London Trip 2019

London Trip 2019 An experience to remember

(If you want to keep it, follow your teacher’s instructions)

@esquiolondon

Visiting London London is one of the most visited cities in the world, attracting millions of tourists every year thanks to its unique and cosmopolitan feel. Home to the country’s seat of government and lung of its economy, London is impossible to describe in words and a visit to the heart of the city is a must to get a sense of its immensity and its friendly and welcoming atmosphere.

History of London London is situated on the banks of the River Thames. It is seat of the Government of the United Kingdom and the country’s financial centre. The city has always used its privileged location in south eastern England to its advantage, since this had always been a very populated and wealthy area.

London's foundation The city of London was founded by the Romans and their rule extended from 43 AD to the fifth century AD, when the Empire fell. During the third century, Londinium, name given to the town by the Romans, had a population of 50,000 thanks to its major port.

As a consequence of repeated Anglo-Saxon invasions during the fifth century, Londinium declined and during the eighth century it became the capital of the Kingdom of Essex and was under the supervision of a bishop.

During the ninth century the town suffered numerous Viking attacks. As a consequence, Danish settlers established themselves in the area, encouraging trade and opening businesses in the town, transforming it into the first urban centre of England. The town’s wealth and power attracted the Danish Great Heathen Army, which besieged the city until it was captured by King Alfred the Great in 886.

In 1067, the city's existing rights, laws and privileges were established by the newly crowned King of England, William Duke of Normandy. The Tower of London was built during William's reign.

In 1199, King John reinforced the city's self-government, and in 1215 the city could elect a different mayor every year.

For many years, England had no capital city. However, the institutions of central government were moved to Westminster, close to London. This and the rise of trade in the area were two decisive factors in choosing London as the capital of England.

An ever-growing city During the fourteenth century London’s port became a European hub for the distribution of goods. This activity was strengthened during the fifteenth century thanks to its relevant textile industry.

From the sixteenth to mid seventeenth century, London benefited from the centralized politics and the maritime trade expansion developed by the Tudors and continued by the Stuarts. During Henry VIII’s reign London had 100,000 inhabitants. In mid seventeenth century it had over 500,000.

In 1665, the city was still held inside the ancient walls although large urban planning had already started. The population’s poor living conditions were responsible for the Great Plague, killing 70,000 people. The following year, a huge fire burnt down most of the city. The reconstruction of London, which in that time is where The City is now, took over 10 years to finish. The architect Christopher Wren’s masterpieces such as St. Paul’s Cathedral made London a lot more appealing. Thus, the capital became the centre of English social life with palaces, halls, theatres, societies (Royal Society, 1662) and museums (British Museum, 1753).

London continued to grow thanks to the foundation of the Bank of England in 1694.

Most of current London is from the Victorian period. Up until the early years of the nineteenth century, the capital was confined to the boundaries of the original Roman city, as well as Westminster and Mayfair, and was surrounded by fields. Be that as it may, the Industrial Revolution drew millions of people to London, expanding the city. The overcrowded conditions led to grave problems like the 1832 cholera epidemics, or the great stink in 1858, an event that took place during the hottest months of the summer, exacerbating the smell of the sewers that were dumped in the River Thames, which led to the suspension of the parliamentary sessions.

From 1750, the population increased from 700,000 to over 4,500,000 in 1901 (6,600,000 if we include the suburban areas).

At the end of the nineteenth century, London had become the international trade and finance capital.

The administrative needs of a city with so much commercial activity led the creation of a new autonomous territorial unit in 1888, the County of London, ruled by the "London county council". This county Canary Wharf was divided into twenty-nine electoral units (the city and 28 metropolitan boroughs), but the

progressive expansion soon overflowed outside the county boundaries to the suburban areas.

After a steady period, the population of the capital began to decline at the end of World War I and fell below 3.5 million by 1950. In contrast, the suburban area grew steadily.

In 1963 a new division of the London agglomeration was made, comprising the old town and 32 metropolitan boroughs.

To sum up London is made up of two ancient cities which are now joined together.

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The City of London, known simply as 'the City' which is the business and financial heart of the United Kingdom. It is also known as the Square Mile (2.59 sq km/1 sq mi). It was the original Roman settlement (ancient Londinium), making it the oldest part of London and already 1,000 years old when the Tower of London was built.

The City of Westminster, where Parliament and most of the government offices are located. Also Buckingham Palace, the official London residence of the Queen and the Royal family are located there too.

Together they all make up a region known as Greater London.

Now one of the first things we are going to do in London is a sightseeing tour.

Pay attention to our guide and the places we’re visiting in case we don’t come back again to see them.

During the sightseeing tour you could see: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

Whitehall and Westminster

For over one thousand years, Whitehall and Westminster have been the heart of the political and religious power in England.

For this reason, the areas have a large number of Hyde Park at dusk monuments, compared to other neighbourhoods in London. Whitehall is lined with government departments and ministries. To the north, Trafalgar Square marks the beginning of London’s West End, an area with a great night life.

Visitors will find Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, Westminster Cathedral and the Palace of Westminster in these two neighbourhoods.

Visiting Westminster Abbey, a 700-year-old church in the heart of London, is a must for all travellers that wish to understand the history of Britain. The church welcomes over one million visitors each year who are curious to explore the religious edifice where every British monarch has been coronated since 1066 and where several royal weddings have taken place.

In the past decade, which famous funeral was held in the Abbey ? ______________________ and which famous couple said "I do" before the eyes of thousands of people here five years ago? _________________________ You’ll be able to admire the building’s impressive Gothic structure and visit Lady Chapel, one of the Abbey’s most impressive chapels. You’ll also be able to appreciate The Coronation Chair up close, which has been used at every coronation ceremony since 1308.

Westminster Abbey is also famous for housing the tombs of renowned historical figures, including British and English monarchs, statesmen, writers, poets and scientists. In the Poet’s

Corner you’ll find the tombs of great literary artists such as Charles Dickens, Geoffrey Chaucer and Rudyard Kipling. There is also a sanctuary dedicated to Emily BrontÍ, T.S. Eliot, Oscar Wilde and Jane Austen, among others.

Westminster Palace Westminster Palace, also referred to as the Houses of Parliament, is a Gothic styled building where the House of Commons and the House of Lords meet (the two houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom).

In October 1834, a devastating fire destroyed the old palace, which had been headquarters to the Parliament since 1512. The palace was also a royal residence since the reign of _________________________________________.

Only Westminster Hall, the Chapel of St. Mary Undercroft in the crypt and the Jewel Tower (built during the fourteenth century where the jewels and gold were kept) survived the fire.

Out of the 97 projects presented during the subsequent competition for the reconstruction of the Palace, the number

ones were the architects Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Pugin. In 1847, the building was practically finished with 1,200 rooms, 11 courtyards, and ______________ miles of corridors!!

The sumptuous facade offers a breath-taking panorama, where you can see the gilded pinnacles and the statues of the English kings reflected in the Thames. Victoria Tower, the largest and tallest tower, is found on the south-western part of the Palace. A copy of all the Parliament laws is kept in this tower. On the north side of the Palace is the world famous tower, Big Ben. When we see the Big Ben, we normally think of the Parliament’s clock tower. However, Big Ben is actually the clock’s Great Bell, which weighs___________ tons. Perhaps you can guess that Big Ben was named after a famous person _________________ _________________ now it is called ______________________ in tribute to _____________________ in her diamond jubilee year.

Big Ben’s four-faced clock is set in a 23 feet (7m) frame on all sides of the Tower and was completed in May 1859. It has become one of the most recognisable British icons and its chimes are broadcasted by BBC radio every day.

It is one of the world’s most reliable clocks, withstanding rain, wind and snow. It even kept chiming during the bombing attacks of World War II. Although there are few occasions when Big Ben has suffered punctuality incidents, Londoners will never forget 1962 New Year’s Eve, when the clock chimed the new year 10 minutes late due to the harsh weather conditions.

British Museum The British Museum houses one of the largest and most famous collections of antiques that currently exist. It is also one of the oldest museums in the world.

The collection The museum was established in 1753 and was opened to the public on 15 January, 1759. It was based on the collection of Sir Hans Sloane, a physician and collector who wanted the artefacts he'd acquired to last after his death. His collection included over 400,000 books and antiques from Greece, Rome, Egypt, Middle East and America.

The British Museum was first located in the Montagu House, a sixteenth century mansion. However, this building soon became too small for the expanding collection acquired by the proper museum and private donations.

In 1782, the collection grew considerably, including numerous Greek and Roman artefacts. Later, in 1801, the museum obtained Egyptian relics, including the impressive Rosetta Stone (thanks to which it was possible to understand the Egyptian hieroglyphs).

In 1823, George IV donated his father’s entire library, making it necessary to move the museum to another building.

In 1852 the new building, which had been constructed in the Greek Revival style, was completed. The British Museum is still currently housed in this impressive edifice designed by Sir Robert Smirke.

To make more room for new relics the natural history collections were moved in 1887 to what is now the Natural History Museum. Furthermore, in 1973 the library became part of a new organisation.

Exhibitions The museum has divided the seven million objects it houses according to where they come from. It is so large that it would take over a day to see all the exhibitions. Nevertheless, to see the most essential works of art all you’ll need is a morning.

The Great Court in the centre of the museum is definitely worth visiting. This square is covered by a glass roof and houses the Reading Room, which used to be the main reading room of the British Library.

It is possible to find from Chinese porcelain to prehistoric and medieval antiques and coins and medallions of several periods in the museum’s different halls.

The most remarkable halls of the British Museum include the Ancient Egypt (the best collection after the Egyptian Museum in Cairo) and Greek and Roman sections.

Now it is your time to have a look and identify the following objects:

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The Natural History Museum

The Natural History Museum in London is a museum on the natural world, its history and specimens. It has a large collection of over 70,000 species and objects related to the natural world.

The museum was built between 1873 and 1880 to display an important collection of skeletons, fossils and plants that had previously formed part of the British Museum. The museum’s

collection grew steadily and in 1986 it absorbed the adjacent Geological Museum.

Exhibitions The entrance to the museum is breath-taking.

In its carefully decorated hall, enormous creatures are displayed such as a whale which substituted the famous diplodocus Dippi in 2017 and a mastodon, originally from Chile.

The museum is composed of various collections displayed in this impressive building from the nineteenth century.

We recommend visiting the following exhibitions:  Dinosaurs: Several halls of this museum are dedicated to the Mesozoic era. Here, visitors will be able to observe dinosaur fossils and skeletons, including some life-size models of dinosaurs.

 Mammals: In the Large Mammals Hall there are dissected mammals, as the name suggests, fossils, and an impressive life-size model of a blue whale.  The Power Within: An interactive experience aiming to show the reasons why volcanoes and earthquakes occur.

The Museum is divided into several galleries:

 Blue zone: From dinosaurs to mammals, explore the amazing diversity of life on Earth: Dinosaurs, Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles, Human Biology, Images of Nature, Mammals, Mammals (blue whale), Marine Invertebrates.  Green zone: Follow our planet's evolution: Creepy Crawlies, Fossil Marine Reptiles, Fossils from Britain, Investigate, Birds, Minerals, The Vault.  Red Zone: Take a journey through our spectacular Earth sculpture and find out about the tremendous forces that shape our planet: Earth Hall and Stegosaurus, Human

Evolution, From the Beginning, Earth's Treasury, Lasting Impressions, Restless Surface, Volcanoes and Earthquakes  Orange Zones: See scientists at work in the Darwin Centre, and enjoy the tranquil habitats of our Wildlife Garden: Darwin Centre, Wildlife Garden.

Now it is your turn again, look for these specimens and write down about them:

Look up to see this…

Science Museum

The Science Museum as an institution has been in existence for about a century and a half. It has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, held in Hyde Park in the huge glass building known as the Crystal Palace. The popularity of the exhibition ensured a large financial surplus, which its patron Prince Albert suggested should be used to found a number of educational establishments on the land available nearby. The first of these was the South Kensington Museum, opened in 1857 on land which is now part of the Victoria and Albert Museum.

The history of the Science Museum over the last 150 years has been one of continual change. The exhibition galleries are never static for long, as they have to reflect and comment on the increasing pace of change in science, technology, industry and medicine for over 250,000 objects. Even if this sometimes means the removal of some well loved objects to store, we can be certain that some of their modern replacements will become cherished in turn.

Blue Plaques in London Blue plaques are found right across Greater London, showing us where important people in history have lived and worked, and linking the past and the present.

Which one and where have you found in our trip to London?

Madame Tussauds London Opened in London in 1884, Madame Tussauds Museum displays worldwide celebrities made out of wax, making it the most famous wax museum due to its quality and innovation.

London’s Madame Tussauds has branched out to different cities like Amsterdam, Bangkok, Berlin, Blackpool, Hollywood, Hong Kong, Las Vegas, New York, Shanghai, Washington and Vienna.

Origins of the Museum The sculptor Marie Tussaud organized her first wax exhibition in London in 1835, charging six pennies for the admissions ticket. It became a huge success, and in 1884 the museum was moved to the building that currently houses the wax figures.

Exhibitions The museum houses different exhibitions divided in several categories. These are some of our favourite parts:

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VIP Party: A party is held in the first hall of the museum and the guests are celebrities like Morgan Freeman, Leonardo DiCaprio, Nicole Kidman, Brad Pitt or Angelina Jolie.

Sport’s Area: Here you’ll find some of the best sports men and women like Tiger Woods and Mohammed Ali.

Date with the Royal Family: It is possible to spend some quality time with the British Royal Family in this area. Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles and other members of the family are closer than they've ever been with the public. 

Culture: This area is dedicated to the greatest minds of all time like William Shakespeare , Albert Einstein, Stephen Hawking, Pablo Picasso and Charles Darwin, among others.

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World Leaders: It was never easier to get all the world leaders together. In this area you’ll find Barack Obama, Margaret Thatcher, Winston Churchill, Nicolas Sarkozy, Ronald Reagan, Tony Blair and Martin Luther King

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Chamber of Horrors: This is where several live actors terrorize the visitors.

The Spirit of London: In one of the museum’s taxis it is possible to relive London’s past.

Marvel’s super heroes in 4D: Some of the most famous super heroes join forces to fight against evil in an entertaining 4D film.

Which part of the Museum did you enjoy the best?

Who did you take photos with?

Buckingham Palace Since 1837, Buckingham Palace has been the London residence of the Royal Family and where Queen Elisabeth II currently resides.

Built in 1703 for the Duke of Buckingham, the house passed into Royal hands in 1761.

George III paid ÂŁ21,000 (ÂŁ3m now) to buy it for his wife Queen Charlotte, who gave birth to all but one of their 15 children there.

However, Queen Victoria was the first monarch to name it as her official residence when she moved there after her coronation in 1837.

The palace is not just home to royalty. Over 800 members of staff live there, including a flagman, fendersmith and clockmaker.

The latter must keep busy, as the palace contains 350 clocks and watches! They’re wound up every week by two horological conservators, who work full-time to keep them ticking along.

Extraordinarily, the palace survived the air attacks during the two World Wars. During World War I, the Palace remained unharmed. However, during World War II it was bombed on several occasions, destroying the palace chapel in 1940.

It's easy to tell if the Queen is home. Just look at the flag! The palace flies the Union Flag when the Queen is not in, and the Royal Standard when she is. You might also spot that latter one fluttering from Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster: this signifies the Queen is in Parliament.

Other Landmarks to visit

Tower of London The Tower of London was built at the beginning of the eleventh century by William the conqueror. The tower was expanded during the thirteenth century into the fortified complex that we know today. The Tower's most popular attraction is its famous collection of Crown Jewels.

The main entrance of the Tower of London is at the Byward Tower, where you'll find the so-called Beefeaters. Dressed in historic clothes, they not only guard the tower, but also give guided tours of the fortress. One of the about forty Beefeaters is known as the Ravenmaster, responsible for the ravens that have been living here for centuries. Legend has it that the Tower and the kingdom will fall if the ravens leave.

Tower Bridge London's Tower Bridge is one of the most recognizable bridges in the world. Its Victorian Gothic

style stems from a law that forced the designers to create a structure that would be in harmony with the nearby Tower of London.

During the nineteenth century London developed immensely on the east side of London Bridge and a new bridge was necessary. It was decided that the best option was to build a drawbridge to allow the flow of ships on the River Thames. The two sides of the bridge would be lifted by vapour machines.

St James’ Palace Long the home of many of the most famous kings and queens of England, St. James's Palace was built by King Henry VIII between 1531 and 1536. Even today, the palace is still actively used by the British royals.

Important events in history were played out at St. James. Anne Boleyn stayed at St. James the night after her coronation and her initials, intertwined with Henry's, can be found on a number of fireplaces scattered throughout the palace. It was at St. James that Mary Tudor signed the treaty surrendering Calais. Elizabeth I lived here for some time and the future Charles II and James II were both born and baptized at St James's, as were Mary of York (Mary II), Anne of York (Queen Anne) and James Francis Edward Stuart.

Queen Victoria's wedding to Albert took place at the palace in

1840 and more than a century later, Queen Elizabeth II made her first speech here.

The Queen Mother also lived here until her death in 2002.

You can see at the back side of this palace Jt James’ Park, how many squirrels can you see and even feed?

Don’t forget to bring nuts for them!

Royal Albert Hall Built in honor and memory of Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria and the official Prince Consort, Royal Albert Hall was a tribute to the prince's affinity for the arts and his desire to establish in the city a permanent venue for the public to enjoy a variety of concerts, dance, and theatrical performances.

Prince Albert Memorial The Albert Memorial was commissioned by Queen Victoria as a tribute to her consort, Prince Albert of Saxe-CoburgGotha. The High Gothic monument was completed in

1876, fifteen years after Prince Albert died at the age of fortytwo.

At each corner are four statues depicting some of Prince Albert's interests: engineering, agriculture, commerce and manufacturing.

At the bottom of the steps leading to Prince Albert's statue are four more sculpture groups, symbolizing Europe, Africa, America and Asia.

Here we can enter Hyde Park. Every year millions of Londoners and tourists visit it, one of the capital's eight Royal Parks.

Hyde Park covers 350 acres and is home to a number of famous landmarks including the Serpentine Lake, Speakers' Corner and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain.

Remember Javier Gรณmez Noya won the bronze medal in triathlon at the 2012 Olympic Games here.

Speakers Corner In the nineteenth century Hyde Park had become a popular place for meetings. In 1872, in response to riots that erupted after police tried to disband a political meeting, Speakers' Corner was established to create a venue where people would be allowed to speak freely.

Here, every Sunday people stand on a soap box and proclaim their views on political, religious or other items, sometimes interrupted and challenged by their audience.

Peter Pan Statue The statue of the famous fictional character Peter Pan is another popular monument in Kensington Gardens. It is situated towards the north end of the gardens, near the Long Water. Peter Pan is shown playing the pipes; he stands on a large tree stump surrounded by small animals. Right below his feet is Tinker Bell, the fairy.

The monument was commissioned and paid for by the creator of Peter Pan, the Scottish novelist James M. Barrie. Barrie met the boy who inspired him to create the story of Peter Pan here, in Kensington Gardens.

Harry Potter’s platform in King’s Cross Kings Cross Station is of course the departure point for students of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, of which its most famous student, Harry Potter, attends. The Hogwarts Express departs from Platform 9 ¾.

Next door to King's Cross Station is St Pancras Station, used as the exterior for Kings Cross station in the Harry Potter films. Outside you'll see the Victorian architecture of

St Pancras where the Weasley's magical Ford Anglia takes off in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

Trafalgar Sq. Trafalgar Square, the largest square in London, is often considered the heart of the city. Ever since the Middle Ages, this area has been a central meeting place. In the middle of the square stands a tall column honoring admiral Nelson shot and killed in action as command in chief of the British army in the battle of Trafalgar.

The marble column standing 145 feet (nearly 50 m)-tall is guarded by four lions, built with melted bronze from the French Navy canons.

On the north side of the square is the National Gallery and in front there are two impressive fountains that light up when night falls. On the east part you can see St Martin in the Fields. the cript

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In Trafalgar Square there are also various statues of well-known people such as George Washington, given to the English by the State of Virginia. The statue is placed on cement brought specially from the States, as Washington had sworn he would never set foot on British soil again.

Covent Garden Covent Garden is known for its many open-air cafĂŠs, restaurants, pubs, market stalls and shops. Famous are the many street performers who entertain the visitors on the pedestrianized piazza.

A former floral market now houses the London Transport Museum. The Covent Garden district is also home to several theaters and the Royal Opera House

China Town The initial area of Chinatown was located in the east part of London, where thousands of Chinese marines settled at the end of the eighteenth century. These had been employed in China.

In 1914, thirty Chinese businesses had opened, most of them to supply goods for the Chinese marines. During the Second World War the area was completely devastated and finding work as a marine for foreigners was a difficult task.

If you are brave enough try the typical Chinese duck and tell us about it.

Picadilly Circus

Piccadilly Circus is a busy square in the heart of London. It is famous for the fountain that was installed here at the end of the nineteenth century and for the neon advertising that turned the square into a miniature version of Times Square.

The name 'Piccadilly' originates from a seventeenth-century frilled collar, named piccadil. Roger Baker, a tailor who became rich making piccadils lived in the area. The word 'Circus' refers to the roundabout around which the traffic circulated.

Don’t forget to take some photos next to the horse fountain!

on the opposite corner,

Shaftesbury memorial fountain in Piccadilly Circus The seminude statue on top of the fountain depicts the Angel of Christian Charity but was later renamed Eros after the Greek god of love and beauty.

The fountain was made in bronze, but the statue is made of aluminum, at the time a novel and rare material.

St Paul’s Cathedral The majestic St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Christopher Wren between 1675 and 1711. It is one of Europe's largest cathedrals and its dome is only exceeded in size by that of the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

The church was the site of a number of important historic events such as the funeral of Admiral Nelson in 1806 and the funeral of Winston Churchill in 1965. Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer married here in 1981.

It is one of the monuments which wasn’t destroyed by German Blitz as it was a reference, a landmark for the enemy.

Shakespeare Globe Theatre

The Globe Theatre has long been associated with William Shakespeare, who is regarded as the greatest English writer in history. The historic theater was rebuilt at the end of the twentieth century and endeavors to maintain the connection.

The original Globe Theatre, built by an acting company to which William Shakespeare belonged, opened in 1599.

Harrods Harrods is London's most famous department store.

The luxurious store is on many tourists' itineraries, who come to admire the magnificent interior and enormous selection. The history of this famous luxury store goes back to 1849 when

Charles Henry Harrod opened a grocery at Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, at the time a small village just outside London. Just two years later, the Great Exhibition of 1851, which took place at Crystal Palace in nearby Hyde Park, brought many visitors to the area. Knightsbridge and Harrod's new store boomed.

Now you are visiting one of the most famous markets in London: Candem Market.

Traditional English food London has an endless variety of restaurants from around the world, but if you’re looking for traditional English cuisine, these are the most common dishes: 

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Fish and chips: Battered and fried fish (normally cod) with a portion of chips. This is probably London’s most famous dish.

Bangers and mash: Also known as sausages and mash. This is a traditional British dish of English sausages with mashed potato and gravy.

Yorkshire pudding: Is made from batter consisting of eggs, flour, milk or water.

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Traditional full English breakfast: We recommend you try this breakfast at least once. It includes bacon, fried, poached or scrambled eggs, grilled tomatoes, fried mushrooms, buttered toast, sausages and baked beans and it can sometimes include hash browns.

Shepherd’s pie: Is a mincemeat and vegetable pie with a crust of mashed potato on top.

Steak and kidney pie: This pie is filled with beef, diced kidney, fried onion and gravy.

It is time for you to taste these dishes, are you ready to order?

The Tube. Tips

This is going to be our means of transport in some occasions, so REMEMBER:  Perhaps the London Tube’s most sacred rule: When standing on an escalator, stand to the right; if you want to walk up or down it, do that along the left-hand side  Get ready your ticket and keep it safe during the day  Check the maps to make sure you have chosen the right line your destination.  Mind the gap and stand behind the yellow line.  Pay attention to the signs telling you which train will be arriving, in how many minutes.  Let everyone who wants to exit the train get off before getting on.  Move on, when you enter move into the carriage, don’t stay next to the door unless you get off at the next station.  Shhh… for a place that’s so busy and vital to the city, the Tube can be eerily quiet Now write down your impressions, what you liked the most…