Traditional instruments

Musical instruments played a key role in creating a network of interconnections, cross-references and shared features among the various European cultures.

Each country in Europe—in some cases each region, each district, and each community—has its own folk music and its own style. But the various traditions also have much in common. We give some examples of typical instruments of our partners countries and what have they in common.

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Authors (partners of our eTwinning project):

Aurelia Beruşcă – Romania, Bucharest, Elementary School "Nicolae Titulescu" Aneta Gierczak – Poland, Ruda Śląska, Gimnazjum nr 6 im. Wojciecha Korfantego Jose Luis Garcia de Diego – Spain, Soria, IES Virgen del Espino Katja Glazer Leskovšek – Slovenia, Radenci, Osnovna šola Radenci Rosa Giuliano – Italy, Lamezia Terme (CZ), IC Ardito-Don Bosco - Lamezia Terme Plesso Scuola Secondaria I Grado Luciana Daniela Pellegrino - Italy, Lamezia Terme (CZ), IC Ardito-Don Bosco Lamezia Terme - Plesso Scuola Secondaria I Grado Carolina Sánchez Serrano – Spain, Alcoy, Salesianos San Vicente Ferrer Rita Ćerniauskaite – Poland, Żmigród, Zespół Szkół Dwujęzycznych w Żmigrodzie Agnieszka Trybel – Poland, Legionowo, Powiatowy Zespół Szkół Ogólnokształcących

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Baghèt The baghèt (male) is a bagpipe medieval origins of Bergamo and Brescia. Although some of his oldest existence is attested from the mid-fourteenth century. The bagpipe of Bergamo had been virtually abandoned in the mid-fifties, with the entry into the crisis of civilization. The instrument was considered extinct, but since the eighties were carried out new research, by the musician Valter Biella, which led to the discovery of old copies of the instrument.

"The baghèt" was present in Imagna valley, in the valley Gandino, Valtorta, in the media and in the Val Seriana, although probably the tool had different shapes, while maintaining the same name.

The term baghèt was the most used, but there were also the names of the pious, or the pious baghèt. The player was called baghetér.

The baghèt was linked to the peasant world from which they came for the most part the baghetér. The instrument was not played in the summer, only with the arrival of cold weather, when the work became more rare, the peasants found themselves in the stables and it resumed operation. After the Epiphany, the instrument was again shelved until the following winter.

Launeddas Launeddas are woodwind musical instrument policalamo reed swing, that originate in Sardinia. It is an instrument with ancient roots that can produce polyphony it is played with the technique of circular breathing and is built using different types of reeds. The instrument consists of three rods of different sizes and thickness, with the top of the cabitzina where the reed is made. The low (or basciu tumbu) is the longer barrel and provides a single note: that the tonic which is tuned the entire instrument (note "pedal" or "drone"), and is devoid of holes. The second rod (mancosa manna) is used to produce the notes of the accompaniment is tied with twine pitched at the bottom (forming the croba). The third barrel (mancosedda) is free, and has the function of producing the notes of the melody.

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For the construction of Launeddas you use the barrel of the river.

There are different types of launeddas including the main ones are: • Punt'e organu • Fiorassiu • Median The instrument with all the Sardinian music suggests its spread in the past and it still survives in Sardinia. The Sarrabus, and especially Villaputzu, boasted and still boasts a school that disposal of the finest teachers, custodians of the rich repertoire of the different play, the manufacturing techniques and extensive oral literary heritage on the instrument.

The School of Sinis Among the so-called schools of launeddas, occupies a special position that the Sinis, which has its epicenter in the village of Cabras.

Lira calabrese The Calabrian Lira is a traditional musical instrument characteristic of areas of Calabria , such as the area of Locri and the area of Monte Poro . Due to its characteristics organological the instrument is fully part of a group defined as " Byzantine lira " , a family of chordophones arc , with recurring characteristics and very similar to each other , spread throughout the area of the former Byzantine Empire. He plays alone or accompanied by a tambourine , or frischiotti or terzinu . It is also used for the tarantella calabrese.

Features The lyre is played while seated , the instrument is placed between the knees or on the left leg .

With the left hand holding the handle of the instrument and tastano the strings sideways with your fingernail while her right hand rubbing the bow across the strings .

The traditional repertoire of the lira in Calabria includes the accompaniment to singing in various forms, both tracks suitable for dancing ( sonu at ballu ) , both played for one lira timeless defined air . The lyre , always traditionally played either alone or in a staff that could include tambourine , guitar swing and double flute .

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MĂźsa The muse muse or Apennine is a musical instrument of the family of Italian bagpipes, doublereed drone with single-reed.

It was used until the thirties of the last century, before being replaced by the accordion as an instrument of accompaniment of the pipe, to the music of the "Four Provinces" which constitute the cultural area formed by the mountain valleys of the province of Pavia, Alessandria, Genoa and Piacenza. In the province of Piacenza was widespread in the valleys of the west: Trebbia Tidone val, val Luretta val Boreca, while in the valleys to the east by Val Nure until the province of Parma, Emilia they used the bagpipe.

Parts of the instrument The muse is composed of a barrel with holes digital (or chanter reed of song), a cane drone which emits a unique sound and an insufflator said. All three are included in a skin bag which constitutes the air tank.

Ocarina The ocarina is a wind Italian instrument globular elongated, generally built in terracotta; aerophones of the genre, also known generically as arghilofoni (when constructed in clay), are very ancient and common tools (with different features) The ocarina standard used in Western music was invented in Italy, Budrio at a number of ancient civilizations. Its elongated oval shape reminiscent of the profile of a goose without the head: the name is derived from ucareina, diminutive goose in Bolognese dialect.

Today ocarinas have spread a bit 'all over the world: in addition to the Group Ocarinistico Budriese, the ocarina is coming into use in some folk groups from Austria, South Tyrol and Bavaria , as well as in other countries, including Korea, Japan , China, Peru, France, England and the United States.

Apart from the uses folk and playful, the ocarina has also been used in the composition of some scores, such as in some movies.

This musical instrument has also found a place in the "cultured" music. • A Budrio Festival is held biennial international Ocarina that has reached the seventh edition in 2013.

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• There are various App for iPhone, iPod touch, Windows Phone smartphones that will sound like an ocarina.

Piva The bagpipe or Emilian bagpipe is an Italian bagpipe in use in Apennines of Parma and Piacenza . The use of this tool was abandoned in the period immediately following the Second World War. It was a solo instrument mainly used for dance. From the eighties of the last century it began a recovery tool by many musical groups active in Modena and in other areas of Emilia-Romagna .. The bagpipe is composed of a rod with holes digital (chanter or s-cell in dialect Parma), by two rods drone (major and minor) and a said insufflator. All three are included in a skin bag which constitutes the air tank. The bag is made of leather tanned, traditionally goat, which is sewn in the back and use the openings of the neck and front legs for the insertion of the chanter and drones, as is done by a special cut for the insufflator. The chanter, double reed, is constructed from a single piece of wood, worked on a lathe, with seven finger holes on its front.

Putipù The putipù is a musical instrument membranophone clutch used in Neapolitan music and, more generally, in the popular music of much of southern Italy. This is not a percussion instrument rather than a friction drum.

Alternative names are: "Caccavella", "Spernacchiatore", "Puti-Puti", "Pignato", "Cute-Cute", "Cupello" (not to be confused with the eponymous town in Abruzzo), "Bufù" in the Lower Molise, "Pan-Bomb" (of Spanish origin), "Cupa-Cupa" (especially in Puglia), "Gloomy Gloomy" in Basilicata (eg Lauria and neighboring countries).

The instrument is composed of a membrane in animal skin or coarse canvas, a reed (generally bamboo) and a resonance chamber (usually wooden or tin). The rod that is rubbed with a downward motion and friction produces the characteristic sound from low pitch.

Sa bena Sa bena which can be single, double or triple is a primitive wind instrument woody, is often used reeds with reed swing and scraped. As a tool is used today mainly in the central area of Sardinia. Even if it is composed of two or three rods facing the melody is produced only in the barrel which has the holes. It's part of the family of aerophones, being akin to the pipe or launeddas.

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Scetavajasse (in Neapolitan dialect: Sceta = alarm, vaiasse = home) is a tool of popular music of southern Italy, in the most typical form consists of two wooden sticks, one smooth and one serrated, possibly with a series of metal plates on the opposite side of the indentation. The rubbing of the second stick on the first (usually held with the left hand from one end and the other end resting on the shoulder), causes the characteristic sound.

It is generally accompanied by other instruments such as putipù and triccheballacche Fischiotto The Fischiotto (in Calabrian dialect: Fischiottu or Frischiottu) is a woodwind musical instrument of the musical tradition of Calabria. The player uses it always paired with another fischiotto. It has the same scale of the bagpipe in use in the place where you play or place of origin of the player.

There are three variants of fischiotti: a paru, in mezzachiave or modern and Reggio. With the first means the use of two fischiotti of the same length with the second of different length. Finally, the Reggio is a middle of the above. There is evidence also of the use of 3 fischiotti at the same time, the last of which act as drone without holes.

Triccheballacche The triccheballacche (called "Tric-ballac" o Triaccabalacca" o "Trick Ballack") is a traditional musical instrument of the South of Italy.It is know in Naples, it consists of three martellett wooden framed between them.

The two hammers are moved by the musician, and beating against the central hammer, which remains fixed, produce the proper sound of the instrument.

Vattacicirchie The Vattacicirchie (named “vurra vurra e battafoco”) is a percussion musical instrument of the popular tradition of Abruzzo, consisting of a cylinder and a stick called “mazza vattante”.

The origin of the term comes from the words “vattere”(beat) e cicirchie, referring to the husking of legume know as grass pea, similar to the chickpea.

By Cocconcelli, Vescio Giovanni, Vincenzo Rametta (2E)

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A direct ancestor of the violin was four-string instrument tune in fifth. Then the violin got to Italy from Poland.

In Poland in the Middle Ages, a different kind of small drums, flutes and recorders was mainly used. In 17th and 18th centuries a folk musicians played instruments like lyres, violins and bagpipes. Since that time folk bands counted from two to five instruments. Main folk melodies was played by:    

The violin and bagpipe in Greater Poland; The violin, harmonica and accordion in Mazovia Region; The violin with wind instruments and accordion in Little Poland and Silesia Region; The violin to the accompaniment the drum or second violin – Central and Eastern part of Poland;  Additionally, the dulcimer was used by folk musicians in South-Eastern Poland.

Elder musicians from family or neighbourhood taught their relatives who decided to become a folk musician. They didn’t know any notes. They played all melodies by ear and had to remember all sounds for the future.

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Kołatka – Knocker - a wooden musical instrument issuing the shaking distinctive sounds. It consists of the board mounted on the handle, and pivoted at a hammer hitting a memo pad holder which appears clattering noise.

Suka - Polish string instrument The Suka was a unique fiddle that was played vertically, on the knee or hanging from a trap, and the strings were stopped at the side with the fingernails; similar to the Gadulka. The body of the instrument was very similar to the modern violin but the neck was very wide and the peg box was crude. This was thought to be the “missing link” between the upside-down or “knee chordophone” instruments and the modern violin. It died out and was known only from drawings of a single specimen displayed at an exhibition in 1888.

Baglama - stringed instrument derived from the culture of the Middle East. It is an instrument threshold. Thresholds are made of fishing line. Baglama is widespread under different names mainly in countries such as Turkey, Greece, Iran and Lebanon. Play an instrument can be both fingers and ankle. Baglama is made of wood. 7 metal strings tune the piece work while at the same sound of the first 3, then the same sound for 2 consecutive and the same for the next 2. For example, tone H starting from the plain strings E; AND; H. Dulcimer - The strings are stretched on a wooden board in the shape of a trapezoid. For the game uses two wooden sticks with a special curved shape. Strings in the number of up to 100 are stretched in so-called. bands along the body of the instrument. Band cords may be between 2 and 5 the strings of the same amount for the gain level of the instrument. They engage the pins, similar to the piano and tune them special wrench with a square cross-section (usually about 5 mm in diameter). The instrument has 2 or more sockets: right to the bass strings and left to the higher 9

strings. Another stand expand the scale of an instrument with additional sounds Alters'.

Maracas - Musical Instrument samobrzmiący (idiofon), type gruchawki, whose body is made of clay, shell walnut or pumpkin, mounted on a wooden shaft. Inside the box that created resonance are hard seeds, pebbles, etc., Issuing the characteristic shaking maracas rustle. It is not a good instrument melodic.

Violin According to the mythology the inventor of the stringed instruments was Mercury and the violin - Orpheus. Sappho invented the bow with the tightened horsehair.

The modern violin comes from a baroque one which was evolved from a few instruments used in the former times like a slur, a vielle, a primitive fiddle of the Podhale region (Poland).

Some scientists have accepted the hypothesis that the beginnings of a violin should be sought in Poland.

The stringed instruments found during the archaeological research in Poland are the important evidence of this theory. Some of them are dated from the 11th century found in Opole called gęśle, another one is dated from the 12th century found in Gdansk in 1948. It is a five-string instrument. The six-string instrument dating from the 15th century was dug up in Plock in 1986.

Violin body consists of two convex boards. The upper one is made of spruce wood and the bottom one of syncamore. The boards are joined with each other. There are sound holes in the upper board. A neck is attached to the sound box where there’s a fingerboard. Four strings are tightened by means of tuning pegs.

Long ago violin strings were made of dissected animals bowel and today they’re made of metal.

A bow is a wooden, springy stick usually made of the tree called pernambuco with a tightened hair coming from the tail of a horse . The horsehair is strung between the top of the bow called tip and its bottom called frog. The frog is usually wooden, made of ebony. It also can be plastic or made of ivory. At the frog end there is a screw to tighten the hair properly. by :Dawid Łysiak

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Music is an organic part of the existence of the Romanian Peasant.

Sensitivity to the beauty of sound was transmitted and the shapes and rich ornaments that adorn popular musical instruments created by craftsmen.

Masters of musical instruments are often a demonstration of beauty and talent built instruments in terms of expanding the range of interpretative possibilities of popular songs, "pearl itself," as we consider our national composer George Enescu.

They kept up the old tools that whistle today, bucium, bagpipes, panflute, etc..

The most widely used instrument is the flute, which is in close touch with livestock, particularly sheep. The sound is obtained by plugging complete or almost completeopening side holes with fingers, thus vibrating the air tube.

Bagpipes is made from a goat skin bag called "burduf". In this air is introduced as areservoir through a pipe small, made of shock, metal or bone.

On the opposite wallare two flutes pipe communicating with the interior seal. The longest of them fixed a sound that accompanies the entire song dulcimer uniform. During the song, bagpiper tighten underarm bellows that pushes air into the whistleand whistle short holes are handled with the fingers, like a common whistle.

The sculpture features bagpipes appear. Its leather bellows has legs made of wood,often carved in the form of geometric shapes or animal head (usually goat).

Ancient musical instrument, pan flute is made of slightly curved aggregation of several tubes (about 20) of cane, elder or other trees, with different dimensions.These tubes are closed at the bottom with wax plugs are open on top, where the singer to introduce pan air, thus emitting the sound.

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Romanian origin, Bucium is a tool used by shepherds in the mountains (in WesternTulnic called) for different signals. In some regions of the horn and sing înmormânaariand in the past was used to signal foreign invasions.

Buciumul is a tube open at both ends, consists of bringing together long staves of fir, ash, lime, hazel or maple, well drained, and there close with wood or metal rings.

Instrument accompaniment role, practice gradually disappeared cobza traditional music since the interwar period of the last century. Currently there are only a few traditional singers sing the cobză. They operate as part of folk ensembles.

Cobzei body (sounding board) is inflated in size compared with other parts that make up the instrument. He has a pear-shaped, half-sectioned, being built of "staves" of maple wood. Sounding board is made of spruce, to be as elastic vibrations under the gag takeover. The instrument has a short and thick neck, its end is not prăguş. Temple is willing broken nails, the path to the neck.

Cimbalom is a Romanian cordofon operated by striking with two rods ("hammer") of wood, which are coated again with a cloth. It was used in the "Old Kingdom"(especially in Wallachia) until the interwar period, after which its use was increasinglyrestricted.

Musical diaries mention it as found on Romanian territory since the second half of the eighteenth century (FJ Sulzer), but his presence in these places is much older. Unlike the cembalo "Hungarian" in Romanian, the instrument is of small size (it has a length of 85 inches). The singing, cembalo Romanian interpreter is kept in the abdomen, being hung by the neck with a belt.

Bittern is a friction membranofon acted, through strands of hair from a horse's tail. The body of the instrument (the speaker role) is made of a little dilapidated. Heusually has a conical shape. Its staves are held in place by metal hoops.

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At one edge of the body (the small diameter) is applied tight skin (usually goat) as a membrane. In its center is fixed hair, which hangs freely at the other end. By rubbing the strands (the model milking) membrane skin is put into vibration. Membrane vibration is controlled partly executed by how it is done by hand rubbing the strands.

The instrument produces a sound stuffy.

Sound differences of this noise depends on: resonator body size (the churn), membrane size and how this membrane is stretched. If the bittern is handled with skill of performers, he imitates the lowing ofcattle pretty well. Bittern sound is the main tool used by carol in the winter habits of agricultural substrate, related to the New Year.

The earliest music was played on various pipes with rhythmical accompaniment later added by a cobza. This style can be still found in Moldavian Carpathian regions of Vrancea and Bucovina and with the Hungarian Csango minority. The Greek historians have recorded that the Dacians played guitars and priests perform songs with and guitars. The bagpipe was popular from medieval times, as it was in most European countries, but became rare in recent times before a 20th century revival. Since its introduction the violin has influenced the music in all regions by becoming the principal melody instrument. Each region has its own combination of instruments, old and new, and its own unique sound. This continues to develop to the present day with the most recent additions being electric keyboards and drum sets.

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Castanets The modern castanet comprises a pair of shell-shaped flattened wooden clackers which are held together with a single loop of string or thin leather. The leather is doubled and the thumb is placed through it, and the pair of castanets then hangs freely from the thumb and is manipulated by the fingers and the palms.

Accomplished castanet players can make a variety of noises with the castanets, from a flat "click" to a warm roll. Castanets are always played in pairs, and each pair is tuned differently. The higher-pitched pair (known as "hembra," or "female") is traditionally held in the right hand and the lower-pitched pair (known as "macho," or "male") is traditionally held in the left hand.

The guitar is a plucked string instrument consisting of a wooden box, a neck on which is attached the fretboard, an acoustic sound hole in the center and six strings. The fretboard is embedded with metal frets that allow the different notes. This instrument is known as classical or Spanish guitar. There are four types of acoustic guitars: the classical guitar, the Flamenco guitar, the electric guitar and the electro acoustic guitar.

The lute is a guitar-like instrument with a deep round back and a teardrop-shaped soundboard. The sound hole is not open, but rather covered with a grille in the form of an intertwining vine or a decorative knot, carved directly out of the wood of the soundboard. There are different varieties such as the Arabic lute, the Chinese or pipe and the Spanish lute which was introduced in Europe from AlAndalus in the Islamic period.

The mandolin is a musical instrument with four double strings and a soundboard which can be concave or flat. It is of Italian origin and has been used by many great classical and modern composers both in traditional music as well as in other music styles. Among its variations is the Italian mandolin, folk and bluegrass.

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The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It consists of a sounding board of an elegant ergonomic shape. It comprises two upper bouts, two lower bouts, and two concave bouts at the waist, providing clearance for the bow. The back and ribs are typically made of maple. The soundboard has two openings in the middle called F-holes. It is used in classical, folk and modern music.

Accordion The Basque country of Spain often incorporated accordions into its music. Accordions were introduced to Basque country from Italy in the 19th century. Accordion playing within Basque music is known as "trikitixa," which means "handsound" in Basque. The style of accordion playing in Basque music involves rapid melodies and staccato triplets. Modern-day Basque music is a blend of trikitixa, tambourine and voice.

Source: http://www.ehow.com/info_8099518_spanish-music-traditional-instruments.html

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