Culture & Heritage

REDISCOVERING PHILIPPINE CULTURE

Inside Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar: BREATHING LIFE INTO HISTORY

Beyond #PinoyPride: WHAT REALLY MAKES US FILIPINO

Keeping Pinoy Traditions ALIVE IN MODERN TIMES

The Thread That Binds Us

In an age where borders blur and cultures blend, being Filipino transcends geography. Whether we find ourselves in the bustling streets of Singapore, the bright lights of New York, or the warm shores of our 7,641 islands, our cultural identity remains our most precious possession, one that cannot be packed in suitcases but is carried in our hearts.

This issue of Balikbayan Magazine celebrates not just our heritage, but our collective responsibility as its custodians. We explore how Filipino communities worldwide have become ambassadors of our culture, teaching their children to speak our language, preparing heirloom recipes passed down through generations, and sharing our tradition of bayanihan with their adopted homes.

The stories within these pages remind us that our culture is not a relic to be preserved behind glass, but a living, breathing force that evolves while keeping its soul intact. As we watch our nation’s influence spread across the globe, we must remember that culture, like a flame, needs to be tended and passed on. Each of us bears the responsibility of ensuring that the next generation not only knows our stories, traditions, and values but understands their worth in an increasingly interconnected world.

To be Filipino is to be part of an enduring narrative, one written by our ancestors, continued by us, and waiting to be carried forward by our children. Let this issue serve as both a celebration and a reminder that wherever life takes us, we carry the Philippines not just in our blood, but in every story we tell, every tradition we uphold, and every value we pass on.

In this special edition, we delve deep into the various ways modern Filipinos are becoming cultural torchbearers. We showcase innovative cultural preservation projects, from digital archives of traditional music to virtual museums housing our ancestral artifacts. These initiatives demonstrate how technology can bridge the gap between our rich past and our dynamic present.

We also turn our spotlight to the inspiring stories

of Filipino parents abroad who have created cultural education programs in their communities. Through weekend language schools, cultural festivals, and community gatherings, they ensure their children grow up with a strong sense of their Filipino identity. Their dedication proves that distance from our homeland need not mean disconnection from our roots.

Most importantly, this issue serves as a call to action for every Filipino. Our heritage is not just a gift we’ve received but a responsibility we must fulfill. Whether through simple acts like teaching our children Filipino values or grander gestures like organizing cultural events, each of us has the power and duty to keep our cultural flame burning bright for generations to come.

— ROGER LAGMAY ORIEL Publisher

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

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Dana Sioson

Jessamine Elise Sagcal

Prosy Dela Cruz

Minerva Bc Newman

Concon Sinel

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Lutter Patiño Remolagio

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Beyond Time’s Boundaries: A Journey Through Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar

Faithful Wanderings: 12 Holy Sites in 2025

Adobo: Heritage in a Pot

Examining the Culture of #PinoyPride

Spirits of the Islands: How Philippine Gods Shaped a Nation

A Guide to Filipino Mythological Beings

Beyond Time’s Boundaries: A Journey Through Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar

by Billy De La Cruz

The old stories say that magic lives in the spaces between things: in the moment between sleeping and waking, in the breath between waves, in the whispered conversations between past and present. Here in Bagac, Bataan, where the mountains descend like ancient guardians to meet the endless blue of the West Philippine Sea, such magic manifests in tangible form. Las Casas Filipinas De Acuzar rises from the coastline like a dream made real, its cobblestone streets and restored mansions creating a portal where time itself seems to pause, reflect, and flow in unexpected directions.

This is no ordinary heritage site, no static museum frozen in amber. As morning mist rolls in from the sea, weaving between columns and archways that have witnessed centuries of Philippine history, the air itself seems charged with stories waiting to be told. The clip-clop of horse-drawn kalesas echoes off stone walls, mixing with the rhythmic tapping of craftsmen’s tools and the distant laughter of children discovering history through touch and taste rather than textbooks.

In this remarkable sanctuary of Filipino heritage, every corner tells a story of resilience, artistry, and cultural pride. The sprawling 400-hectare property

has evolved into something unprecedented in cultural preservation, a living, breathing testament to the nation’s architectural heritage where painstakingly reconstructed Spanish colonial-era houses and structures don’t simply stand as monuments to the past, but as bridges to understanding our present and future. Each casa holds within its wooden bones and stone foundations the dreams, struggles, and triumphs of generations of Filipinos who shaped our nation’s story.

At Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, where history comes alive through meticulously restored heritage houses, cobblestone streets, and cultural traditions.

Anne Espino-Orosco, Assistant General Manager of Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, passionately shares the stories behind each heritage home, guiding visitors through a living museum where history, craftsmanship, and culture come together.

“Each house represents a piece of our collective memory,” Anne Espino-Orosco, Assistant General Manager, explains to Balikbayan Magazine as we walk the morning-quiet streets. Her hand traces the grain of a wooden beam that once graced a mansion in Manila. “When we preserve these structures, we’re not just saving buildings. We’re protecting the stories, the craftsmanship, and the wisdom of our ancestors.”

The journey of each casa from its original location to Las Casas is a testament to dedication and precision that borders on obsession. Teams of architects, historians, and master craftsmen meticulously document every detail before a single stone is moved. Each piece is carefully numbered, each joining photographed and mapped. The transportation process itself often becomes a community event, with entire towns coming out to bid farewell to buildings that have been local landmarks for generations.

“The challenge isn’t just in moving the structures,” Espino-Orosco continues, pointing out the subtle ways modern engineering supports ancient architectural techniques. “It’s in ensuring that when we rebuild them, we honor both their historical integrity and their living spirit. These houses weren’t meant to be museums. They were meant to be homes, to shelter lives and witness stories.”

TREASURED LANDMARKS

Among the many architectural treasures that grace Las Casas, several structures stand as testament to the grandeur of Philippine architectural heritage. Casa Byzantina, perhaps the most photographed structure in the complex, represents the pinnacle of 19th-century Filipino architectural innovation.

Each restored structure stands as an accurate depiction of the past. Through expert craftsmanship and historical research, these architectural treasures are not just rebuilt but revived—honoring the stories, artistry, and resilience of generations who shaped the nation’s identity.

Built in 1890 by Don Lorenzo del Rosario in Binondo, Manila, its distinctive neo-Byzantine and Moorish influences create an unforgettable silhouette against the Bataan sky.

With every step through Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, heritage tour guide Diana Rose Diaz weaves stories of the past into the present. Knowledgeable and passionate, she—like every staff member—ensures that history isn’t just seen, but truly experienced, making each tour an immersive journey.

“The blend of architectural styles in Casa Byzantina tells the story of our cultural evolution,” explains Diana Rose Diaz, whose passion for history makes her one of the property’s most sought-after heritage tour guides. “The intricate wooden tracery, the distinctive arched windows, and the elaborate ironwork all speak to a time when Filipino craftsmen were creating their own unique architectural language.”

Casa Meycauayan stands as another remarkable example of Filipino architectural ingenuity. Originally from Bulacan, this ancestral house showcases the evolution of the bahay na bato style. Its ground floor features elaborate stonework that tells the story of 19th-century craftsmanship, while the upper floor demonstrates the sophisticated

Casa Biñan

Casa Balayan II

Casa Ladrillo

Glide through history aboard the tramvia at Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar—a nostalgic ride that lets visitors experience the charm of old Manila. As it rolls along cobblestone streets, this historic mode of transportation offers a unique way to admire the beautifully restored heritage homes and the timeless elegance of the past.

woodworking techniques of the era. The house’s distinctive ventanillas, smaller windows below the larger ones, showcase the innovative ways Filipino architects adapted to the tropical climate.

The magnificent Casa Lubao, transported piece by piece from Pampanga, represents the grandeur of provincial life during the Spanish colonial period. Its imposing facade features intricate wooden carvings that took artisans months to restore. The interior spaces reveal the lifestyle of wealthy provincial families, with its spacious sala and distinctive eating areas that reflect both Spanish and Filipino influences.

Hotel de Oriente stands as another crown jewel in the growing impressive collection. Originally located in Binondo, Manila, this masterpiece of Spanish colonial architecture served as the Philippines’ first luxury hotel. Its reconstruction at Las Casas involved conscientious research to recreate its original grandeur, from the imposing wooden staircase to the intricately carved ceiling medallions. The hotel’s ballroom, with its restored hardwood floors and crystal chandeliers, continues to host elegant events just as it did in the 19th century.

Casa Luna, originally from La Union, carries within its walls the story of Philippine resistance and resilience. This ancestral home of the Luna brothers played a pivotal role in the Philippine revolution, its rooms witnessing countless meetings that would shape the nation’s destiny. Today, it stands restored to its former glory, its wide windows overlooking the plaza just as they did in the time of Juan and Antonio Luna.

Casa Biñan, the childhood home of Jose Rizal’s mother in Laguna, represents another vital piece of

Philippine history. Its architecture exemplifies the bahay na bato style, with its massive stone foundation and wooden upper structure. The house’s restoration required particular attention to detail, preserving

From intricate wood carvings to meticulously restored stonework, master artisans preserve centuries-old techniques, ensuring that each structure stands as a living testament to the nation’s rich architectural heritage.

Experience Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar the way travelers did centuries ago—aboard a traditional kalesa. As the horsedrawn carriage winds through scenic heritage streets, each turn reveals a story, each moment a glimpse into the grandeur of the past.

original wooden elements while strengthening the structure to withstand modern times.

SYMPHONY OF EXPERIENCES

Las Casas comes alive in layers, each hour bringing new dimensions to the experience. Throughout the day, various performances and demonstrations unfold across the property, creating what Espino-Orosco calls “a living dialogue between past and present.”

Traditional music drifts through the streets while cultural shows bring historical narratives to life. We carefully choreograph these experiences,” EspinoOrosco explains, “to create a natural flow that helps guests feel immersed in different historical periods.”

The property’s dramatic setting between mountains and sea provides an ever-changing backdrop for these cultural presentations. Morning light catches the intricate woodwork of the casas differently than the golden afternoon sun, while

evening performances take on an ethereal quality under traditional lighting.

Pure joy and laughter fill the air as guests take part in traditional Filipino games like hampas palayok! Blindfolded and guided by cheers, players take their best swing, bringing back the fun and excitement of classic childhood celebrations.

Hop on an ATV and explore the stunning landscapes surrounding this heritage haven.heritage streets, each turn reveals a story, each moment a glimpse into the grandeur of the past.

Drift through history on a serene balsa tour at Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar. As the gentle waters guide you past beautifully restored heritage homes, experience the charm and tranquility of this timeless journey.

CRAFTSMANSHIP AT THE LIVING WORKSHOP

Local artisans work alongside master craftsmen in what has become a living workshop for traditional skills. The steady rhythm of mallets on chisels shapes wooden ornaments using techniques passed down through generations. In one corner, craftsmen carefully restore intricate glass mosaics, while others mix traditional lime mortar using age-old recipes enhanced by modern understanding of modern building practices.

“We believe in learning through doing,” EspinoOrosco explains, watching as a young visitor tries her hand at woodcarving. “These workshops aren’t just activities. They’re bridges to understanding our ancestors’ ingenuity.” The property’s commitment to craft preservation extends beyond mere demonstration, with a dedicated apprenticeship program ensuring these skills continue into the future.

HISTORY AND MODERN RECREATION

Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar offers an impressive array of activities that blend historical immersion with modern recreation. Visitors can explore the property through various guided experiences, from traditional horse-drawn kalesa rides along cobblestone streets to heritage walking tours that unveil the stories behind each restored casa. For those seeking a unique perspective, the Balsa River Cruise provides a peaceful journey through the property’s waterways, telling a different story from a different perspective with the option to enjoy traditional Filipino breakfast or dinner aboard the wooden rafts.

The resort caters to both relaxation and adventure. Water enthusiasts can choose from

numerous activities including jet skiing, speed boat rides, island hopping, and peaceful kayak excursions through the property’s waterways. For a more leisurely experience, sailboat cruises and yacht tours offer panoramic views of the coastline. The fun banana boat rides provide exciting group activities, while the property’s extensive network of paths can be explored via bicycle or golf cart rentals.

CULINARY HERITAGE

Executive Chef Dionisio Punongbayan has created a menu that serves as both culinary excellence and historical education, with each dish

A feast for the eyes and the palate! This beautifully crafted

is a perfect blend of rich flavors, fresh ingredients, and culinary artistry—bringing people together over a dish meant to be shared and savored.

paella

telling its own story of unique experience at Las Casas.

“Food is memory,” Punongbayan explains as he supervises the kitchen. “When we serve dishes like kare-kare or adobo, we’re not just offering a meal. We’re connecting guests with the flavors generations before them have enjoyed.”

Las Casas offers a diverse array of dining venues, each with its own distinct character and cuisine.

La Bella Teodora, housed in a restored ancestral home, specializes in refined interpretations of traditional Filipino dishes. The restaurant’s name pays homage to the mother of Dr. Jose Rizal, and its menu reflects the sophisticated fusion of Filipino and Italian influences that characterized upper-class colonial cuisine.

Café del Rio, overlooking the gentle flow of the river, offers lighter fare with a contemporary twist. Here, traditional Spanish tapas are reimagined for modern palates while maintaining their cultural authenticity. The café’s signature ensaymada, made from a century-old recipe, has become legendary among visitors.

Private heritage dining experiences offer even more intimate connections with history. A dinner in Casa Byzantina’s ornate dining room might feature recipes from 19th-century Manila, served on period-appropriate china. In Casa Jaen, guests can experience the kind of feast that might have been served to visiting Spanish governors, complete with period-accurate table settings and service styles.

Set sail on a scenic yacht ride with breathtaking views of Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar. With the perfect mix of relaxation and elegance, enjoy the gentle sea breeze and stunning coastal backdrop as you cruise in style.

An intimate dinner under the stars, surrounded by breathtaking views and timeless charm. With the soft glow of lights and a gentle evening breeze, every moment becomes a perfect memory.

INNOVATIVE COMFORT MEETS HISTORICAL AUTHENTICITY

Perhaps the most remarkable achievement of Las Casas is how seamlessly it integrates modern conveniences into its historical framework. “The goal is invisible integration,” explains EspinoOrosco, demonstrating how air conditioning units are concealed behind intricate wooden screens. “We want guests to feel the romance of the past without sacrificing the comforts they expect.”

The property has embraced technology to enhance the visitor experience without

Every dish is a signature creation—rooted in tradition yet uniquely crafted. Experience the rich flavors of Filipino cuisine, where authenticity meets innovation in every bite.

With the soft sand beneath their feet and the ocean breeze in the air, a quiet walk along the beach becomes a moment of pure bliss and connection.

As night falls, the accommodations come to life with a warm, inviting glow. Guests can unwind and take in the breathtaking evening views.

compromising its historical authenticity. A newly launched mobile app provides interactive maps and augmented reality features that allow visitors to see historical photographs overlaid on present-day structures. The app includes detailed audio guides narrated by historians and heritage experts, offering insights into the architectural details and historical significance of each structure.

The Las Casas website serves as a comprehensive digital archive, offering virtual tours and detailed historical information about each casa.

Modern amenities extend to all aspects of the guest experience. High-speed WiFi networks are hidden within historical structures, utilizing advanced mesh networking technology that ensures consistent coverage without visible hardware. Stateof-the-art conference facilities in restored buildings cater to corporate events and weddings, featuring hidden projection systems and sound equipment that preserve the historical ambiance.

The property’s security systems represent another triumph of invisible integration. Advanced motion sensors and surveillance cameras are carefully concealed within period-appropriate fixtures. Fire suppression systems use mist technology that minimizes potential damage to historical structures while providing maximum protection. Even the property’s lighting system combines traditional oil lamps and gas lights with modern LED technology designed to mimic historical lighting patterns.

The property’s spa combines traditional healing practices with modern wellness techniques, housed in a beautifully restored ancestral home.

Las Casas has also become a sought-after venue for celebrations and events that bridge past and present. The property hosts everything from intimate weddings in its centuries-old church to grand corporate gatherings in the restored Hotel de Oriente. Traditional Filipino celebrations take on special significance here – debut parties unfold in historic ballrooms, while family reunions span generations in more ways than one, with ancestors’ portraits watching over modern festivities from ornate frames.

The property has hosted numerous notable events that highlight its versatility as a venue. Cultural festivals throughout the year showcase traditional arts, music, and dance, while historical reenactments bring key moments of Philippine history to life. Corporate team-building events take advantage of both the historical setting and modern facilities, creating unique experiences that combine learning with leisure.

Special seasonal celebrations have become hallmarks of the Las Casas experience. During

Experience a stay where history and comfort come together. Each accommodation blends timeless charm with modern amenities, offering a unique retreat like no other.

Christmas, the property transforms into a magical display of traditional Filipino holiday decorations, with parols illuminating the colonial streets and dawn masses held in the historic chapel. Holy Week observances follow centuries-old traditions, while New Year celebrations combine historical elements with modern festivities. The property’s regular cultural shows, featuring traditional music and dance performances, provide entertainment that educate while they entertain.

A LIVING LEGACY

As Las Casas moves into 2025 and beyond, its vision continues to evolve while staying true to its core mission of heritage preservation. New interactive exhibits are being developed that will use technology to enhance historical storytelling without compromising authenticity. “We’re exploring ways to make history more accessible to younger generations,” Espino-Orosco reveals, “without losing the tangible connection to the past that makes Las Casas special.”

The property has become a vital center for research and education, collaborating with universities and cultural institutions to document and preserve traditional architectural techniques. Each restoration project yields new insights into historical building methods, contributing to a growing body of knowledge about Philippine architectural heritage.

As the sun sets over Bataan, casting long shadows across Las Casas’ cobblestone streets, the true significance of this place becomes clear. This is more than a sanctuary, more than a museum, more than a collection of preserved buildings. It is a living bridge between times, where past and present engage in constant dialogue.

Here, in this unique corner of the Philippines, visitors become part of an ongoing story that spans centuries. The sound of horse hooves on stone mingles with the soft whisper of the ocean breeze.

Traditional crafts find new life in modern restorations. Ancient recipes evolve for contemporary palates. Each guest adds their own chapter to a narrative that stretches from our distant past into our emerging future.

In the gathering dusk, as lanterns illuminate the ancient streets with their warm glow, Las Casas Filipinas De Acuzar stands as testament to the

enduring power of heritage. It reminds us that the past is not a distant memory but a constant companion, informing and enriching our present while inspiring our future. In preserving these physical connections to our history, Las Casas does more than save old buildings. It keeps alive the dreams, aspirations, and innovations of countless generations, ensuring their stories continue to resonate in the hearts of those yet to come.

A destination like no other, where every corner tells a story, every experience feels like a masterpiece, and every moment becomes a memory to cherish for a lifetime.

An experience to remember. From stunning views to impeccable hospitality, your journey ends on a high note.

A lasting impression. The beauty, comfort, and charm of this destination stay with you long after your visit.

The First In Modern Filipino Cuisine

LET’S EAT SINIGANG NA CORNED BEEF!

If you’re a tourist excited to try traditional Filipino cuisine or a Balikbayan wanting familiar dishes and fine service in a cozy setting, we o er a dining experience that infuses classic flavors with a new spin. Visit Sentro 1771 and let’s enjoy Filipino cuisine together!

Corned beef short plate and boneless beef shanks in tamarind broth with native vegetables.

FRESH SMOKED FISH SPRING ROLLS

Fresh lumpia of tinapang bangus, salted eggs, mustasa, onions, and tomato.

BANGUS W/ CALAMANSI BUTTER

ADOBONG KANGKONG

Water spinach cooked in garlic, vinegar, and soy sauce.

MERIENDA OR DESSERTS

Featuring a sweet finale, these merienda or desserts highlights a variety of flavors and culinary traditions. Enjoy them as a casual merienda or dessert or for a special celebration.

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Photos by Mikayla Shaine Alonzo

Palace in the Pines: Baguio Mansion House’s New Chapter

by Rogelio Constantino Medina

Perched on a windswept hill along Romulo Drive, the white-washed Baguio Mansion House stands as a testament to both Philippine history and modern-day accessibility. This stately twostory arcaded building, surrounded by manicured lawns and swaying pine trees, has long captured the imagination of visitors to the City of Pines—but until recently, most could only admire it from beyond its elegant gates.

That changed in September 2024, when First Lady Marie Louise “Liza” Araneta-Marcos initiated a groundbreaking transformation: opening the presidential summer residence to the public as a museum for the first time in its 117-year history. What was once an exclusive retreat for Philippines’ presidents from Manuel L. Quezon onward now welcomes up to 2,000 weekend visitors eager to glimpse behind its historic walls.

The mansion’s journey began in 1908 as part of Daniel Burnham’s masterplan for Baguio City. Designed by William E. Parsons at the behest of American Governor-General William Cameron Forbes, it first served as the summer residence for American Governors-General until 1935. Its halls have witnessed pivotal moments in Philippine

The Baguio Mansion House marker is surrounded by manicured lawns.

history, from hosting the Second Philippine Legislature’s special session in 1910 to surviving destruction during the 1945 liberation battles and rising again through post-war reconstruction.

The post-war years marked a particularly significant chapter in the mansion’s history. In 1947, it hosted the second session of the United

Nations’ Economic Commission of Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), establishing itself as a venue for international diplomacy. The following year, global attention turned to Baguio once again as the mansion welcomed delegates to the second session of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Perhaps most notably, in 1950, President Elpidio Quirino chose the mansion as the setting for the historic first meeting of the South East Asia Union (SEAU), an event that would become known as the Baguio Conference of 1950.

Today, visitors to the Presidential Museum within the mansion discover a treasure trove of national heritage. The collection rivals that of Manila’s Teus Museum, featuring presidential portraits, ceremonial attire, historic flags, and rare

photographs. Along its corridors, busts of former leaders stand sentinel while portraits of First Ladies grace the walls, leading to meticulously preserved presidential and meeting rooms.

For history enthusiasts and curious tourists alike, the museum offers an intimate glimpse into the daily lives of Philippine presidents. The presidential room, maintained in its original grandeur, features period furniture and personal effects that tell stories of leadership and legacy. The meeting room,

The main hall with the portraits of the Presidents of the Philippines.

The two-storey facade of the Baguio Mansion House.

The white-painted main entrance door as one can view the portrait of President Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr.

where crucial national decisions were once made, still emanates an air of gravitas, its walls seeming to whisper tales of political intrigue and nationbuilding.

The mansion’s transformation into a public museum represents more than just a change in access policy—it symbolizes a broader shift toward cultural democratization. Through the Malacañang Heritage Tours office’s initiative, previously exclusive spaces are being opened to foster a deeper connection between citizens and their national heritage. This approach has already seen success, with daily visitor numbers averaging 500 on weekdays and quadrupling during weekends.

But perhaps the mansion’s most captivating moment comes as twilight descends over Baguio.

As evening mists roll in, the illuminated building takes on an almost mythical quality reminiscent of James Hilton’s Shangri-La. Across the road, a dancing fountain display transforms Wright Park into a mesmerizing spectacle, creating a scene that perfectly embodies Baguio’s enchanting blend of history and natural beauty.

Through this unprecedented public access, the Baguio Mansion House has evolved from a distant symbol of power to a living museum, where Filipinos can connect directly with their presidential heritage. It stands as a shining example of how historical preservation and public engagement can come together to create meaningful experiences for generations to come.

Majestic Baguio Mansion at night.

The President’s official room.

The room showcasing major accomplishments through the years of the late President Ferdinand Edralin Marcos.

A Cozy Retreat in the City of Pines

Azalea, named after a flowering shrub that evokes a sense of vibrancy and elegancy, is one of the best accommodations that is a unique blend of luxury and homey comfort and has attracted lots of local and foreign tourists in the City of Pines. It is on top of a hill that you can enjoy a mountain view and it is centrally located not too far from the main district of Baguio City.

The Azalea Hotels and Residences Baguio is a walking distance to the Pink Sisters’ Convent and Chapel, a perfect jump-off point to popular tourist destinations such as the Session Road, Baguio Botanical Garden, Mines View Park, Baguio and Mansion House. Not far away is the must-visit Tamawan Village which uniquely blends indigenous aesthetics and exquisite Cordilleran craftsmanship with an artist’s concept for a village adapting to Baguio setting.

About 20 minutes away is the popular restaurants. Nearby is a main road accessible to public transport to SM City Baguio and Victory Liner bus terminal.

As one enters a room, you will be fascinated by its amenities, including a kitchenette, a flat screen television and a desk. A guest can enjoy free wifi, free buffet breakfast at Kuya J restaurant, and a lounge during the stay. Dry cleaning and laundry service are offered to the guests. There are a free parking as well as a valet parking.

This haven offers a business center, meeting rooms and a banquet room. Even an international conference is welcome here.

Truly at Azalea Hotels and Residences Baguio,

you will remember your fond memories of your comfortable stay and the excellent service of its staff whose goal is to create a peaceful and enjoyable environment for the guests.

Azalea Hotels and Residences Baguio:

May Forever: Why the Art of Panliligaw Survives the Digital Age

by Billy De La Cruz

In Filipino society, love has always been more than just an emotion between two people. It is an intricate dance of respect, family bonds, and heartfelt gestures that make up panliligaw—the traditional Filipino courtship. This cherished practice reflects values deeply rooted in Filipino culture: patience in pursuit, sincerity in intention, and dedication in showing affection. At its core, panliligaw intertwines individual feelings with family and community involvement, shaping relationships that prioritize respect and longterm commitment.

HARANA: SERENADING THE BELOVED

The essence of Filipino courtship comes alive through harana, where hopeful suitors express their feelings through song. Accompanied by a guitar and close friends, these musical declarations traditionally took place beneath a beloved’s window, combining romance with respect for family boundaries. While spontaneous serenades have become rare, the tradition lives on through virtual serenades and curated playlists shared with loved ones.

PAGLILIGAWAN SA BAHAY: HOME COURTSHIP

The practice of pagliligawan sa bahay (home courtship) remains fundamental to Filipino romance. Unlike private dates, these home visits allow families to witness the developing relationship. Suitors spend time in the family living room, engaging in conversation not just with their intended but also with parents, siblings, and extended family. This practice ensures transparency and honors the central

role of family in relationships.

PAGSISILBI: ACTS OF SERVICE

Pagsisilbi (acts of service) elevates courtship beyond words through meaningful action.

Harana is a traditional Filipino form of courtship where a suitor serenades a woman with love songs outside her window. Often performed with a guitar and a group of companions, the songs express admiration, devotion, and sincerity. This romantic gesture reflects the Filipino values of respect, patience, and heartfelt expression, keeping a beautiful cultural tradition alive. Illustration by Chris Caragayan

Traditionally, this involved helping with household chores or family businesses. A suitor might assist with farming, carry water from wells, or contribute to family projects. These acts demonstrate both capability and commitment, showing sincerity through tangible support rather than just verbal promises.

LOVE LETTERS AND POETRY

Love letters and poetry have historically played a significant role in panliligaw. Carefully crafted words allowed emotions to flow in a way that verbal expressions sometimes could not. These handwritten declarations, often treasured as keepsakes, highlighted the Filipino appreciation for thoughtful, deliberate romantic gestures. Today, while digital messages have largely replaced handwritten letters, heartfelt expression remains central to Filipino romance.

Modern technology has transformed how Filipinos initiate and nurture romantic connections. Dating apps now facilitate first meetings that once depended on chance encounters or family introductions. Social media platforms enable constant communication, while video calls allow face-to-face interaction across distances that would have once made courtship impossible.

Digital messages offer immediate expression of feelings and everyday sharing of experiences. Social media posts serve as public declarations of affection, similar to traditional harana but reaching far broader audiences. Yet many couples find ways to blend these modern tools with traditional practices, using technology to enhance rather than replace meaningful courtship rituals.

FROM HARANA TO DMS

Filipino romance is a blend of tradition and modernity, where heartfelt gestures, family values, and evolving courtship customs shape the journey of love across generations.

Family involvement remains central to Filipino courtship despite changing times. Parents often serve as advisors and guardians of traditional values, helping young people navigate between modern dating practices and cultural expectations. Their approval, often sought through pagmamano (a gesture of respect where children press their forehead to an elder’s hand), carries significant weight, reflecting the belief that successful relationships require family harmony.

Pamanhikan, the formal family meeting to discuss marriage plans, continues to mark the transition from courtship to engagement. This tradition acknowledges that marriage unites not just two individuals but entire families. Even couples who meet through modern means often honor this practice, recognizing its role in building strong family foundations.

MIND THE GAP

LOOKING FORWARD, LOOKING BACK FAMILY MATTERS

The generational divide in Filipino dating often creates a delicate balance between respect and independence. Parents who grew up with strict pagliligawan sa bahay traditions often struggle with their children’s more flexible approach to dating.

Traditional parents are learning to accept video calls as virtual pagliligawan, while their children make extra effort to include family in their relationships despite busy schedules. Many young Filipinos report feeling torn between honoring their parents’ expectations and navigating modern realities.

Yet some parents are adapting, recognizing that digital platforms can lead to meaningful relationships when coupled with traditional values.

MODERN CHALLENGES: KEEPING PANLILIGAW ALIVE

Today’s couples face unique obstacles in maintaining traditional courtship practices. Long-distance relationships, increasingly common in a globalized workforce, transform how pagsisilbi is expressed. Instead of physical help around the house, modern suitors might send care packages to their beloved’s family or arrange food delivery for family gatherings they cannot attend.

Social media adds another layer of complexity. Public displays of affection, once limited to chaperoned interactions, now play out on Instagram and Facebook. Many couples struggle to balance privacy with the Filipino value of community involvement in relationships.

Career priorities also challenge traditional courtship timelines. With both partners often pursuing professional growth, the extended courtship period typical of panliligaw may stretch even longer. Some couples find creative ways to blend career and courtship, like turning business trips into opportunities to meet each other’s extended families across provinces.

Despite modernization’s swift pace, traditional Filipino courtship retains its cultural significance. Many young Filipinos still seek relationships grounded in meaningful gestures and respectful practices. These traditions offer a framework for developing connections that go beyond surface attraction to build lasting bonds.

As society evolves, the spirit of Filipino courtship adapts while maintaining its core values. In a world of instant connections, these traditions remind us that true love deserves time, effort, and thoughtful expression. The art of panliligaw shows how cultural heritage can enrich modern romance, offering timeless wisdom for building relationships that last.

The Evolution of Bayanihan: Community Spirit in Modern Times

by Billy De La Cruz

‘Bayanihan’ by Carlos ‘Botong’ V. Francisco is a cinematic celebration of the Filipino community spirit.

In the lush, tropical landscape of the Philippines, an age-old tradition has long exemplified the heart of Filipino culture: bayanihan. This powerful concept of communal unity and cooperation has deep roots in the country’s history and continues to shape Filipino society both at home and abroad.

FROM NIPA HUTS TO NATION BUILDING

The term “bayanihan” comes from the Tagalog word “bayan,” meaning town, nation, or community. Traditionally, it referred to the practice of literally moving a family’s entire house to a new location. Neighbors would gather to lift the nipa hut on bamboo poles, carrying it to its new site. This extraordinary act of communal assistance symbolized the spirit of civic unity to achieve a common goal.

WEATHERING STORMS TOGETHER

While the literal house-moving practice is rare in contemporary times, the spirit of bayanihan remains alive

and well in Filipino society. Today, it manifests in various forms. When typhoons, earthquakes, or other natural disasters strike, Filipinos quickly mobilize to provide aid, shelter, and support to affected communities. Local initiatives like cleaning drives, tree planting, and building community facilities often rely on the volunteer efforts of residents. Communities come together to raise funds for individuals facing medical emergencies or other personal crises. The bayanihan spirit is also evident in efforts to preserve and promote Filipino cultural traditions, arts, and heritage.

A GLOBAL VILLAGE OF FILIPINOS

For the millions of Filipinos living and working overseas, bayanihan takes on new dimensions. Filipino associations organize cultural events, provide support networks, and assist newcomers in adjusting to their host countries. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) send billions of dollars back home annually, supporting extended families and contributing to the

national economy. When calamities strike the Philippines, Filipino communities abroad quickly mobilize to send aid and support.

PIXELS AND PESOS: BAYANIHAN GOES DIGITAL

The internet and social media have given bayanihan new platforms to thrive. Crowdfunding campaigns for various causes gain traction through social networks. During crises, Filipinos use social media to spread critical information, coordinate relief efforts, and locate missing persons. Online groups foster connections among Filipinos worldwide, preserving cultural ties and providing mutual support.

ADAPTING TRADITION TO MODERN REALITIES

As Philippine society becomes more urbanized and globally integrated, the nature of bayanihan continues to evolve. While some argue that the spirit of community is waning in the face of modernization, others see it adapting to new realities. The COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, sparked innovative expressions of bayanihan. Community pantries popped up across the country, allowing people to donate or take essential goods based on need. Online initiatives connected volunteers with vulnerable populations for grocery deliveries and other assistance.

THE

ENDURING

SPIRIT OF TOGETHERNESS

As the Philippines navigates the complexities of the 21st century, bayanihan remains a crucial part of its cultural fabric. While its forms may change, the core values of compassion, unity, and mutual support continue to resonate with Filipinos of all generations. In a world facing global challenges, the spirit of bayanihan offers a powerful model of community resilience and cooperation. It reminds us that our strength lies not in individual efforts alone, but in our capacity to come together and lift each other up—much like those neighbors of old, carrying a home to new grounds and new beginnings.

Faithful Wanderings: 12 Holy Sites in 2025

by Billy De La Cruz TRAVEL LOGS

As a nation steeped in Catholic tradition, the Philippines offers a wealth of spiritual destinations for pilgrims and travelers alike. This guide explores 12 revered sites, one for each month of the year, inviting you on a journey of faith and discovery across the archipelago.

Fun fact: the country is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including four Baroque Churches that showcase the fusion of European church design and local construction techniques.

This spiritual journey across the Philippines offers not just religious experiences but also opportunities to explore the country’s rich history, diverse landscapes, and warm culture. From ancient relics to modern marvels, these sacred sites provide a unique perspective on Filipino faith and heritage.

JANUARY: QUIAPO CHURCH, MANILA

The Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene houses a dark-skinned statue of Jesus Christ, believed to be miraculous. Dating back to 1588, the church has been rebuilt several times due to fires and earthquakes. The annual Traslación procession in January draws millions. Nearby, explore the historic walled city of Intramuros or shop at the bustling Quiapo market.

FEBRUARY:

MONASTERIO DE TARLAC, TARLAC

Perched atop Mount Resurrection, this monastery was established in 2007 and houses a relic of the True Cross. The modern structure offers panoramic views of the countryside. Visit the adjacent eco-tourism park or take a side trip to the Capas National Shrine, a memorial to World War II veterans.

MARCH: OUR LADY OF CAYSASAY, BATANGAS

The Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Caysasay in Taal, Batangas, houses a 17th-century statue of the Virgin Mary found by a fisherman in the Pansipit River. The image is believed to have miraculous powers, and the shrine attracts thousands of pilgrims each year. The nearby Sta. Lucia Well, where the Virgin Mary reportedly appeared, is considered to have healing properties. While in Taal, explore the heritage town with its well-preserved Spanish colonial architecture, including the largest church in Asia, the Basilica of Saint Martin of Tours.

SEPTEMBER: PADRE PIO SHRINE, BATANGAS

Dedicated to the Italian saint canonized in 2002, this shrine features a life-size statue of Padre Pio and was established in 2015. The peaceful grounds offer a serene retreat. Extend your trip to enjoy the beaches of Nasugbu or visit the historic Taal Heritage Town.

OCTOBER: LIPA CARMEL, BATANGAS

This Carmelite monastery was the site of alleged Marian apparitions in 1948. Though controversial, it remains a popular pilgrimage site. The serene grounds offer a place for quiet reflection. Visit the nearby Taal Volcano, one of the world’s smallest active volcanoes, for a contrasting experience.

NOVEMBER: BACLARAN CHURCH, PARAÑAQUE

Officially the National Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, this church was completed in 1958 and holds weekly Novena services attended by thousands. Its Romanesque architecture can accommodate 2,000 people. Explore the nearby Mall of Asia complex, one of the largest shopping malls in Asia.

DECEMBER: BASILICA DEL SANTO NIÑO, CEBU

Founded in 1565, this is the oldest Roman Catholic church in the Philippines. It houses the Santo Niño de Cebu, the country’s oldest religious relic, which survived fires and earthquakes. Join the vibrant Sinulog Festival celebrations in January, featuring colorful parades and street dancing.

From the bustling streets of Manila to the serene hills of Cebu, these twelve pilgrimage sites offer a glimpse into the heart of Filipino spirituality. Each location, steeped in history and alive with devotion, tells a unique story of faith, resilience, and cultural heritage. As you plan your spiritual journey through the Philippines, remember that these sacred spaces are more than just destinations; they are living testimonies to the enduring faith that has shaped this nation for centuries.

APRIL: OUR LADY OF MANAOAG, PANGASINAN

This National Shrine, dating back to the 16th century, houses an ivory image of the Virgin Mary believed to have miraculous powers. The church became a Minor Basilica in 2015. Combine your pilgrimage with a trip to the Hundred Islands National Park for island-hopping adventures.

MAY: OUR LADY OF PIAT, CAGAYAN

This basilica in northern Luzon is home to one of the oldest Marian images in the Philippines, brought by Spanish missionaries in the 1600s. The small, dark-skinned statue is known as the “Mother of Cagayan.” Explore the nearby Callao Cave system, an important archaeological site.

JUNE: MONASTERY OF THE HOLY EUCHARIST, CEBU

Locally known as Simala-Lindogon Church, this hilltop sanctuary was founded in 1996 and attracts pilgrims seeking blessings from the miraculous Santo Niño de Cebu. Its castle-like architecture is a striking sight. Visit the beaches of Mactan Island for relaxation after your spiritual journey.

JULY: OUR LADY OF PEACE AND GOOD VOYAGE, ANTIPOLO

This National Shrine houses a 17th-century image of the Virgin Mary, which sailors once carried on galleons between Mexico and the Philippines. The current church was built in 1954. Combine your pilgrimage with a visit to the nearby Hinulugang Taktak waterfall or the Pinto Art Museum.

AUGUST: SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH, MANILA

Completed in 1891, this is the only all-steel church in Asia and the only prefabricated steel church in the world. Its Gothic Revival style stands out in Manila’s skyline. Take a walking tour of nearby Binondo, the world’s oldest Chinatown, for a cultural contrast.

Hidden Heritage: 5 Lesser-Known Historical Sites to Visit

by Billy De La Cruz

Beyond the sun-soaked beaches and bustling cities, the Philippines harbors a treasure trove of historical sites that remain off the typical tourist radar. From ancient caves that rewrote human history to Spanish-era lighthouses standing sentinel over turquoise seas, these lesser-known destinations offer intrepid travelers a chance to step back in time and experience the rich tapestry of Philippine heritage. Join us as we embark on a journey to uncover five of the archipelago’s most captivating yet overlooked historical landmarks.

BIRI ISLAND ROCK FORMATIONS, NORTHERN SAMAR

Historical Significance: These magnificent rock formations have stood as silent sentinels for centuries, shaped by the relentless forces of wind and water. While not a man-made historical site, the Biri Island formations provide insight into the geological history of the Philippines.

Interesting Facts:

The rock formations are named after their shapes: Magasang, Magsapad, Macadlaw, Puhunan, Bel-at, and Caranas.

Local folklore attributes the creation of these formations to giants who once inhabited the island.

How to Get There: From Manila, fly to Catarman, Northern Samar. Take a jeepney or van to Lavezares port, then a boat to Biri Island. The rock formations are accessible by tricycle or habal-habal (motorcycle taxi) from the town proper.

KALANGGAMAN ISLAND, LEYTE

Historical Significance: While primarily known for its pristine beauty, Kalanggaman Island played a role in the early Spanish exploration of the Philippines. It is believed that Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet anchored near the island during their circumnavigation of the globe in 1521.

Interesting Facts:

The island’s name comes from the Cebuano word “langgam,” meaning bird, due to its shape resembling a bird in flight.

Despite its small size (only about 0.5 km long), the island boasts a lighthouse that has guided ships for decades.

How to Get There: Fly to Tacloban City, then take a van to Palompon. From Palompon port, boats regularly depart for Kalanggaman Island.

Island, Leyte

Biri Island Rock Formations, Northern Samar

Kalanggaman

CALLAO CAVE, CAGAYAN

Historical Significance: Callao Cave is an important archaeological site where the remains of Callao Man, possibly the oldest known human remains in the Philippines (dating back to 67,000 years ago), were discovered.

Interesting Facts:

The cave system consists of seven chambers, with the first chamber converted into a chapel with a natural skylight.

In 2019, a new species of ancient human, Homo luzonensis, was identified based on fossils found in the cave.

How to Get There: Fly to Tuguegarao City, then take a jeepney or tricycle to Peñablanca. From there, hire a boat to cross the Pinacanauan River to reach the cave entrance.

GUISI LIGHTHOUSE, GUIMARAS

Historical Significance: Built in 1894 during the Spanish colonial era, the Guisi Lighthouse is one of the oldest lighthouses in the Philippines. It played a crucial role in guiding ships through the Guimaras Strait.

Interesting Facts:

The lighthouse was designed by Guillermo Brockman, a Spanish engineer who designed several other lighthouses in the Philippines.

Although no longer functional, the ruins of the original lighthouse and keeper’s house still stand, offering a glimpse into 19th-century maritime history.

How to Get There: From Iloilo City, take a ferry to Jordan Wharf in Guimaras. From there, hire a tricycle or jeepney to Nueva Valencia, then another tricycle to Guisi Beach where the lighthouse is located.

BANTON ISLAND, ROMBLON

Historical Significance: Banton Island is home to the Banton Cloth, the oldest known woven textile in Southeast Asia, dating back to the 13th century. The island also features ancient burial caves and Spanish colonial-era structures.

Interesting Facts:

The Banton Cloth was discovered in a wooden coffin inside one of the island’s burial caves.

The island is surrounded by well-preserved coral reefs, some of which contain Spanish colonialera shipwrecks.

How to Get There: Fly to Tugdan Airport in

Tablas, Romblon. Take a jeepney to San Agustin port, then a boat to Banton Island.

These hidden gems offer a unique perspective on Philippine history and culture. By venturing off the usual tourist track, visitors can discover the depth and diversity of the country’s heritage.

Callao Cave, Cagayan

Guisi Lighthouse, Guimaras

Callao Cave, Cagayan

Filipino Spirits: A Toast to Tradition

by Billy De La Cruz

For centuries, the Philippine archipelago has been home to a rich tradition of crafting distinctive alcoholic beverages. From the swaying coconut palms of Quezon to the terraced mountains of the Cordilleras, these spirits tell stories of cultural heritage, community celebrations, and time-honored craftsmanship passed down through generations.

The tale of Philippine spirits begins long before Spanish colonization, when indigenous communities created these drinks not just for revelry, but as integral elements of spiritual ceremonies, social gatherings, and daily life. Today, these traditional liquors continue to captivate both locals and visitors, offering unique flavors that reflect the archipelago’s diverse landscape and cultural tapestry.

Among these traditional spirits, Lambanog stands as perhaps the most internationally recognized. Often called “coconut vodka” by foreigners, this clear spirit originates from the coconut-rich provinces of Southern Luzon, particularly Quezon and Batangas. Traditional distillers, known locally as manananggot, climb towering coconut trees twice daily to collect the precious sap from the coconut flowers. This sap naturally ferments into tuba before undergoing distillation in copper stills, resulting in a potent spirit that can reach up to 45% alcohol by volume. While traditionally consumed pure, modern producers have introduced varieties infused with fruits like raisins, mango, and even bubblegum flavors, appealing to younger consumers.

In the northern mountains of Luzon, the indigenous peoples of the Cordilleras have long produced Tapuy, a rice wine that holds deep cultural significance. Made from carefully selected glutinous rice and natural fermentation starters called bubod, Tapuy production is surrounded by rituals and traditions. The process begins with women carefully washing the rice and mixing it with bubod before storing it in earthen jars. The resulting wine, with its subtle sweetness and complex flavor profile reminiscent of Japanese sake, plays a crucial role in traditional ceremonies, from weddings to harvest festivals. Each community has its own closely guarded recipe, passed down through generations.

The Visayas and Mindanao regions contribute their own distinctive drink to this spiritual trinity: Tuba, often called the “toddy” of the Philippines. Harvested from either coconut or nipa palms, this fermented palm wine represents one of the oldest forms of alcohol production in the archipelago. Fresh Tuba offers a sweet, slightly effervescent taste, while its aged counterpart, Bahal, develops a stronger, more complex flavor profile. Local folklore speaks of Tuba’s medicinal properties, with some believing it can help with digestion and provide energy.

Contemporary Filipino mixologists and craft distillers are breathing new life into these traditional spirits. In upscale bars across Manila and other urban centers, bartenders create innovative cocktails incorporating

A taste of Filipino heritage in every sip: Lambanog, Tapuy, and Tuba, each with its own rich history, unique flavors, and deep cultural roots

Lambanog and aged Tuba. Small-batch distilleries have emerged, focusing on premium versions that maintain traditional production methods while meeting modern quality standards. Organizations like the Philippine Craft Spirits Association work to preserve these traditions while promoting responsible innovation.

When it comes to enjoying these spirits, each offers unique pairing possibilities. Lambanog’s clean, crisp profile complements grilled seafood and pork, particularly during traditional beach gatherings or “boodle fights.” Tapuy’s subtle complexity pairs beautifully with traditional Cordilleran dishes like pinikpikan or smoked meats. Fresh Tuba, with its natural sweetness, makes an excellent accompaniment to spicy Filipino cuisine, while aged Bahal can stand alongside strong-flavored dishes like kinilaw or sinugba.

These spirits represent more than mere alcoholic beverages; they embody centuries of Filipino ingenuity, cultural practices, and community bonds. Each bottle contains stories of ancient traditions, family gatherings, and the natural bounty of the Philippine islands. As global interest in craft spirits grows, these traditional Filipino liquors offer unique flavors and experiences that cannot be replicated elsewhere.

For those yet to experience these traditional spirits, they offer a genuine taste of Philippine heritage. Whether sipped during a sunset on a Philippine beach, shared among friends during a fiesta, or carefully paired with traditional cuisine, these drinks continue to play a vital role in celebrating and preserving Filipino culture. Perhaps it’s time to raise a glass to these enduring spirits of the islands.

Adobo: Heritage in a Pot

by Billy De La Cruz

With its rich, savory-sour flavors and endless regional variations, Adobo stands as the heart and soul of Filipino cuisine, embodying the nation’s diverse culinary traditions.

Steam rises from a pot in a modest Filipino kitchen, carrying with it the unmistakable aroma of garlic, vinegar, and bay leaves. Inside, tender meat simmers in a rich, dark sauce that speaks of centuries of tradition, adaptation, and culinary mastery. This is adobo, a dish that transcends its role as mere sustenance to embody the very essence of Filipino culture and identity.

In every Filipino household, from the narrow streets of Manila to the remotest barrios of Mindanao, adobo tells a story. It’s a tale that begins long before Spanish galleons first appeared on Philippine shores, weaving through centuries of colonial influence, and continuing to evolve in modern kitchens worldwide. But where did this beloved dish truly originate, and how has it maintained its place at the heart of Filipino cuisine?

The story begins in pre-colonial Philippines, where our ancestors developed sophisticated food preservation techniques suited to the tropical climate. Long before refrigeration, early Filipinos

discovered that cooking meat in vinegar and salt not only extended its shelf life but also created flavors that would become foundational to Filipino cuisine. Ancient communities across the archipelago used native vinegars derived from palm sap and coconut, combined with sea salt, to preserve their food for long sea voyages and extended periods between hunts.

Archaeological evidence and historical records suggest that these preservation methods were already well-established when Spanish colonizers arrived in the 16th century. The Spanish encountered a cooking style that reminded them of their own adobado, a marination method using vinegar, olive oil, and spices. They called this Filipino cooking method “adobo,” but the similarity ended with the name. While Spanish adobado was primarily a marination technique, Filipino adobo evolved into a distinct cooking method where meat is braised in vinegar, incorporating native ingredients like coconut vinegar, peppercorns, and bay leaves.

The genius of Filipino adobo lies in its adaptability. The basic technique of cooking in vinegar and garlic remained constant, but communities across the archipelago made the dish their own. In the Bicol region, known for its love of coconut milk, adobo sa gata emerged, combining the tartness of vinegar with creamy coconut milk. The Visayan islands developed adobong puti, or white adobo, which omits soy sauce—a relatively recent addition to the recipe—maintaining the pure, sharp flavors of vinegar and salt.

Deep in the mountains of Batangas, some communities add turmeric to their adobo, creating a golden dish with earthy undertones. In Cavite, the addition of annatto seeds gives their adobo a distinctive reddish hue. Each variation tells a story of local taste preferences, available ingredients, and cultural influences that have shaped regional identities.

The basic elements of adobo—vinegar, garlic, bay leaves, and peppercorns—remain constant across these variations, creating a unifying thread in Filipino cuisine. Yet it’s the differences that make adobo truly special. Every family has their own recipe, passed down through generations, each claiming theirs as the definitive version. Some swear by apple cider vinegar, while others insist that native coconut or cane vinegar is the only acceptable choice. Debates rage over whether the sauce should be reduced until dry or kept brothier, whether the meat should be fork-tender or maintain some bite.

In recent years, adobo has transcended its humble origins to become a global ambassador for Filipino cuisine. International chefs and food

recognized its complex flavors and versatility. Modern Filipino restaurants worldwide now offer contemporary interpretations: adobo risotto, adobo tacos, even adobo ice cream. These innovations might raise eyebrows among traditionalists, but they demonstrate adobo’s remarkable adaptability and enduring appeal.

The dish has earned accolades from food magazines and international critics, who praise its perfect balance of sour, salty, and savory flavors. In 2021, the Philippine Department of Trade and Industry even attempted to standardize adobo’s recipe—a move that sparked passionate debates about the very nature of cultural cuisine and the importance of preserving regional variations.

Yet despite its global recognition and modern interpretations, adobo remains deeply personal to Filipinos. It’s comfort food that tastes like home, a dish that connects the global Filipino diaspora to their roots. In foreign lands, the smell of adobo cooking can trigger powerful memories of family gatherings and childhood kitchens.

What makes adobo truly remarkable is not just its flavor or its history, but its role as a living, evolving tradition. It represents both the resilience and adaptability of Filipino culture—how outside influences were absorbed and transformed into something uniquely Filipino. Each pot of adobo cooking today carries forward this legacy while creating new stories for future generations.

Perhaps the beauty of adobo lies in its refusal to be standardized. It remains as diverse as the Philippine archipelago itself, with each variation adding another layer to its rich cultural tapestry. Every Filipino family’s adobo recipe tells a story—of migration, of adaptation, of preservation, and of love passed down through generations.

As you savor your next plate of adobo, consider its journey through time: from ancient preservation technique to beloved comfort food, from humble home kitchens to prestigious restaurants worldwide.

Then ask yourself: what story does

More than just a dish, Adobo is a taste of home, history, and heritage—passed down through generations, uniting Filipinos across the world.

Click, Share, Proud: Examining the Culture of #PinoyPride

by Billy De La Cruz

While such passionate displays of nationalism can be heartwarming, they point to a deeper question about how we express cultural pride whether through symbolic gestures in viral moments, or through sustained engagement with and support for Filipino excellence in science, arts, education, and innovation.

In the vast landscape of social media, few phenomena capture Filipino online behavior quite like #PinoyPride. This ubiquitous hashtag appears millions of times across platforms, celebrating everything from Miss Universe victories to a foreign celebrity’s fleeting mention of adobo. While this digital expression of cultural pride reflects the warmth and enthusiasm of Filipino culture, it also reveals deeper complexities about how we view our place in the global community.

The #PinoyPride phenomenon reached new heights during the 2010s as the Philippines emerged as one of the world’s most active social media markets. What began as a genuine celebration of Filipino achievement evolved into an almost reflexive response to any international recognition. A foreign YouTuber tasting balut becomes national news. A Hollywood actor mentioning their Filipino parent goes viral within hours. A singer with a distant Filipino relative receives an outpouring of support from “Filipino fans worldwide.”

This digital pride takes many forms. Sometimes it appears as enthusiastic comments claiming prominent figures as “Filipino” based on increasingly tenuous connections. Other times, it manifests as the mass sharing of articles about international

achievements by anyone with Filipino heritage, no matter how distant. The phenomenon has even spawned its own internet culture, complete with memes and standard responses like “Proud to be Pinoy!” and “Filipino pride worldwide!”

The enthusiasm extends beyond individual achievements. When a foreign show features Filipino food, when international media mentions the Philippines, or when global brands incorporate Filipino elements into their products, social media lights up with proud declarations of Filipino identity. This digital chorus of pride has become so predictable that it has itself become a subject of memes and gentle mockery, both within and outside the Filipino community.

#PINOYPRIDEGOESVIRAL

The intense desire for international validation reflects complex historical and social factors. Centuries of colonization under Spanish and American rule left lasting impacts on how Filipinos perceive cultural value. There’s often an implicit assumption that Western recognition legitimizes Filipino worth, a psychological legacy of colonial mentality that continues to influence modern expressions of pride.

The phenomenon of “Pinoybaiting” -- where content creators exploit Filipino viewers’ desire for cultural validation -- has become a lucrative social media strategy, often garnering millions of views through superficial engagement with Filipino culture.

This sensitivity to foreign validation manifests in various ways. When foreign media praises Filipino nurses, it generates more excitement than local recognition of healthcare workers’ daily heroism. A Filipino restaurant receiving a Michelin star abroad creates bigger headlines than master chefs preserving traditional cuisine at home. An international award for a Filipino artist garners more attention than decades of contribution to local art scenes.

The tendency to claim successful individuals with even minimal Filipino connections reveals an underlying insecurity about cultural identity. The excitement over discovering that a celebrity has a Filipino grandfather or that a successful athlete has a Filipino mother speaks to a desire for representation and validation on the global stage. While this desire is understandable, it sometimes leads to overlooking the wealth of achievement and talent within the Philippines itself.

#PRIDEOVERFLOW

The enthusiasm for international validation sometimes leads to misplaced or exaggerated pride. Claims about Filipino heritage can become stretched to the point of absurdity. Social media users eagerly share lists of “Filipino inventions” that include items

with dubious or unverified connections to Filipino innovators. Success stories get shared without factchecking, leading to the spread of misinformation in the name of national pride.

This misplaced pride can manifest in counterproductive ways. When foreign critics praise Filipino culture, their opinions are celebrated and widely shared. However, when they offer constructive criticism, they might face aggressive backlash from defensive netizens. This sensitivity to criticism, while coming from a place of protective pride, can hinder genuine dialogue and growth.

The fixation on international validation can also lead to overlooking significant local achievements. A Filipino scientist making breakthrough research locally might receive less attention than a foreignbased Filipino winning a minor award abroad. Traditional artisans preserving centuries-old techniques often receive less recognition than Filipino contestants on international talent shows. This imbalance in attention and appreciation reflects a broader issue in how cultural value is measured and celebrated.

#HIDDENHEROES

The Philippines’ contributions to global

healthcare deserve deep recognition beyond viral celebrations. Dr. Fe del Mundo’s groundbreaking pediatric innovations, including the first incubator and jaundice treatment technologies for developing countries, revolutionized child healthcare worldwide. Filipino nurses haven’t just filled staffing gapsthey’ve pioneered patient care protocols and cultural competency frameworks now used in hospitals globally. Dr. Perla Santos Ocampo’s research on malnutrition created treatment protocols that saved millions of children’s lives across developing nations.

In environmental science, Filipino researchers lead crucial work that rarely makes headlines. Dr. Gavino Trono’s extensive research on seaweed species led to breakthroughs in carrageenan production, now a crucial global food ingredient. The late Leonard Co’s documentation of over 6,000 plant species created the backbone of Philippine biodiversity conservation.

Food science showcases Filipino wartime innovation and resourcefulness. Maria Y. Orosa, a food technologist and chemist, revolutionized food preservation and invented banana ketchup during WWII as a creative solution to tomato shortages. Her development of Soyalac (a protein-rich drink from soybeans) and Darak (rice bran cookies) helped save countless lives during the Japanese occupation by preventing malnutrition among guerrilla fighters and civilians. Beyond these, she created over 700 recipes using native ingredients and developed methods to preserve local fruits, laying the groundwork for the Philippines’ food processing industry.

Agricultural innovation shows Filipino ingenuity at its finest. Dr. Romulo Davide’s work on integrated pest management revolutionized farming practices, while his “Farmer-Scientists Training Program” empowered rural communities to conduct their own agricultural research. Dr. Benito Vergara’s research on rice varieties adapted to harsh conditions has helped ensure food security across Asia. The indigenous rice terraces of the Cordilleras demonstrate sophisticated engineering that predates modern agriculture.

In technology and engineering, unsung heroes abound. Engineer Gregorio Zara invented the first two-way video telephone in 1954, preceding modern video calls by decades. Dr. Eduardo Ong developed affordable water filtration systems using locally available materials, bringing clean water to remote communities. The late Dr. Paulo Campos pioneered nuclear medicine in Southeast Asia, establishing the first radioisotope laboratory in the Philippines.

Materials science showcases Filipino resourcefulness. Dr. Magdalena Cantoria’s research on indigenous plant fibers led to developments in sustainable textiles. Dr. Alonzo Gabriel’s work on food preservation technology helps small-scale farmers reduce waste and increase income. The

As Harvard Medical School’s first female student and a pioneering pediatrician, Dr. Fe del Mundo revolutionized child healthcare in developing nations through innovations like the first incubator designed for rural communities.

Dr. Perla Santos Ocampo’s groundbreaking research and treatment protocols for malnutrition saved millions of children’s lives across developing nations.

Dr. Gavino Trono’s pioneering work on seaweed species and carrageenan production helped establish the Philippines as a global leader in seaweed research and industry.

development of Manila hemp (abaca) processing techniques creates materials crucial for industrial and marine applications worldwide.

Social innovation demonstrates Filipino community spirit. Dr. Juan Flavier’s “Doctors to the Barrios” program became a model for rural healthcare delivery. Fe Hidalgo’s mother tonguebased education approach improved learning outcomes for indigenous children. The Gawad Kalinga community development model has been adopted by other countries for poverty alleviation.

Disaster preparedness and climate adaptation show Filipino expertise born of necessity. Dr. Mahar Lagmay’s Project NOAH revolutionized disaster prediction systems. Dr. Rosa Perez’s climate change vulnerability assessments help communities adapt to environmental challenges. The Filipino-developed “People’s Survival Fund” became a model for climate adaptation financing in developing nations.

In architecture and urban planning, Filipino innovation blends tradition with sustainability. The bahay kubo’s natural ventilation principles influence modern green architecture. Architect Leandro Locsin’s cultural buildings demonstrated how modern architecture could express Filipino identity. Bobby Mañosa’s work preserved indigenous architectural principles while adapting them for contemporary use.

Traditional knowledge systems represent crucial contributions often overlooked. The babaylan healing traditions have influenced holistic medicine approaches. Filipino traditional boat-building techniques, particularly in the construction of bangkas, demonstrate sophisticated marine engineering. Indigenous weather prediction systems, combining astronomical and ecological observations, continue to aid local communities.

These achievements represent Filipino excellence addressing real-world challenges through innovation, often with limited resources. They demonstrate how local knowledge and understanding can create solutions with global impact, proving that true Filipino pride can be rooted in substantive contributions rather than fleeting celebrity connections.

#IDENTITYCRISIS

The #PinoyPride phenomenon influences how younger generations understand and value their cultural identity. When international recognition becomes the primary measure of success, it can create a distorted view of cultural worth. Young Filipinos might grow up believing that achievement only matters when validated by foreign audiences, potentially undermining appreciation for local excellence and traditional knowledge.

This mindset can affect career choices and creative expressions. Artists might feel pressured

During WWII, Maria Y. Orosa’s food innovations, including banana ketchup and the nutrient-rich Soyalac, saved countless lives and established foundations for the Philippine food processing industry.

Dr. Romulo Davide’s “Farmer-Scientists Training Program” transformed agricultural practices by empowering rural communities to conduct their research and improve crop yields.

Engineer Gregorio Zara’s visionary creation preceded modern video calls by decades, showcasing Filipino technological innovation long before the digital age.

to cater to international tastes rather than explore authentic Filipino themes. Professionals might view success primarily through the lens of foreign recognition rather than local impact. The emphasis on international validation might discourage innovation that addresses specifically Filipino needs and contexts.

Moreover, the viral nature of #PinoyPride celebrations can oversimplify complex cultural narratives. Quick, shareable content about Filipino achievement often lacks historical context and nuance. The rich tapestry of Filipino culture gets reduced to easily digestible snippets, potentially losing the depth and complexity that makes it truly valuable.

#ONLINEPINOY

The role of social media in shaping cultural perception cannot be understated. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok have become primary venues for expressing cultural identity and pride. The algorithmic nature of these platforms tends to amplify content that generates strong emotional responses, potentially skewing which aspects of Filipino culture receive the most attention.

The viral spread of #PinoyPride content often follows predictable patterns. First comes the initial discovery or achievement, then the rush to establish Filipino connections, followed by mass sharing and celebration, and finally the inevitable backlash or critique. This cycle can happen within hours, leaving little time for thoughtful reflection on the actual significance of the celebrated achievement.

Furthermore, the social media echo chamber can reinforce certain behaviors and attitudes. When users see others receiving positive reinforcement for sharing #PinoyPride content, they’re more likely to engage in similar behavior. This creates a selfperpetuating cycle that can sometimes prioritize quantity over quality in cultural celebrations.

#BEYONDTHEHASHTAG

The future of Filipino pride lies not just in celebrating achievements but in actively building and preserving cultural legacy. This means supporting local cultural institutions, investing in arts education, and creating platforms for Filipino voices to be heard on their own terms. It involves recognizing that cultural pride is not just about past achievements but about creating new ones worthy of celebration.

Education plays a crucial role in developing a more mature understanding of cultural pride. Schools and universities should teach students to think critically about cultural identity and achievement. This includes understanding the historical context of Filipino achievements, recognizing the value of indigenous knowledge, and developing the

confidence to appreciate local excellence without requiring foreign validation.

#NEXTGENPRIDE

The challenge ahead lies in transforming #PinoyPride from a reactive social media phenomenon into a proactive force for cultural development. This transformation requires conscious effort from various sectors of society. Media organizations can play a crucial role by highlighting local achievements and innovations that might not receive international attention but contribute significantly to national progress.

The academic community bears responsibility for developing research and scholarship that examines Filipino achievements in their proper historical and cultural contexts. This includes documenting traditional knowledge systems, analyzing contemporary cultural developments, and creating frameworks for understanding Filipino excellence on its own terms rather than through foreign perspectives.

Cultural institutions must also evolve their approach to presenting Filipino heritage. Museums, galleries, and cultural centers should focus not just on preserving artifacts but on creating dynamic spaces where traditional knowledge meets contemporary innovation. These spaces can become laboratories for new forms of cultural expression that honor heritage while embracing future possibilities.

#REWRITINGTHESCRIPT

As we move forward in an increasingly interconnected world, the expression of Filipino pride must mature beyond social media validation. This means developing confidence in our cultural identity that doesn’t depend on external approval. It involves recognizing that true cultural excellence often manifests in quiet, sustained commitment rather than viral moments.

The next generation of Filipino achievers should feel empowered to pursue excellence on their own terms, whether or not it attracts international attention. This might mean scientists developing solutions for local challenges, artists exploring deeply Filipino themes, or entrepreneurs building businesses that serve community needs. Success should be measured not by social media metrics but by meaningful impact on society.

Moreover, Filipino communities worldwide should work to create platforms and opportunities that showcase Filipino talent and innovation. This could include establishing cultural festivals that go beyond traditional performances to highlight contemporary achievements, creating mentorship programs that connect experienced professionals with emerging talent, and developing funding mechanisms to support cultural initiatives.

The next generation’s understanding of Filipino pride must be rooted not in viral moments of foreign recognition, but in awareness of their nation’s substantial contributions to global progress.

#REALPINOYPRIDE

The future of Filipino pride lies in finding balance between celebrating international recognition and nurturing local excellence. It means understanding that viral moments of pride are meaningful only when they connect to deeper currents of cultural achievement. Social media can serve as a powerful tool for sharing Filipino success stories, but it shouldn’t be the primary measure of cultural worth.

As we continue to navigate the digital age, let’s work toward expressions of pride that reflect the true depth and diversity of Filipino achievement. This means moving beyond superficial celebrations to engage with the complex realities of cultural development. It involves supporting initiatives that strengthen cultural institutions, preserve traditional knowledge, and create new opportunities for Filipino excellence to flourish.

The true measure of #PinoyPride should not be

its viral reach but its ability to inspire concrete action for cultural development. When pride motivates us to support local artists, preserve indigenous knowledge, or create innovative solutions to community challenges, it fulfills its potential as a force for positive change. In this way, we can build a legacy of achievement that future generations will celebrate not because it went viral, but because it made a lasting difference in the world.

Ultimately, Filipino pride should be rooted in the understanding that our cultural worth exists independently of international validation. It should draw strength from the knowledge that excellence can manifest in many forms, from the traditional wisdom of indigenous communities to the cuttingedge innovations of contemporary creators. As we share our achievements with the world, let’s remember that the most meaningful pride comes not from external validation but from the authentic expression of our cultural identity and values.

A New Era for Filipino Innovation

by Audie Vergara

For decades, many Filipinos have believed that real economic opportunity lies beyond the nation’s shores. Millions of workers have left home in search of better prospects, propping up industries and economies across the globe. Yet while this diaspora has yielded countless individual success stories, it has also taken a profound toll on family life—and left the Philippines repeatedly defined as a place for outsourced labor.

It’s time for a different narrative—one in which the Philippines is recognized not only for its skilled workforce but also for its capacity to innovate at the highest levels. Thanks to a young, dynamic population brimming with potential, the country has a genuine chance to become a hub of world-class ideas and products, rather than a pipeline of top talent for foreign markets.

Consider the surge in demand for electric vehicles, semiconductor manufacturing, and other high-tech sectors. These fields represent the future of global industry, and the Philippines cannot

afford to remain a mere bystander. The nation has produced outstanding scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs—yet too often, they find their calling overseas. By investing in advanced training, embracing cutting-edge research, and developing the infrastructure to support these sectors, we can propel the Philippines into a new era of sustainable growth.

Such investment transcends economics; it also keeps families together. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) have long been called the country’s “modern-day heroes” for their remittances, but their personal costs are high. Children grow up without parents at home. Marriages endure long stretches of separation. Communities lose their most promising minds. If we reshape our industries to offer highvalue opportunities at home, Filipinos need not feel compelled to leave.

This effort must be collective. Government agencies should collaborate with the private sector to incentivize innovation—whether through grants, tax

breaks, or easier regulatory pathways for startups— while educational institutions align curriculums with the demands of advanced industries. Corporations, both domestic and international, can invest in local research and development, spurring the kind of knowledge transfer that generates new products and patents.

The Apl.de.Ap Foundation International (APLFI), established by Allan Pineda (known worldwide as Apl.de.Ap of the Black Eyed Peas), offers a compelling example of how a focused vision can become a national movement. Leveraging his global platform, Pineda challenges the notion that the Philippines should stay an outsourcing destination. Instead, through robust training and partnerships, he aims to unlock local potential in cutting-edge fields—ultimately, shining a light on Filipino ingenuity.

With every skill acquired and every patent filed, the Philippines writes a new chapter in its history— one where Filipino minds don’t simply implement someone else’s vision, but chart their own. And let there be no doubt: the global economy is shifting rapidly. As automation and artificial intelligence transform industries, countries that adapt swiftly will define the next wave of growth. The Philippines,

with its large youth population and renowned resourcefulness, must not allow this moment to pass.

Of course, success will not be immediate. Building a self-sustaining tech ecosystem demands discipline, strategic investment, and a culture that prizes original thinking over imitation. But the benefits— counted not just in profits, but in stronger families and healthier communities—are unquestionably worth the effort.

By seizing this opportunity and nurturing local innovation, the Philippines can finally prove what Filipinos have always known: that they are far more than just a workforce to be outsourced. They can be the source of breakthroughs that better humanity, the architects of economic transformation, and ultimately, the authors of their own future. APLFI stands ready to help drive this vision forward— ensuring that the Philippines’ ingenuity not only reshapes its economy but also keeps Filipino families together, thriving here at home.

***

Audie Vergara is the Executive Director of the Apl.de.ApFoundationInternational.

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Creatures of Shadow and Light: A Guide to Filipino Mythological Beings

by Billy De La Cruz

In the depths of Philippine nights, when the moon casts strange shadows through banana groves and ancient mango trees, the creatures of Filipino folklore come alive. From shapeshifting viscera-suckers to diminutive smoking men, these beings have terrorized and fascinated generations of Filipinos, creating a bestiary unlike any other in Southeast Asia. These creatures, born from pre-colonial animistic beliefs and shaped by centuries of cultural evolution, continue to capture imaginations and influence contemporary Filipino culture.

Perhaps most infamous among Filipino creatures is the Aswang, a shape-shifting monster that hunts at night. Unlike the straightforward

monsters of Western mythology, the Aswang is a complex being that appears human by day –often as an unremarkable neighbor or friend. By night, however, it transforms into various horrific forms, most commonly a large black dog or bird, seeking out its preferred prey: unborn children and the sick. The Aswang’s ability to blend into human society speaks to deep-seated cultural fears about betrayal and the unknown lurking within familiar spaces.

The Manananggal, a subset of the Aswang, presents an even more grotesque transformation. This creature appears as a beautiful woman who can split her body in half, with the upper portion flying into the night using bat-like wings. The lower half remains standing, making the Manananggal uniquely vulnerable – if one

Aswang, a legendary creature in Filipino folklore, is a shape-shifting monster known for preying on humans, especially at night. The aswang remains one of the most feared and enduring figures in Philippine mythology. Illustration by Ian Balba

A terrifying creature of Filipino folklore that separates from its lower body and hunts at night, the manananggal preys on the unsuspecting.

Illustration by Isaiah Cabanting

can find and salt its lower portion, the creature cannot rejoin and will perish at dawn.

THE FOREST DWELLERS

The Philippine jungle harbors its own distinct collection of mythological beings. The Kapre, a giant dark-skinned creature that sits in enormous trees smoking tobacco, is more mischievous than malevolent. Standing several meters tall and leaving the scent of tobacco in its wake, the Kapre is known for getting travelers lost in the woods, though it can be friendly to those who respect its domain.

The Tikbalang, a creature with a horse’s head and a human body, also haunts the forests. This being delights in leading travelers astray, making them walk in circles until they lose their way completely. Traditional lore suggests wearing one’s shirt inside out to break the Tikbalang’s confusing spell – a practice some older Filipinos still observe when traveling through dense forests.

HOUSEHOLD SPIRITS AND

DIMINUTIVE TRICKSTERS

Not all Filipino mythological creatures dwell in forests or hunt at night. The Nuno sa Punso, often translated as “old man of the mound,” inhabits anthills and other earthen mounds. Despite its small size, this creature

demands respect – those who disturb its home must politely ask permission or risk illness and misfortune.

The Duwende, similar to European gnomes, come in both benevolent and malevolent varieties. These small creatures can either help or harm household residents, depending on how they’re treated. Many Filipino homes still maintain practices meant to appease these beings, such as saying “tabi-tabi po” (please excuse me) when throwing water or walking in areas where they might dwell.

WATER WORLD DENIZENS

The waters surrounding and within the Philippine archipelago host their own mysterious inhabitants. The Siyokoy, with their fish-like features and algae-covered bodies, are said to drag unwary swimmers to underwater kingdoms.

The Sirena holds a special place in Filipino mythology, distinct from their Western mermaid counterparts. These enchanting creatures, with the upper body of a beautiful woman and the tail of a fish, are often spotted combing their long, flowing hair with golden combs near coastal rocks during twilight hours. While some tales paint them as benevolent beings who help lost fishermen find their way home, others tell of Sirena who use their hypnotic voices to lure men to their doom. Their male counterparts, the Siyokoy, are typically depicted as more aggressive and territorial.

A towering giant cloaked in smoke, the Kapre lurks among the trees, watching, waiting. It plays tricks on travelers, makes them lose their way. Illustration by Ian Balba

Filipino folklore tells of the Kataw, another sea creature similar to the Sirena but known for being more vicious. Unlike the sometimeshelpful Sirena, Kataw are known to deliberately capsize small fishing boats and drag their victims to the depths.

In rivers and streams, the Tambaloslos terrifies night travelers with its huge head and tiny body, while the mysterious Berberoka is said to drain small ponds to catch fish and unwary humans. These water creatures reflect the Filipino people’s deep connection to their maritime environment and the dangers that lurk beneath seemingly peaceful waters.

OTHER BEINGS

The Philippine bestiary includes countless other fascinating creatures worth noting:

The Tiyanak appears as an innocent baby crying in the forest but transforms into a sharptoothed monster when picked up by wellmeaning travelers. This creature particularly reflects anxieties about infant mortality in traditional Filipino society.

The Batibat is a nightmare spirit that sits on the chests of sleeping victims, particularly those who sleep in new wooden houses. It is said to be the spirit of trees cut down for lumber, seeking

revenge on those who disturbed its home.

The White Lady, while a more modern addition to Filipino folklore, has become deeply embedded in urban mythology. Nearly every old building, ancient road, or dark bridge in the Philippines has its own White Lady story, with the most famous being the Balete Drive White Lady in Quezon City.

The Wakwak, a bird-like creature that makes a distinctive “wak-wak” sound, is believed to be another variation of the Aswang. It’s said to hunt for victims at night, its sound growing fainter when it’s actually closer – a detail that adds to its frightening nature.

The Santelmo, appearing as balls of fire or lightning, are believed to be spirits of the dead who died in tragic circumstances. Unlike many other creatures, they are often seen as neutral beings, neither particularly malevolent nor benevolent.

MODERN MANIFESTATIONS

While belief in these creatures has waned in urban areas, their influence on Filipino culture remains strong. Contemporary Filipino horror films, literature, and art regularly feature these beings, often reimagining them for modern audiences. Video games, comics, and social media have become new vehicles for these ancient tales, ensuring their survival in the digital age.

These creatures also serve as powerful metaphors for modern concerns. The Aswang’s ability to hide in plain sight resonates with anxieties about trust in modern society, while stories of forest creatures like the Kapre align with environmental conservation messages.

THE PSYCHOLOGY

OF

FEAR AND RESPECT

What makes Filipino mythological creatures particularly fascinating is their psychological complexity. Unlike simple monsters that merely frighten, these beings often embody moral lessons about respect, community values, and human behavior. They remind people to respect nature, maintain social harmony, and honor traditional customs.

More than mere bogeymen, Filipino mythological creatures represent a complex understanding of the world where the natural and supernatural coexist. In a nation where ancient beliefs blend seamlessly with modern life, these creatures continue to evolve, finding new relevance in each generation. They remind us that in the Philippines, the line between reality and myth remains delightfully thin, and that sometimes, the strangest stories carry the deepest truths.

Half-man, half-horse, the Tikbalang roams the forests, leading travelers astray with illusions. Some say taming one grants you a powerful guardian—if you dare to try. Illustration by Ian Balba A PANTHEON OF

MAPI OFFERS TWO (2) TYPES OF MEMBERSHIPS:

Spirits of the Islands: How Philippine Gods Shaped a Nation

by Billy De La Cruz

Divine Beings of the Philippines: A stunning portrayal of indigenous deities, brought to life by The Aswang Project.

In the gentle rustle of bamboo groves and the whispered tales of village elders, the gods of the Philippines still speak. While tourists flock to the country’s pristine beaches and bustling cities, a more ancient Philippines persists in the shadows of volcanic peaks and the depths of primordial forests. Here, in a land where Christianity now predominates, the old gods haven’t truly departed – they’ve simply learned to speak in different voices. From the mysterious depths of Mount Makiling to the storm-tossed waters of the Visayan seas, these deities have survived centuries of colonial rule, religious conversion, and modernization, weaving themselves into the fabric of contemporary Filipino life in ways both subtle and profound.

THE PRE-COLONIAL DIVINE HIERARCHY

Before Spanish colonization, the ancient Filipinos believed in a sophisticated cosmology divided into three primary realms: Kaluwalhatian (the skyworld), Kapatagan (the mortal realm), and Kasamaan (the underworld). Each realm hosted powerful

deities who governed different aspects of life, nature, and the cosmos.

At the apex of this divine hierarchy stood Bathala, the supreme deity of the Tagalog people. Known as the creator of the universe, Bathala was believed to reside in Kaluwalhatian, watching over humanity from his golden palace among the stars. Unlike the distant gods of other mythologies, Bathala was often portrayed as an active participant in human affairs, teaching early Filipinos the arts of agriculture, metalworking, and other essential skills.

THE CHILDREN OF NATURE

Philippine mythology is particularly notable for its intimate connection with the natural world. The ancient Filipinos recognized powerful spirits called “diwata” who embodied natural forces and phenomena. Among the most prominent was Maria Makiling, the guardian of Mount Makiling in Laguna, who became a symbol of environmental stewardship. Similarly, Maria Sinukuan of Mount Arayat and Maria Cacao of Cebu represented the bounty and mysteries of their respective domains.

The sea, crucial to life in the archipelago, was ruled by powerful deities like Aman Sinaya, who taught humans the art of fishing, and Magwayen, the goddess of the sea and death. These maritime deities reflected the Filipino people’s deep relationship with the ocean, influencing everything from fishing practices to navigation techniques.

WARRIORS AND PROTECTORS

The ancient Filipino pantheon also included formidable warrior deities who protected communities and upheld cosmic order. Apolaki, the sun god of war and patron of warriors, was particularly revered among the Tagalog people. His sister, Mayari, the goddess of the moon, combat, and revolution, represented feminine strength and wisdom in warfare.

Another significant figure was Bakunawa, the serpent deity who was believed to cause eclipses by attempting to swallow the moon. While often portrayed as an antagonist, Bakunawa’s existence in Filipino mythology highlighted the complex relationship between chaos and order in the universe.

GUARDIANS OF LIFE AND DEATH

The cycle of life and death held special significance in Philippine mythology, with various deities presiding over different aspects of human existence. Sidapa, the Visayan god of death, was believed to record every person’s lifespan on a sacred tree. Meanwhile, Ikapati, the goddess of fertility and cultivation, blessed marriages and ensured bountiful harvests.

The underworld itself was not seen as a place of punishment but rather as another realm of existence. Sitan, the keeper of the underworld, was viewed more as a guardian than a malevolent figure, challenging the binary concept of good and evil often found in Western mythologies.

LIVING LEGACY

Despite centuries of colonial influence and modernization, these ancient deities continue to influence Filipino culture in surprising ways. Contemporary artists, writers, and filmmakers regularly draw inspiration from these mythological figures, creating modern interpretations that resonate with new generations. Environmental movements invoke the protective spirits of nature, while indigenous communities maintain traditional practices

Divine Beings of the Philippines: A stunning portrayal of indigenous deities, brought to life by The Aswang Project.

that honor these ancient beings.

The persistence of these deities in Filipino consciousness speaks to their enduring relevance. They represent not just supernatural beings but embodiments of values that remain important in Filipino society: respect for nature, community solidarity, and the delicate balance between tradition and progress.

BEYOND MYTH AND MEMORY

As the Philippines strides into an era of rapid technological advancement and cultural transformation, its ancient deities refuse to fade into obscurity. They emerge in unexpected places: in the environmental protests where activists invoke Maria Makiling’s protective spirit over threatened forests, in the fishing communities where old rituals quietly accompany modern methods, and in the creative works of a new generation of Filipino artists who find fresh relevance in these age-old stories.

Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of Philippine mythology isn’t just its survival, but its ability to evolve. These deities, once worshipped in bamboo temples and honored with elaborate rituals, now live on in digital art, viral social media posts, and

contemporary literature. They remind us that mythology isn’t just about the past – it’s about how we continue to make sense of our world, our relationships with nature, and our place in the cosmos.

Today, scholars and cultural workers are making concerted efforts to document and preserve these mythological traditions. Digital archives, academic studies, and cultural programs are helping to ensure that the stories of these deities are not lost to time. Moreover, these efforts reveal how pre-colonial Filipino spirituality offered sophisticated answers to universal questions about existence, morality, and humanity’s place in the cosmos.

As the sun sets over the Philippine archipelago each evening, painting the sky in the same colors that Apolaki and Mayari once claimed as their domain, the ancient gods continue their vigil. They persist not as relics of a forgotten age, but as living metaphors for the enduring spirit of a people who have never lost their connection to the sacred, even as they embrace the future. In the end, the story of Philippine deities isn’t just about gods and spirits – it’s about how a nation keeps its soul alive in a changing world.

Divine Beings of the Philippines: A stunning portrayal of indigenous deities, brought to life by The Aswang Project.

The Wondrous Centro de Turismo Intramuros

by Rogelio Constantino Medina

Known for its rich history and its engaging tourist destinations, Manila’s Walled City, or Intramuros, is a home to Spanish-era landmarks. The Fort Santiago with a huge stone gate and a shrine to national hero Jose Rizal. The ornate Manila Cathedral houses bronze carvings and stained glass windows, while the San Agustin Church museum has religious artwork and statues. Spanish colonial furniture and art fill Casa Manila museum, and a horse-drawn carriages ply the area’s cobblestone streets.

And the historic San Ignacio Church along Arzobispo Street. Named in honor of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the Italian baroque architectural-styled church was designed for the Jesuits by architect Félix Roxas Sr. and was completed in 1899. It was known as the “Golden Dream” but was destroyed during World War II. Its interiors, embellished with carvings, had been designed by Isabelo Tampinco.

The church building has been reconstructed along with its adjoining Casa Misión Convent. It eventually became the home of the Centro de Turismo Intramuros while the mission house has transformed into the Museo Intramuros.

The captivating Centro de Turismo Intramuros, or simply Centro de Turismo, showcases exhibits

on Intramuros’ rich stories, blending history with modern technology or futuristic set-up. It gives a visitor an understanding of the cultural and spiritual roots of the Philippines.

The ground floor of the Centro de Turismo highlights the “evolution and growth of the Walled City, Intramuros, from the pre-colonial to the contemporary period. The foyer of the reconstructed building introduces the origins of San Ignacio Church and the role of the Jesuits in Intramuros. A 360 degree cylindrical drum summarizes the exhibition narrative through panoramic views and peopling settlement, elaborated in the central hall that traces the growth of the walled city from the precolonial period, the dynamic Spanish city, the growth of the arabales, the institutionalization of the government, the redefinition of society, the reconstruction and rise of the new Intramuros,” says Dr. Eric B. Zerrudo, executive director of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.

This narrative, he says, explained through texts, images, excavated and collected objects from the Intramuros Administration. Of interest is the rare and graphic 1717 map, culled from the British Library which illustrates the British military attack

of 1762. Another highlight is the retablo of the of the Recollect church of Cebu mounted in its entirety and scale.

The adjacent building features the Intramuros Administration (IA) collection narrated through the exhibition “Imagenes Indigenes: The Indio Response to the Evangelization”. This highlights the waves of “religious orders, gleaned through the pageantry of images, saints and altars that evangelized the whole archipelago. Breathtaking is the silver collection of religious altars, vestments, vessels and reliquaries that impresses the glory, wealth and power of the Spanish religious movement.”

Certainly, Centro de Turismo is now a visitors’ hub and museum located inside the reconstructed San Ignacio Church. It was launched on June 9, 2024 by First Lady Louise Araneta-Marcos, together with other government officials, and was officially opened to the public on June 12, 2024, during the Philippine Independence Day celebration.

Furthermore, it features 8,000 artifacts, mostly ecclesiastical collections from the adjacent Museo Intramuros which has also been refreshed with new galleries of breathtaking collections of religious art and artifacts. Its revamp gives local and foreign tourists a deeper understanding of the cultural and spiritual roots of the Philippines.

“The Centro de Turismo Intramuros and Museo Intramuros provide a wholistic understanding of the place both in content and context. For the visitors to appreciate the walls, the experience should include the grid system of colonial streets, the churches and cafes, the ruins and gardens. The Centro impresses the history of the place and the lifeways of people during the Spanish colonial period through objects, stories, illustrations and moving images,” explains Dr. Zerrudo.

This is the strength of the Centro Turismo de Intramuros and Museo Intramuros since both narratives complement to create a wholistic picture of the place at a particular period in history.

He adds, “The whole Intramuros story is relived through a huge cylindrical LED drum that regularly shows the Intramuros history and programs of Intramuros Administration.”

The contemporary artwork of Leroy Neo entitled the “Galleon Psychopomp” resonates the colonial Galleon ship, the trading vessel from Manila to Acapulco that traversed the Pacific for 250 years, strapped on air at the center of the hall. “This indeed alludes to the galleon but also mimics the journeys of our minds towards curiosity and discovery.”

The collections of the Centro Turismo are “mostly secular objects representative of the colonial era. The narrative is segmented according to significant eras of development. Precolonial era is represented by Manila ware, earthenware pots that are exquisitely fired with geometric and wave patterns. The Spanish City era exhibits the canons, cash boxes, mantones de Manila and the rare British map. The rise of the arrabales era features the objects of residents such as cloth ornaments, metal pail to get water from the cistern. The institutions’ era shows imported china, the books and documents of religious orders. The war era surfaces the excavated guns, bomb shrapnel and lastly, the Intramuros Administration era illustrates the archival pictures of the reconstruction of the walls in the 1970s.”

Museo Intramuros, on the other hand, is segmented into 12 galleries following a thematic narrative. The narratives are expressed through actual objects, pictures, paintings religious images, light boxes, and house altar tableaus.

“The cultural expansions are expressed in the

Centro Turismo through the rise of the Intramuros as the inner City of Manila. At the same time, the rise of the towns and outside the walled precinct. This should consider the rise of the parian sector in Paco, the rise of Binondo for Chinese traders, the rise of Quiapo and San Miguel Districts for residents, educational institutions and even Malacanang,” points out Dr. Zerrudo with a glint in his eyes.

The religious life is graphically captured by the evolving narratives of the Museo Intramuros. In particular, the story takes off “from the journey of the Catholic faith from Europe to Manila. Other segments are the dedication of the archipelago to the Immaculate Conception, predating the 19th century Pontifical dogma by a hundred years. Also the wave of religious orders that converted the people in the archipelago. The transformation and interpretation of religious images from primitive to Chinese influence to classical art forms. The silver collection that flaunts the wealth and richness of the church. The popularity of church rituals through procession in the streets. The assimilation of the church practice into household space, gleaned from the altars of the rich and the poor.”

Regular operating hours of both museums are from 9 AM to 6 PM, Tuesdays to Sundays.

Certainly, there is a bright prospect for Philippine museums despite the fast changing technological, hyper-millennial developments.

“Museums, alternative spaces, cultural centers are very important venues for discussion and discourse, interpretation and education, silence and contemplation. It can be conjured by various mediums- objects, sensories, images, that would provide an experience of past and valuing of the present. Whether one uses the traditional approach to museum exhibition or the latest technological gadget to simulate museum, there has to be a story, a message and a medium to transform the visitor to a better state of mind and action, to a better person,” concludes Dr. Zerrudo, who had been trained as a development economist but found himself working in a museum because he always enjoys the culture, arts, history and heritage.

Filipino Traditions: Time Untouched

by Billy De La Cruz

In the bustling streets of Manila and the lush mountains of Mindanao, echoes of the Philippines’ precolonial past still resonate. Despite centuries of foreign influence, many ancient Filipino traditions have endured, weaving a rich tapestry that connects the modern nation to its roots. From ageold agricultural practices to traditional weaving techniques, these customs offer a glimpse into a world that existed long before Western powers reached the archipelago’s shores.

THE ENDURING LEGACY OF BAYBAYIN

Among the most fascinating survivals of precolonial culture is Baybayin, the ancient writing system of the Philippines. Once widespread throughout the islands, this elegant script nearly vanished under Spanish rule. Today, a dedicated group of artists, linguists, and cultural advocates are breathing new life into Baybayin, incorporating it into modern design, public art, and even digital fonts.

PRESERVING THE ART OF THE BABAYLAN

In precolonial times, spiritual and medicinal knowledge was the domain of the babaylan, powerful shamans who were often women or gender-fluid individuals. While their role was diminished during the colonial era, modern-day healers and community leaders continue to draw inspiration from the babaylan tradition, blending ancient wisdom with contemporary practices in fields ranging from holistic medicine to environmental conservation.

FROM IFUGAO RICE TERRACES TO URBAN FARMS

The breathtaking Ifugao Rice Terraces stand as a testament to the agricultural ingenuity of precolonial Filipinos. These UNESCO World Heritage sites aren’t merely relics of the past; the ancient farming techniques used to maintain them are finding new applications in sustainable agriculture projects across the country. Urban gardeners and rural

farmers alike are rediscovering the value of indigenous crop varieties and time-tested cultivation methods.

WEAVING ANCIENT STORIES INTO MODERN FABRICS

The art of weaving has been an integral part of Filipino culture for millennia, with each region boasting its own distinctive patterns and techniques. Today, traditional textiles like the t’nalak of the T’boli people and the inabel of the Ilocano are experiencing a renaissance. Fashion designers, interior decorators, and artists are incorporating these ancestral designs into contemporary works, ensuring that the stories and symbols woven into each piece continue to be told and cherished.

As Filipinos continue to navigate the complexities of the modern world, many are finding strength and inspiration in their precolonial roots. By embracing these enduring traditions, they’re not just preserving history – they’re shaping a future that honors the wisdom of their ancestors while facing the challenges of the 21st century.

Each intricate pattern tells a story of heritage, skill, and vibrant culture, woven together with dedication and heart.

Preserving Filipino Childhood Traditions

by Billy De La Cruz

In an era where smartphones and tablets are as common as toys, Filipino parents face a unique challenge: how to preserve the rich tapestry of childhood traditions that have shaped generations while embracing the digital world. This delicate balancing act is crucial for maintaining cultural identity and values in a rapidly changing society.

DIGITAL DILEMMA

The Philippines, known as the “social media capital of the world,” has seen a dramatic shift in how children spend their time. Gone are the days when streets were filled with kids playing traditional games like patintero or sipa. Today, many young Filipinos find entertainment through mobile games and social media platforms.

While technology offers numerous benefits, including educational opportunities and global connectivity, it also threatens to overshadow the simple joys and important life lessons embedded in traditional Filipino childhood experiences.

TREASURED TRADITIONS WORTH PRESERVING

Several key traditions stand out as particularly important to maintain. Mano Po, the gesture of respect where younger people gently press their forehead against an elder’s hand, teaches values of humility and reverence for wisdom. Traditional games such as tumbang preso, piko, and luksong tinik not only provide physical exercise but also foster teamwork and strategic thinking.

Storytelling, the oral tradition of sharing folklore, myths, and family histories, helps maintain intergenerational bonds and cultural knowledge. Family mealtimes, the practice of eating together often with extended family, reinforce the importance of familial bonds in

Filipino culture. Fiesta celebrations, community gatherings for fiestas, teach children about cooperation, generosity, and the importance of shared cultural experiences.

BLENDING OLD AND NEW

Preserving traditions doesn’t mean shunning technology. Instead, creative approaches can blend the best of both worlds. Parents and educators can use digital platforms to organize neighborhood games, bringing children together for traditional outdoor activities. Creating apps or online resources that teach traditional Filipino games, stories, and customs in an interactive format can make cultural learning more engaging for tech-savvy youth.

Encouraging “tech-free” hours during family gatherings can help focus on face-to-face interactions and traditional practices. Using social media to share and celebrate instances of children participating in cultural traditions can create positive reinforcement and inspire others to do the same.

SUCCESS STORIES

Across the Philippines, families and communities are finding innovative ways to keep traditions alive:

In Quezon City, a local cultural center has launched a “Digital Bayanihan” program, where elders use video calls to teach traditional crafts, songs, and stories to young people. This initiative not only preserves cultural knowledge but also bridges the generational digital divide, fostering connections between youth and elders.

The Department of Education has incorporated traditional Filipino games into the physical education curriculum, ensuring that even urban children learn these cultural touchstones.

Several Filipino app developers have created digital versions of traditional stories and games, making them accessible to tech-savvy youth while preserving their essence.

THE VALUE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

As we navigate the digital age, it’s crucial to remember that cultural traditions are more than just pastimes—they are the threads that weave the fabric of Filipino identity. By preserving these childhood traditions, we ensure that future generations have a strong sense of who they are and where they come from, even as they embrace the opportunities of the modern world.

The challenge for Filipino parents and educators is not to choose between tradition and technology, but to find ways for both to coexist and complement each other. In doing so, we can raise children who are both culturally rooted and globally competitive—a generation that carries the best of Filipino heritage into the digital future.

"Your Home Away From Home"

At the World Luxury Hotel Awards Gala Ceremony held on October 28, 2023, at Grand Hyatt Athens in Greece, Villa Caemilla Beach Boutique Hotel was honored with three awards. These awards are as follows:

Best Luxury Small Hotel in Asia

Best Luxury Beachfront Hotel in Southern Asia

Best Luxury Design Boutique Hotel in the Philippines

The team is proud to receive recognition for their efforts in creating an exceptional and luxurious experience for their guests These awards testify to the hotel's commitment to providing unparalleled service and an unforgettable stay

On November 7, 2023, Villa Caemilla Beach Boutique Hotel was recognized for its excellence and awarded the title "Best Beach Hotel Asia" by the World Boutique Hotel Awards. The hotel received this prestigious award after undergoing a comprehensive quality assessment, which affirmed its commitment to providing guests with exceptional service and experience. Along with Villa Caemilla, Under The Stars Luxury Apartments was also recognized and awarded the titles of "Best Chic Hotel Asia" and "Best Hotel with a View Asia

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Luxury Apartments in Boracay Island.

At Under The Stars luxury apartments in Boracay Island, you'll indulge in lavish living, waking up to the serene and calming sound of the ocean waves. Our private beach house, nestled on the pristine Tambisaan Beach, offers a truly exclusive and tranquil stay, far from the maddening crowd.

We take pride in providing exceptional service and top-notch luxury, ensuring your comfort and convenience 24/7, with round-the-clock security and on-site housekeeping services Rest assured that your stay with us will be nothing short of indulgent and unforgettable.