Remodelling Chinese Gardens by George Lam

Remodelling

CHINESE GARDENS

Preface

Hangzhou,

16 Northern Gardens ! 18

JIANGNAN GARDEN !" Zhejiang Province

SOUTH GARDEN Shenzhen

ZHILE GARDEN ( !)

HUBEI GARDEN Hubei

Construction Department !"#

Beijing

74 22

SOUL OF MARTIAL ART Zhengzhou,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BAO ZHENG GARDEN ( !)

Ming, Fujian Province

XIYUAN JINJING ! Nanjing,

Jiangsu Province

BUTTERFLY GARDEN Ningbo,

Shandong Province

CANGTAI GARDEN Xi’an,

Anhui Province

SCENERY AT BAOTU ! Jinan,

Hebei Province

District, Suzhou

FLOWING WARTER GARDEN San

BAIPOS FAMILY ! Shijiazhuang,

TIANJIN GARDEN

Hefei,

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Nanshan

Henan Province

Tianjin

THE WU VILLA !

Zhejiang

RHYTHM OF WELLS Guiyang,

Shanxi Province

Guizhou Province

CHARM OF WU-STYLE SPRING ! Wuxi,

Jiangsu Province

40 Southern Gardens !

100 Lingnan Gardens !

102

TINGXIANG GARDEN City Planning Board ! "#$

HUIFANG GARDEN

Shenzhen

Landscaping Works ! "#$%&

112

PASTORAL BAO AN HOME ! Baoan

168

District, Shenzhen !"#

Changde,

YUEQING GARDEN Lowu

Hunan

BAOZHI GARDEN

204

Foshan,Guangdong

FLOWERING HUACHENG Guangzhou

136

Changsha, Hunan

206

208

Guangdong

YINLU MIYAN SCENIC SPOT !

Guangxi

184 Naturally Formed Gardens !

NANSHAN GARDEN Nanshan

186

District, Shenzhen

FOLK CUSTOM GARDEN !" Kunming,

Wu Tong Mountain District !"#$%&

DONGPO GARDEN Huizhou,

212

214

Guangdong

ZINGXIN GARDEN East

148

People’s Park !"#$

Shenzhen

210

District, Shenzhen

JINGHUAYUAN SCENIC SPOT

IN MEMORY OF BEIHAI ! Beihai,

COASTAL PEARL ! Zhuhai,

Guangdong

Mei Lin Park !"#$

Shenzhen

LOVELY WUYI ! Jiangmen,

182

HALLA STYLE LONGGANG SCENERY ! ! Longgang

142

180

CHARM OF ANCIENT KILN !

FLOWING CERAMIC RIVER !"

Huizhou

130

East River Engineering Co., Ltd. !"#$%&'

Bamboo Park !"#$

Shenzhen

NEW HAKKA LEGEND !"

SEVEN WORTHIES OF BAMBOO GROVE ! Shenzhen

District, Shenzhen

176 124

202

172 118

SHANGRILA !

Lake Park

KEYI GARDEN

Yunnam Shenzhen Xin Hua Feng Ecology Enviromental

152

JIAN GARDEN

192

Shenzhen

Engineering

Nature Garden Technology & Co., Ltd !"#$%&'()

196 156

NEW HAKKA HOUSE ! Lu

Ya Landscaping

HOMING Weihai,

164

Qi Shi Gardening Co., Ltd. !"#$%&'(

NEW SHIKU GARDEN ! Shanghai

200 160

Development

ROCK BAMBOO GARDEN

ZINXIANG GARDEN

216

Company !"#$%&'()*+

ZUHE GARDEN Shenzhen

Hong Lake Park !"#$

218 The 4 Design Elements !"#

Shenzhen

Shandong

Lotus Hill Park !"#$%&'(

SILUROID GARDEN Shantou,

Guangdong

Chinese gardening is an important component of Chinese culture. Unique in the global gardening arts, it presents a charismatic beauty that cannot be taken over. Presented here are 46 outstanding masterpieces selected from the ‘The 5th China International Garden & Flower Expo’. These projects reflect a thorough comprehension of Chinese traditional gardening with a touch of contemporary interpretation and architectural mastery. Through various presentations, they also blend in regionalized characteristics offering new dimensions to the study of classical Chinese gardening. How do these 46

P R E FA C E

masterpieces bring out the essence of Chinese gardening arts for our comprehension of their beauty? An ideal Chinese gardening is one that is perceived as ‘naturally formed without a trace of craftsmanship’. This is an extension of one of the most influential Chinese classical philosophies of ‘union between heaven and men’. Heavily impacted by traditional Chinese philosophies and various forms of arts, like poetry and painting, Chinese gardening has been a tool for people to pursue the unity and harmony with nature. In essence, one of the major directions in Chinese gardening is to match the perfect landscape painting, and this has emerged as a unique characteristic in its authenticity. Another vital element in Chinese gardening is the inclusion of stone engraving and calligraphy. They have also become an integral part in classical gardening. The major difference between Chinese gardening and western gardening is in its overall layout. Western gardening has distinct linearity and symmetrical definitions while Chinese gardening does not appear to have that vivid presentation, instead through their precise artifact, natural balance and harmony is achieved. The geographical conditions and

cultural background have ignited a unique

would be created through masteries of

conceptual beliefs like values, global views and

concept in classical Chinese gardening.

sheltering, framing, illusions, and symmetrical

natural perspectives. They have been the

According to ‘feng shui’ theories, mountains and

organization. The final touch would be

combined wisdom and mastery of skilled

water when placed together represent the merge

refinement of details. The first specialized

craftsmen and intellects in actualizing the

of ‘yin’ and ‘yan’. Therefore Chinese gardening

literature on Chinese gardening, ‘Mastery in

philosophical doctrines of Confucianism and

are created around areas where there are

Gardening’, written by Gi Chen in Ming dynasty

Taoism, and the religious principles of

natural mountains and water; lacking which, hills

had elaborated the important elements and skills

Buddhism. Even today, Chinese gardening is

and lakes will be created for suburban gardens.

in classical Chinese gardening.

an art for numerous studies and explorations. The publisher wants to share the beauty of

The first important mission for an ancient

Classical Chinese gardening reflects the love

Chinese gardening through the masterpieces in

gardening expert was to select an ideal

and pursuit of nature and quality living

this Expo and to illustrate the various styles and

geographical location that could satisfy the ‘feng

environment. Not only are they under strong

their special characteristics. In today’s highly

shui’ requirements. Once a good spot was

influence of artistic sentiments like landscape

receptive global dynamics, we hope to bring

picked, a theme and its contents would be

painting, they have also reflected the concurrent

better understanding to classical Chinese

developed. Thereafter, definition of spatial layout

architectural development and evolution of

gardening.

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Chinese gardening can be categorized

revealed in:

according to their unique natures, namely: imperial garden, private garden, monastery

garden, and naturally formed garden.

Gigantic size. Imperial gardens spoke for magnificence and imperial dignity. With their political privileges and unbeaten

Chinese imperial gardens were called ‘palace

wealth, imperial families could utilize

garden’, ‘zoo’, ‘shrine’ or ‘imperial park’ in

massive pieces of land for their gardens

classical writings. When first built in Sheng

beyond the reach of any private gardens.

Dynasty, it was a recreational ‘park’ where animals were kept in specific areas surrounded

Wide selection of sites. Any land that

by trees, platforms, and drilled wells for the

belonged to the royal families could be

imperial families to hunt, pray, and enjoy general

used for their gardens.

leisure. Chinese gardening should have a history of over 3,000 years if it is calculated from

the time King Zhau Min built his ‘shrine park’.

Magnificence. The quantity and types of architectures in imperial gardens were important indications of noble dignity;

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palatial magnificence and imperial nobility.

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gardens are their ‘nobility’ which can be

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therefore all architectures carried strong

The outstanding characteristics of imperial

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Symbol of imperial sovereignty and

gardens had extensively employed the

garden; therefore the capital resources had

hierarchical relationship impacting the

skills and artistry of the southern province

limited its scale in comparison to imperial

overall layout and architectural

and resembled their themes leading to the

gardens and even the monastery gardens which

infrastructure. The palace, shrine, and

creation of a ‘garden inside a park’.

could generate funds from the public. As far as

cemetery of the king were all laid out to

sizes were concerned, the naturally formed

reinforce the imperial sovereignty and

Private gardens were those built by Chinese

garden was the biggest followed by the imperial

image. Imperial gardens, being one of the

feudal nobles, landlords, and officials with their

garden, then the monastery garden, with the

major infrastructures, were no exception.

personal wealth. According to ‘San Fu Huang

private garden being the smallest.

In order to achieve this, stronger linearity

Tu’s description of Liang Wu emperor’s ‘rabbit

and hierarchical relationship were brought

garden’ and the private garden of Yuan Kuan

The unique characteristic of private gardens was

in divorcing them from the basic concept

Han in Han dynasty, the emergence of imperial

its location. Monastery gardens were mainly

of natural landscaping free of

gardens and private gardens were around the

found in the deep, quiet forests; the so called

craftsmanship. This has been the distinct

same historical era.

‘hidden monastery in the deep woods’. The

difference between imperial gardens and private gardens. 5.

imperial gardens were built in the remote rural The early private gardens were resemblances

areas as ‘palace resorts’. The private gardens

of imperial gardens though much compact in

were, however, mainly created in the quiet

Comprehensive application of the

size and modest in nature. It required very

corners of suburban areas attached to

southern gardening ambience. Imperial

substantial capital funding to create a private

residential homes. They served the dual purpose

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Symmetrical layout with massive structure of Northern Gardens. P

‘garden inside a park’ of Northern Gardens Q

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Pagoda - typical colour scheme of Southern Gardens. R

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of living and leisure; and were often referred to

gardens, they better reflected the essence and

monastery garden. In reality, no matter their

as ‘garden home’ or ‘city garden’.

beauty of classical Chinese gardening in

quantity, characteristics, locations, and general

realizing big concepts in small environments.

appearances, they compared favourably with

Because of its restrictions in the suburban area,

Their simplicity in layout, modesty in colour co-

imperial gardens and private gardens.

there was a lack of natural sceneries like

ordination topped with a wide variety of diverse

mountains and water in the landscape. All

arts like calligraphy, stone engraving, poetry and

sceneries, therefore, had to be created. In order

painting, had made them the cutting edge in

to achieve the idealistic gardening arts of

gardening arts.

The characteristics of monastery gardens are: 1.

‘naturally formed without a trace of

architecture blended in with the natural

craftsmanship’, the pursuit of naturalistic

Monastery gardens were combined propositions

sceneries. In the most natural

placement was the ultimate goal. Although

of temple architecture, religious symbol, natural

environment, gardening arts were

artisans aimed at no trace of craftsmanship, they

and created landscaping. From the remains of

employed to improve the disorderly grown

were regarded as ‘secondary to nature’.

the goddess temple in ‘Hongshan Culture’,

plantations, and turned the natural scenery

monastery gardens can be traced back to 5,000

into gardens.

Private gardens due to their compact sizes

years in history. When exploring classical

required higher level of artistic mastery to break

Chinese gardening, people habitually categorize

the limitations of their restricted space.

imperial gardens and private gardens, but

The overall layout of monastery gardens

Consequently, when compared with the other

ignoring a very important component – the

comprised of 3 major parts. The first

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Combining religious and leisure functions.

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Located in the deep forests with temple

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important part was the religious area that

landscape and the trail leading to the

housed the statues of gods and where

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Light structure with interlinking ‘transparent’

monastery.

corridors are employed in Southern Gardens.

religious activities took place. The religious area basically followed the imperial layout

The scale of monastery gardens was

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to emphasize the ultimate supremacy of

diverse ranging from compact to gigantic

gods. They were placed at the core

sizes. A small monastery could be at the

location in the overall plan following a

corner of a deep forest to realize the

central linear line that extended to the

religious ideal of ‘staying away from the

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heart of the architecture. The second area

crowd’ by finding natural shelter under the

elements used in Chinese Gardens.

was the gardening space laid out to bring

woods. A huge monastery could include

liveliness and leisurely ambience to the

extensive gardening areas both inside and

otherwise solemn and dry religious setting.

outside the temple architecture, and even

With a designated purpose to improve the

extended to include the surrounding

mobility, continuity, and penetration of the

natural landscape to form a gigantic scenic

space, extensive gardening arts were

environment. Huge monastery gardens

applied in both the interior and its exterior.

were often frequented by tourists as

The last part was the exterior area which

renowned scenic spots.

Monastery Garden with borrowed surrounding natural landscape.

included the surrounding natural

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Naturally formed gardens basically maintained

architectures were included over the

Gardens. The regional characteristics emerged

the natural scenery in its originality. With minimal

centuries to add attraction to the spot yet

due to various contributing factors like the

human intervention to provide pavilions, pagodas,

maintaining its integrity.

differences in geographic conditions and climate,

platforms, and observation architectures, a link is established between human and nature.

their scale, diversely different external 2.

The scale is significantly larger than other

environment, and last but not the least, the

types of gardens and is open to the public.

varying tastes of customers.

Natural sceneries as the core and

Because of their geographical location, northern

garden, forest woods scenic garden, and

architectural applications as supporting. In

provinces have severe winters and low humidity.

climatical scenic garden.

other words, added architecture has to

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, large and

follow the theme of its natural surrounding

mature trees, huge mountains, and earthy caves

Naturally formed gardens have the following

and cannot distract the focal scenic

were extensively applied instead of stacked stones

characteristics:

attractions.

and running streams. Reflected in their gardening

Naturally formed gardens can be categorized into 5 different types; they are mountainous scenic garden, watery scenic garden, seaside scenic

arts, the overall approach was more inclined to 1.

Focus on natural sceneries with minimal

If categorized under regional characteristics,

strength and sturdiness with emphasis on volume

human intervention. Naturally formed

classical Chinese gardening can be divided into

instead of translucency. Having long winters and

gardens massively maintained the natural

four main streams, the Northern Gardens,

more withering trees to shed off their leaves,

environment; some gardening crafts and

Southern Gardens, Fusion Gardens, and Lingnan

evergreens like pines and cedars were commonly

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applied in northern gardens. Northern architectures

at naturally scenic locations, magnitude is

adopted intensive shades like red, green, blue and

what they speak for.

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intervention of Natural Gardens

surrounded by shady evergreens under the clear

As far as scale is concerned, northern

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gardens are enormous in sizes.

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Due to the heavy volume of their

supported with added structures of Natural

blue sky, a dramatic and eye catching impact is created. Like the painting styles of northern artists

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Natural sceneries with minimal human

yellow as their major colour scheme. Imagine the yellow roof and red pillars of the main architecture

who favour colour brilliancy, their approach has

architectural infrastructure, northern

been dramatic, bold and magnificent. Northern

gardens are more exclusive in their spatial

gardening styles can be clearly identified in imperial

arrangement with clear definitions

gardens. Due to their unique purposes to serve the

between interior and exterior spaces. The

feudal sovereigns, northern gardens have the

appearance of their architectures and

following special features:

related details are carefully attended to

Gardens. NP

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Northern Garden - â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;bold and magnificentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

with emphasis on sturdiness. 1.

Planned and more restricted layout with architectural infrastructure and scenic spots

Bold and vivid colours are extensive

facing the exterior or mural connectivity

applied to boast imperial wealth and

between the interior and exterior. Situated

supremacy.

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Southern provinces have higher humidity and

delicate. Their flourishing plantations, rocky

translucency and penetration in both their

shorter winters. With a generally warmer

mountains, and gentle running streams are co-

interior and exterior space with richer

temperature, their residential homes in ancient

coordinated to match the grayish southern sky.

hierarchical variations.

days were open tuck unders, and gradually

Southern gardening styles can be clearly

developed into houses with balconies. Reflected

identified in private gardens with their major

in their gardening arts, light weight,

characteristics being:

translucency, and the ability to actualize big concepts in a compact environment are their

A more flexible layout. Being situated at

characteristics. Because of the desirable

suburban residential areas, scenic spots

weather and geographical location, plantations

are internally located.

chestnut brown or dark brown in dark green or black,

all walls are basically white.

They are compact in sizes with no room for creative reduction.

The outstanding example of fusion gardens are

four distinct seasons is created. Imagine the

Yangzhou gardens. Yangzhou is located at a flat Southern gardens are more open in their

land with the most desirable humidity and

pastels, an inviting pastime is there for

spatial arrangement. Since their

temperature. Having the advantages of both the

enjoyment. Like the ink painting of southern

architectural infrastructures are more

northern and southern provinces, it has once

artists, their overall approach is simple and

compact and delicate, there is more

been the most prosperous and flourishing

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dark grey bricks for roof tops,

trees are planted, an environment that reveals white walls sporadically covered by light floral

main buildings; some may apply

flourish in all seasons. With winding streams running through the garden where seasonal

Modest colour application, colour schemes used are basically:

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province in Chinese history. With material wealth

mountains in southern China. It stretches from

in the architecture of Lingnan gardens lies in its

and cultural originality as their niche in garden

the south of Fujian to the entire Guangdong

location. Lacking traces of overdoing, their

creation, Yangzhou gardens have their unique

province and the eastern and southern parts of

architectures are simple and modest, packed

characteristics and achievements. Distinctly

Guangxi. These areas are warm and humid with

with earthly Lingnan sentiments. Because of its

different to northern and southern gardens yet

ample rainfall. They have no severe winters nor

warmth and humidity, architectural

possessing the merits of both, Yangzhou

hot summers, and basically no trace of snow or

infrastructures are mainly made of wood with

gardens are magnificently delicate and elegantly

ice. Under such ideal climate, there emerge

less ceilings and dry wells for better ventilation

simple. Their architectural infrastructures are

green mountains and admirable seas and rivers;

and humidity control. Unlike northern or

magnificent and sturdy, created hills are thick

and thick forestry that flourishes all year round

southern gardens that mainly have stand alone

and solemn while floral dividers are delicate and

like any typical subtropical or tropical scenery.

buildings, Lingnan gardens are interconnected.

translucent. Utilizing localized gardening

The unique regional culture and various forms

Another outstanding feature in Lingnan gardens

materials, arts and craftsmanship are

of arts like music, drama, painting,

for their control of heat and humidity is their

appropriately employed. However, they lack

craftsmanship and ethnical arts have given birth

generous application of water features like the

variation in creating ponds to co-ordinate the

to natural gardens and private gardens suitable

inclusion of a boating room and wall of stream.

overall infrastructure, plantations, and created

for the lifestyle of Lingnan. Unlike the

Comparing to northern gardens, their style,

hills for a higher level of visual enjoyment.

magnificence as shown in northern gardens or

theme, and decorations carry distinct Lingnan

the elegance of south gardens, Lingnan gardens

ambience.

Lingnan is the abbreviation of the five major

are open, relaxed, and delicate. The essence

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ZHILE GARDEN Beijing

2000m2

Zhile Garden carries the traces of a classical imperial garden. With a plowed lake fringed by created mountain ranges, a scenic spot is there for visual enjoyment. The garden also includes a fish pond, lotus pond, waterfalls, and bamboo grove. The design concept was inspired by the famous debate between Zhuangzi and Huizi on the harmony between nature and men. It reflects the pursuit and love for nature, home, and a desirable future.

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SOUL OF MARTIAL ARTS Zhengzhou,

Henan Province

1700m2

Soul of Martial Arts is themed on the martial arts of Shaolin. Complemented by contemporary gardening arts like sculptures, plantations, water features and

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‘Origin of Martial Arts’ displays engraved arts on famous Shaolin legacies like Damo crossing the river with a single piece of straw, thirteen monks with waving rods to rescue the King of Tang, and the renowned eighteen monks. ‘Soul of Martial Arts’ features unique stacking stones displaying gestures of Shaolin martial arts including the young guy paying tribute to Guanyin and the ushering monk. ‘Spirit of Martial Arts’ offers spectacular columns engraved with various scenes of Shaolin monks practicing the martial arts; a stone lock and floor engraving. ‘Joy of Martial Arts’ depicts the characteristics of a Henan residential home with a martial arts corner to signify its widespread popularity amongst local folks. ‘Rhythm of Martial Arts’ displays an ancient bell which prays for peace and prosperity through its echoing sound.

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TIANJIN GARDEN Tianjin

1000m2

The garden echoes the theme of the Expo focusing on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;nature, home, and a

stairs and a stone bridge, a breath-taking water-friendly interlude exists for

desirable futureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Employing the design concept of classical gardening and

enjoyment.

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BAIPOS FAMILY

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Hebei Province !

1200m2

The cradle of Chinese revolution which determines the fate of China â&#x20AC;&#x201C; West Baipo, is located at the rural village of west Hebei amid the plateau of North China Plam and Mount Taihang. Its mountain slopes are thickly covered by cypresses; therefore it is nicknamed the Cypress Slope. Baipos Family adopts its regional designing feature in laying out the garden in a chair like shape facing the west. Displaying local arts like bricks, wood and stone engravings and paper cutting, it reveals the characteristics of local residence in Hebei and its ethnical sentiments. The designer has blended in elements of mountains, water and ethnicity to create a scenic garden amid building complexes. The willow trees at the front are welcoming features to travellers, the floral plants at the waterside seem to establish a green link with the sky. Furthermore, utilizing the nature like the sun and moon, numerous scenic spots are created. Regional trees like willow, pear, plum, dates, maple and gingko are planted all around the garden.

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BAO ZHENG GARDEN Hefei,

Anhui Province

1000m2

Hefei is located at central Anhui renowned for being ‘origin of the Three Kingdoms, and birthplace of Bao Zheng’. Bao was an honest and righteous official well liked and respected by people for being upright and non-bias to people of power and wealth. Bao Zheng Garden in Hefei is themed on this popular official. The court of Bao is at the center where his statue is housed. There are two long corridors on each side to symbolize Bao’s honesty - having two sleeves of clean breezes. At the north of the corridor is a pavilion with the ‘Well of Righteousness’ in the centre. According to local legends, a corrupt official will suffer severe headache after drinking the well water. Near the pavilion is a lotus pond; there is another legend saying that the lotus roots found here do not have threads which symbolizes the unselfishness of Bao. The scenic spots in the garden are closely associated with the legacies left by Bao Zheng, it inspires fond memories of this historic hero amongst travellers.

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SCENERY AT BAOTU Jinan,

Shandong Province

1000m2

Jinan is located at the south of Mount Tai and north of Yellow River. Having

‘the best lake’ and 72 other famous lakes, it has been called the lake town.

There is an ancient poem which says ‘being an ancient pavilion in Haiyou,

Jinan is a place of talents’. The witty sceneries have given birth to numerous

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men of wisdom. Backed by mountain ranges with a lake in front, Scenery at

Baotu has steep slopes. At the top of the mountain are interesting stacked

stones pointing to the sky; and amongst the stacking stones are running

streams to form into a natural lake underneath. When workers were plowing the earth to create the garden, two peculiar rocks that resemble the tortoise were uncovered. The designer therefore followed its landscape to erect a pavilion and bridge. With the peculiar rocks and mature trees, scenery at Baotu is created around the misty waterfront with roaring waves that beats ‘Daming Lake’. The garden displays distinctive classical Chinese gardening arts and unfolds traditional Confucian theory of ‘unity with nature for the prosperity of living beings’.

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CANGTAI GARDEN Xi’an,

Shanxi Province

2500m2

Cangtai Garden occupies a square footage of 2,500m2 with 600m2 waterfront. It is a simple, rough, and natural garden which carries the strong ambience of Tang dynasty. From the square pavilion with pointed roof corners, stone fences of green, wooden bridge with red railings; to the stone ox sculpture, stone lamp posts, and stone pavilion, tourists are brought back to the historical time of thousand years ago. The Lake of Golden Dust is themed on the poem of Wang Wei which has unchained the solitaire of history through its unfailing continuity. The horse mount which existed for centuries has traveled beyond time and space to be brought to Shenzhen Bay. It is there to celebrate the unity of ancient and contemporary arts, and the harmony between modesty and color brilliance.

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TINGXIANG GARDEN Shenzhen

City Planning Board

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JIANGNAN GARDEN

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Hangzhou,

800m2

‘The sceneries of the West Lake are the best in the world; half of them are composed of mountains and lakes, and the other half of gardens’. The sceneries and gardens of the West Lake, Hangzhou are the perfect unity between natural beauty and gardening mastery. It is an ideal home for people with breath-taking natural sceneries capturing the love and devotion of dwellers. The focal point of Jiangnan Garden is the landmark building of the West Lake – the Lei Feng Ta. With special features like long corridors, painted bridges, plain walls, decorative windows, and winding trails leading to the woods, the simple elegance of Hangzhou gardens are unveiled for travelers to restore their pleasant unity with nature and experience the strong cultural ethnicity. The design concept is inspired by classical gardening arts and beyond their limitations. It has skillfully combined the under spoken, hidden, and eminent classical ambience with the refreshing, open and simple contemporar y statement to redefine the characteristics of Sihu sceneries of being ‘half composed of mountains and lakes, and the other half of gardens’. It also reflects the contemporary spirit of emphasizing ecology while connecting with nature.

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SOUTH GARDEN Shenzhen

2000m2

Wrapped by blue lakes and fringed with mountainous ranges, the South Garden

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hall, open living area, quiet study room, elegant pavilions and winding corridors

are either built by the mountains or lakeside. Where the mountain slopes are

low, they are planted with bamboos and pines to create sheltered paths for hidden depth. Where the lake is narrowed, it is wrapped by winding corridors for added beauty. The mastery of the gardening artisan is reflected in every detail, from high to low, wide to narrow infrastructures for exclusive, magnificent and basic buildings.

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HUBEI GARDEN Hubei

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1000m2

Hubei is the birthplace of Chu culture. With deep rooted cultural ethnicity and mastery of classical Chinese gardening arts, Hubei Garden fully captures the theme of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;nature, home, and a desirable futureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. It offers the most influential and typical sceneries of Hubei in a contemporary setting supported by classical architecture, arts, sculptures, and music. The scattered placement of pavilions and winding paths, added with running streams and flourishing lotus blossoms fills the air with a natural and classical ambience.

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THE WU VILLA Nanshan

District, Suzhou

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The Wu Villa accomplishes the theme of the Expo - ‘nature, home, and a

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desirable future’ in its best interpretation by offering the world renowned

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classical Suzhou gardening arts. The artistic mastery of creating a residential

home in the woods perfect as a painting and refreshing as a poem is the

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infrastructure – the cinnamon living room and pine study room are located at

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the south and north. Detailed and elegant, the architectures coordinate and

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match perfectly. On the east and west are two classical pavilions, one named ‘golden corn’ and the other ‘jade’. Jade pavilion is surrounded by stones and created mountains densely covered by woods. At the centre is the pavilion of Suzhou which offers a full display of pot flowers and plants. Wu Villa is unique in his mastery of classical artisan in creating a themed environment packed with the characteristics of Suzhou gardens.

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FLOWING WATER GARDEN San

Ming, Fujian Province

400m2

Themed on the philosophical theory of Zhu Xi, Flowing Water Garden offers

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the regional characteristics of Mount Danxia through implementation of

ecological forestry and architectural infrastructure. Spatial designs are based

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on the classical ideology of ‘achieving big in a compact environment’. Through

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‘rectangular fish pond’, ‘ancient school’ and ‘woods of Shum’, traditional paternal disciplines flourish among the greenery. The garden is catered for tranquility under the woods for a revival and unity with nature.

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XIYUAN JINJING Nanjing,

Jiangsu Province

1690m2

The Xiyuan Jinjing of Nanjing occupies 1,690 m2. Merging traditional southern gardening arts and contemporary interpretation, the beauty of a classical Nanjing garden is restored through the concerted display of scenic walls, square pavilion, water features, wooden bridge, flooring and plantations. The overall design follows the classical discipline of making full use of the natural landscape and faceted implementation. With the square pavilion being the focal point, the centre of the garden is the water feature. The garden is in a hierarchical layout with scenic spots penetrating within. Attractions include the typical southern architectures like the pavilion, scenic walls, and stone lamp posts with classical stone mountains. Complemented by contemporary flooring, wooden bridges, and stone benches, a richly hierarchical and multifaceted garden is created. The garden has utilized 55 types of plants which take up 70% of the entire space. Xiyuan Jinjing demonstrates the perfect combination of classical gardening arts in contemporary definition.

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BUTTERFLY GARDEN Ningbo,

Zhejiang

1500m2

Butterfly Garden is themed on one of the best known folklores of Ningbo – the love story of Liang Shanbai and Zhu Yingtai. Through the artistic mastery of gardening arts, the renowned love story is revealed in a lively, romantic and interactive manner. Scenic spots are famous interludes; with the climax of the story - ‘butterfly dance’ as the focal point. 40 different types of plants are selected for the garden which include fragrant camphor trees, red bean trees (symbol of love), and camellias (city flower of Ningbor). Butterfly Garden develops its theme around ‘nature, home, and a desirable future’, and has exploited the combined artisan of classical and contemporary gardening arts.

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RHYTHM OF WELLS Guiyang,

Guizhou Province

1000m2

Dated back in historical time, people lived with the sea and by the sea. In Guizhou, locals plowed the earth for a well. It was not only a source of life, but also a snapshot of cultural life. The well in the garden possesses 3 openings each having its unique function. There is a stone board placed horizontally on the well which resembles a harp. When locals take water, do laundry, or simply wash their vegetables, the overflowing water will create a harp like music while passing through the stone board. It is where the name ‘Rhythm of Wells’ comes from In this scenic garden, the purity and clarity of well water carries memories and love for a naturalistic residence and reveals the theme of ‘nature, home, and a desirable future’. It also carries a strong environmental protection message to care for the source of water.

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CHARM OF WU-STYLE SPRING Wuxi,

Jiangsu Province

850m2

Wuxi is located at the south of Tai Lake and west of Mount Hui; the origin of Wu culture 3,100 years ago. The song ‘moon reflections on the twin lakes’ has made Mount Wai the second best lake since Tang dynasty. Charm of WuStyle Spring has adopted the garden infrastructure of Wuxi with rich charismatic beauty of Jiangnan water features. It offers a collection of Wu’s renowned mountains, lakes, gardens and writings. The garden is divided into two sections. At the east is the lakeside with the ‘kiss on rushing lake’ being the core spot. The west houses the study room with a famous script placed at the entrance igniting a wealth of inspirations. Charm of Wu-Style Spring is planted with the city tree (fragrant camphor tree) and city flower (azalea) of Wuxi; it is packed with regional sentiments and ethnical interests.

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HUIFANG GARDEN Shenzhen

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10000m2

The garden adopts the traditional southern layout. Applying the classical ideology of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;unity with natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, it brings forward multiple scenic attractions in a down to earth approach. Adding some fading ethnical arts to the scenery, a unique southern ambience is created.

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PASTORAL BAO AN HOME Baoan

District, Shenzhen !"#

3500m2

This scenic garden is themed on ‘pastoral home, meadow field Bao An’. The designer uses ‘sheltering’ and ‘hiding’ as the main concepts in its spatial arrangement to create a ‘lost horizon’ in the midst of high rise building complexes in a suburban area. Its design utilizes the contrasts and connections between suburban and rural areas to create an internal meadowland surrounded by running streams, forested hills, a mature banyan tree and an aged well. With patches of vegetable fields, floral beds and scattered sculptures, a ‘lost horizon’ full of energy and liveliness is revived.

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YUEQING GARDEN Lowu

District, Shenzhen

3000m2

Yueqing Garden has applied the southern gardening arts to restore the

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The garden is divided into the front yard and back yard. The front yard is

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simple and basic with sporadic arrangement for a floral corner, papaya field,

and assorted greenery. A touch of earthly sentiments is what they speak for.

The back yard architectural infrastructure blends in with the external

environment naturally. With clear reflections of the garden and its penthouse on the wavy sea lagoon, there is a poetic gallery hidden under the lychee trees, clean breezes and lovely pastels on the slope, silver shimmers under the pavilion of running stream.

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NEW HAKKA LEGEND Huizhou

East River Engineering Co., Ltd.

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500m2

The garden has exhibited the richest ethnicity and scenery of Hakka in a compact environment revealing Hakka peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s love of nature, dedication for home and pursuit of future; their tradition, simplicity and hard work. Scenic spots include the goose pond, crocodile fountain, winding bridge, scenic wall and various sculptures, like full harvest, flying peacocks and traditional stuffing tofu.

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CHARM OF ANCIENT KILN Changsha,

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3800m2

The garden is themed on the ancient kiln of Tang Dynasty uncovered in Changsha in 1956. W ith the ancient kiln being the theme supported by diversified gardening arts, the concept of ‘scenic Changsha, home of ancient kiln’ is developed. Charm of Ancient Kiln is divided into the water feature area, ancient kiln cultural area and themed greenery area. The water feature area utilizes the landscape for the creation of a lake, an island, running streams and a bridge. This section is filled with the natural beauty of sea lagoons and wild meadow fields - the characteristics of this ancient land. The centre of the garden is the ancient kiln cultural area. Through the plazas of ‘sentimental love’ and ‘ancient rhythm’, the remains of this ancient kiln unfold. The misty kiln entrance, pictorial wall on pottery formation, unique pottery arts, and ancient pavilion all display the simple, modest, genuine, and long-lasting beauty of the ancient treasures. Plants in this garden are regional plantations of Changsha to emphasize its swampy land, bamboo grove and blossomed scenery. Although the garden displays a basic and rural setting, it reflects the cultural ethnicity of Changsha over the past centuries in its natural ambience.

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HALLA STYLE ilkdd^kd=p`bkbov !== ! Longgang

District, Shenzhen

10000m2

This garden adopts the legendary dragon as its major element in creating a theme park on ‘mountainous and water bound Longgang, Hakka sentiments’. The garden brings forward a fusion of traditional and contemporary mastery to blend actions and tranquility in a single concept. Utilizing the dragon as its major pattern, the entire layout plan resembles an energetic dragon moving upward to the sky symbolizing the future prosperity of Longgang. The entrance has divided the garden into two areas, namely the ‘floral nest’ and ‘mount and water love’. The prior is a revelation of Hakka culture and the latter provides sceneries of Longgang surrounded by mountains and water.

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COASTAL PEARL Zhuhai,

Guangdong

800m2

Zhuhai is located at the mouth of Zhujiang next to Nanhai. It connects with Hong Kong by sea and Macau on land. Surrounded by mountain ranges, it offers adorable natural scenery with plantations flourish all year round covering the city with thick greenery. Its natural beauty has earned itself the name of ‘like the sky and clouds above the sea, Zhuhai is the best on earth’. This scenic garden provides a full range of historical background and sculptures on renowned individuals to promote their accomplishments through the pictorial walls. A miniature of Zhuhai’s natural scenery is captured in the theme garden through various means. Examples of which include plowing a lake utilizing its natural landscape for a scenic lake view; stacking stones as a mountain, directing the running streams to form multiple levels, and erecting the sculpture of ‘fishing lady of Zhuhai’. The garden brings the essence and glamour of Zhuhai to the fullest.

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NANSHAN GARDEN k~åëÜ~å=aáëíêáÅíI=pÜÉåòÜÉå

10000m2

The design concept is developed around the theme of ‘flourishing Nanshan’. Through the traditional placements of flowers, water, stones, mountain and woods supplemented by a touch of upbeat contemporary multi-media and lighted fountains, a wide variety of scenic spots like ‘springy garden’, ‘floral sea’, ‘mutual vision’, western corridor’, and ‘starry avenue’ are grouped together to form the core scenery – ‘pleasures revealed by the dragon and pheasant’. Besides these major scenic spots, pictorial wall engravings of the region, miniature of ancient Nanshan, poems and patterns of this old town are included to restore the ancient beauty, its cultural life and plan for the future. The garden displays a wide selection of plantations ranging from shrubs, mature trees, flowers, to potting plants.

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JIAN GARDEN Shenzhen

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The concept of Jian Garden is to step back from the natural meadow fields to

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by the busy social life and interactions above.

Major scenic spots include: colourful observation tower, adventurous floral path, trail in the woods, floral stream, skyscraping stairs, and remote observation tower.

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NEW HAKKA HOUSE Lu

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2000m2

Meizhou of Canton is renowned for being ‘home of cultural ethnicity’, ‘home of overseas Chinese’, and also ‘home of soccer’. The design concept of New Hakka House is centered on the ‘house wrapped by the dragon’ revealing characteristics of local residential homes. Their ‘lady wine’ restores the unique Hakka sentiments while the ‘misty golden pomelo’ shows scenery of a rural paddy field; the soccer sculpture is a reflection of the many skillful players.

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HOMING Weihai,

Shandong

300m2

Homing occupies a square footage of 300m2. Offering a magnitude of returning sails, an immense oceanic culture is identified. There are 24 pieces of wooden pillars to represent the 24 different climatic changes in a year. A stone grinder is placed inside the garden as a decoration. Spatial definitions are attained utilizing low rise partitioning stone walls and paths made of wood. The garden is filled with elements of life; it truly achieves big concepts in a compact environment.

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SILUROID GARDEN Shantou,

Guangdong

700m2

The garden is named ‘Siluroid’, the other term for Shantou. At the centre of the garden is the ‘springy lake’ which is comprised of scenic spots like ‘conch music’, ‘white lotus pavilion’, ‘tea fragrance’, and ‘sun observation in the north’. A heavily regional Shantou cultural ambience is promoted through the gardening techniques of framing, hiding and highlighting. It is a fused garden which carries southern arts and Shantou culture.

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SHANGRILA Changde,

Hunan

800m2

Fully capturing the regional characteristics of lives at sea ports, the exhibition area of changde is themed ‘Shangrila’ with the garden’s focal attraction being a combination of water features including waterfalls and multiple levels of running streams. The surrounding area displays rural homes, fishing boats, windmills, poetic walls, and a sculpture on ‘wood cutting by Liu Hai’. These displays carry tremendous regional ethnicity and cultural characteristics. Regional trees like cherry blossoms, square bamboos, spotted bamboos, peonies and hibiscus are scattered with rare plantations like Chinese fir trees. Supported by background music of regional ethnicity, the ‘Shangrila’- a rural life near the sea is revealed.

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BAOZHI GARDEN Foshan,Guangdong

1000m2

Baozhi Garden is named after the famous herbal clinic of Huang Feihong in

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culture. The garden is categorized into martial arts venues which include Huang

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Feihong’s practice hall, conference room, global pavilion, sculpture, and square

pillars of ‘heaven, earth, and man’. Tranquil corners include the bulletin wall,

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path of martial arts, willow lake and stream of life lessons. There are 8 other

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major scenic spots: world of martial arts, glamour of Baozhi clinic, road of martial arts, global vision, refreshing stream, unity among heaven, earth and man, partnering with the moon in the willow lake, and martial pillars under the plum trees. The garden is a revelation of the elegance in architectural beauty, ethnical arts, and refreshing environment. Regional trees of Lingnan and herbal plants are vastly applied here for a natural setting packed with righteous spirituality.

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FLOWERING HUACHENG Guangzhou

1500m2

The garden is themed on ‘Guangzhou – my hometown’ with faceted sceneries of the place highlighting its progress and development. It is a revival and redefinition of the former 8 scenic spots of Guangzhou in their new dimensions for display in the Expo. The main design pattern is an abstract goat horn swirling upward to signify the town’s up bound development. The sporadic placement of the 8 scenic spots and an ecological residence promote harmony and prosperity. The focal scenery lies in ‘Flowering Huacheng’ where a dynamic, red hot steel post swirls upward to the sky. Like a floral beauty contest or funful game with the 5 goats (symbol of Guangzhou), the winding running streams tell the story of the closely knit relationship between Guangzhou and its water. The design highlights the charisma of the place as an ancient town, and creates a regional Lingnan residential home packed with the spirit of its people – their hardwork, practicality, acceptance, openness and dedication.

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LOVELY WUYI Jiangmen,

! Guangdong

1000m2

Jiangmen is the famous home town of many Chinese immigrants. Also called Wuyi, it is the land of scenic landscapes and talents. Regional attractions include the Kaiping Diaolou which can be regarded as the global museum of architectural arts. Liyuan Garden is the tiptop garden amongst Chinese immigrants. The famous writer, Bajin, has called Xinhui – the birds’ paradise. They also have famous places like Enping – ‘home of hot spring’, and Taishan – the ‘oriental Hawaii’. Renowned scholars like Chen Baisha and revolutionary leader, Liang Qichao, were both born in this miraculous land. The garden has utilized various means and techniques to symbolize the culture of Wuyi. The entrance tablet symbolizes the people of Wuyi while the jade pavilion stands for the garden of Chinese immigrants. The misty fountain is a replicate of hot spring and the Banyan trees resemble the birds’ paradise. It is a beautiful place for its 390,000 habitats and the dreamed homeland of 370,000 Chinese immigrants.

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IN MEMORY OF BEIHAI Beihai,

Guangxi

1000m2

Like Venice in Italy, Versailles in France and Lijiang River in Guilin, some places

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become the landmark of a country or town. The Silver Beach is such a place

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for Beihai, it symbolizes and represents this unique town.

Themed â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;In Memory of Beihaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, the garden aimed at inspiring fond memories of

the town through contemporary spatial arrangement. The focal scene utilizes

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landscaping, plantations, meadow fields, wooden trails and beach settings to

display its unique regional characteristics. Different types of palm and coconut

trees are planted in an ecological manner to create a richly subtropical beach scene within the garden.

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FOLK CUSTOM GARDEN

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2500m2

The Folk Custom Garden of Kunming is a miniature of the world renowned

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stone forest which displays its unique cultural ethnicity, green power, and

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essence of life on the plateau. Fully utilizing the natural landscape, a folk custom

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square of Yizu is created near the Moon Lake of Ashima and the multi-level

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water feature. The naturally harmonious and miraculously beautiful sceneries

of the plateau are created through the addition of ethnical red clay sculpture and bench of stone grinder. The unique ambience of life on the Red Earth Plateau of Kunming, its regional culture, and folk custom can be immensely felt in this theme garden.

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ROCK BAMBOO GARDEN Shenzhen

Qi Shi Gardening Co.,Ltd. !"#$%&'(

1000m2

Rocks, (hand picked and unique pieces) were the prime considerations when designing this garden. Coordinated with the environment, it reveals one of the major classical gardening cultures of rock admiration. Rocks stand for persistence and perseverance while bamboos stand for righteousness and honesty; they are the essence of Chinese traditional values. The design employs contemporary techniques to cultivate these classical principles; it can also be regarded as the modern interpretation of traditional values. Making use of the hierarchical landscape, a simple and diagonal spatial layout is created. With the contrasting definitions of empty and full, straight and curved; and the placement of water features to match the varied specialty rocks, the theme of the garden comes out vividly.

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NEW SHIKU GARDEN

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1500m2

The historical evolution and development of ‘Shiku Gate’ is the design concept of this Shanghai garden. Restoring the beauty of natural scenery while at the same time employing modern gardening techniques to merge regional plantations and scenic specialties, it best illustrates the theme of ‘nature, home, and a desirable future’. Scenic spots are skillfully coordinated: like the floral paddies and Shiku Gate, the seaside origin and observation pavilion, the relax zone and floral gallery. These areas all provide ample opportunities for people to connect with nature. A fusion of contemporary and historical arts and techniques, the garden emphasizes ‘harmony with nature, prosper with flower blossoms’. It does not only symbolize the city, but also unveils its cultural ethnicity amid the charismatic attractions of New Shiku Garden.

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ZINXIANG GARDEN pÜÉåòÜÉå=içíìë=eáää=m~êâ

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Focal sceneries are composed of natural plantations to highlight the beauty

and science of coordination. Divided into tropical and subtropical areas, the

theme of residential home and garden residence is revealed.

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SEVEN WORTHIES OF BAMBOO

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The garden is composed of two major areas: the winding stream with floating

goblets, and the seven worthies of bamboo grove. Utilizing historical folklores

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as the cultural background, a contemporary setting with massive bamboo trees

reveals the pursuit for Chinese traditional values of righteousness and honesty.

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FLOWING CERAMIC RIVER

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The garden reveals the never failing development in ceramic pottery and their artistic values over a history of 9,000 years. Employing this as the theme, it opens the door for new techniques and presentation model.

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JINGHUAYUAN SCENIC SPOT Shenzhen

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Floral quest, floral search, floral view, floral visit, and floral admiration are the

scenic trails leading travelers to the garden of diversified blossoming beauty.

It aims at achieving the ambience of ‘the drunken soul’s indulgence is not on wine, but the beauty in natural sceneries of water and mountains’.

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YINLU MIYAN SCENIC SPOT Shenzhen

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Capturing the natural landscape, the garden is built on the bare basics of simplicity and modest beauty.

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DONGPO GARDEN eìáòÜçìI=dì~åÖÇçåÖ

1800m2

The garden is themed on the stories of Su Dongpo when he was transferred to Huizhou during the Sung dynasty. The designing concept is surrounding the multi facets of the place being a scenic beauty, historical town, and digital e-city. It is an environment that offers both natural sceneries and cultural sentiments. Combining tales of Dongpo with mountains, lakes, waterfalls, and streams, a poetic ambience is created with small running streams, floral blossoms under the willows, and winding paths leading to attractions. The natural sceneries, cultural ethnicity and future developments of Huizhou are displayed through their various scenic spots like: tranquility of Xihu, attractions of Luofu, dashing waterfalls of the dragon stream, flaming hot spring, bamboo grove of southern streams, jade pagoda with low fences, and lychee attractions.

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ZINGXIN GARDEN b~ëí=i~âÉ=m~êâ

1000m2

The most lively and vivid demonstration of ‘nature, home, and a desirable future’ is displayed in this garden with generous supply of mature trees, red flower blossoms, blue lakes, white clouds and mountains. The adorable settings of wavering bamboo groves, comfortable breezes under the banana leaves, dancing willow branches, attractive flower blossoms, mirror-like lake views, leisurely swimming fishes, and fresh drinking spring water are best interpretations of the theme. The conceptual design is based on elements of leisure, entertainment, interest, and knowledge; with interactive possibilities and pleasurable views in a naturalistic and ecological setting. The goal is to achieve clarity in minds like the clear streams, and leisure in life like fishes under the water. There are two main roads leading to the centre of the garden – the fish trail, and the fish lake walk. Using crystalline and banana trees as main features to create the perfect beauty, the garden is packed with Lingnan ambience allowing visitors to connect, interact and unite with nature enjoying its unique romance.

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KEYI GARDEN Shenzhen

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Keyi Garden offers an open external environment and deep, thick woods inside

2500m2

is ideal for harmony and unity with nature.

for an escape to tranquility. It is composed of scenic spots including the huge stone plate, mountain with running streams, floating rock on the lake, a Hakka

bridge, wooded lane near the stream, thick plum trees, fragrant cinnamon

garden, and the scenic peculiar rocks gallery. Making full use of the natural

landscape, the garden is divided into two areas; externally it boosts the beauty

of shrubs and floral blossoms; internally it cultivates a peaceful and enjoyable

environment utilizing thick forests and gentle slopes. The tranquility and peace

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ZUHE GARDEN Shenzhen

Hong Lake Park

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800m2

Using walls of poetic rhymes as background and lotus blossoms as theme, the garden is a perfect demonstration of how idealistic layout of classical Chinese painting can be applied in realistic garden settings.

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The definition of classical Chinese gardening can be summarized as utilization of natural landscape with existing mountains and water complemented by modified architectural improvements and artistic supplements. A scenic and relaxing environment is created through the skillful application of created mountains and streams on the natural landscape covered by flowers, shrubs, and trees; and the building of paths and architectural infrastructure. We can see why created mountains, man-made streams, architectures, and plantations are the four major components in classical Chinese gardening.

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Chinese concepts, mountainous

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scene is the number one

to artistically include the

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importance in gardening; and it

mountains: through modifying

has made mountain creation the

the existing slopes, utilizing

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first priority when creating or

stacked rocks, applying a single

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minimizing a classical garden.

gigantic rock, and erecting a

Without doubt, all classical

mountain on dry land or lake

gardens comprise of some

side.

mountains; without which it

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There is a widespread saying:

become the second important

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component in garden creation.

waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Water comes in second

Wa t e r f e a t u r e s c a n b e

after mountains in scenic

categorized into lakes, rivers,

enjoyment. The faceted beauty

waterfalls, streams, and springs.

of water, its appearance,

There are numerous means to

sounds, and ambience all brings

utilize water features in a variety

pleasure to human beings.

of garden settings, therefore it is

Water has been identified as the

not covered in depth here.

source or origin of artistic creation. It has become part of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily lives. Water is also closely connected with mountains; therefore it has

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The architectures of gardens are

the core of the establishment. It

different from regular

is a unique art and feature of

architectural infrastructure. It is

classical Chinese gardening and

an important component in

the major difference between

Chinese gardens which exist to

naturally formed gardens. It is,

satisfy the functions of

therefore, the third most

residence,

important

leisure,

component.

entertainment, visual enjoyment,

Architectural infrastructure of

political administration, and even

classical gardens can be in the

religious activities. From imperial

forms of: pavilion, corridor,

gardens, private gardens, to

cabin, stone boat, living room,

monastery

gardens,

guest room, patio, study room,

architectural infrastructures are

gallery, pagoda, tower, bridge,

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Plantations and animals are the

supporting the building

fourth major component of

infrastructure, they bring

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classical Chinese gardening. It

seasonal changes and life to the

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is the most flexible area in the

garden.

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garden to satisfy peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s varied

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tastes of visual pleasure.

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Plantations and animals not only

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enrich the hierarchical depths of

the garden, they also serve the

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practical functions of defining

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spatial layout, complementing

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visual enjoyment and adding

vitality to the environment. Also,

as background sceneries

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Besides the afore-mentioned

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components, the techniques of

‘Balancing’ is the placement of

classical gardening arts include:

symmetrical attractions within

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adopting, sheltering, balancing,

visual linearity.

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framing and blocking.

‘Framing’ is the utilization of

‘Adopting’ is the skill in bringing

doors and windows to picture

external scenery into the garden

frame the scenic spots.

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to expand the visual dimension

‘Blocking’ is the utilization of

of the space and to establish a

landscape, architectures,

link between internal and

fences, and plants as dividers for

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external environment. Utilizing

spatial arrangement.

this skill to complement internal

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scenic spots can also be termed

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‘Sheltering’ is the placement of

trees, rocks, or fences at the

entrance to shelter the scenic

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Remodelling CHINESE GARDENS

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