ ÙÇëÇáÝ»ñ³Ï³Ý ËÕ×³Ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý: ÆÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·»ñ³ÏïÇí ½·³óáÕáõÃÛáõÝ ¿, ³ÛëÇÝù, ³ÛÝ Ñ³ëÏ³óáõÃÛáõÝ ¿, ·áõÙ³ñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝ, ³ÛÉ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ï³ñ»Ïó³Ýù: ü»ÙÇÝÇ½Ù ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÝÙÇç³Ï³Ý Ï³å áõÝÇ

We often say solidarity towards each other unites us - the people with different experiences and political views. We seek solidarity in our large feminist communities and our local groups. Feminist movement, as well as many other movements against social, political and economic violence is based upon solidarity of the members. However, what do we understand when we say solidarity and how do we understand it within the feminism context? We can hardly find answer to these questions in glossaries or Wikipedia. But we can ask these questions to ourselves and our friends. It might help us understand and get to know each other in a better way. Although the types of discrimination vary, they are equally worth to being abolished

Ania Lviv, Ukiraine To me solidarity is when you and someone else have the same experience of limitation to your freedom but together you understand it and find the reason and start to work with the

ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï, ã¿ áñ ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÁ áõÕÕ³ÏÇ ÷áñÓ ã¿ Ý»ñ·ñ³í»É Ï³Ý³Ýó ·áñÍáÕ ÑÇ»³ñËÇÏ ÇßË³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·` áñå»ë ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹áõÝ Ñ³í³ë³ñ, ³ÛÉ ó³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝ` ÑÇÙÝáíÇÝ ÷á÷áË»É ³Û¹ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á: ü»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÇ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³Éáõ Ñ³ñóáõÙ ÇÝÓ û·Ý»É ¿ ÇÝï»ñë»ÏóÇáÝ³É Ùáï»óáõÙÁ. ³ÛÝ ¿` ï³ñµ»ñ µ³ó³éáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ »Õ³Í ÷áËÑ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝ¹áõÝáõÙÁ: ÆÝï»ñë»ÏóÇáÝ³ÉáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÛÝ ¿, »ñµ Ù»Ýù ËáëáõÙ »Ýù Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ³ÙÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³áõÙ »Ýù, áñ ³Û¹ Ï³Ý³Ûù ·ïÝíáõÙ »Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ` Ï³Ëí³Í Ýñ³Ýó Ë³íÇó, ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßáõÙÇó, é³ë³ÛÇó, ¿ÃÝÇÏ å³ïÏ³Ý»ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝÇó ¨ ³ÛÉ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÇó: Ø»Ýù ã»Ýù ã³÷áõÙ µáÉáñÇÝ Áëï ÝáõÛÝ ë³Ý¹Õ³ÏÇ, Ù»Ýù ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ »Ýù ï³ÉÇë ÇÝùÝáõñáõÛÝ ÝÏ³ñ³·ñ»É ë»÷³Ï³Ý ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ù»Ýù Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ »Ýù, áñ Ù»ñ ÙÇç¨ ÁÝÑ³Ýáõñ µ³Ý Ï³: ÐÝ³ñ³íáñ ¿` ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Çé³óÇáÝ³É »ñ¨áõÛÃ ¿, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ¹³ ãÇ ëïÇåáõÙ ÇÝÓ Ññ³Å³ñí»É ³Û¹ ·³Õ³÷³ñÇó

ÎáÏá, §è³¹ÇÏ³É øíÇñ ³ýýÇÝÇïÇ ÏáÉÉ»ùïÇí¦ ´áõ¹³å»ßï, ÐáõÝ·³ñÇ³ ¨ ´»éÉÇÝ, ¶»ñÙ³ÝÇ³ ºë ³ÛÅÙ Ùï³ÍáõÙ »Ù ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ í»ñ³µ»ñíáÕ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³ÛÝ ×³é»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, áñáÝù ÑÝã»óíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý»ñ·³ÕÃáÕÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÷³Ëëï³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ¶»ñÙ³ÝÇ³ÛáõÙ ³ÝóÏ³óíáÕ ß³ï óáõÛó»ñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, ³ÛÝ ¿ñ` §ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ åñ³ÏïÇÏ¦: ºë ã»Ù Ï³ñÕ ³ë»É, Ã» ÇÝãåÇëÇ ÇÙ³ëï »Ý Ý»ñ¹ñ»É ³Û¹ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ, áíù»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É »Ý ³ÛÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ »ë Ï³ñáÕ »Ù ³ë»É, Ã» ÇÝãå»ë »Ýù Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ Ù»Ýù: ÆÙ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñáõÑÇÝ Ñ³Ùá½í³Í ¿, áñ ¹³ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÙ ¿, Ã» ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÛÃáõÝÁ å»ïù ¿ ³í»ÉÇÝ ÉÇÝÇ, ù³Ý µ³é»ñÝ »Ý ¨ Ù»Í å³ëï³éÝ»ñ ÷³ÏóÝ»ÉÁ: êáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ ï»ë³Ý»ÉÇ, ³åñáõÝ³Ï, Ù»Ãá¹ÇÏ, ËÙµ³ÛÇÝ, ³ÛÉ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ï»ë³Ï³Ý: âÝ³Û³Í »ë ã»Ù Ï³ñáÕ ãÑ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝí»É ÝÙ³Ý Ù»ÏÝ³µ³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï, ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝÝ ¿, ÇÙ ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÁ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý åñ³ÏïÇÏ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ, Ï³åí³Í ¿ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÑáñÇ½áÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇù ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ñ»ï: ÐáñÇ½áÝ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙÇ µ³Ý ã¿, áñ ³ßË³ïáõÙ ¿ í»ñ¨Çó Ý»ñù¨: úñÇÝ³Ï` ³Ù»Ý¨ÇÝ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ ãáõÝÇ ³ÛÝ, »ñµ »ë Ýëï³Í »Ù µ³ñÓñ³ù»ñÇ ÏïáõñÇÝ

same principle. It is not necessary to experience something on your own in order to understand how it feels like when you are in a certain situation. And you try to change the situation to not only help a certain person but in order to change the principles which rule the world, thus helping yourself consequently. I wouldn’t personally oppose solidarity with only apathy, indifference or not being open. Solidarity is not at all alike Missionary compassion. Solidarity is also a super active feeling, so it is a concept plus action and not only compassion. To me feminism has a direct link to solidarity, as feminism is not just an attempt to involve women in the current hierarchic system with being equal to men, but a desire to completely change that system. Intersectional approach helped me to understand solidarity within the context of feminism. That is accepting the correlations between different exceptions. To me intersection is when we talk about a common experience of women but we understand that these women are in different economic and social conditions depending on their stratum, sexual orientation, race, ethnic identity and other conditions. We don’t put everyone in the same scale, we give them opportunity to describe their own experience but at the same time we understand that we have something in common. Although the types of discrimination vary, they are equally worth to being abolished. It is possible that solidarity is an irrational phenomenon but it doesn’t make me give up on the idea

Coco, Radical Queer Affinity Collective Budapest, Hungary and Berlin, Germany I keep thinking of this political slogan that we’ve seen at many migrant/refugee solidarity demonstrations in Germany “solidaritat muss praktisch werden.” I’m not at all sure what was the intended meaning of those who first wrote the slogan. but I know how we interpreted it. My comrade insisted that it means how solidarity should be more than verbal expressions and

¨ í»ñ¨Çó ÇÙ »ñ³Ëï³·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ »Ù Ñ³ÛïÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó, áíù»ñ Ëñ³Ù³ïÝ»ñáõÙ »Ý: ¸³ å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝÇ åñ³ÏïÇÏ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ` ÝáõÛÝù³Ý ï»ë³Ý»ÉÇ, áñù³Ý ¨ µáí³Ý¹³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ (é»ëáõñëÝ»ñ, ï³ñ³Íù, ÷áñÓ): Þ³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÇ, ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù »ÝÃ³¹ñíáõÙ »Ý áñå»ë ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ, Ñ»Ýó ³ÛÝ ¿, ÇÝãå»ë Ù»Ýù å»ïù ¿ í³ñí»Ýù ¨ ÇÝãÇÝ å»ïù ¿ Ó·ï»Ýù: êáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ ÉÇÝ»É Ù»Ï³Ý·³ÙÛ³ ³ÏóÇ³ÏÝ»ñÇ, Ññ³å³ñ³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ óáõÛó»ñÇ ï»ëùáí, áñÁ Ù»½ ï³ÉÇë ¿ ï³ù ¨ ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ë³Ùñ³Í ½·³óáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ³ÝÑ»ï³ÝáõÙ »Ý Ù»ñ Ùïù»ñÇó: ¸³ ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ ÉÇÝ»É ³ÝïáõÝ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ³·áõëï µ³Å³Ý»Éáõ Ù»Ï³Ý·³ÙÛ³ ÷áñÓáí: êáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³Ù»ÝûñÛ³ ÑáñÇ½áÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝ ¿: Ø»Ýù ÑáñÇ½áÝ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ »Ýù ÷ÝïñáõÙ Ù»ñ ËÙµ»ñÇ Ý»ñëáõÙ, Ù»Ýù ³ÛÝ Ý³¨ å»ïù ¿ ÷Ýïñ»Ýù Ù»ñ ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñáõÙ: Ð³Ï³é³Ï ¹»åùáõÙ Ù»Ýù ÏëÏë»Ýù ½µ³Õí»É Ï»ÕÍ å³Ûù³ñáí Ýñ³ Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ã» áõÙ §Ç½Ù¦-Ý ¿ ³í»ÉÇ é³¹ÇÏ³É, ¨ áõÙ å³Ûù³ñÝ ¿ ³í»ÉÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ: êáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÑáñÇ½áÝ³Ï³Ý »ñ¨áõÛÃ ¿, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³ÛÝ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ å³Ûù³ñÇ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛ³Ý ÷áË³¹³ñÓ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ: ä³Ûù³ñÁ ÇÝùÝÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ï³ñµ»ñ ÉÇÝ»É, ÇÝãå»ë Ï³ñáÕ »Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ÉÇÝ»É Ý³¨ å³Ûù³ñÇ é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³í»ÉÇÝ ¿, ù³Ý áõÕÕ³ÏÇ é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝ: ÐÝ³ñ³íáñ ¿` ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Çé³óÇáÝ³É »ñ¨áõÛÃ ¿, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ¹³ ãÇ ëïÇåáõÙ ÇÝÓ Ññ³Å³ñí»É ³Û¹ ·³Õ³÷³ñÇó: ÆÙ Ùáï»óÙ³Ùµ »ë Ý³ËÁÝïñáõÙ »Ù ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Çé³óáÝ³ÉáõÃÛáõÝ ÁÝ¹·ñÏ»É, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ` »ë Ý³ËÁÝïñáõÙ »Ù Çé³óÇáÝ³É, ë³Ï³ÛÝ åñ³ÏïÇÏ ëáÉÇ¹ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ: ²Ñ³ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï ûñÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñ, áñáÝù »ë í»ñ³åñ»É »Ù ÇÙ ý»ÙÇÝÇ³ëï³Ï³Ý ÙÇç³í³ÛñáõÙ: ÎÇëí»É ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñáí (Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ãÑ³ëÏ³óí³Í ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ½·³óáÕáõÃÛáõÝÇó, ³ÝÁÝ¹Ñ³ï ÷áñÓ³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ï³ñÍÇùÇ Ï³ñÇùÇ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝÇó ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ²Ûë ³Ù»ÝÁ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñÇ µ³ßËÙ³Ý ÑÇ»ñ³ñËÇÏ Ó¨Ç ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù ¿, áñÁ É³ÛÝ ï³ñ³Íí³Í ¿ Ïáñåáñ³ïÇí Ùß³ÏáõÛÃáõÙ): êáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·³ÉÇë ¿ ³Ù»Ý ï»ÕÇó` ÇÙ Ùáï ÁÝÏ»ñáõÑáõó, Ýñ³ Ý³ËÏÇÝ Éùí³Í ½áõ·ÁÝÏ»ñáõÑáõó, µ³Ûù»ñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³·áõëïáí ïñ³Ýë ³ÏïÇíÇëïáõÑáõó, áõë³ÝáÕ ³ÏïÇíÇëïÇó, áí ÏÇë³ßñç³½·»ëï ¿ ÏñáõÙ, ¨ ³ÛÉ ï³ñµ»ñ Ù³ñ¹Ï³ÝóÇó, áíù»ñ Ïáñóñ»É »Ý

waving supportive banners. Solidarity should be tangible, active, methodological, participatory, and not merely theoretical. Though I don’t disagree with that interpretation, my initial understanding of how solidarity can or must become practical relates to how I believe solidarity to be a horizontal instrument. It’s not something that works from the top down. It’s not something that makes sense if I just sit atop a high-rise building throwing my appreciation and support down to those in the trenches. So it’s this relationship that must be practical, as well as the content. This relationship between movements, among comrades, one that actually feels in solidarity, is one that we have to practice and strive for each day. It cannot be a one-off action, a demonstration on the square, that gives us some warm, fuzzy feelings but then slips from our minds. Nor can it be a one-off practical distribution of warm winter clothes to a group of women experiencing homelessness. solidarity is a daily practice, just as horizontality is. We seek for horizontality inside our collectives and we must also do so inside our movements. Otherwise, we’re engaging in some self-righteous battle for whose ‘ism’ is the most radical or for whose struggle is the most urgent. Solidarity is horizontal because it entails a mutual recognition of struggle. Though our struggles may be different and we have many different strategies for approaching them, solidarity is something bigger than strategy. And solidarity is probably something quite irrational. Though that’s not something that turns me off about it. I’d much prefer to embrace more of the irrational in my politics. so I support a highly irrational, yet practical solidarity. Some examples, even if they sound simple, of solidarity that I’ve experienced among feminists: Sharing knowledge: (as opposed to this feeling of not knowing what to do, having always to seek expert opinions, etc. which results from hierarchies of knowledge and is commonly experienced in corporate settings)

³Û¹ù³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ¨ ç³Ýù, áñå»ë½Ç ÇÝÓ ëáíáñ»óÝ»Ý, Ã» ÇÝãå»ë í»ñ³Ýáñá·»Ù Ñ»Í³ÝÇíë: Üñ³Ýù »ñµ»ù ÇÙ Ó»éùÇó ã»Ý ËÉ»É ·áñÍÇùÝ»ñÁ, áñå»ë½Ç Çñ»Ýù ¹³ ³Ý»Ý, Ýñ³Ýù »ñµ»ù Ñá·áó ã»Ý Ñ³Ý»É, áñ ³Û¹ù³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï »Ý Í³Ëë»É ÇÝÓ íñ³, ¨ Ýñ³Ýù »ñµ»ù Çñ»Ýó ³ÛÝå»ë ã»Ý å³Ñ»É, Ã» Ï³ñÍ»ë ÇÙ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ ß³ï ÑÇÙ³ñ »Ý ¨ ³Ýï»ÕÇ: ÜáõÛÝÇëÏ, »Ã» Ýñ³Ýù ³Û¹å»ë í³ñí»ÇÝ, ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ ¿, ÑÇÙ³ Ù»ñ ËÙµáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Ï³Ý, áíù»ñ Ï³ñáÕ³ÝáõÙ »Ý Ñ»Í³ÝÇí Ýáñá·»É, ¨ Ù»Ýù ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ »Ýù ÏÇëí»É Ù»ñ ·Çï»ÉÇùÝ»ñáí ÑáñÇ½áÝ³Ï³Ý Ó¨áí: ÎÇëí»É ï³ñ³Íùáí (Ç Ñ³Ï³¹ñáõÙÝ ë»÷³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³íáõÝùÇ ËÇëï å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñÇ) ²å³Ñáí ï³ñ³ÍùÇ ÏáÝï»ùëïáõÙ ³ÏïÇíÇëï³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ß³ï í³Ûñ»ñ ãÏ³Ý, ³ÛÝå»ë áñ, »ñµ ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÁ ÇÝã-áñ ï³ñ³ÍùÇ Ñ³ë³Ý»ÉÇÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ³ÛÝ µáÉáñ Ýñ³Ýó, áõÙ ï³ñ³ÍùÝ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ³Ûë ù³ÛÉÁ ÇëÏ³å»ë Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ß³ï û·ï³Ï³ñ ÉÇÝ»É: ²ÛÝï»Õ, áñï»Õ ïÝûñ»ÝÝ»ñÇ, Ñ³Ûñ»ñÇ ¨ ³ÙáõëÇÝÝ»ñ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý µ»éÇ å³ï×³éáí ëïÇåí³Í »Ýù »Õ»É Éé»É, ý»ÙÇÝ½ÙÇ ßÝáñÑÇí, í»ñç³å»ë, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ù»½ ³½³ïáõÃÛáõÝ ï³É

î³ÝÛ³ ê³ÝÏï ä»ï»ñµáõñ·, èáõë³ëï³Ý ü»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÁ ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ å³Ûù³ñ Ñ³ÛñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù` ÇÝãå»ë ËÙµáí, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É áñ»ë ³ÝÑ³ï: ÞÝáñÑÇí ³Û¹ å³Ûù³ñÇ, ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³ÍùÁ ¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ ï»Õ` ÙÇ ÷áùñ ³í»ÉÇ ³½³ï Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó, ù³Ý Ñ³ÛñÇßË³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿: ²ÛÝï»Õ, áñï»Õ ïÝûñ»ÝÝ»ñÇ, Ñ³Ûñ»ñÇ ¨ ³ÙáõëÇÝÝ»ñ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý µ»éÇ å³ï×³éáí ëïÇåí³Í »Ýù »Õ»É Éé»É, ý»ÙÇÝ½ÙÇ ßÝáñÑÇí, í»ñç³å»ë, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ù»½ ³½³ïáõÃÛáõÝ ï³É: ²½³ïáõÃÛáõÝ` ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ËáëùÇ ³½³ïáõÃÛáõÝ: ²ÛÝ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ Ù»Í å³ï³ëË³Ý³ïíáõÃÛáõÝ Ù»ñ å³Ñí³ÍùÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ù³µ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ½·³ÛáõÝáõÃÛáõÝ ³ÛÉáó ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ù³µ: ²½³ïáõÃÛáõÝ ëï»ÕÍ³·áñÍ»Éáõ ¨ Ýáñ³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ÷áñÓ³ñÏ»Éáõ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ: ü»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÁ ÷áñÓ³¹³ßï ¿, µ³óÇ ÑÇ³Ý³ÉÇ ùíÇñ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñÇó ¨ óáõÛó»ñÇó, ³Ûëï»Õ Ñ³×³Ë³ÏÇ ÙáÉ»·ÝáõÙ »Ý ³ÙåñáåÁ ¨ Ï³ÛÍ³ÏÁ, áñáÝó íñ³ ¿É Ñ³í³ùíáõÙ »Ý ÷áÃáñÇÏÝ»ñÁ: ÜÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ¹ÇÙ³Ï³Û»ÉÁ Çñ³Ï³Ý Ù³ñï³Ññ³í»ñ

Solidarity comes from all around – from my close friend, from her jilted ex-girlfriend, from the trans activist in her full body biker gear, from the student activist always dressed in his skirt, and all the other people who shared so much time and effort so I could learn how to repair my own bicycle. They never took the tools out of my hands to do it themselves. They never sighed with frustration that I was taking up too much time out of their day. And they never acted as if my questions were stupid. But even if they’d had, there are more of us now skilled in DIY bike repair and we continue the process of sharing that knowledge horizontally. Sharing space: (as opposed to strict notions of private property and trespassing) safer spaces for activists to gather can be few in many contexts. So when someone gains access to space, then offers to share it with whoever may need to meet there, this can be really helpful. Thanks to feminism, at last we can give ourselves freedom in situations where we had to keep silent due to the burden of power of directors, fathers and husbands

Tania Saint Petersburg, Russia To me feminism assumes struggle against patriarchy in groups and as an individual. Thanks to this struggle feminist space becomes a place a little freer from discrimination than in patriarchy society. Thanks to feminism, at last we can give ourselves freedom in situations where we had to keep silent due to the burden of power of directors, fathers and husbands. Freedom – first of all freedom of speech. It means a great responsibility for our behavior as well as sensitivity towards others, freedom to create and try something new. Feminism is a testing ground; besides the wonderful queer communities and meetings, thunderstorm and lightning happen there resulting for the storms to gather in. Resisting in such conditions is a real challenge for feminist solidarity.

¿ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: êï»ÕÍ»É ÙÇ ï³ñ³Íù, áñï»Õ ãÝ³Û³Í ï³ñµ»ñ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ×ÝßáõÙÝ»ñÇ, ß³Ñ³ñÏáõÙÝ»ñÇ, ÷Éáõ½áõÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÏáñÍ³ÝáõÙÝ»ñÇ, Ñ³Ý³ñ³íáñ ¿ ¹»é ëï»ÕÍ³·áñÍ»É ¨ ëÇñ»É. Ñ»Ýó ë³ ¿É Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÙ ¿ ëï»ÕÍ»É ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñ³Íù: ºë å³ïñ³ëï »Ù å³ßïå³Ý»É Ï³Ý³Ýó ¨ Ï³Ý³óÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ï³Ý³óÇ ³·ñ»ëÇ³ÛÇÝ »ë ³Ûïë ¹»Ù ã»Ù ï³

´»ÉÉ³ è³åáåáñï ê³ÝÏï ä»ï»ñµáõñ·, èáõë³ëï³Ý êáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëÏ½µáõÝùáñ»Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ Ñ³ñó»ñáõÙ ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó ³ç³Ïó»ÉÝ ¿, ÑÝñ³íáñáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»åùáõÙ, Ý³¨ ÃÇÏáõÝù ¹³éÝ³ÉÝ ¿ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ ¹Åí³ñ Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ: ü»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ¹³ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÙ ¿ Ñ³Ï³½¹»É ÏÝ³ïÛ³óáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ¨ å³ßïå³Ý»É Ï³Ý³Ýó, áíù»ñ ³éÝãíáõÙ »Ý ³Û¹ »ñ¨áõÛÃÇ Ñ»ï: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó, »ñµ »ë Ýáñ»Ï ¿Ç ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙáõÙ, »ë Ï³ñÍáõÙ ¿Ç, Ã» å³ñï³íáñ »Ù ëÇñ»É µáÉáñ Ï³Ý³Ýó ¨ ÉÇÝ»É Ýñ³Ýó ùáõÛñÁ: ÐÇÙ³ ãáõÝ»Ù ³Û¹ ½·³óáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÆÝÓ³ÝÇó ³Û¹ù³Ý ¿É ß³ï ãÏ³, ¨ »ë µ³í³Ï³Ý ã»Ù µáÉáñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ºë å³ïñ³ëï »Ù å³ßïå³Ý»É Ï³Ý³Ýó ¨ Ï³Ý³óÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ï³Ý³óÇ ³·ñ»ëÇ³ÛÇÝ »ë ³Ûïë ¹»Ù ã»Ù ï³: ü»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÁ ¨ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ã»ñ¨ë, ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ ¹áõñë ãÑ³Ý»ë Ý»ñùÇÝ ï³ñ³Ó³ÛÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ »ÝÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó ¨ ÝÙ³Ý Ó¨áí ÃßÝ³ÙÇÝ»ñÇÝ áëÏáñÝ»ñ ãßåñï»ë: ²Ù»Ý ¹»åùáõÙ, ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë³ñÇ å»ë Ï³Ý·Ý»ÉÝ ¿ «Ù»ñáÝó» ÏáÕùÇÝ, ÇÑ³ñÏ» ÙÇÝã¨ É³í ÇÙ³ó³Í ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ: ²ÛÝï»Õ, áñï»Õ Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ï³ ÉÇ³ñÅ»ù Ñ³Ù³ËÙµáõÙ`Ï³åí³Í Ýñ³Ýó Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ¨ å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ³Û¹ï»Õ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ÉÇÝ»É ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ

ÆñÇÝ³ êáÉáÙ³ïÇÝ³, §¶»Ý¹»ñÝÇÛ Ù³ñßñáõï¦ ØÇÝëÏ, ´»É³éáõë Î³ñ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, »ñµ »ë Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÙ ¿Ç ØÇÝëÏáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»óáÕ Ï³Ý³Ýó ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÷³é³ïáÝÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåã³Ï³Ý ·áñÍ»ñÇÝ: ²Û¹ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ »ë ß³ï ï³ñ³Ïáõë³Ï³Ý ½·³óáÕáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»Ç. ³Ñ³ ³ñ¹»Ý 5-ñ¹ ³Ý·³ÙÝ ¿ñ, áñ ÷³é³ïáÝÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 100 ýÇÉÙ, ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 25 »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó, µ³Ûó ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ ¿, ÇÝã-áñ µ³Ý å³Ï³ëáõÙ ¿ñ:

I am ready to protect women and what feminine is, but I won’t let feminine aggression slap me on the cheek

Bella Rapoport Saint Petersburg, Russia To create a space where in spite of different oppressions from the government, manipulations and collapses it is still possible to create and to love, that is what it means to create a feminism solidarity space. To me solidarity is supporting each other in crucial issues and if possible, it is a shoulder to rely on in difficult life situations. Within the frames of feminism it means to counteract misogyny and to protect women who are facing it. On the other hand, when I was new in feminism I thought I was supposed to love all women and be their sister. Now I don’t have that feeling. I am a single one person only, and I am not enough for everyone. I am ready to protect women and what feminine is, but I won’t let feminine aggression slap me on the cheek. Feminism and solidarity are for not letting out your inner disagreements out of the subculture boundaries and thus not to feed your enemies. In any case, to me solidarity is to stand by “our people” to the limits which we know well. In a place where a total array among the members of the society concerning their rights and responsibilities exists, politics cannot exist

Irina Solomatina, Gender Route Minsk, Belarus There was time when I participated in organizing international female festival held in Minsk. During this time I had a lot of contradictory feelings, it was the fifth time, and more than 100 movies were included in the program from more than 25 countries but still something was missing. Later when I got education on gender studies in European State University (I was an auditor there) I realized that female consolidation or solidarity was missing among the women who were shooting films for that festival.

²í»ÉÇ áõß, »ñµ »ë ºíñáå³Ï³Ý å»ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝáõÙ ëï³ó³ ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÝ³·Çï³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ (¹³ë»ñÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÙ ¿Ç áñå»ë ³½³ï áõÝÏÁÝ¹Çñ), Ñ³ëÏ³ó³, áñ å³Ï³ëáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ³Ù³ËÙµáõÙÁ, Ï³Ù ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³ÛÝ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ùáï, áíù»ñ ýÇÉÙ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ëï»ÕÍáõÙ ³Û¹ ÷³é³ïáÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ²ñ¨ÙáõïùáõÙ Ï³Ý³Ûù, áíù»ñ ½µ³ÕíáõÙ »Ý ÝÙ³ïÇå ÷³é³ïáÝÝ»ñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»Éáí, ³ÝáõÙ »Ý ¹³ ³í»ÉÇ ·Çï³Ïóí³Í, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ Ýñ³Ýù ÇÝã-áñ Ó¨áí Ñ³Ù³ËÙíáõÙ »Ý ¨ ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñÇ ÷³Ã»Ã ³é³ç³ñÏ»É, Ç ¹»Ùë Ýñ³Ý, Ã» ÇÝãå»ë ¿ Ï³éáõóí³Í ³ßË³ñÑÁ: ²ÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, »ñµ Ýñ³Ýù ½·áõÙ »Ý ³Ý³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ (ó³íáù, áã µáÉáñÝ »Ý ½·áõÙ ¹³), ëÏëáõÙ »Ý ÷áñÓ»É Ó¨³Ï»ñå»É ¨ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»É ³Û¹ å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñÁ, ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ëÏáõÙ »Ý Ù»Õ³¹ñ»É, Ã» Ýñ³ù íï³Ý·³íáñ »Ý ³ßË³ñÑ³Ï³ñ·Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ, ³ÛÝÇÝã, Ýñ³Ýù áõÕÕ³ÏÇ ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ »Ý ÷áË»É ³ÛÝ: Ø³ñ¹ÇÏ, áíù»ñ µ³Ëí»É »Ý ³Ý³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï, Ñ³×³Ë Çñ»Ýù Çñ»Ýù Ñ³ñó »Ý ï³ÉÇë` áíù»ñ »Ý ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·»ñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý å³ï³ëË³Ý³ïáõÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝó ÙÇçáóáí Ù»Ýù ³Ýí³Ý³ÏáãáõÙ, ·Ý³Ñ³ïáõÙ ¨ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙ »Ýù ³ßË³ñÑÁ: Ð»Ýó ÝáõÛÝ å³ÑÇÝ ³é³ç ¿ ·³ÉÇë ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»Ù³Ý, ÇÝãå»ë å³ï³Ñ»ó, áñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ ³ÛÝï»Õ, áñï»Õ Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Ñ³Ù³ÙÇï ã»Ý Ñ³Ù³ï»Õ µÝ³Ïí»Éáõ ï³ññ³Ï³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, Ï³Ù ³ÛÉ Ï»ñå ³ë³Í Ýñ³Ýó Ñ³Ù³ï»Õ ·áÛáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý ¹ñáõÛÃÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ²ÛÝï»Õ, áñï»Õ Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ï³ ÉÇ³ñÅ»ù Ñ³Ù³ËÙµáõÙ`Ï³åí³Í Ýñ³Ýó Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ¨ å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ³Û¹ï»Õ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ÉÇÝ»É ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ: ø³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý å³Ûù³ñÁ ÙÇ³ÛÝ ³ßË³ñÑÁÝÏ³ÉÙ³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ï»ëÉ³Ï³ÝÇ Ñ³ñÏ³¹ñáõÙÝ áõ í»ñ³ñï³¹ñáõÙÁ ã¿: ²Û¹ ÇëÏ å³ï×³éáí Ñ³ñÏ³íáñ ¿ ·ñ»É ë»÷³Ï³Ý ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝÁ` »ÉÝ»Éáí Ù»ñ ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó, ¨ ÷Ýïñ»É ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Ïµ³ó»Ý Ýáñ ÑáñÇ½áÝÝ»ñ »ÝÃ³¹ñáÕ ³ÛÉ »ñÏËáëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: àõñ³Ë »Ù ÝÏ³ï»É, áñ Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Ñ³í³ï³ñÇÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó ùáõÛñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ

¾ÉíÇñ³ Ø»ÉÇùë»ÃÛ³Ý ºñ¨³Ý, Ð³Û³ëï³Ý ÐÝ³ñ³íáñ ã¿ Ëáë»É ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÇ Ù³ÇëÝ ¨ Ñ³ßíÇ

In West, women who are engaged in organizing such festivals do it with more consciousness, therefore they somehow attained solidarity and they try to offer a set of requirement about how the world is constructed. When they feel injustices (and unfortunately not everyone does) they start to try to form and present their requirements and they are blamed of being dangerous for the world while they only wish to change the system. People who have come across injustice often ask themselves who are the ones responsible for the choice and control of categories through which we name, evaluate and categorize the world. At that time the problem of politics comes forth – how come that there is always politics where people do not agree with elementary principles of dwelling or with the principles of their co-existence? In a place where a total array among the members of the society concerning their rights and responsibilities exists, politics cannot exist. Political struggle is not only the enforcement and reproduction of the common vision. That’s why it is necessary to write down your feminist story based on our differences and to look for possibilities which would open a new view and which would suppose the necessity of a dialog. I am happy to observe, that there are initiatives which are devoted to their sisterhood

Elvira Meliksetyan Yerevan, Armenia In my opinion solidarity is one of the main parts of the ideology of Feminism. One cannot talk about feminism, not taking into consideration the issue of solidarity. It is simply impossible, as the ideology of feminism is developed around the ideas of solidarity, empathy and support. Unfortunately in nowadays women movement around the world, more and more often I come across with so called ”feminism movement”. But when looking deeply into the processes they go through, I see almost no sense of soli-

ã³éÝ»É ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ: ÆÙ Ï³ñÍÇùáí, ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ Ù³ë»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿` Ï³éáõóí³Í Ï³ñ»Ïó³ÝùÇ ¨ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³: ò³íáù, ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ÝÏ³ï»É, áñ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ Ù³ëßï³µáí Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ ùÇã ¿ ½·³óíáõÙ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: Ð³×³Ë ¹³ Ï³åí³Í ãÇ ÉÇÝáõÙ ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÇ Ñ»ï áñå»ë ³Û¹ÇëÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ` ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÇ ¨ Ï³Ý³Ýó ß³ñÅÙ³Ý Ó¨Ç Ñ»ï: ØÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï »ë áõñ³Ë »Ù Ñ»ï¨»É, áñ ³í»ÉÇ ¨ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³×³Ë »Ý ëÏëí»É ëÏÇ½µ ³éÝ»É Ýáñ Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Ñ³í³ï³ñÇÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ, Çñ»Ýó ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, Çñ»Ýó ùáõÛñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ÜÙ³Ý³ïÇå Ñ³Û³óùÁ, ÇëÏ³å»ë, Ýáñ áõÅ ¿ ï³ÉÇë: Þ³ñÅÙ³Ý Ù»ç ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ, Í³ÕÏáõÙ ¨ ÁÝï»É³ÝáõÙ »Ý ïñ³Ù³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ëË³ÉÝ»ñ, áñ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ áãÝãÇ ãÇ Ýå³ëïáõÙ

Ð³Ý³ Îáã»ïÏáí³, §ºñ»Ë³Ý»ñ 404¦ ØáëÏí³, èáõë³ëï³Ý ºë ÏáÕÙ »Ù ýÇÙÇëï³Ï³Ý Ý»ñ³é³Ï³Ý ¨ ÇÝï»ñë»ÏóÇáÝ³É áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ²ßË³ï»Éáí È¶´îøÆ² (É»ëµÇ, ·»Û, µÇë»ùëáõ³É, ïñ³Ýë·»Ý¹»ñ, ùíÇñ, ÇÝï»ñë»ùë, ³ë»ùëáõ³É) ¹»é³Ñ³ëÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï` »ë ³éÝãíáõÙ »Ù Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý å³ï×³é Ñ³Ý¹Çë³óáÕ ÇÝùÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÛÝåÇëÇ Ù³ë»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ÇÝãåÇëÇù »Ý` ë»éÁ, ·»Ý¹»ñÁ, ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ï³ñÇùÁ Ù»Ï ÷³Ã»ÃáõÙ: ÆÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÏ³óáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉË³íáñ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ ³ÛÝ, áñ ß³ï»ñÝ ÁÝ¹áõÝáõÙ »Ý ³ÛÝ áñå»ë Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ` ÑÇÙÝí³Í ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³, ³ÛÉ áã áñå»ë Ù»Ãá¹³µ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ: ºí ³ÝÑÇÙÝ ¿ ³ÛÝ ÷³ëïÁ, áñ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ÙÇïùÁ í³Õáõó ³ñ¹»Ý ³Ýó»É ¿ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ Ï³ÝáÝ³Ï³ñ·Çó ¨ Ó»éù ¿ µ»ñ»É ³ÝÏ³Ë ·Çï³Ñ»ï³½áï³Ï³Ý ¹åñáóÇ Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³Ï: Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ³ÝÑÝ³ñ ¿ Ï³Ù ¹Åí³ñ ¿ ëï³Ý³É ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ, ßÝáñÑÇí Ã³ñ·Ù³ÝÇã ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÇ µ³½Ù³ÙÛ³ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÇ, ³Ñé»ÉÇ ù³Ý³ÏáõÃÛ³Ùµ ý»ÙÇÝÇëï³Ï³Ý ï»ùëï»ñ »Ý Ã³ñ·Ù³Ýí»É, áñáÝù Ñ³ë³Ý»ÉÇ »Ý ¿É»ÏïñáÝ³ÛÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ³Ïáí ÇÝãå»ë Ý»ñùÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ/ûÕ³ÏÇ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ³ÝÑ³ïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó å³ï³ëË³Ý³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»Í ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ

darity among the activists. Sometimes it is not about the feminism, but the image of feminism and women movement. Meanwhile I am happy to share that more and more often I come across with young developed initiatives that are truly devoted to their movement, to their belief in the ideology of feminism, to their sisterhood. This is really empowering view! Mistakes appear and blossom in the movement saying that solidarity does not support anything

Hana Kochetkova, Children 404 Moscow, Russia I stand for inclusive and intersectional feminism directions. Working with LGBTQIA (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex and asexual) teenagers I deal with such parts of identity being a reason for discrimination such as sex, gender, sexuality and age all in one package. To me the main problem in the idea of feminist solidarity concept is that a lot of people take it as a cooperation based on common ideology and not as a methodology. And the fact that feminist idea has long ago passed by movements’ inner policy and has gained a status of independent scientific-research school is baseless. In post-soviet countries it is impossible or difficult to have gender education but thanks to years of work of translator-activists, huge amount of feminist texts have been translated which are available in electronic version for members of the communities and for individuals as well. So because of differences among responsibilities of people calling them feminists, logical mistakes appear and blossom in the movement saying that solidarity does not support anything, and at the same time social discrimination myths appear which mutate like syndrome and are distributed among feminists. For instance, large and systemized social research of “Ethnos” institution led by feminist investigator could bring all the cruel discussions in regards of endemic feminisms conditioned

å³ï×³éáí, áíù»ñ Ñéã³ÏáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó áñå»ë ý»ÙÇÝÇëï, ß³ñÅÙ³Ý Ù»ç ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ, Í³ÕÏáõÙ ¨ ÁÝï»É³ÝáõÙ »Ý ïñ³Ù³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ëË³ÉÝ»ñ, áñ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ áãÝãÇ ã»Ý Ýå³ëïáõÙ, ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ »Ý ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý Ëïñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáÕ ÙÇý»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ùáõï³óíáõÙ »Ý Ñ³Ù³Ëï³ÝÇßÝ»ñÇ å»ë ¨ µ³Å³ÝíáõÙ ý»ÙÇÝÇëïÝ»ñÇÝ: úñÇÝ³Ï` ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý §¿ÃÝáë¦ Ï³éáõÛóÇ É³ÛÝ³Ù³ëßï³µ ¨ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·í³Í Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ ³Ýó ÏÏ³óÝ»ñ ·ñ³·»ï ý»ÙÇÝÇëï Ñ»ï³½áïáÕÁ, Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ³í»ÉÇ Ï³éáõóáÕ³Ï³Ý áõÕáõ íñ³ ¹Ý»É µáÉáñ ³ÛÝ ¹³Å³Ý µ³Ý³í»×»ñÁ, áñáÝù í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ »Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃáí å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿Ý¹»ÙÇÏ ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÝ»ñÇÝ: ÐáõÙ³ÝÇ½Ù

ìÇÏïáñÇ³ ÈáÙ³ëÏá ØáëÏí³, èáõë³ëï³Ý

by culture to a more constructive ground. Humanism

Victoria Lomasko Moscow, Russia I don’t really like “-isms”. Even if it is to use one of the “-isms”, then let it be humanism, which includes humanitarian approach towards everyone, and feminism is the same as humanism but it puts emphasizing on women and their problems. It is very easy to look into the topic of feminism and solidarity when feminists express solidarity and support each other. Zara Harutyunyan Hehine Babayan

ÆÝÓ ³ÛÝù³Ý ¿É ¹áõñ ã»Ý ·³ÉÇë §Ç½Ù¦ »ñÁ: ºÃ» ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ å»ïù ¿ û·ï³·áñÍ»É §Ç½Ù¦-»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ, ³å³ ÃáÕ ¹³ ÉÇÝÇ ÑáõÙ³ÝÇ½ÙÁ, áñÁ Çñ Ù»ç Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ Ù³ñ¹³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý Ùáï»óáõÙ µáÉáñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ, ÇëÏ ý»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÁ, ¹³ ÝáõÛÝ ÑáõÙ³ÝÇ½ÙÝ ¿, áõÕÕ³ÏÇ ³Ûë ¹»åùáõÙ ß»ßïÁ ¹ñí³Í ¿ Ñ»Ýó Ï³Ý³Ýó íñ³, Ñ»Ýó Ï³Ý³Ýó í»ñ³µ»ñíáÕ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ íñ³: ü»ÙÇÝÇ½ÙÇ ¨ ëáÉÇ¹³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»Ù³Ý ß³ï Ñ»ßï ¿ í»ñÍ³Ý»É` »ñµ ý»ÙÇÝÇëïÝ»ñÁ ëáÉÇ¹³ñ »Ý ¨ û·ÝáõÙ »Ý ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó: ¼³é³ Ð³ñáõÃÛáõÝÛ³Ý Ð»ÕÇÝ» ´³µ³Û³Ý

·»Ý¹»ñ gender

äÝ¹Ç°ñ, Ñ³Ù³éÇ°ñ, ¹ÇÙ³Ï³ÛÇ°ñ ¨ ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óÇ°ñ Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÏ³óáõÃÛ³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÏÇÝ Çñ³í³å³ßïå³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ íñ³ Insist, persist, resist, and exist! The influence of Integrated Security concept on women human rights defenders life ´áÉáñÝ áõÝ»Ý Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ µ³ñÓñ³Ó³ÛÝ»Éáõ, ¹ñ³Ýù å³ßïå³Ý»Éáõ ¨ ³ç³Ïó»Éáõ Çñ³íáõÝù: ´áÉáñÝ áõÝ»Ý Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÝ ³å³Ñáí å³ßïå³Ý»Éáõ Çñ³íáõÝùª ³é³Ýó Ñ³ßí»Ñ³ñ¹³ñÇ í³ËÇ, ÇÝãåÇëÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ýÇ½ÇÏ³Ï³Ý µéÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ½ñå³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³Ù Ñ³ñÓ³ÏáõÙÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ íñ³: ´áÉáñÁ Ñ³í³ë³ñ³å»ë Çñ³íáõÝù áõÝ»Ý å³ßïå³Ý»Éáõ Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÁ ¨ í³Û»É»Éáõ ÉÇ³ñÅ»ù ÏÛ³Ýù, ³é³Ýó ½áÑ³µ»ñ»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ³åñáõëïÇ ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÁ, ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³Ù »ñç³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ì»ñçÇÝ ï³ëÝ³ÙÛ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÁ å³ßïå³ÝáÕ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³ÙµáÕç ³ßË³ñÑáõÙ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ù»Í³óñ»É »Ý Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝÝ»ñÇ ¹»ñÁ ëáíáñ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³óÇÝ»ñÇ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ: ²Ûë ç³Ýù»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝÝ»ñÁ ëÏë»É »Ý í³Û»É»É ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ ¨ Ñ³ñ·³Ýù: î³ñûñÇÝ³Ï ¿, µ³Ûó Çñ»Ýó ³ßË³ï³ÝùÇ ·Ý³Ñ³ï³Ï³ÝÇ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ µ³ñÓñ³óÙ³ÝÁ Ñ³ÙÁÝÃ³ó ëÏë»É »Ý ³×»É Çñ»Ýó ë»÷³Ï³Ý Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ áïÝ³Ñ³ñÙ³Ý ¹»åù»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó ÇëÏ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ, áñáÝù Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåíáõÙ »Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ½ÇÝí³Í ËÙµ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ Çñ»Ýó ë»÷³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: ²Ûë ³×áÕ ëå³éÝ³ÉÇùÝ»ñÇÝ Ç å³ï³ëË³Ýª ÙÇ ß³ñù Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÁ å³ßïå³ÝáÕ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ëÏë»É »Ý ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ ï³Ý»É ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ù»Ë³ÝÇ½ÙÝ»ñ Ùß³Ï»Éáõ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ, áñå»ë½Ç Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³Ý å³ßïå³Ý»É Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ï³Ý Ýñ³Ýó ³å³Ñáí Ï³ï³ñ»É Çñ»Ýó ³ßË³ï³ÝùÁ: ²Û¹ ç³Ýù»ñÝ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù ïí»óÇÝ 1998 Ãí³Ï³ÝÇÝ, »ñµ Ø²Î-Ç ¶ÉË³íáñ ²ë³ÙµÉ»³Ý ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó Ø³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ñéã³Ï³·ÇñÁ: ÎÇÝ Çñ³í³å³ßïå³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»ÕÍí³Í, Ã»ñ¨ë, É³í³·áõÛÝ ·áñÍÇùÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ñ³Ù³ñ»É Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ` Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙ-¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÁ ÑÝ³ñ³íá-

Everyone has the right to stand up, to speak out and to defend human rights. Everyone has the right to defend human rights safely, without fear of retribution, such as physical violence, slander or attacks on their families. Equally, everyone has the right to defend human rights and enjoy a full life, without sacrificing livelihoods, health or happiness.

Over the past few decades, human rights organizations across the world have successfully raised the profile of human rights defenders and their vital role in protecting the rights of ordinary citizens. As a result of these efforts, human rights defenders began to enjoy increasing international recognition and respect. Paradoxically, as awareness of their work blossomed internationally, they were being subjected to escalating violations of their own rights within their own countries – at the hands of their government, armed groups and even their own communities. In response to these mounting threats, a number of human rights organizations started to work towards developing international legal mechanisms to enshrine the rights of human rights defenders to allow them to do their work, and to do it safely. These efforts culminated in 1998, in the adoption by the United Nations General As-

ñáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ï³ÉÇë ÏÇÝ ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÇÝ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ ë»÷³Ï³Ý ³ÝÓÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²ÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇ ¨ ï³ñ³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ëï»ÕÍí³Í ÙÇ ï»Õ ¿, áñï»Õ ÏÇÝ ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ý ÏÇë»É Çñ»Ýó ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ïËñáõÃÛáõÝ å³ï×³éáÕ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ³ÝÏñÏÝ»ÉÇ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ. ë³ ï³ñ³Íù ¿, áñï»Õ Ï³Ý³Ûù Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ï³½Ù»É Ñ³Ù³ÛÝù ¨ Ñ³Ù³ï»Õ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ³ÕÃ³Ñ³ñÙ³Ý é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ` ÇÝãå»±ë ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»É ³åñ»É, ÇÝãå»±ë ÙÝ³É ³Ýíï³Ý· áõ áÕç³ÙÇï, ¨ ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»É ³ÛÝ ÏÛ³ÝùÝ áõ ·áñÍáõÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ Ýñ³Ýù ëÇñáõÙ »Ý: Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÝ³Ïó»É »Ý ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 300 ÏÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³ÏÇóÝ»ñ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 50 »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó: Ø»Ýù ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ »Ýù áõÝ»ó»É Ñ³Ý¹Çå»Éáõ Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³ó³í³ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: Î³Ý³Ûù, áíù»ñ í»ñ³ÇÙ³ëï³íáñ»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó ÏÛ³ÝùÁ Ý³¨ Ñ³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÇ ßÝáñÑÇí, áíù»ñ áõÝ»Ý ß³ï ï³ñµ»ñ ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃ³ÛÇÝ å³ïÏ³Ý»ÉÇáõÃÛáõÝ, å³ï³ëË³Ý»É »Ý ïñí³Í ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Ñ³ñóÇÝ`

ÇÝãá±õ »Ý ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï Ñ³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÁ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ³Ù³ñ: ¾ñÛáÝ³, ²Éµ³ÝÇ³ Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ (Ð²¸) ³Ýíï³Ý· ÙÇç³í³Ûñ ¿ ³å³ÑáíáõÙ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ³Ù³ñ, áñï»Õ Ýñ³Ýù Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Ùï³Í»É Çñ»Ýó ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¨ µ³ñûñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, ÇÝãå»ë ³ÝÓÝ³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ³ßË³ï³í³ÛñáõÙ: ºë Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ù, áñ ³Éµ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÁ Ëñ³ËáõëáõÙ ¿ Ï³Ý³Ýó ËÝ³Ù»É áõñÇßÝ»ñÇÝ, Ñá· ï³Ý»É Ýñ³Ýó Ù³ëÇÝ, ³é³çÝ³Ñ»ñÃáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³É áõñÇßÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñÇùÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ ó³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, Ñ»ïá Ýáñ ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ùï³Í»É Çñ»Ýó Ù³ëÇÝ: Î³Ý³ÝóÇó ³ÏÝÏ³ÉíáõÙ ¿ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ñá·³É ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ, Çñ»Ýó ³ÙáõëÇÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ Ï³ñÇùÝ»ñÁ, ¨ ³å³ ÙÇ³ÛÝ Çñ»ÝóÁ: ê³ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÙ ¿, áñ »ñµ ÏÇÝÝ ³ÏïÇíÇëï ¿, Ý³ ÉñÇí ¹ñáõÛùáí ³ßË³ïáõÙ ¿ Ã»° ³ßË³ï³ÝùÇ í³ÛñáõÙ, Ã»° ï³ÝÁª ÉÇÝ»Éáí ÏÇÝ ¨ Ù³Ûñ, ¨ Ñ³×³Ë ³Ýï»ëáõÙ ¿ Çñ ë»÷³Ï³Ý ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ µ³ñûñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Û¹ å³ï×³éáí »ë Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ù, áñ Ð²¸-Á ³ÏïÇíÇëï Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇç³í³Ûñ ¿: Üñ³Ýù Ï³Ý³Ýó ³å³ÑáíáõÙ »Ý ³Ýíï³Ý· ÙÇç³í³Ûñáí, áñï»Õ Ýñ³Ýù Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»É Çñ»Ýù Çñ»Ýó, ³í»ÉÇ ËáñÁ Ùï³Í»É áñáß µ³Ý»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ¨ áñ³ÏÛ³É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³ÝóÏ³óÝ»É áõ ÏÇëí»É ÷áñÓáí Çñ»Ýó ÝÙ³Ý

sembly of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders. Combined security concept is probably one of the best tools for women human right defenders. The meeting-courses of combined security allow women activists to develop self-defense skills and strategies. It’s a place, created in time and space, where the women activists can share their difficulties and concerns, challenges and successes, it’s a place where women can create a community and together develop the struggle strategies and skills: how to live on, how to stay safe and sound, and the same time, to continue the life and activities they like. More than 300 women from more than 50 countries took part in the combined safety courses. We had an opportunity to meet the trainers of the courses. The women, who reinvent their lives also due to the concept of the combined safety, who have different experiences and cultural legacy, answered the same question:

Why women need Integrated Security workshops? Erjona, Albania ISW provides a safe space for women where they can think of themselves, of their own security, wellbeing both at personal level and at workplace. I believe that Albanian culture encourages women to look after others, take care of them, prioritize others’ needs and desires before theirs. Women are expected to prioritize their family, their husbands ‘and children’s needs before their own needs. This means that when woman is an activist, she is working full time at her job, and fulltime at home being a mother and a wife, often overlooking herself, her personal health and wellbeing. Therefore, I believe that ISW are a great source of support for activist women. They provide women with a safe space where they can take time for themselves, reflect more on things, and spend qualitative time with them and share experiences with others

áõñÇß Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ»ï: Ð²¸-Ç ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ùÝÝ³ñÏí³Í ß³ï ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñ, ÇÝãåÇëÇù »Ý, Ù³ñÙÝÇ ¨ Ñá·áõ ÙÇ³ÏóáõÙÁ, Ñáõ½³Ï³Ý ÇÝï»É»ÏïÁ, Ùïù»ñÁ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ, ëáíáñ³µ³ñ ã»Ý Ëñ³ËáõëíáõÙ Ï³Ù áõëáõó³ÝíáõÙ ³Éµ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃáõÙ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, Ï³Ý³Ûù áõÝ»Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ë»÷³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ïû·Ý»Ý Çñ»Ýó å³Ñå³Ý»É µ³ñûñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛáõÝ Çñ»Ýó ³ÝÓÝ³Ï³Ý ¨ ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ: ¾ÉíÇñ³, Ð³Û³ëï³Ý ºë ã¿Ç ó³ÝÏ³Ý³ ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹Ý»É Ñ³Û ¨ áã Ñ³Û Ï³Ý³Ýó ÙÇç¨, »ñµ ËáëùÁ ·ÝáõÙ ¿ Ñ³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, ù³ÝÇ áñ, ÇÝãå»ë óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë ï³ñµ»ñ ³½·áõÃÛ³Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇã Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ ÇÙ ÷áñÓÁ, Ï³Ý³Ýó Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ Ñ³×³Ë ÝáõÛÝÝ ¿ ÉÇÝáõÙ, Ï³Ù ·áÝ» ÝáõÛÝÝ »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ µéÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÛÝ ³ñÙ³ïÝ»ñÁ, áñÇ Ñ»ï ³éÁÝãáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý áõÝ»ó»É: ²ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, »Ã» Ñ³ñóÝáõÙ »ùª ³ñ¹Ûáù Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ Ï³Ý³Ûù Ï³ñÇù áõÝ»Ý Ù³ëÝ³Ïó»Éáõ Ð²¸-ÇÝ ¨ áñ¹»·ñ»Éáõ ¹ñ³ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇÙ å³ï³ëË³ÝÁ ÏÉÇÝÇª ³Ûá°: Ø»Ýù Ñ³ëï³ï³å»ë áõÝ»Ýù ¹ñ³ Ï³ñÇùÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ñ³ÛñÇßË³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á ¨ Ù»ñ ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃÝ»ñÇ ×ÝßáõÙÁ §ÃáõÛÉ ã»Ý ï³ÉÇë¦ Ï³Ý³Ýó ßáõÝã ù³ß»Éáõ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³Ý³Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ³ÝÓÇ íñ³, ·Ý³Ñ³ï»Éáõ, ³ñÅ¨áñ»Éáõ ¨ Çñ»Ýù Çñ»Ýó Ñ³ñ·»Éáõ: ²Ñ³ Ã» ÇÝãáõ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ å»ë »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ë³ ³Ù»Ý³³é³çÝ³ÛÇÝ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿: ²½ñ³, ´áëÝÇ³ ¨ Ð»ñó»·áíÇÝ³ Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÁ ÑÇ³Ý³ÉÇ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ï³ÉÇë ÷áË³Ý³Ïí»Éáõ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóí³ÍùÇ, ï³ñµ»ñ Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ µáÉáñ ³ëå»ÏïÝ»ñÇ ³é³ÝÓÝ³Ñ³ïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí: Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÁ ß³ï É³í »Ý Ï³éáõóí³Íª û·ï³·áñÍ»Éáí ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý Ùáï»óáõÙ Ù»ñ Ñá·»µ³Ý³Ï³Ý, ýÇ½ÇÏ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¨ µ³ñûñáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É (¨ »ë ûÝÉ³ÛÝ Ù³ëÝÇÏÝ ¿É Ï³í»É³óÝ»Ç áñå»ë Ð²¸-Ç ÙÇ Ù³ë): Ü³ïÇ³, ìñ³ëï³Ý ìñ³ëï³ÝÁ »ñÏÇñ ¿, áñï»Õ Ù»Ýù ß³ï »Ýù ËáëáõÙ ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³í³ë³ñáõÃÛ³Ý, Ï³Ý³Ýó Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, µ³Ûó áã ÙÇ ³Ïïáõ³É Ï³Ý³Ýó ß³ñÅáõÙ ãáõÝ»Ýù, Ï³Ý ß³ï ùÇã áã ýáñÙ³É ËÙµ»ñ, áñáÝù å³Ûù³ñáõÙ »Ý ë»ùëÇ½ÙÇ ¹»Ù ¨ ½µ³ÕíáõÙ Ï³Ý³Ýó Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñáí: Þ³ï ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý Ýå³ëï»É ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ëïÇåí³Í »Ý áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ

like them. Many topics discussed during ISW like linking body and mind, emotional intelligence, mindfulness etc are not really encouraged and taught in the Albanian culture. So, women have the opportunity to explore more these concepts, and also the opportunity of developing their own network that helps them sustain wellness and safety in their personal life and at work also. Elvira, Armenia I wouldn’t make a separation between Armenian and non-Armenian women when talking about the need of Integrated Security, because due to my experience of cooperation with women of different nationalities, I have figured out that the situation of women is often common, or at least the roots of the violations they face are similar. Nevertheless if questioning if a women in Armenia needs to participate in an ISW and internalize its ideology, I would say - Yes. We are definitely in need of it, as the system of patriarchy, the oppression of our customs and habits do not ‘’let’’ women breathe and concentrate on themselves, to appreciate and to value themselves, to respect them overall. That is why in the countries, like Armenia, this is one of the most essential topics. Azra, Bosnia and Herzegovina Integrated security workshop is a great opportunity to exchange security strategies in terms of the structure, different approaches and all aspects. ISWs are very well structured in using a holistic approach on our psychological, physical and organizational safety and wellbeing (and I would add online component as part of IS as well). As such they are a combination of great tools and practical skills. Natia, Georgia Georgia is the country where we speak a lot about gender equality, women’s rights, but we have no actual women’s rights move-

ã¹³ñÓÝ»É Çñ»Ýó ³éáÕçáõÃÛ³ÝÝ áõ Çñ»Ýó ³ÝÓÝ³ÛÇÝ ³ÛÉ ³ëå»ÏïÝ»ñÇÝ: Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇÝ »Ý, ù³Ý ·áñÍÇùÝ»ñÇ ËáõÙµÁ, áñáÝù û·ÝáõÙ »Ý Ëáõë³÷»É Ñáõ½³Ï³Ý ³ÛñáõÙÇó ëå³éí»Éáõó Ï³Ù Ëáë»É Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»åù»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, áñáÝó Ù»Ýù »Ýù Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙ: ê³ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ÁÝÓ»éáõÙ Ï³éáõóí³Íù³ÛÇÝ Ùáï»óáõÙ óáõó³µ»ñ»Éáõ Ù»ñ ³ÏïÇíÇ½ÙÇÝ, Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³Éáõ, áñ áñù³Ý ¿É ÇÝïÇÙ ¨ ³ÝÏ³åï»ÉÇ ÉÇÝÇ ³ÛÝ Ù»ñ ÏÛ³ÝùÇÝ, å»ïù ¿ Ñëï³Ï ·ÇÍ ù³ß»É Ù»ñ ³ÝÓÝ³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùÇ ¨ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÇ ÙÇç¨: ê³ Ï³Ý³Ýó ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ÁÝÓ»éáõÙ ÙÇ³ëÇÝ Ñ³í³ùí»Éáõ, ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ Ñ³ñ·³Ýùáí É»óáõÝ ÙÇç³í³Ûñ, ÏÇëí»É ÷áñÓáí ¨ Éë»É Ù»ÏÁ ÙÛáõëÇÝ: ºë Ñ³Ùá½í³Í »Ù, áñ Ñ³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛáõÝÝ û·ÝáõÙ ¿ ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ Ýáñ Ñ³ñÃ³ÏÝ»ñ ÏÇÝ ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, áã ýáñÙ³É Ñ³ñÃ³ÏÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ³í»ÉÇ áõÕÕí³Í »Ý ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ:

ment, we have very few informal groups that protest sexism and advocate women’s rights. Many activists that are pushing forward the change are disregarding their own health and other dimensions of their personality. Integrated security workshops are more than a set of tools that help us avoid burnout or name discrimination that we face. It is an opportunity to take a structured approach to our activism, to see that however intimate and inherent to our lives, there is a line to be drawn between our personal lives and the work we do. It is an opportunity for women to sit down together, create a space of respect and mutual sharing and listen to each other. I believe that integrated security helps create new platforms of women activists, platforms that are informal and more change oriented.

üñáëÇÝ³, Ø³Ï»¹áÝÇ³ Î³Ý³Ûù Ø³Ï»¹áÝÇ³ÛáõÙ Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙ »Ý µ³½Ù³ÃÇí Ù³ñï³Ññ³í»ñÝ»ñÇª ëÏë³Í ³½·³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó, áñÁ ß»ßïáõÙ ¿ Ñ³Ûñ»Ý³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ñ³ÛñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ¨ ³ÛëåÇëáí ³Ùñ³óÝáõÙ ³í³Ý¹³Ï³Ý ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ ¹»ñ»ñÁ: àõÝ»Ý³Éáí ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³í³ë³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ñ³Ï³Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý ûñ»Ýë¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ` ¹»é¨ë Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³Ï³ÉÇ µ³ó»ñ ûñ»Ýë¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ¹ñ³ ÏÇñ³ñÏÙ³Ý Ù»ç: Î³Ý³Ûù »ÝÃ³ñÏíáõÙ »Ý µéÝáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ï»ë³ÏÝ»ñÇ, ÇëÏ Ù»ñ ûñ»ÝùÇ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á Ã»¨ Ùß³Ï»É ¿ ÉáõÍáõÙÝ»ñ ÁÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý µéÝáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É, µ³Ûó ãÇ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙù áõÝ»óáÕ µéÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ãÇ ³å³ÑáíáõÙ Ñ³Ù³ñÅ»ù ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ Ëáó»ÉÇ Ï³Ý³Ýó ËÙµ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: È¶´î Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ý¹»å ³ÝÑ³Ý¹áõñÅáÕ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ µéÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³×³Ë³ÏÇ µÝáõÛÃ ¿ ÏñáõÙ, ¨ ÝÙ³Ý³ïÇå ·áñÍ»ñÇÝ ÁÝÃ³óù ãÇ ïñíáõÙ: Ð³Ù³Ïóí³Í ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÁ å³ñï³¹Çñ »Ý Ø³Ï»¹áÝÇ³ÛÇ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ñ³Ù³ñ, áñå»ë½Ç Ýñ³Ýù Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³Ý ëï³Ý³É ·Çï»ÉÇù ¨ ÑÙïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñª Çñ³½»Ïí»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó »ñ³ßË³íáñí³Í Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³Ý ë³ÑÙ³Ý»É ³ÛÝ µ³½Ù³ÃÇí Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý ¨ ³ÝÓÝ³Ï³Ý éÇëÏ»ñÁ, áñáÝó Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙ »Ý ³Ù»Ý ûñ, ¨ ³Ù»Ý³Ï³ñ¨áñÁ, áñå»ë½Ç ÷áË³Ý³Ï»Ý ¨ ëáíáñ»Ý é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñª Çñ»Ýó ë»÷³Ï³Ý µ³ñûñáõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñå³ÝÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ:

Frosina, FYR Macedonia Women in Macedonia face multiple challenges starting from national politics which accent patriotism and patriarchy and are thereby reinforce traditional gender roles. Even though there is a legislative framework for gender equality and anti-discrimination, there are significant gaps between legislation and implementation. Women are exposed to different forms of violence and our legal system has so far developed mostly in treatment of cases of domestic violence but yet not recognizing it’s characteristics of gender based violence and not providing adequate support for vulnerable groups of women. Violence and intolerance against LGBT communities is frequent and cases are not preceded. Integrated security workshops are a must for women in Macedonia so that they can be provided with knowledge and tools to raise their awareness on their guaranteed rights, to identify the multiple risks public and private that their facing on daily bases and most of all to exchange and learn strategies for dealing including their own well being.

Ð»ÕÇÝ» ´³µ³Û³Ý

Heghine Babayan

ë»é³Ï³Ý ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõÝ sexual health

ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ë Genital herpes

ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÁ ë»é³Ï³Ý ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí ÷áË³ÝóíáÕ í³ñ³Ï ¿, áñÝ Ñ³ñáõóíáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ñå»ë ëÇåÉ»ùë íÇñáõë (³ÛëáõÑ»ï Ðêì) 1-ÇÝ ¨ 2-ñ¹ ïÇå»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó:

ì³ñ³ÏÇ ÷áË³ÝóáõÙÁ Ð»ñå»ë ÇÝý»óÏÇ³Ý»ñÁ ÷áË³ÝóíáõÙ »Ý íÝ³ëí³ÍùÝ»ñÇ, ÉáñÓ³ÛÇÝ Ù³Ï»ñ»ëÝ»ñÇ, ë»é³Ï³Ý ûñ·³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñï³½³ïáõÏÇ ¨ µ»ñ³Ý³ÛÇÝ ³ñï³½³ïáõÏÇ Ñ»ï ß÷Ù³Ùµ: Ðêì-1 ¨ Ðêì-2 Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Ý³¨ óñí»É / ³ñï³Ý»ïí»É ³éáÕç »ñ¨³óáÕ Ù³ßÏÇó: êáíáñ³µ³ñ, ³ÝÓÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ í³ñ³Ïí»É Ðêì-2 ÇÝý»ÏóÇ³Ûáí ÙÇ³ÛÝ ë»é³Ï³Ý Ðêì-2 ÇÝý»ÏóÇ³ áõÝ»óáÕ ³ÝÓÇ Ñ»ï ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí: öáË³ÝóáõÙÝ ³Ù»ÝÇó Ñ³×³Ë Ç Ñ³Ûï ¿ ·³ÉÇë í³ñ³Ïí³Í ½áõ·ÁÝÏ»ñáçÇó, áí ãáõÝÇ ï»ë³Ý»ÉÇ Ù³ßÏÇ ³Ëï³Ñ³ñáõÙ ¨ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ãÇÙ³Ý³, áñ ÇÝùÁ í³ñ³Ïí³Í ¿:

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2).

Transmission of Infection Herpes infections are spread through contact with lesions in mucosal surfaces or both oral and genital secretions. In fact, HSV-1 and HSV-2 can also be present in seemingly healthy skin. Indeed, a person can only get an HSV-2 infection by having sexual intercourse with someone who is infected with the virus. In other words, transmission most commonly involves a partner who does not have a visible sore and probably does not even know that is infected. Symptoms: Most individuals infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2 are asymptomatic, or have very mild symptoms that go unnoticed or are mistaken for another skin condition. As a result, 81.1% of infected individuals remain unaware of their infection. When

²Ëï³Ýß³ÝÝ»ñÁ Ðêì-1-áí Ï³Ù Ðêì-2-áí í³ñ³Ïí³Í ³ÝÑ³ïÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÁ ³Ý³Ëï³ÝÇß »Ý Ï³Ù áõÝ»Ý ß³ï ÃáõÛÉ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí³Í ³Ëï³Ýß³ÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ÁÝÃ³ÝáõÙ »Ý ³ÝÝÏ³ï Ï³Ù ß÷áÃíáõÙ »Ý Ù³ßÏÇ ³ÛÉ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ, í³ñ³Ïí³Í ³ÝÓ³Ýó 81.1% ÙÝáõÙ »Ý ³Ýï»ÕÛ³Ï Çñ»Ýó í³ñ³Ïí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É: ºñµ ³Ëï³Ýß³ÝÝ»ñÝ Ç Ñ³Ûï »Ý ·³ÉÇë, Ýñ³Ýù ëáíáñ³µ³ñ ÉÇÝáõÙ »Ý Ù»Ï Ï³Ù ³í»ÉÇ µßïÇÏÝ»ñÇ ï»ëùáíª Ù³ßÏÇ, áõÕÇÕ ³Õáõ, µ»ñ³ÝÇ ¨ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ë»é³Ï³Ý ûñ·³ÝÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç: ¶³ÕïÝÇ ßñç³ÝÇ ÙÇçÇÝ ï¨áÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ í³ñ³Ïí»Éáõó Ñ»ïá 4 ûñ ¿ (ï³ï³ÝíáõÙ ¿ 2-12 ûñí³ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ): ´ßïÇÏÝ»ñÁ å³ïéíáõÙ »Ý ¨ ÃáÕÝáõÙ ó³íáï Ëáó»ñ, áñáÝù å³Ñ³ÝçáõÙ »Ý »ñÏáõëÇó ãáñë ß³µ³Ã, áñå»ë½Ç É³í³Ý³Ý: ²Ûë ³Ëï³Ýß³ÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý³ÉÁ ÏáãíáõÙ ¿ ¿åÇ½á¹/¹ñí³·: ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÇ ÏÉÇÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ÝÏ³ñ³·ÇñÁ ï³ñµ»ñíáõÙ ¿ í³ñ³ÏÇ ³é³çÇÝ ¨ Ñ³çáñ¹áÕ ¹ñí³·Ç ÙÇç¨: Ð»ñå»ëÇ ³é³çÇÝ ¹ñí³·Á ½áõ·³ÏóíáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ñå»ïÇÏ íÝ³ëí³ÍùÝ»ñÇ ³í»ÉÇ »ñÏ³ñ ï¨áÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ, µ³ñÓñ íÇñáõë³ÛÇÝ ³ñï³óñÙ³Ùµ / ³ñï³Ý»ïÙ³Ùµª ¹³ñÓÝ»Éáí ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñÍáõÙÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³Ý, ¨ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·³ÛÇÝ ³Ëï³Ýß³ÝÝ»ñáí, Ý»ñ³éÛ³É` ï»Ý¹, Ù³ñÙÝÇ ó³í»ñ, ³Ûïáõóí³Í ³íß³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ý·áõÛóÝ»ñ ¨ ·ÉË³ó³í: ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÇ ÏñÏÝíáÕ ¹ñí³·Ý»ñÁ Ñ³×³Ë³ÏÇ »Ý` Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ÇÝý»ÏóÇ³ÛÇ ³é³çÇÝ ï³ñí³ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ: ÐÇí³Ý¹Ý»ñÇ Ùáï³íáñ³å»ë Ï»ëÁ, áíù»ñ ÝÏ³ïáõÙ »Ý ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý ÏñÏÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áõÝ»Ý åñá¹ñáÙ³É Ýß³ÝÝ»ñ, ÇÝãåÇëÇù »Ý` ÃáõÛÉ, Í³ÏáÕ, ³ÛñáÕ ó³í»ñ áïù»ñáõÙ, ÏáÝùáõÙ ¨ Ñ»ïáõÛùáõÙ, áñáÝù Ç Ñ³Ûï »Ý ·³ÉÇë Ñ»ñå»ïÇÏ ó³Ý³íáñÙ³Ý ¹áõñë ·³Éáõó ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Å³ÙÇó ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ûñí³ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ: ÎñÏÝíáÕ ¹ñí³·Ý»ñÇ ³Ëï³Ýß³ÝÝ»ñÁ ëáíáñ³µ³ñ ³í»ÉÇ Ï³ñ× »Ý ¨ ³í»ÉÇ ùÇã Í³Ýñ, ù³Ý ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÇ ³é³çÇÝ ¿åÇ½á¹Á: âÝ³Û³Í ÇÝý»ÏóÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ÙÝ³É ûñ·³ÝÇ½ÙáõÙ ³Ýë³ÑÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, ¿åÇ½á¹Ý»ñÇ ù³Ý³ÏÁ Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ Ýí³½Ù³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ: ÐÇí³¹áõÃÛ³Ý ÏñÏÝáõÙÝ ³í»É ùÇã Ñ³×³Ë³ÏÇ »Ý Ðêì-1 íÇñáõëáí, ù³Ý Ðêì-2-áí:

symptoms do occur, they typically appear as one or more vesicles on or around the genitals, rectum or mouth. The average incubation period after exposure is 4 days (range from 2 to 12). The vesicles break and leave painful ulcers that may take between two to four weeks to heal. Experiencing these symptoms is referred to as having an “outbreak” or episode. Clinical manifestations of genital herpes differ between the first and recurrent outbreaks of HSV. The first outbreak of herpes is often associated with a longer duration of herpetic lesions, increased viral shedding (making HSV transmission more likely) and systemic symptoms including fever, body aches, swollen lymph nodes, and headache. Recurrent outbreaks of genital herpes are particularly common during the first year of infection. Approximately half of patients who recognize recurrences have prodromal symptoms such as mild tingling or shooting pains in the legs, hips and buttocks occurring from hours to days before eruption of herpetic lesions. Symptoms of recurrent outbreaks are typically shorter in duration and less severe than the first outbreak of genital herpes. Although the infection can stay in the body indefinitely, the number of outbreaks tends to decrease over time. Recurrences are much less frequent for genital HSV-1 infection than for genital HSV-2 infection.

Complications Genital herpes causes painful genital ulcers in many adults that can be severe and persistent in persons with suppressed immune systems, such as HIV-infected persons. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can also cause rare but serious complications such as blindness, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and aseptic meningitis (inflammation of the linings of the brain). Development of extra genital lesions in the buttocks, groin, thigh, finger, and eye may occur during the course of infection. Some persons who contract genital herpes have concerns about how it will impact their overall health, sex life, and relationships. Embarrassment, shame, and social stigma associated with a herpes diagnosis can interfere with patient’s relationships.

´³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ

Genital herpes and HIV

ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÝ ³é³ç³óÝáõÙ ¿ ó³íáï ë»é³Ï³Ý Ëáó»ñ, áñáÝù Ï³ñáÕ »Ý ÉÇÝ»É Í³Ýñ ¨ Ñ³ñ³×áÕ ÁÝÏ×í³Í ÇÙáõÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ· áõÝ»óáÕ ³ÝÓ³Ýó Ùáï, ÇÝãåÇù »Ý ØÆ²ì-áí í³ñ³Ïí³Í ³ÝÓÇÝù: º°í Ðêì-1, ¨° Ðêì-2 Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Ý³¨ ³é³ç³óÝ»É Ñ³½í³¹»å, µ³Ûó Éáõñç µ³ñ¹áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ÇÝãåÇëÇù »Ý` ÏáõñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ¿Ýó»ý³ÉÇïÁ (áõÕ»ÕÇ µáñµáùáõÙ), ³ë»åïÇÏ Ù»ÝÇÝ·ÇïÁ (áõÕ»Õ³Ã³Õ³ÝÃÝ»ñÇ µáñµáùáõÙÁ): ¾ùëïñ³·»ÝÇï³É íÝ³ëáõÙÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ Ýëï³ï»ÕáõÙ, ³×áõÏáõÙ, ³½¹ñ»ñáõÙ ¨ ³ãùáõÙ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ Ç Ñ³Ûï ·³É ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ: àñáß ³ÝÓÇÝù, áíù»ñ áõÝ»Ý ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ë, áõÝ»Ý ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ã» ÇÝãå»ë ³ÛÝ Ï³½¹Ç Çñ»Ýó ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³éáÕçáõÃÛ³Ý, ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùÇ ¨ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³: Î³ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí³Í ³ÙáÃË³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ Ë³ñ³Ý` Ï³åí³Í Ñ»ñå»ëÇ ³ËïáñßÙ³Ý Ñ»ï, áñÁ Ýß³Ý³Ï³ÉÇáñ»Ý Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ³½¹»É å³óÇ»ÝïÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³:

Genital ulcerative disease caused by herpes make it easier to transmit and acquire HIV through sexual intercourse. There is an estimated 2- to 4-fold increased risk of acquiring HIV when the person is exposed to that infection while genital herpes is present. This is because genital herpes can cause ulcers or breaks in the skin or mucous membranes (lining of the mouth, vagina, and rectum) which provide protection against infections, including HIV. Herpetic genital ulcers can bleed easily and when they come into contact with the mouth, vagina, or rectum during sex they increase the risk of HIV transmission.

ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ë ¨ ØÆ²ì ê»é³Ï³Ý Ëáó³ÛÇÝ ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ³é³ç³ÝáõÙ »Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ, ØÆ²ì í³ñ³ÏÇ ÷áË³ÝóáõÙÁ ¨ Ó»éù µ»ñáõÙÁ ë»é³Ï³Ý ×³Ý³å³ñáí ¹³éÓÝáõÙ »Ý ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ßï: Øáï³íáñ Ñ³ßí³ñÏÝ»ñáí ØÆ²ì Ó»éù µ»ñ»Éáõ éÇëÏÁ »ñÏáõëÇó ãáñë ³Ý·³Ù Ù»Í³ÝáõÙ ¿, »ñµ ³Û¹ ÇÝý»ÏóÇ³ÛÇ ¿ùëåá½ÇóÇ³Ý ï»ÕÇ ¿ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ, »ñµ ³éÏ³ ¿ ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ë: ê³ ³ÛÝ å³ï×³éáí, áñ ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÁ íÝ³ëáõÙ ¿ Ù³ßÏÁ ¨ ÉáñÓ³Ã³Õ³ÝÃÝ»ñÁ (µ»ñ³ÝÇ, Ñ»ßïáóÇ ¨ áõÕÇÕ ³ÕÇÝ å³ïáÕ ß»ñïÁ), áñÝ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙ ¿ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ í³ñ³ÏÝ»ñÇó` ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ ØÆ²ì-Çó: Ð»ñå»ïÇÏ ë»é³Ï³Ý Ëáó»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Ñ»ßïáñ»Ý ³ÛñáõÝ³Ñáë»É, ¨, »ñµ ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ß÷áõÙ Ï³ µ»ñ³ÝÇ, Ñ»ßïáóÇ Ï³Ù

Treatment There is no cure for herpes. However antiviral medications can prevent or shorten outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication. In addition, daily suppressive therapy (i.e. daily use of antiviral medication) for herpes can reduce the likelihood of transmission to partners.

Prevention Correct and consistent use of condoms can reduce the risk of getting genital herpes. However, outbreaks can occur in areas that are not covered by a condom. The surest way to avoid transmission of sexually transmit-

áõÕÇÕ ³Õáõ Ñ»ï, ³ÛÝ Ù»Í³óÝáõÙ ¿ ØÆ²ì-Ç ÷áË³ÝóÙ³Ý éÇëÏÁ:

´áõÅáõÙ Ð»ñå»ëÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ µáõÅáõÙ ãÏ³: Ð³Ï³íÇñáõë³ÛÇÝ ¹»Õ»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ý, ë³Ï³ÛÝ, Ï³ÝË»É Ï³Ù Ï³ñ×³óÝ»É ¹ñí³·Ý»ñÁ ³ÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ, »ñµ ³ÝÓÝ ÁÝ¹áõÝáõÙ ¿ ¹»Õáñ³ÛùÁ: ´³óÇ ¹³ ûñ»Ï³Ý/³Ù»ÝûñÛ³ ÁÝÏ×áÕ Ã»ñ³åÇ³Ý, ³ÛëÇÝùÝª Ñ³Ï³íÇñáõë³ÛÇÝ ¹»Õ»ñÇ ³Ù»ÝûñÛ³ û·ï³·áñÍáõÙÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ Ýí³½»óÝ»É Ñ»ñå»ëÁ ½áõ·ÁÝÏ»ñáçÁ ÷áË³Ýó»Éáõ Ñ³í³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

Î³ÝË³ñ·»ÉáõÙÁ ä³Ñå³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÇ ×Çßï ¨ Ñ»ï¨áÕ³Ï³Ý ÏÇñ³éáõÙÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ Ýí³½»óÝ»É ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëáí í³ñ³Ïí»Éáõ éÇëÏÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý ¹ñí³·Ý»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Ç Ñ³Ûï ·³É ³ÛÝ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ, áñáÝù ã»Ý Í³ÍÏíáõÙ å³Ñå³Ý³Ïáí: ê»é³Ï³Ý ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí ÷áË³ÝóíáÕ í³ñ³ÏÝ»ñÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ»ñå»ëÁ Ï³ÝË³ñ·»É»Éáõ É³í³·áõÛÝ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÁ ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÝï³ÏïÇó Ó»éÝå³Ñ ÙÝ³ÉÝ ¿ Ï³Ù »ñÏ³ñ³Å³ÙÏ»ï, ÙáÝá·³Ù Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ ëï»ÕÍ»ÉÝ ¿ ½áõ·ÁÝÏ»ñáç Ñ»ï, áí Ñ»ï³½áïí»É ¿ ¨ í³ñ³Ïí³Í ã¿: Ð»ñå»ëáí í³ñ³Ïí³Í ³ÝÓÇÝù å»ïù ¿ Ëáõë³÷»Ý Çñ»Ýó ½áõ·ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ë»é³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÇó, »ñµ Ñ»ñå»ïÇÏ ó³Ý»ñÁ ¨ ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý ³ÛÉ Ýß³ÝÝ»ñÝ ³éÏ³ »Ý: Î³ñ¨áñ ¿ ÇÙ³Ý³É, áñ »Ã» ³ÝÓÁ ãáõÝÇ áñ¨¿ ³Ëï³Ýß³Ý, Ý³ ¹»é Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ½áõ·ÁÝÏ»ñáçÁ í³ñ³Ï»É: ì³ñ³Ïí³Í ³ÝÓ³Ýó ë»é³Ï³Ý ½áõ·ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇÝ å»ïù ¿ ËáñÑáõñ¹ ï³É, áñ ù³ÝÇ áñ Ýñ³Ýù Ï³ñáÕ »Ý í³ñ³Ïí»É, å»ïù ¿ ³Ýå³ÛÙ³Ý û·ï³·áñÍ»Ý å³Ñå³Ñ³Ý³ÏÝ»ñ` Ýí³½»óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ í³ñ³ÏÙ³Ý éÇëÏÁ:

ted infections, including genital herpes, is to abstain from sexual contact or to be in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and is known to be uninfected. Persons with herpes should abstain from sexual activity with partners when sores or other symptoms of herpes are present. It is important to know that even if a person does not have any symptoms, he or she can still infect sex partners. Sex partners of infected persons should be advised that they may become infected and they should use condoms to reduce the risk.

ì³ñ¹³Ý Ð³Ùµ³ñÓáõÙÛ³Ý

Vardan Hambardzumyan

ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ³ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ social justice

Ðá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñÁ ¨ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ International classifications of mental disorders and the question of homosexuality

ÜáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ¹ñ³ å³ï×³éÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëÏ³óáõÙÁ »ñÏ³ñ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ùÝÝ³ñÏí»É ¿ ï³ñµ»ñ ·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñÃáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: ²ÝóÝ»Éáí Ñ³ëÏ³óÙ³Ý »ñÏ³ñ ×³Ý³å³ñÑ` Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÙë Ñá·»Ï³Ý ³éáÕçáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý Ó¨»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ: ²ÝÓÇ ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßáõÙÁ Ù³ñ¹áõ Ñáõ½³Ï³Ý, éáÙ³ÝïÇÏ ¨ ë»é³Ï³Ý ·ñ³íãáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ ³ÛÉ Ù³ñ¹áõ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ (Ð²², ²ÐÎ, ÆÈ¶²-ºíñáå³), ÇëÏ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ` Ù³ñ¹áõ Ñáõ½³Ï³Ý, éáÙ³ÝïÇÏ ¨ ë»é³Ï³Ý ·ñ³íãáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÝáõÛÝ ë»éÇ ³ÝÓÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ: àñáß Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³Ý ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ñí»É ¿ Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇëÏ ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙ: 20-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ í»ñçáõÙ ³éáÕç³å³Ñ³Ï³Ý áõ Ñá·»µáõÅ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ý»É »Ý Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý³·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñÇ ß³ñùÇó: Ü»ñÏ³ÛáõÙë Ñá·»Ï³Ý ³éáÕçáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí³Í »Ý ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÏÇñ³éíáõÙ »Ý Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³ËïáñáßÙ³Ý ¨ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·Ù³Ý 2 Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·»ñ: ²é³çÇÝÁ ²éáÕç³å³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý (³ÛëáõÑ»ï` ²ÐÎ) ÏáÕÙÇó Ùß³Ïí³Í Ðá·»Ï³Ý ¨ í³ñù³ÛÇÝ Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ ¿ (í»ñçÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÁ` ÐØ¸-10, ³ÛëáõÑ»ï `ÐØ¸), áñÝ ÁÝ¹áõÝíáõÙ ¨ ÏÇñ³éíáõÙ ¿ ³ßË³ñÑÇ ï³ñµ»ñ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ` ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ Ñ³Û³ëï³ÝÛ³Ý Ñá·»µáõÅ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ñá·»Ã»ñ³å¨ïÇÏ åñ³ÏïÇÏ³ÛáõÙ: ÆëÏ »ñÏñáñ¹Á Ðá·»µáõÛÅÝ»ñÇ ³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý ³ëáóÇ³óÇ³ÛÇ (³ÛëáõÑ»ï` Ð²²) ÏáÕÙÇó Ùß³Ïí³Í Ðá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³ËïáñáßÙ³Ý ¨ íÇ×³Ï³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ó»éÝ³ñÏÝ ¿ (í»ñçÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÁ` ²ìÒ-V, ³ÛëáõÑ»ï`²ìÒ), áñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÏÇñ³éíáõÙ ¿ ³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý Ñá·»µáõÅ³-

Different scientific dimensions have discussed the understanding of homosexuality and its reasons. Passing a long way homosexuality is currently seen as one type of sexual orientation in the mental health field. Sexual orientation is a person’s emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to an other person (APA, WHO, ILGA Europe) that is to say homosexuality is a person’s romantic and sexual attraction to a person of the same sex. In the past homosexuality was considered a crime and afterwards as mental disorder. In the end of 20th century health and psychiatric organizations removed homosexuality from the list of international classifications of mental disorders. Nowadays two mental disorders classification systems are established and being practiced by international professionals. The first one is the International Classification of Diseases (the last revision is ICD-10, from now: ICD) developed by the World Health Organization (from now: WHO) which is accepted in different countries, as well as in Armenian psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice. The second one is Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (the last revision is DSM-V, from now: DSM) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (from now: APA) which is mainly used in American psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice but is accepted in other countries as well. Until the 19th century homosexual activities were discussed from moral, religious and legal approaches, considering it as a “crime

Ï³Ý ¨ Ñá·»Ã»ñ³å¨ïÇÏ åñ³ÏïÇÏ³ÛáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ÉÇ ¿ Ý³¨ ³ÛÉ »ñÏÝ»ñáõÙ: ØÇÝã¨ 19-ñ¹ ¹³ñÁ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ùÝÝ³ñÏí»É »Ý µ³ñáÛ³Ï³Ý, ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ¨ Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó` ³ÛÝ ¹Çï³ñÏ»Éáí áñå»ë §Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝ µÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù¦ Ï³Ù §ëá¹áÙ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ¦ ¨ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹í»É ûñ»ÝùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: ²ÛÝ Ñ³Ýó³·áñÍáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ Ý³¨ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ÙÇÝã¨ 2003Ã.: ÐÐ øñ»³Ï³Ý ûñ»Ýë·ñùáõÙ Ï³ï³ñí³Í ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ` ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³å³ùñ»³Ï³Ý³óí»É ¿, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³ÛÉ¨ë ã»Ý Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ùñ»áñ»Ý å³ïÅ»ÉÇ: 19-20-ñ¹ ¹¹-áõÙ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ³ÛïÝí»É »Ý µÅßÏ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ñá·»µáõÅ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛ³Ý áõß³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝáõÙ` ¹Çï³ñÏí»Éáí áñå»ë Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙ: ØÇÝã¨ 1930-³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ µÅßÏ³Ï³Ý åñ³ÏïÇÏ³ÛáõÙ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ µ³ó³ïñíáõÙ ¿ñ ÇÝí»ñëÇáÝ í³ñÏ³Íáí, Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ áñÇ` ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»Ýë³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇ` Ù³ñ¹áõ §·»Ý»ñÇ¦ Ý»ñ·áñÍáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù ¿ñ: ÜáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³Ý Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ ÝÛ³ñ¹³ÑáõÙáñ³É Ñ»ñÙ³ýñá¹ÇïÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ (ÐÇñßý»É¹), áíù»ñ áõÝ»ÇÝ ³Ý³ïáÙÇ³Ï³Ý ¨ ýÇ½ÇáÉá·Ç³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ï³ñ³ë»é³Ï³Ý Ù³ñ¹Ï³ÝóÇó: ²Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ ½»ñÍ ãÇ ÙÝáõÙ Ý³¨ Ñá·»í»ñÉáõÍ³Ï³Ý ¹åñáóÇ Ñ³Û³óùÇó, áñáõÙ Ó¨³íáñíáõÙ »Ý »ñÏáõ Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñ: ²é³çÇÝÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ (üñáÛ¹)` ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³°Ù Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ ë»é³Ï³Ý ÇÝí»ñëÇ³, áñÁ ë»é³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÷áõÉ»ñÇ ³Ýµ³ñ»Ñ³çáÕ Ñ³ÕÃ³Ñ³ñÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù ¿ñ ¨ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ñá·»Ã»ñ³å¨ïÇÏ ÙÇç³ÙïáõÃÛáõÝ, Ï³°Ù áñáß Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ¹»åùáõÙ` ÝáñÙ³É ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ»ï¨³Ýù ¨ Ù³ñ¹áõ Ý»ñùÇÝ µÝ³½¹Ç ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïÙ³Ý Ó¨: ºñÏñáñ¹Ç Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ (è³¹á ¨ Ñ»ï¨áñ¹Ý»ñ)` ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ ýáµÇÏ Ëáõë³÷áõÙ Ñ³Ï³é³Ï ë»éÇó, áñÁ ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ù³ÝÏáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñÇùáõÙ ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÝ áõÕÕí³Í ³ñ·»ÉùÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝù ¿ñ, ¨ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ «µáõÅáõÙ»: Ð»Ýó Ñá·»í»ñÉáõÍ³Ï³Ý ¹åñáóÝ ¿ñ, áñ ËáãÁÝ¹áïáõÙ ¿ñ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý` Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý³·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ß³ñùÇó ¹áõñë Ñ³Ý»ÉáõÝ: 1949Ã-ÇÝ ²éáÕç³å³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÐØ¸-6-áõÙ Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ µ³ÅÇÝÁ, ÇëÏ 1952Ã-ÇÝ ¹áõñë ¿ ·³ÉÇë ²ìÒ-I-Á, áñáÝóáõÙ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óíáõÙ ¿ Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ß³ñùáõÙ:

against nature” or “sodomy” and being pursuit by law. In Armenia it was considered a crime until 2003. According to the changes in the RA Criminal Code homosexuality was decriminalized, in other words homosexual relations were not considered to be criminally punishable anymore. During 19-20th century homosexual relations appeared in the attention of medical and psychiatric communities being seen as mental disorder. Until 1930’s homosexuality was explained by inversion hypothesis in the medical practice. According to this hypothesis homosexuality was caused by biological factors, “genes” influences. Homosexual people were neuro-endocrinological hermaphrodites (Hirschfield) who have anatomical and physiological differences from heterosexual people. During this period of time two approaches were stated about the reason of homosexuality from the psychoanalytic point of view. According to the first one (Freud) homosexuality for some people was seen as sexual pervasion that was the reason of unfavorable overcoming of sexual development stages and assumed psychotherapeutic intervention. And in some cases it was seen as a reason of normal development process and was a form of expression of human instinct. According to the second view (Rado and followers) homosexuality was considered as phobic avoidance of the other sex caused by parental prohibitions during childhood sexuality and assumed “treatment”. The psychoanalytic school was hampered to remove homosexuality form the list of mental disorders for a long time. In 1949 the World Health Organization included the section of mental disorders in ICD-6, and in 1952 DSM-I was published by the American Psychiatric Association. In both classifications homosexuality was included as a mental disorder. The further changes in both classifications have been influenced by several factors. First of all, during 1940-1950s two psychologist-researchers (Evelyn Hooker and Alfred Kinsley) published the results of their research about homosexuality. According to the research re-

¸³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ»ï³·³ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý áõÝ»ó»É ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñ: Ü³Ë 1940-1950-³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ »ñÏáõ Ñá·»µ³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáÕÝ»ñ (¾í»ÉÇÝ ÐáõÏ»ñ ¨ ²Éýñ»¹ ÎÇÝëÉÇ) Ññ³å³ñ³ÏáõÙ »Ý ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõùÝ»ñÁ, Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ áñáÝó` ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ï³ñ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óíáõÙ »Ý áã Ã» áñå»ë Ñ³Ï³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ³ÛÉ ÙÇ »ñ¨áõÛÃÇ` ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý ¹ñë¨áñÙ³Ý »ñÏáõ µ¨»éÝ»ñ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó 1970-³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ ³í»É³ÝáõÙ »Ý ëáóÇ³Éù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ, »ñµ ·»Û ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÁ µáÕáùÇ ³ÉÇù »Ý µ³ñÓñ³óÝáõÙ Ñá·»µáõÅ³Ï³Ý ¨ ³éáÕç³å³Ñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù: Üñ³Ýù 1970Ã-ÇÝ ê³Ý üñ³ÝóÇëÏáÛáõÙ µáÕáùÇ ³ÏóÇ³Ý»ñ »Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙ ²Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý Ñá·»µáõÅ³Ï³Ý ³ëáóÇ³óÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ÅáÕáíÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ` Ý»ñËáõÅ»Éáí Ý»ñë ¨ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûï»Éáí Çñ»Ýó µáÕáùÁ Ñá·»µáõÛÅÝ»ñÇ Ùáï»óáõÙ³Ý ¹»Ù: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ, Ñ³ßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³ÏïíÇëï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅÙ³Ý µáÕáùÝ»ñÁ ¨ Ñá·»µ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ` 1974Ã-ÇÝ Ðá·»µáõÛÅÝ»ñÇ ³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý ³ëáóÇ³óÇ³Ý í»ñ³Ý³ÛáõÙ ¿ ²ìÒ-II-Á ¨ Ñ»é³óÝáõÙ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ß³ñùÇó: àñå»ë ÷áËÑ³ïáõóáõÙ ²ìÒ-II-áõÙ ³í»É³ÝáõÙ ¿ §ê»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙ¦ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÁ, Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ áñÇ` ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ ãÇ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³ÛÝ Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙ ¿, »Ã» ³ÝÓÁ ¹ÇëÃñ»ë ¿ ³åñáõÙ Ï³åí³Í Çñ ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý Ñ»ï ¨ ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ ÷áË»É: ²ìÒ-III-áõÙ ³ÛÝ ÷áË³ñÇÝíáõÙ ¿ §¾·á-¹ÇëÃáÝÇÏ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ¦ »½ñáõÛÃáí` å³Ñå³Ý»Éáí ÝáõÛÝ ÇÙ³ëïÁ, ÇëÏ Ñ»ï³·³ í»ñ³Ý³ÛáõÙÝ»ñáõÙ` (²ìÒ III-ì-áõÙ (1987Ã.), ²ìÒ-IV (1994Ã.) ¨ ²ìÒ-IV-TR(2000Ã.)) ¹áõñë ¿ Ñ³ÝíáõÙ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÇó` ÷áË³ñÇÝí»Éáí §âï³ñµ»ñ³Ïí³Í ë»é³Ï³Ý ³Ý·³ñáõÙ¦ µ³ÅÝáõÙ ³éÏ³ Ï»ïáí: Ü»ñÏ³ÛáõÙë ²ìÒ V-áõÙ (2013Ã.) ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ »Ý Ï³ï³ñí»É, áñï»ÕÇó Ñ³Ýí»É ¿ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ï»ïÁª ÑÇÙÝí³Í ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý íñ³, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Û¹ ë³ÑÙ³ÝáõÙÁ ãÇ Ñ³Ù³ñí»É ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ýáñ»Ý û·ï³Ï³ñ: 1992Ã-ÇÝ ÐØ¸-áõÙ ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñå»ë ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙ ¹áõñë ¿ Ñ³ÝíáõÙ Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ß³ñùÇó ¨ ³é³ÝÓÝ³óíáõÙ ·»Ý¹»ñ³ÛÇÝ ÇÝùÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇó (ÐØ¸-10), ë³-

sults homosexuality and heterosexuality were not seen as counterpoints but as poles of expressions of the same phenomena: sexual orientation. On the other hand, during 1970s social and political activities began to influence on this issue, when gay activists started protesting against the psychiatric and health communities. In 1970 they organized a protest during the American Psychiatric Association’s conference in San Francisco by breaking in the conference and expressing their point of view against the psychiatrists’ approach. As a result taking in the consideration the activist movement protests as well as the results of psychological researches about homosexuality, the American Psychiatric Association revised DSM-II and removed homosexuality from the list of mental disorders in 1974. As compensation a new classification was added in DSMII: “Sexual orientation disturbance”. According to this classification homosexuality wasn’t assumed as a mental disorder itself, but the disorder is diagnosed when an individual had distress related to the sexual orientation and wanted to change it. In DSM-III it was replaced by “Egodystonic homosexuality”, having the same meaning. In future revisions (DSM-III-R (1987), DSM-IV (1994), DSM-IV-TR (2000)) was removed from the classifications and replaced with “Sexual disturbance not otherwise specified”. At the moment some changes were made in DSM-V (2013) and the “Sexual disturbance not otherwise specified” was removed because the mentioned definition didn’t con-

Ï³ÛÝ å³Ñå³ÝíáõÙ »Ý ë»é³Ï³Ý Ý³ËÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï ³éÁÝãíáÕ »ñÏáõ Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñ: ²é³çÇÝÁ §ê»é³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëáõÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙ¦-Ý ¿, »ñµ ³ÝÑ³ïÁ ï³é³åáõÙ ¿ ë»÷³Ï³Ý ë»é³Ï³Ý å³ïÏ³Ý»ÉáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý Ï³ëÏ³ÍÝ»ñÇó, áñáÝù µ»ñáõÙ »Ý ï³·Ý³åÇ ¨ ¹»åñ»ëÇ³ÛÇ: ÆëÏ »ñÏñáñ¹Ý §¾·á-¹ÇëïáÝÇÏ ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßáõÙ¦-Ý ¿, »ñµ ³Ûó»ÉáõÇ ë»éÇ å³ïÏ³Ý»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ ÏáÕÙÝáñáßáõÙÁ Ï³ëÏ³ÍÇ ï³Ï ã»Ý ¹ñíáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³ÝÑ³ïÁ ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿, áñ ¹ñ³Ýù áõñÇß ÉÇÝ»Ý ³éÏ³ Éñ³óáõóÇã Ñá·»µ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ï³Ù í³ñù³ÛÇÝ Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí ¨ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ µáõÅí»É` ³ÛÝ ÷áË»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí: Ü»ñÏ³ÛáõÙë ²ÐÎ-Ý í»ñ³Ý³ÛáõÙ ¿ ÐØ¸-Ý ¨ åÉ³Ý³íáñáõÙ ¿ ÐØ¸-11-Á Ññ³å³ñ³Ï»É 2017Ã-ÇÝ: §ê»é³Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¨ ë»é³Ï³Ý ³éáÕçáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³Ý³ÛÙ³Ùµ ½µ³ÕíáÕ §²ßË³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ËáõÙµ¦-Ý ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ ¹áõñë Ñ³Ý»É ÐØ¸-11-Çó §Ðá·»µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ¨ í³ñù³ÛÇÝ Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñ Ï³åí³Í ë»é³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ¨ ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý Ñ»ï¦ Ï»ïÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³ÛÝ ãÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³ÝáõÙ Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ëï³Ý¹³ñïÝ»ñÇ ã³÷³ÝÇßÝ»ñÇÝ: ´³óÇ ¹ñ³ÝÇó Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÙë ³éÏ³ ¿ ÷áñÓ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ å³Ï³ë, áñáÝù Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Ñ³ëï³ï»É ë»é³Ï³Ý ÏáÕÙÝáñáßÙ³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÙÝ»ñÇ å³ÃáÉá·ÇÏ µÝáõÛÃÁ: ²ÛëåÇëáí ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ å³ïÏ»ñ³óáõÙÝ»ñÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ¹ñ³Ýó ¹áõñë Ñ³ÝáõÙÁ Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñÇó å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñáí: Ü³Ë ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ùÝÝ³ñÏáõÙÁ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ¨ Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ¹³ßïÇó ï»Õ³÷áËíáõÙ ¿ ëÏ½µáõÙ µÅßÏ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ñá·»µáõÅ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÛÃÇ, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ Ý³¨ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý ¨ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÛÃÇ ùÝÝ³ñÏÙ³Ý ¹³ßï, áñÇ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿É Ñ»Ýó µ»ñáõÙ ¿ Ýñ³Ý, áñ Ï³ñ¨áñí»Ý Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÁ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ëÏëáõÙ »Ý ½³ñ·³Ý³É áõ µ³ñ»É³íí»É Ñ»Ýó Ñá·»Ï³Ý Ë³Ý·³ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·áõÙÝ»ñÁ` Ý»ñ³é»Éáí Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ¨ ûµÛ»ÏïÇí Ñ»ï³½áï³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ íñ³ ÑÇÙÝí³Í ã³÷³ÝÇßÝ»ñ: ºí Ç í»ñçá ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ Ý³¨ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý áõ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅÙ³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ, áñÁ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï»ÕÍáõÙ ¹Çï³ñÏ»É ÝáõÛÝ³ë»é³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÛÉ ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó:

sider it as practically useful. In the ICD homosexuality was removed from the list of mental disorder as a separate disorder in 1992 and was distinguished from the gender identity disorders (ICD-10). However, two disorders related to the sexual preference continue to exist in the list of mental disorders. The first one is “Sexual maturation disorder” when the individual suffers from uncertainty about his or her gender identity or sexual orientation, which causes anxiety or depression. And the second one is “Ego-dystonic sexual orientation” when the gender identity or sexual preference is not in doubt but the individual wishes it was different because of associated psychological and behavioral disorders and may seek treatment in order to change it. Nowadays the WHO is revising ICD and planning to publish ICD-11 in 2017. “The working group” who is revising the classifications of “Sexual disorders and sexual health” suggests removing the “Psychological and behavioral disorders associated with sexual development and orientation” point from ICD-11, because it does not meet human rights standards. Besides currently there is a lack of experimental studies that can prove the pathological nature of the different expressions of sexual orientation. Thus, the changes in understanding homosexuality and its removal from the international classifications of mental disorders were caused by several factors. Firstly, the discussion of homosexual relations moved from the religion and legal fields to medical and psychiatric and later to political and social communities’ field which led to highlighting of human rights. Moreover, the international classifications of mental disorders started to develop themselves by including the importance of human rights priority and making decisions based on the objective research data. And finally, the changes were also related to the political and social movements’ evolvement that provided the space to view homosexuality from other perspective.

ÈÇÉÇÃ ²í»ïÇëÛ³Ý

Lilit Avetisyan

×³Ý³å³ñÑáñ¹ traveller îÝï»ë³å»ë ³Õù³ï, ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñ³ñáõëï ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³Ý. ²ñ÷ÇÝ» ¶³Éý³Û³Ý

Economically poor, extensively rich India. Aprine Galfayan

²ÝóÛ³É ï³ñÇ ßáõñç ³ÙÇë 7 ³åñ»É »Ù ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝáõÙ` æ³Û÷áõñ ù³Õ³ùáõÙ: ¸³ë³í³Ý¹áõÙ ¿Ç ¹åñáóáõÙ: ²Û¹ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ Ý³¨ ×³Ý³å³ñÑáñ¹»É »Ùª ÙÇ ùÇã ÑÛáõëÇëáõÙ, ÙÇ ùÇã Ñ³ñ³íáõÙ ¨ ÇÑ³ñÏ» è³ç³ëï³Ý Ý³Ñ³Ý·áõÙ, áñÇ Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùÝ ¿ æ³Û÷áõñÁ: ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝÁ ¿ÃÝÇÏ, ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³éáõÙÝ»ñáí ß³ï µ³½Ù³½³Ý »ñÏÇñ ¿, áñÇ ÙÇ³ÛÝ ÙÇ ÷áùñ Ù³ëÝ »Ù ï»ë»É: àõëïÇ ÇÝã ¿É å³ïÙ»Ù ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, ÑÇÙÝí³Í ¿ ÇÙ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï ³ÝÓÝ³Ï³Ý ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³: ¸åñáóÝ, áõñ ³ßË³ïáõÙ ¿Ç, ·ïÝíáõÙ ¿ñ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³Õù³ï ¨ ³Ý³å³Ñáí Ã³Õ³Ù³ëáõÙ: àõÝ»Ç ³ß³Ï»ñïÝ»ñ, áõÙ ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ã¿ÇÝ ëï³ó»É, áÙ³Ýù ¿É ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ï³é³×³Ý³ã ã¿ÇÝ: Þ³ï ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ ³ñÑ»ëï³íáñ Ï³Ù

Last year I lived in Jaipur, India for about seven months. I was teaching at a school. I took my time to travel and explore the North, South of India and of course Rajasthan province, the capital of which is Jaipur. In ethnic, religious and cultural aspects India is a country of great diversity and I was able to see only a small part of it. So, whatever I tell about India is based on my subjective personal experience. The school where I was working in, is situated in a rather poor and unsecured district. I had pupils whose parents didn’t have proper education and some of them didn’t even know the alphabet. There were also many craftsmen and salesmen caste representatives; I got acquainted to the culture of these classes through my colleagues and pupils. I

³é¨ïñ³Ï³Ý Ï³ëï³Ý»ñÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÝ»ñÁ. ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇë áõ ³ß³Ï»ñïÝ»ñÇë ÙÇçáóáí Í³ÝáÃ³ó»É »Ù Ý³¨ ³Û¹ ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·»ñÇ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇÝ: Ü³¨ ÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñ áõ Í³ÝáÃÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ç ³í»ÉÇ ³å³Ñáí áõ ÏñÃí³Í ¹³ë³Ï³ñ·Çó, ÇëÏ Ýñ³Ýù ³ÛÉ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃ ¿ÇÝ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ: ²åñ»É »Ù ÙÇ ï³ÝÁ, áñï»Õ ï³ñµ»ñ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó, µáÉáñ Ù³Ûñó³Ù³ùÝ»ñÇó »Ï³Í Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Ï³ÛÇÝ. ³Û¹ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÙÇç³í³ÛñáõÙ ¿ ³Ýó»É Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÇë ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ: ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝáõÙ ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³é³çÇÝ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÇÝ »ë Ñ³Ý¹Çå»É »Ù, Ëïñ³Ï³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÝ ¿ñ Ï³Ý³Ýó ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ: æ³Û÷áõñÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ å³Ñå³ÝáÕ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝÇ. Ï³Ý³Ûù ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ï³Ý Ý»ñëáõÙ »Ý, Ñ³Ýñ³ÛÇÝ í³Ûñ»ñáõÙ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ »Ý, ³Ý·³Ù ÷áÕáóáõÙ ù³ÛÉ»ÉÁ, ³é³í»É ¨ë Ù»Ý³Ï, ÏÝáç Ñ³Ù³ñ ß³ï ïÑ³×, ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ Ýí³ëï³óÝáÕ ÷áñÓ³éáõÃÛáõÝ ¿: ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝáõÙ ß³ï áõÅ»Õ ¿ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ ÇÝëïÇïáõïÁ: ä»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ¹»ñÇ ÃáõÛÉ ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ù»Í³ÝáõÙ ¿ Ï³Ëí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇó, ÇëÏ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ ¿É, Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ, ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³ÏáõÙ ¿ ³ÝÑ³ïÇ ³½³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Ø»Ýù Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ÁÝï³ÝÇùÁ ¹Çï³ñÏ»É ·áñÍ³ïáõÇ Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³ÏáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ »Ï³ÙáõïÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ëï³óíáõÙ ¿ ÁÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý µÇ½Ý»ëÇó: úñÇÝ³Ï Í»ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³Ù ÑÇí³Ý¹áõÃÛ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ËÝ³ÙáÕÝ ¿ÉÇ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ ¿ ¨ å³ï³ëË³Ý³ïáõ ¿ Ñá·³É Çñ ÑÇí³Ý¹ ³Ý¹³ÙÇ Ù³ëÇÝ: ²ÛÉ Ï»ñå ³ë³Í, ÙÇ³ÛÝ³Ï Ù³ñ¹áõÝ, áí ¹áõñë ¿ ÙÝ³ó»É ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇó, ß³ï ¹Åí³ñ ÏÉÇÝÇ ·áÛ³ï¨»ÉÁ: ²ÙáõëÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ »Ý Ï³ñ·³íáñíáõÙ: êáíáñ³Ï³Ý »ñ¨áõÛÃ ¿ ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³ÕçÏ³ Ñ³ñ³½³ïÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ) ·ïÝ»É §É³í ÷»ë³óáõ¦ Çñ»Ýó ³ÕçÏ³Ý ³ÙáõëÝ³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ²ÛÝ Ñ³ñóÁ, Ã» Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ Çñ³ñ Ñ»ï ëÇñá±í »Ý ³ÙáõëÝ³ó»É, Ã»± å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³ÍáõÃÛ³Ùµß³ï Ñ³×³Ë ¿ ùÝÝ³ñÏíáõÙ: ÀÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñÁ µ³Ý³ÏóáõÙ »Ý ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó Ñ»ï, Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ»óÝáõÙ »Ý §·áñÍ³ñùÁ¦, áñÝ ÁÝ¹·ñÏáõÙ ¿ Ý³¨ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝ ûÅÇïÇ ßáõñç: úÅÇïÇ Ñ³ñóÁ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ËÝ¹ñ³Ñ³ñáõÛó ¿: ÀÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñ ï»ë³, áñáÝù Çñ»Ýó 10-20 ï³ñí³ ÁÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý »Ï³ÙáõïÇ ã³÷ å³ñïù»ñ áõ ïáÏáëáí ·áõÙ³ñ-

had also more educated friends and acquaintances and they were representing different culture. I was living in a house with people from different countries and continents so I was also able to spend part of my time in that international atmosphere. The first challenge that I faced in India was the discrimination towards women. Jaipur has a rather conservative society: most women stay at home and men are mostly in public places. For a woman, walking down the street by herself is a very unpleasant experience, it even feels like a humiliating trial. Family as an institution is still a very strong concept in India. Because of the weak social role of the State, there is dependence from the family that often restricts the freedom of the individuals. We can consider the family as the employer since the income is a result of the family buisness. For example in case of illness or senility, the family is the responsible to take care of sick member. In other words, it would be very difficult for a single person to survive if he or she is driven out of the familly. Marriages in India are still arranged by agreements between families. It is very common for parents (usually the girl’s relatives) to find a “good groom” to marry their daughter. Therefore is not rare to ask whether someone is married by love or by agreement. The families negotiate with each other and arrange “the deal” which includes a dowry. The dowry issue is very complicated. I saw families taking loans equivalent to 10-20 years of the family income to get their daughters married. Not being married is considered to be a problem. Single women, of course, if they aren’t religious leaders, are usually driven out of the society. Despite these restrictions and discrimination there are also liberal women, involved with NGOs and undertaking legislative activities, lecturing, etc. It was also interesting to observe cases, where educated women executing important work in the social field, were totally changed after entering their husband’s family. For example, they preserve all the hierarchies in the relationship between the woman and her father-in-law or the husband’s brother: they cover their head and face, serve them, keep silence in front of them, etc.

Ý»ñ ¿ÇÝ í»ñóñ»É ³ÕçÇÏÝ»ñÇÝ ³ÙáõëÝ³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: â³ÙáõëÝ³Ý³ó³Í ÉÇÝ»ÉÝ ¿É ¿ ËÝ¹Çñ: â³ÙáõëÝ³ó³Í Ï³Ý³Ûù, »Ã» ÇÑ³ñÏ» Ñá·¨áñ ³é³çÝáñ¹Ý»ñ ã»Ý, ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ¹áõñë »Ý ÙÁÕíáõÙ Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÇó: ²Ûë µáÉáñ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³ÏáõÙÝ»ñÇ áõ Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ï»ë³ Ý³¨ ÉÇµ»ñ³É Ï³Ý³Ýó, áíù»ñ Ý»ñ·ñ³íí³Í »Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ¹³ë³ËáëáõÙ »Ý ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: Ð»ï³ùñùÇñ ¿ñ Ý³¨ ¹Çï³ñÏ»É ¹»åù»ñ, »ñµ Ï³Ý³Ûù, áíù»ñ É³í ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ëï³ó»É, Ñ³Ýñ³ÛÇÝ áÉáñïáõÙ Ï³ñ¨áñ ³ßË³ï³Ýù »Ý Ï³ï³ñáõÙ áõ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ñÓ³Ï »Ý, ÉÇáíÇÝ ÷áËíáõÙ »Ý, »ñµ ÙïÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó ³ÙáõëÝáõ ÁÝï³ÝÇù: úñÇÝ³Ï, ëÏ»ëñ³ÛñÇ Ï³Ù ³í³· ï»·ñáç Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ å³Ñå³ÝáõÙ »Ý µáÉáñ ÑÇ»ñ³ñËÇ³Ý»ñÁª Í³ÍÏáõÙ ·ÉáõËÝ áõ ¹»ÙùÁ, ëå³ë³ñÏáõÙ Ýñ³Ýó, Éáõé (ãËáëÏ³Ý) ÙÝáõÙ Ýñ³Ýó Ùáï ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝáõÙ ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ÏÝáç ³í³Ý¹³Ï³Ý Ñ³·áõëïÁ ¹Çï³ñÏ»ÉÇë ¹áõ Ï³ñáÕ »ë ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ÇÙ³Ý³É Ýñ³Ýó ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³ÏÇ Ù³ëÇÝ. áñ Ï³ëï³ÛÇó ¿, ³ÙáõëÝ³ó³Í ¿ ³ñ¹Ûáù, ïÕ³ »ñ»Ë³ áõÝÇ, Ã» áã, ³ÙáõëÇÝÁ Ï»Ý¹³ÝÇ ¿, Ã» áã ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: Î³Ý³Ýó Çñ³í³½áõñÏ íÇ×³ÏÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃÝ»ñÁ Ýå³ëïáõÙ »Ý ë»éáí å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ÑÕÇáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñÑ»ëï³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ïáõÙÝ»ñÇ ù³Ý³ÏÇ ³×ÇÝ: ä³ï×³éÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³ÝÝ ¿ª Ëáõë³÷»Éáõ ³ÛÝ Í³Ëë»ñÇó, áñáÝù ÁÝï³ÝÇùÁ å»ïù ¿ ÏñÇ Çñ»Ýó ³ÕçÇÏÝ»ñÇÝ ³ÙáõëÝ³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹, ÇÝãå»ë Ù»½ Ùáï, ³ÛÝï»Õ ¿É ïÕ³ »ñ»Ë³Ý ¿ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ «ï³Ý ÍáõËÁ å³ÑáÕÁ»: ÀÝï³ÝÇùÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·áõÙ³ñ í³ëï³ÏáÕÁ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ÇÏ »Ý, ÇëÏ Ï³Ý³Ýó ¹»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ï³ÝÝ ¿` ËáÑ³ÝáóáõÙ: Î³ñ¹³óÇ Ý³¨, áñ ÑÇÝ¹áõ³Ï³Ý ÏñáÝáõÙ §¹ñ³ËïÇ¦ ÙÇ ï»ë³Ï Ï³, áñÇÝ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ³ëÝ»É ÙÇ³ÛÝ ³ñáõ ½³í³Ï áõÝ»Ý³Éáõ ÙÇçáóáí, áñáÑ»ï¨ í»ñçÇÝë áñáß³ÏÇ ³ÕáÃùÝ»ñ áõ Ñá·¨áñ ³ñ³ñáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ³Ý»Éáõ ³ñïáÝáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝÇ: Ð»ï³ùñùÇñ ¿ñ ÇÙ³Ý³É, áñ ÑÝ¹ÇÏ Ï³Ý³Ûù Ñå³ñï³ÝáõÙ »Ý Çñ»Ýó ×»ñÙ³ÏáÕ Ù³½»ñáí ¨ ³í³· ï³ñÇùáí. Ñ³í³Ý³µ³ñ, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ï³ñÇùÇ Ñ»ï Ý³¨ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³ÏÝ ¿ ÷áËíáõÙ: úñÇÝ³Ï, »Ã» ÏÇÝÁ ïÕ³ »ñ»Ë³

In India by observing a woman’s traditional clothing you may know almost everything about her social status, which casta she is from, if she is married, has a son or even if her husband is alive. A mix between the lack of women rights and traditions has led to the dissemination of sex selective abortion. One of the main reasons of this practice is financial: to avoid the costs that families have to make to marry their daughters. Besides, in India as well as in our country the male child is considered as a keeper of the hearth. The main income is also earned by men, and women’s role is mostly domestic, in the kitchen. I also read that there is a type of “heaven” in hinduism, which can be reached only through having a male child because he has privalage of saying some prayers and doing religious ceremonies. It was interesting to find out that Indian women are proud of their hair turning grey and adulthood, perhaps because the social status changes with the age. For example, if a woman has a son, after his marriage she can become mother-in-law and in a way “take revange of her youth from her son’s wife”. There are many jokes about quarells between son’s wife and mother-in-law, but also many lawsuits connected with domestic violence. Along with such common phenomenon of objectifying women, discrimination, violence and preassure towads them, I met also excellent examples of strong women. The practice of “self-assistance groups” was a great discovery for me, we can say, this is an Indian phenomenon and exists in a very few places except this country. The average selfassistance group is organized by 10 women who create a fund out of their private savings and after some time they start providing the accumulated sum to the group members with 1 % loan and the benefit is equally divided among all the group members at the end of the year. Each group decides it’s working rules: how much percent of loan to take, for how long and as well as the budgets limit. It is interesting that these women had supersede the banks who gave credits from the region not by force but by the strength of their organizing skills. 10 years ago, as it is now in our country, the banks suggested loans with 23-24 %.

áõÝÇ, í»ñçÇÝÇë ³ÙáõëÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá Ï¹³éÝ³ ëÏ»ëáõñ ¨ ÏÏ³ñáÕ³Ý³ §Çñ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹áõÃÛ³Ý íñ»ÅÁ ÉáõÍ»É Ñ³ñëÇó¦: ²ÛÝï»Õ ¿É ß³ï Ï³ï³ÏÝ»ñ Ï³Ý Ñ³ñë-ëÏ»ëáõñ ÏéÇíÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ µ³½Ù³ÃÇí ¹³ï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍ»ñ` ÁÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý µéÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í: Î³Ý³Ýó ³é³ñÏ³Û³óÙ³Ý áõ ×ÝßÙ³Ý, Ï³Ý³Ýó ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ µéÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ Ëïñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ï³ñ³Í »ñ¨áõÛÃÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕùÇÝ Ñ³Ý¹Çå»óÇ Ý³¨ Ï³Ý³Ýó Ý»ñáõÅÇ Ñ½áñ³óÙ³Ý ÑÇ³Ý³ÉÇ ûñÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñ: ÆÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Í µ³ó³Ñ³ÛïáõÙ ¿ñ §ÇÝùÝû·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ËÙµ»ñÇ¦ åñ³ÏïÇÏ³Ý, áñÁ, Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, Ñ»Ýó ÑÝ¹Ï³Ï³Ý ý»ÝáÙ»Ý ¿ ¨ ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝÇó µ³óÇ ß³ï ùÇã ï»Õ»ñáõÙ ·áÛáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝÇ: ÆÝùÝû·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ËÙµ»ñáõÙ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåíáõÙ »Ý ÙÇçÇÝáõÙ 10 Ï³Ý³Ûù, áíù»ñ Çñ»Ýó ë»÷³Ï³Ý ËÝ³ÛáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ýáÝ¹ »Ý ëï»ÕÍáõÙ, ÇëÏ áñáß Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³Ýó, ýáÝ¹áõÙ Ïáõï³Ïí³Í ·áõÙ³ñÁ ëÏëáõÙ »Ý 1% í³ñÏáí ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»É ËÙµÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇÝ, ß³ÑáõÛÃÝ ¿É ï³ñ»í»ñçÇÝ Ñ³í³ë³ñ³ã³÷ µ³Å³ÝáõÙ »Ý ËÙµÇ µáÉáñ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: ÊÙµ»ñÇó Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñÁ áñáßáõÙ ¿ Çñ ³ßË³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Ï³ÝáÝÝ»ñÁª ù³ÝÇ ïáÏáëáí í³ñÏ ï³É/í»ñóÝ»É, áñù³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ïáí, ÇÝã ³é³í»É³·áõÛÝ ·áõÙ³ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Ð»ï³ùñùÇñ ¿, áñ ³Ûë Ï³Ý³Ûù í³ñÏ³ïáõ µ³ÝÏ»ñÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇó ¹áõñë »Ý ÙÕ»É áã Ã» µéÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ³ÛÉ Çñ»Ýó Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåÙ³Ý áõÅáí: 10 ï³ñÇ ³é³ç, ÇÝãå»ë ³ÛÅÙ Ù»½ Ùáï ¿, µ³ÝÏ»ñÁ Ýñ³Ýó í³ñÏ»ñ »Ý ³é³ç³ñÏ»É 23-24%-áí: ²ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÁ, áñ ËÙµ»ñáõÙ ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ï³Ý³Ûù »Ý ÉÇÝáõÙ, Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ Ýñ³Ýó ³ÝÑ³ï³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ÁÝï³ÝÇùáõÙ áõ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùáõÙ Ýñ³Ýó ¹»ñÇ Ù»Í³óÙ³ÝÁ: ºë ß³ï Ïáõ½»Ç, áñ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝáõÙ ¿É ÝÙ³Ý Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Çñ³·áñÍí»ÇÝ: Ø»Ýù ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ áñ¨¿ µ³Ý ëáíáñ»Éáõ ³ÏÝÏ³ÉÇùáí ³ñ¨Ùáõïù »Ýù Ý³ÛáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý áõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ß³ï Ñ³ñó»ñÇ å³ï³ëË³ÝÝ»ñ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ·ïÝ»É Ý³¨ ³ñ¨»ÉùáõÙ: ø³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÝÙ³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ³ßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáíª Ýñ³Ýó ÷áñÓÁ, ÑÝ³ñ³íáñ ¿, Ù»½ Ùáï ³í»ÉÇ Ý»ñ¹³ßÝ³Ïáñ»Ý ï»Õ³ÛÝ³óí»Ý:

æ³Û÷áõñ Jaipur

Now, as women of many families are involved in this alternative system, banks aren’t needed any more. Moreover, in case of need, the groups functioning in different villages help each other providing money for communal or personal plans. They say there isn’t any case of unrepaid loans. Such results are reached through influence of different factors. Manly because the group members are from the same community, and if one of them is irresponsible, could lose all social connections. The fact that there are only women in groups, increased their individual development, economical independence and their role in the family and society. I would really like such initiatives to be realized also in Armenia. Usually we tend to look for solutions in the western world, though we can find answers to many social and economical issues in the east. Taking into consideration political and cultural similarities, their experiments may be better adapted to our country.

Ü»ÉÉÇ ²é³ù»ÉÛ³Ý

Nelly Arakelyan

ÂºÄ ¶Ìºð HOTLINES

Âñ³ýÇÏÇÝ·Ç ½áÑ»ñÇ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý For the victims of trafficking

ÀÝï³Ý»Ï³Ý µéÝáõÃÛ³Ý Domestic violence

094 565 626 010 542 828 099 887 808

0800 50 558 0800 80 801 ºñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Children protection

²ñ³· ³ñÓ³·³ÝùÙ³Ý ËáõÙµ Rapid Response Unit

0800 61 111

rru.swv.am

ØÆ²ì-Ç ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ³é³í»É íï³Ý·Ç »ÝÃ³ñÏí³Í µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ å³ÉÇ³ïÇí ËÝ³ÙùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ For most at risk population toward HIV and palliative care 099 522 533

§ÆÝãå»ë ¹áõ¦ å³ñµ»ñ³Ï³ÝÇó ÝÛáõÃ»ñ û·ï³·áñÍ»Éáõ ¹»åùáõÙ ÑÕáõÙÁ å³ñï³¹Çñ ¿ Materials taken from "As you" magazine need to be referenced ä³ñµ»ñ³Ï³ÝÁ ³ÝÏ³Ë ï»Õ»Ï³ïí³Ï³Ý ³ÕµÛáõñ ¿, Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ §Ð³Ýñ³ÛÇÝ ï»Õ»Ï³ïíáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ·Çï»ÉÇùÇ Ï³ñÇù¦ ÐÎ-Ç, ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ³ÏïÇíÇëïÝ»ñÇ ç³Ýù»ñáí Üáñí»·Ç³ÛÇ ²ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ: The magazine is an independent information source published by efforts of Public Information and Need of Knowledge NGO, partner organizations and activists, by financial support of Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

öÆÜø ²ñÙ»ÝÇ³ÛÇ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ïáÕÇ ¨ Ñá·»µ³ÝÇ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÛëáõÑ»ï ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ Ã»Å ·ÇÍ Hotline for the services of social worker and psychologist at PINK Armenia

096

280-290

½³Ý·³Ñ³ñ»ù ³ßË³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ûñ»ñÇÝ 9:00-18:00 call during working days from 9am to 6pm Ø³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÁ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙ »Ý Ñ»ï¨Û³É Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ»ñÁ.

- ³ÝÑ³ï³Ï³Ý ËáñÑñ¹³ïíáõÃÛáõÝ - ÇÝùÝû·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ËÙµ»ñ - ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñ

Specialists provide the following services:

individual counseling self-help groups trainings -

* ïñ³Ù³¹ñ³Í Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³Ýí×³ñ »Ý * provided services are free of charge

²ßË³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ËáõÙµ` Ð»ÕÇÝ» ´³µ³Û³Ý Üí³ñ¹ Ø³ñ·³ñÛ³Ý Ø³ÙÇÏáÝ Ðáíë»÷Û³Ý ÎáÉÛ³ ÐáíÑ³ÝÝÇëÛ³Ý Ü»ÉÉÇ ²é³ù»ÉÛ³Ý

Working group: ÈÇÉÇÃ ²í»ïÇëÛ³Ý ¼³é³ Ð³ñáõÃÛáõÝÛ³Ý ì³ñ¹³Ý Ð³Ùµ³ñÓáõÙÛ³Ý ²ëïÕÇÏ ØËÇÃ³ñÛ³Ý ÈÇÉ Ð³ÏáµÛ³Ý

Heghine Babayan Nvard Margaryan Mamikon Hovsepyan Kolya Hovhannisyan Nelly Arakelyan

Ñ»é./tel. +374 60 377277 email: editor@pinkarmenia.org

Lilit Avetisyan Zara Harutyunyan Vardan Hambradzumyan Astkhik Mkhitaryan Lil Hakobyan

asyou.pinkarmenia.org

ê»åï»Ùµ»ñ, 2014Ã. September, 2014