Kali O Kalam December 2018 by Bengal Foundation

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nq, iex›`ªbv‡_i wkÿvwPšÍvB Zuv‡K †ewk AvKl©Y K‡iwQj| †mLv‡b wZwb Kx †c‡q‡Qb, Zv †h fvlvq I fw½‡Z wZwb Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zvi g‡a¨B gyiwk‡ì wkÿvfvebv‡K cve : Zuvi [iex›`ªbv‡_i] we‡ePbvq wkÿvi jÿ¨ n‡e : gbyl¨‡Z¡i m¤ú~Y© D‡b¥vPb, e¨w³i mKj ïf m¤¢vebvi ùziY, e¨w³i m‡½ mgv‡Ri †hvM, gvby‡li m‡½ cÖK…wZi †hvM, wkwÿZAwkwÿ‡Zi êlg¨ we‡gvPb, AvwZ¥K I eënvwi‡Ki g‡a¨ mgš^q, Ávb †eva Kíbv I †mŠ›`h©-†PZbvi Kl©Y I weKvk, K‡g© Áv‡bi wb‡qv‡Mi Øviv Rxe‡b m¤úbœZv I mg„w× AR©b, m„RbkxjZvi mvnv‡h¨ gbyl¨‡Z¡i cwiPh©v Ges cÖmvi| ¯úóZB iex›`ªbv‡_i wkÿvwPšÍvi †K‡›`ª wQj GK Rxeb-jMœ mgvR-jMœ Ges wek¦jMœ, hyyw³-Kíbv I cÖv‡qvwMK kw³‡Z `ÿ, c~Y©-weKwkZ Ges weewZ©Z gvbyl| wbtm‡›`‡n G g‡WjwU †i‡bmuvwm| Avi wkÿvi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Kwe AwfÁZv wbs‡o e‡j‡Qb GKwU g~jëvb I ü`qMÖvnx K_v : `v‡b Ges MÖn‡Y _vK‡e ÔAvb›`Õ| DwjøwLZ wkÿv-`„wó‡Z mgvR †h Abycw¯’Z bq Zv cwi®‹vi| Avm‡j iex›`ªbv_ e¨w³ gvby‡li gvbyl n‡q IVvi Dci GZ †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb ïay e¨w³i R‡b¨ bq, mgv‡Ri R‡bÏ| wZwb fve fvlv Rxeb I mgvR‡K GK m~‡Î MÖw_Z †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, †Kbbv G Pvi mymgÄm bv nIqvi dj e¨w³RM‡Zi wew”QbœZv, mvgvwRK we‡”Q`, e¨vcK wbõjZv| (Kv‡ji K_v, c„ 128-29) gyiwk` Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb : ÔcÖhyw³i Øviv cÖK…wZi Dci cÖfzZ¡ AR©b K‡i †h cvðvZ¨ we‡k¦i cÖfz n‡q e‡m‡Q Zvi weÁvb‡K iex›`ªbv_ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|Õ (H, c„ 129) Acic‡ÿ, KvwW©b¨vj wbDg¨vb †h ÔÁvbweÁvb‡K Zv‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK Zvrc‡h©i R‡b¨ g~j¨ w`‡Zb, wZwb eënvwiK Ávb‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡qi R‡b¨ Dchy³ welq g‡b Ki‡Zb bvÕ, †m-m¤ú‡K© gyiwk` GKgZ nbwb| Z‡e wbDg¨v‡bi †h-aviYvi hv_v_©¨ wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡ib, Zv GB : wZwb [wbDg¨vb] g‡bi D‡b¥vPb, Áv‡bi AvËxKiY †Zv †P‡q‡QbB, wZwb AviI †P‡q‡Qb Áv‡bi Ici g‡bi cÖfzZ¡, Zvi eënv‡i g‡bi c~Y©kvmb, GKB m‡½ g‡bi KvwVb¨

I bgbxqZv| †h cÖwµqv gb‡K GB ÿgZv †`q, Aa¨qb wbixÿY Kg© Ges Bw›`ªqMZ AwfÁZv Ges Dcjwäi Ici Zv‡K wPšÍv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z †kLvq, Zv‡KB ïay D”Pwkÿv ejv hvq...| (H, c„ 139) gyiwk` AvRxeb GB D”Pwkÿv wb‡q †f‡e‡Qb, Z‡e Zv‡K mgMÖ wkÿveë¯’v †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †`‡Lbwb| ZvB wZwb e‡j‡Qb : Avgv‡ì R‡b¨ GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ wkÿvi wjev‡ij `k©b Ges wbwgËev`x `k©b‡K †gjv‡bv| GB †gjv‡bvi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì AviI KZ¸‡jv `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q : wkÿvi me ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ wbweo Ges †hŠw³K m¤úK© ¯’vcb, cÖvKwek¦we`¨vjq ¯Í‡i gvbewe`¨v Ges weÁv‡bi Ici mgvb †Rvi †Ìqv, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kg©m~wP‡K h_v_© ÔB›UviwWwmwcøbvwiÕ Kiv, we‡kl ev msKxY© Ñ Mfxi Ávb‡K A‡Uvg¨vwUK bv K‡i me©‡kl ¯Í‡i Hw”QK Kiv Ges gv`ªvmv wkÿv‡K RvZxq wkÿvi m‡½ h‡_vchy³fv‡e mgwš^Z Kiv| (H, c„ 140) D”Pwkÿv `vb I MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wek¦we`¨vj‡q ¯’vb †K›`ªxq, ZvB G-m¤ú‡K© gyiwk‡ì DrKÉvI AwaK| evsjv‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wek¦we`¨vjq m¤ú‡K© 1994 mv‡j Zuvi ch©‡eÿY : GKwU AwZ `wi`ª, ciwbf©i, ee©iZvi w`‡K `ªæZ AMÖmigvb, LÐ LÐ AvZ¥me©¯^ †Mvôx cwiKxY©, cÖvwšÍK m¤úbœZvi GB †`‡k wek¦we`¨vjq AvR cÖvq cÖvwšÍK| Avgv‡ì wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv ga¨weË m„wó Kivi HwZnvwmK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ ga¨weË mgvR wb‡R‡K cÖvq evwZj K‡i w`‡”Q bvbv Aeÿq Øviv, †mB m‡½ wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡KI| Gi HwZnvwmKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z †K›`ªxq ¸iæZ¡ Avi †bB, A_P mgv‡Ri bevq‡bi R‡b¨ wek¦we`¨vjq Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv kw³ †bB| (H, c„ 182) gyiwk` Rvb‡Zb †h, †h-mgv‡R wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Ae¯’vb, †mB mgv‡Ri cÖfve I wbqš¿Y wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Ic‡i c‡o| mgvR gv‡b mgv‡Ri kw³gvb I cÖfvekvjx †Mvôx| Avevi, GB cÖfve I wbqš¿Y †_‡K gy³ n‡Z bv cvi‡j wek¦we`¨vjq Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯^vqËkvmb ZvB Acwinvh©|

gyiwk` e‡j‡Qb, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯^vaxbZvi `ywU w`K Av‡Q : ÔcÖvwZôvwbK ¯^kvmb Ges we`¨vqZwbK (A¨vKv‡WwgK) ¯^vaxbZv, Ges aviYv `y‡Uv ci¯úi Avwkøó n‡jI c„_K|Õ (H, 153) ivóªB hw` wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A_©vM‡gi GKgvÎ Drm nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î wek¦we`¨vj‡qi m¤ú~Y© ¯^kvmb Am¤¢e| Z‡e D`vi‰bwZK mgvReë¯’vq ivóª BDwbfvwm©wU MÖv›Um Kwgk‡bi g‡Zv ga¨¯’ZvKvix cÖwZôv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡qvRb I Kg©m~wP Abyhvqx A_© †RvMv‡bvi eë¯’v K‡i| GB ¯^kvmb-eë¯’vq ivóªxq wbqš¿Ygy³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ÔmKj A‡½ A_ev KZ…©gÐjx‡Z ÿgZv m¤úªmvwiZ n‡e, Zv‡ì ÿgZvi fvimvg¨ _vK‡e, Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Zviv ci¯úi‡K mshy³ Ki‡e| Avi we`¨vqZwbK ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z †evSv‡e †Kv‡bv n¯Í‡ÿc Qvov ÁvbPP©v Ñ cyi‡bv Áv‡bi g~j¨vqb Ges bZzb Áv‡bi m„wó Kiv|Õ (H, c„ 153) GB cÖm‡½ Avï‡Zvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq‡K wZwb D`&a„Z K‡i‡Qb Ñ Zv‡Z Zuvi wb‡Ri g‡bi K_v wZwb ïb‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| The university must be free from external control over the range of subjects of study and methods of teaching and research. We have to keep it equally free from the trammels in other directions Ñ political fetters from the state, ecclesiastic fetters from religious corporations, civic fetters from the community and pedantic fetters from what may be called the corporate repressive action of the university itself. (H, c„ 100)

†k‡li K_vwU Av‡Mi K_v¸‡jvi g‡ZvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GB Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k 1973 mv‡j wek¦we`¨vj‡qi R‡b¨ †h-AvBb Avgiv wewae× Kwi, Zvi GKRb cÖe³v n‡qI gyiwk` Zvi cybwe©‡ePbvi K_v †f‡ewQ‡jb : GKwU we‡kl mg‡q we‡kl AwfÁZvi cÖfv‡e gvby‡li ˆZwi GKUv `wjj †Kv‡bvw`bB wØZxq `„wói `vwe K‡i bv, Ggb GKUv Ae¯’vb Avwg MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Avgvi we‡ePbvq G †ÿ‡Î wØZxq `„wó cÖ‡qvRb| ... Avgiv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi we`¨vqZwbK

¯^vqËkvm‡bi Ace¨envi Kwiwb Ggb K_v ej‡Z cvi‡ev bv| (H, c„ 179) GB AvB‡bi †h-AccÖ‡qvM n‡q‡Q, Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv ˆZwi K‡i gyiwk` e‡j‡Qb, Ôwek¦we`¨vjq‡K †hgb evB‡ii AvMÖvmb †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e, †Zgwb Zv‡K Zvi wb‡Ri †fZ‡ii AvZ¥Z…wßi †Pvivevwj, gbb Ges Áv‡bi wbw®ŒqZv I APjZv †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ

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Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki g‡Zv Lvb mviIqvi gyiwk‡ì †MŠie‡eva evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×‡K wN‡i| Zuvi wbR¯^ ai‡b I fvlvq G-m¤ú‡K© wZwb hv e‡j‡Qb, Zv `xN© n‡jI D`&a„wZ‡hvM¨ : Avgvi GKvšÍ e¨w³K_vi evB‡i †h hy×Uv NUwQj Ges hv †KvwU †KvwU gvby‡li gb Ges Rxeb‡K e`‡j w`w”Qj Zvi K‡qKwU w`K cwi®‹vi K‡i Ges †Rv‡ii m‡½ D‡jø‡Li `vwe iv‡L hwÌ Zv cwiwPZ K_vi cybive„wËi g‡Zv †kvbv‡Z cv‡i| GK. G hy‡× e¨vcKfv‡e Ges cÖvq me©¯Í‡ii gvbyl Ask wb‡qwQj, Gi R‡b¨ Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Rw½Zv I †mbvevwnbxi m‡½ RbM‡Yi msNv‡Zi µwgKZvi ga¨ w`‡q evOvwji g‡bvf‚wg ˆZwi n‡qwQj| `yB. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi Pig cixÿvi cÖ¯‘wZi WvK wn‡m‡eB mvaviY gvbyl Ges mvaviY ˆmwbK ey‡SwQj| wZb. cuwP‡k gvP© iv‡Z Bqvwnqvi AvKw¯§K KzwUj fqvj AvµgY Ges nZ¨vhÁ †h NUbvaviv m„wó K‡i Zv‡Z †hgb wQj D`&åvšÍ AvZ¼, †Zgwb ¯^Ztù‚Z© cÖwZ‡iva| G ¯^Ztù‚Z©Zv G hy‡×i GK eo Dcv`vb n‡jI G‡K msMwVZ Kivi R‡b¨ GKwU hš¿ Ges KvVv‡gvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj, Avi Zv wQj †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K ivóªcÖavb K‡i ZvRDÏxb Avng‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ cÖevmx A¯’vqx miKvi| cÖavbgš¿x ZvRDÏxb Avng` Ges Zvi mnKgx©iv `ÿZvi m‡½ GKwU gnvb Ges `yiƒn `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| Pvi. gyw³hy‡×i ÔRvZxqÕ cÖ‡Póvq g~j kw³ AvIqvgx jxM QvovI A‡bK `j AskMÖnY K‡iwQj Ges cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `jwUmn Kv‡iv f‚wgKv‡K AMÖvn¨ Kiv †Pv‡L Vzwj covi mvwgj|

cuvP. G hy‡×i bvqK Aek¨B RbMY wKš‘ Zv‡ì gnvb Ges Abb¨ cÖwZf‚ wQ‡jb †kL gywReyi ingvb| A¯’vqx miKv‡ii K¨vwe‡bU-Kÿ, gyw³‡mbv‡ì cÖwkÿY †K›`ª Ges AvkÖq wkwei †_‡K iY‡ÿÎ ch©šÍ †hLv‡bB evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wQj wZwb IB bÕgvm A`„k¨ †èZvi g‡Zv mevi g‡b †R‡M wQ‡jb| Zuv‡K ¯§iY K‡i Zuvi evYx gy‡L wb‡q A‡b‡K †`‡ki Rb¨ ey‡Ki i³ †X‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb| cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i e›`x †bZv gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvq †h KZ eo †cÖiYv wQ‡jb Zvi AmsL¨ mvÿxi g‡a¨ GKRb Avwg| Qq. iv‡gi ebev‡mi w`b¸wj‡Z fiZ †hgb iv‡gi cv`yKv wmsnvm‡b †i‡L ivR¨ kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb, †Zgwb A¯’vqx miKv‡ii †bZviv †kL gywRe‡K cÖwZwbqZ Dcw¯’Z Kíbv K‡iB cig AvšÍwiKZv I wbôvi m‡½ ZuviB bv‡g bÕgvm hy× cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb| (H, c„ 15-16) G-cÖm‡½ cieZx©Kv‡j Zuvi g‡b †h-cÖkœwU †R‡MwQj, Zv wZwb GLv‡bB DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb : cieZx©Kv‡j KL‡bv KL‡bv Avgvi g‡b G cÖkœ †R‡M‡Q, Abycw¯’Z †bZv wb‡RI wK mwVK Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb ˆ`wnKfv‡e Dcw¯’Z bv †_‡KI wZwb bÕgv‡mi hy‡× KZ eo Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb? cÖm½Z hw` wZwb Zv Dcjwä Ki‡Zb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi gywRebMi Aa¨v‡qi cÖwZ wZwb GKUz h_v_© †KŠZ‚nj Ges J`vh© †`Lv‡Z mÿg n‡Zb| Gi d‡j BwZnvm nq‡Zv GKUz AbïKg n‡Z cvi‡Zv, wKQy Ag½‡ji nq‡Zv Rb¥ n‡Zv bv, n‡jI åƒ‡YB Zv wbnZ n‡Zv| (H, c„ 16) Gici wZwb cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb, ¯^vaxbZvi †fv‡i gyw³ ej‡Z Avgiv Kx ey‡SwQjvg Ges Zvi DËiI w`‡q‡Qb : Avgiv †P‡qwQjvg wPiZ‡i agx©q ivRbxwZ, A_©‰bwZK †kvlY, ˆ¯î Ges mvgwiK kvmb, cðvrgyLx ivóªPP©vi Aemvb| †P‡qwQjvg mnRvwZZ¡, mnbvMwiKZ¡, ÿgZvq m¤ú‡` K…”QªZvq mgvb Ask, DbœwZ Ges weKv‡k mgvb fvM, GKwU Kj¨vY iv‡óªi ùzwiZ m¤¢vebv †_‡K †e‡Q †bIqvi my‡hvM| wbwg‡l `y‡ai bni bq, †Kv‡bv ¯^cœivR¨ bq

Ñ cwiKwíZ MwZ‡Z AMÖmigvY AvaywbK Rxeb‡PZbvF× GKwU gvbweK mgvR| (H, c„ 17) wKš‘ G-Avkv †Kb c~iY n‡jv bv? gyiwk‡ì g‡Z : †gvUv `v‡M ej‡Z †M‡j, HwZnvwmKfv‡e mdj gnr Av‡›`vjbKvixiv A‡bKvs‡k e¨_© kvmK e‡j cwiwPZ n‡jb| cÖwZkÖæZ A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi c‡_ Zuviv †ewk`~i G¸‡Z cvi‡jb bv| cÖZ¨vkv Ges cÖvwßi mgxKi‡Yi mgm¨v, AwZwecøex ZrciZv Ges civwRZ kÎæi cwiKwíZ AccÖPvi evOvwj ga¨we‡Ëi myjf †bwZev` I AmwnòzZv, nVvr †Z‡ji nšÍviK g~j¨ e„w×, †`‡ki DËivÂ‡j GK fqven `ywf©ÿ, hv wQj g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖK…wZ, gvwK©bx Lv`¨ ivRbxwZ, mswkøó GjvKvq µqÿgZvi Afve BZ¨vwì dj| Gme †gvKvwejvq e¨_© n‡jb Zuviv| `ybx©wZ I jyÉ‡bi Dci Kov `„wó bv †i‡L mgvRZ‡š¿i k„•Ljv, `ÿ gvbweK Dcv`vb Ges KvVv‡gv wbg©vY bv K‡i mgvRZ‡š¿i bv‡g wKQz fzj c`‡ÿc MÖnY, Gme e¨_©ZvI Avgv‡ì bZzb miKvi‡K `ye©j K‡iwQj| Gi d‡j Gu‡ì A‡bK myK…wZI D‡cwÿZ n‡jv| wbi‡cÿ mgvR-weÁvbx‡ì we‡kølY Abyhvqx †h gyn~‡Z© G †`k m¼U KvwU‡q, †hgb K…wl †ÿ‡Î, m¤úbœZvi w`‡K wKwÂr AMÖhvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQj, †m gyn~‡Z© Iur †c‡Z _vKv Af¨šÍixY Ges AvšÍR©vwZK lohš¿Kvixiv Zv‡ì AvNvZ nvbj| RvwZi cÖwZôvZv‡K AKv‡j c„w_ex †_‡K mwi‡q †Ìqv n‡jv| Avi wd‡i Gj hv hv Avgiv PvBwb me wKQz Ñ GKgvÎ Avkv Qvov| (H, c„ 17) Gi R‡b¨ wZwb A‡b‡Ki m‡½ `vqx K‡i‡Qb wb‡R‡ì, †`k‡cÖwgK‡ì GKwU Ask‡K| Zuvi Gme K_vi g‡a¨ ms‡e`bkxj I cÖÁvevb GK †`k‡cÖwg‡Ki ür¯ú›`b ïb‡Z cvB| G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi K_vI wZwb †f‡e‡Qb, Z‡e Zv A‡bK¸‡jv kZ©mv‡cÿ| AvR Avi †mK_v bq| r * 6 b‡f¤î 2018 Zvwi‡L evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU‡Z cÖ`Ë wg‡mm b~iRvnvb gyiwk` I cÖ‡dmi Lvb mviIqvi gyiwk` Uªv÷ dvÛ e³…Zv|

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wgÎ Zuvi †QvUM‡í ˆkwíK mv_©KZvq Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi wbe©vwPZ Mí (†`ÕR cvewjkvm©, 1420) Aej¤^‡b Zuvi `kwU M‡íi Rxeb‡eva I wkíAwfhvÎv‡K G-cÖe‡Ü Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi Ôïay †KivbxÕ MíwUi NUbve¯‘i mviv_©gg©mvi : MíwU‡Z †Kv‡bv AwZK_b †bB| beweevwnZ †Kivwb Zvi ea~‡K †hfv‡e fv‡jvevmvq AvM‡j iv‡L;

Ges eDwUI GKBfv‡e Ñ †m-cÖm½B MíwU‡Z wee„Z| dz‡ji gvjv G‡b w`‡q‡Q ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿x‡K| Uªv‡g bv G‡m, Uªv‡gi fvov euvwP‡q †mB UvKv w`‡q dz‡ji gvjv wK‡b Avb‡Z n‡q‡Q †Kivwb‡K| G-wb‡q ¯¿x e‡j, †Kb †m Kó K‡i †nu‡U G‡jv; G-dz‡ji gvjv bv Avb‡jI †Zv n‡Zv| ¯^vgxi Kó n‡q‡Q e‡j ¯¿xi G-Awfgvb| ¯¿xi R¡i n‡j ¯^vgx Zv‡K iuva‡Z w`‡Z Pvq bv| KviY Mi‡g-Nv‡g ¯¿xi R¡i Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡e| ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ cÖPÐ iKg fv‡jvevmv Zv‡ì| myLvbyf‚wZ Zv‡ì cÖej| A_©vfve I `vwi`ª¨wK¬óZvq Zviv RR©wiZ n‡jI Zv‡ì ü`qvbyf‚wZ ci¯ú‡ii Rb¨ DËz½ I D`&MÖxe| †Kivwb cÖvqB †nu‡U Av‡m Awdm †_‡K; Uªvg fvov euvwP‡q Zv w`‡q Ôm~wZKvÕ †ivMMÖ¯Ív ¯¿xi wPwKrmv-LiP †RvMv‡bvi Rb¨| Zey ¯¿x‡K †kl ch©šÍ euvPv‡bv hvq bv| `yR‡bi †KD-B fMev‡bi cÖwZ Awf‡hvM K‡i bv| ¯¿xi †eu‡P _vKvi B”Qv Ges ¯^vgxi ¯¿x‡K euvwP‡q ivLvi AvKv•ÿv Ñ Df‡qi ü`qMZ µ›`b †hb mg¯Í cvV‡Ki µ›`b n‡q I‡V MíwU‡Z| Ôïay †KivbxÕ MíwUi iPbv‰kjxi cÖ_‡gB cvwL‡ì LoKzUv, †Quov cvjK, ïK‡bv Wvj w`‡q †m¸‡jvi bxo euvavi K_v DwjøwLZ Av‡Q| MíwUi †kl evK¨

¯§Z©e¨ : ÔZLb Kvj-ˆekvLxi mgxKiY AvKv‡k bxofvOvi g‡nvrme †j‡M‡Q|Õ ¯^vgx †Kivwb I †Kivwb-cZœx ¯¿xi my‡Li `v¤úZ¨Rxe‡bi mgvcbxfvl¨ GB bxofvOv k‡ãi g‡a¨ Dc¯’vwcZ Av‡Q| my‡Li Abyf‚wZ I fv‡jvevmvi A‡gq ¯^v` GB `¤úwZi AšÍ‡i wQj| wKš‘ A_©vfv‡e ¯¿xi fv‡jv wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z bv cvivq ¯^vgx-†Kivwbi AšÍ‡ii †h-i³ÿiY ¯¿xi KiæY nvwmi g‡a¨ †h cÖwZfvZ Zv wb‡gœv³ fv‡l¨ ¯úó : ÔGKUv nvwm Av‡Q Ñ Kvbœvi †P‡q wb`viæY, Kvbœvi †P‡q †hb †ewk ürwcÐ †bsov‡bv|Õ Abyf‚wZgq `v¤úZ¨ †h `vwi`ª¨wK¬óZvq Kxfv‡e Avcvgi cvV‡Ki Kvbœvq iƒcvwqZ nq, †m cÖgvY GLv‡b cvIqv hvq : Ôïay †mw`b Ávb nvivevi Av‡M †g‡qwU GKwUev‡ii R‡b¨ GZw`bKvi wg_¨vKiY Qjbv †f‡O w`‡q †Ku‡` †d‡j ej‡j Ñ ÔAvwg gi‡Z PvBwb Ñ fMev‡bi Kv‡Q ivZw`b †Ku‡` Rxeb wfÿv †P‡qwQ, wKš‘ ÑÕ (IB, c„ 8)| `vwi`ª¨vNv‡Z Rxe‡bi G-Acg„Zz¨i †h-AvZ©bv` Zv †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi Dchy³ fvlv‰kjxi g‡a¨ wkwíZfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| ÔcybœvgÕ Ñ MíwUi NUbv-e¯‘mvi n‡jv wbgœweË jwjZ I Qwei cuvP eQ‡ii cyÎmšÍv‡bi µgk my¯’ n‡q IVv| †LvKv Nygvq bv| Zvi Nyg Av‡m bv| me©ÿY †R‡M _v‡K| gv-evev‡K Nygv‡Z †`q bv| Kuv‡`| gv Qwe wei³ n‡q Zv‡K Pvco gv‡i| Rvnv‡Ri PvKz‡i jwjZI PvKwi †_‡K G‡m †Q‡ji wPrKvi-†PuPv‡gwP‡Z Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡K wb‡q iv‡Z evB‡i Nywi‡q Avb‡Z Pvq| Qwe ¯^vgx‡K e‡j Nygv‡Z| Wv³vi e‡j‡Q, nvIqv cwieZ©b Ki‡j †LvKv †m‡i DV‡e| Mwie

†cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi ÔcybœvgÕ M‡í Abyf‚wZgq `v¤úZ¨ `vwi`ª¨wK¬óZvq Kxfv‡e Avcvgi cvV‡Ki Kvbœvq iƒcvwqZ nq, †m cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| 16

wcZvi †P‡Ä hvIqvi mvg_©¨ †bB| ¯¿xi nv‡Zi PzwoB GKgvÎ m¤ú` Zv‡`i| jwjZ eva¨ n‡q Rvnv‡Ri MuvUwi wewµ K‡i A_© †RvMvo K‡i †Q‡j‡K †P‡Ä wb‡q †M‡Q| †P‡Ä wb‡q wM‡q Uzby bvgK GK wkïi m‡½ Zv‡`i cwiPq nq| †m †LvKvi m‡½ †Lj‡Z Av‡m| Uzby wjL‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ †LvKv ÔAÕ wjL‡Z cvi‡Q bv Ñ G‡Z jwjZ Uzbyi cÖwZ Cl©vwš^Z nq| Zv‡K agK w`‡q Zvwo‡q †`q| G NUbvq jwj‡Zi Aby`viZv cÖKvk cvq| Ab¨w`‡K †LvKv Uzby‡K `y‡Uv m‡›`k bq, GKwUI w`‡Z ivwR nq bv| GB Cl©v I Aby`viZvi R‡b¨ jwjZ †LvKvi cÖwZ wÿß nq; Qwe‡K †m D®§v cÖKvk K‡i| jwj‡Zi A_©vfve I wbgœweËZvi g‡a¨B †h Avm‡j Zvi †Q‡j

†LvKvi Aby`viZv I wnsmvi exR jyKvwqZ Ñ †mwUB †jLK cÖKvivšÍ‡i MíwU‡Z Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb| ÔcybœvgÕ M‡íi ÔAmyL Avi wKQy‡ZB mv‡i bvÕ fvl¨ w`‡q ïiæ MíwU †P‡Ä hvIqv cv‡ki evwoi †QvÆ Uzbyi g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q †kl nIqvq Gi g‡a¨ bvUKxqZv I Rxebin‡m¨i QvqvcvZ cÖZ¨ÿ‡hvM¨ n‡q‡Q| †LvKvi Amy¯’Zv †h KZ cÖKU wQj Zv MíKvi wkwíZ welYœ fv‡l¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb : Ôwkïi †PvL †m bq Ñ Rxe‡bi mg¯Í weim we¯^v` cv‡Î PzgyK w`‡q wZ³gy‡L †Kv‡bv e„× †hb †m-†PvL‡K AvkÖq K‡i‡Q|Õ (IB, c„ 9) AwZK_bewR©Z G-MíwUi g‡a¨ Rxe‡bi `vwi`ª¨wK¬ó ev¯ÍeZv I cÖwZ‡iv‡ai

(euv †_‡K) ey×‡è emy, Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Kvwj`vm ivq, ZzlviKvwšÍ †Nvl, cÖdzjø †mb, Dgv ivq, A‡kvKKzgvi miKvi, igvc` †PŠayix I †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ g~‡Q©cov welYœ-†gŠbZv fvlviƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi ÔmvMi msMgÕ M‡íi gg©K_v n‡jv : GKRb ag©cÖvY weaev bvix cÖ_‡g †ek¨vi wK‡kvix †g‡q evZvwm‡K †bwZevPKfv‡e MÖnY K‡iwQj; mvMim½‡g hvIqvi c‡_ †bŠKvq Zv‡ì cwiPq I Zx‡_© Zv‡ì mgqhvc‡bi c‡i †mB †ek¨vKb¨v evZvwm‡KB wbR Kb¨v wn‡m‡e cwiPq`v‡bi g‡a¨ cÖKvk cvq Zvi gvZ…Z¡ I J`vh©| evjweaev `vÿvqYx evwjKv eq‡m weaev n‡jI Zvi ÔAbbyKiYxq wbôv I ag©vPi‡Yi Rb¨Õ †jvKRb Zv‡K kÖ×v Ki‡Zv| j²Y Zx_©hvÎvi eë¯’v K‡iwQj| †jv‡Ki wfo wQj †bŠKvq| G‡ZB `vÿvqYxi j²‡Yi cÖwZ cÖPÐ ivM wQj; †m cv-wU ch©šÍ cÖk¯Í K‡i em‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K, †ek¨v‡ì †bŠKvq †Zvjvq †m Av‡iv wei³ n‡jv| Zvi ïwPZv I cweÎZv †hb bó n‡”Q †mR‡b¨| Z‡e †ek¨vivI †h cyY¨mœv‡bi gva¨‡g cvcwegy³ n‡q cweÎ nIqvi R‡b¨ mvMim½‡g hv‡”Q Ñ Zv‡ìI †h cyYëZx nIqvi AvKv•ÿv Av‡Q Ñ

†mB welqwU †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ ˆkwíK eY©bv I gvbweK J`vh© w`‡q MíwU‡Z iƒcvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| evZvwm †bŠKvq WvKmvB‡U `vÿvqYx‡K Ôaygmx gvMxÕ ejvq `vÿvqYx evZvwmi cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ ÿzä wQj| AZtci cici `yevi †bŠKvWzwei d‡j Ab¨ mK‡ji mwjjmgvwai ci `vÿvqYx I evZvwmi g‡a¨ †h gv-†g‡qi m¤ú‡K©vbœqb N‡U Ñ Zv‡Z Rxe‡bi J`v‡h©i gvÎviB cÖe„w× N‡U| †h `vÿvqYx †ek¨v‡`i cÖPÐ N„Yv Ki‡Zv; †mB m~‡Î †ek¨vKb¨v evZvwm‡KI; †mB `vÿvqYxi AšÍi µgk ms¯‹viwegy³ nq, n‡Z cv‡i †m †ek¨vKb¨v bq; †ek¨vi cvwjZvKb¨v; †Kv‡bv mØskRvZ| A_ev n‡jI †ek¨v-Kb¨v evZvwmi †Zv GB c‡¼ Rb¥MÖn‡Yi †Kv‡bv nvZ wQj bv Ñ Gme fvebvi cwi‡cÖwÿZ †_‡K D`vig‡b gvZ…Z¡-gvqvq evZvwm‡K AšÍi †_‡K MÖnY Kivi g‡a¨ `vÿvqYxi wPšÍvi cybR©b¥ NwU‡q †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ cig gvbweK J`v‡h©i cwiPq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| ÔmvMi msMgÕ M‡í evZvwmi g„Zz¨DËi cwiPq cÖ`vbc‡e© wkímylgvi

gvbweK wbh©vm †h KZ wØavmskqgy³, D”P wPšÍvRvZ I ms¯‹vigy³, Zv MíwUi wb‡gœv³ fv‡l¨ Dc¯’vwcZ Ñ Ô`vÿvqYx LvwbK Pzc Kwiqv _v‡Kb, Zvici mycweÎ gyLy‡R¨ cwiev‡ii eo eD, Rxe‡bi mg¯Í ms¯‹vi I wkÿv fzwjqv hvnv Kwiqv e‡mb Zvnv‡Z Zuvnvi k¦ïiKz‡ji PZz`©k cyiæl my`~i ¯^‡M©i myLvev‡m wknwiqv D‡Vb wK bv Rvwb bv, wKš‘ mevi Aj‡ÿ¨ Rxeb †èZvi gyL eywS cÖmbœB nBqv I‡V|Õ (IB, c„ 36) eªvþY-ea~ `vÿvqYxi g‡a¨ †h †ek¨v I †ek¨vKb¨vi cÖwZ D`viZv RvM‡jv; †h Zv‡ìI cyY¨vZ¥v nIqvi AvKv•ÿv _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges evZvwm‡K wbR-Kb¨v wn‡m‡e cwiPq`v‡bi ¯úa©v Ñ G‡Z gvbweK-D`viZv GKwU m‡PZb myw¯’wZ jvf K‡i| †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi Ôg„wËKvÕ M‡í gvwjK‡kÖwYi mvaviY gvby‡li cÖwZ `ytkvm‡bi wPÎ fvlviƒc †c‡q‡Q| g„wËKvwbwg©Z wØZj fvOv‡Pviv A¯^v¯’¨Ki evwo‡Z mvev‡bi I †QvULv‡Uv wRwb‡mi eëmvqx †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †bkvMÖ¯Í I cwZZv bvixi emev‡mi e„ËvšÍ G‡Z wea„Z

Av‡Q| kkx I weR‡qi Kvwnwb g~jZ ivgP›`ª I kÖxcwZi Rxe‡bi `ytLRbK Aa¨v‡qiB iƒcvqY| ÔRxeb hLb ïKv‡q hvq Ñ KiæYvavivq G‡mvÕ Ñ GB iex›`ªfv‡lï g‡ZvB Rxeb I Rxe‡bi BwZevPKZvi AvKv•ÿv G‡Z cÖwZfvwmZ n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K ÔgnvbMiÕ Mí Avm‡j KjKvZv gnvbMim‡gZ c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv kni‡KB cÖZxKvwqZ K‡i| Kjyl-Kvwjgv I wiismvKvZiZvq †h-gnvbMi Avwkøó Ñ iZ‡bi †evb Pcjv †mB gnvbM‡iiB Kjyl-Kvwjgvi wkKvi GK bvix| Pcjvi we‡q n‡qwQj| †Kv‡bv m~‡Î Zv‡K gnvbMi †_‡K wiismvPvc‡j¨ cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i A_ev †Rvi K‡i Kj¼vwqZ Kiv nq| Pcjvi evevmn cwiev‡ii †KD Pcjvi K_v Avi e‡j bv, g‡b K‡i bv, Zv‡K evwo Avb‡Z Pvq bv| iZb eq‡m †QvU| †ek¨ve„wËi e¨vcv‡i †m Rv‡b bv| kn‡ii A‰ea wiismvi wel‡q †m AbwfÁ| Zvi evevi m‡½ gnvbM‡i †h‡Z †m evqbv a‡i| evevi m‡½ †m kn‡i hvq| Zvi w`w` †h D‡ëvwWwO kn‡i _v‡K Ñ Zv iZb Rv‡b| †m †KŠk‡j Zvi evevi †_‡K wQU‡K c‡o A‡bK `~‡ii c_ Ñ D‡ëvwWwO Lyu‡R †ei K‡i| fvM¨µ‡g †m Zvi w`w`‡K Ab¨ GK †ek¨v-mvw_i gva¨‡g †c‡q hvq| wKš‘ iZb Rv‡b bv GB mvw_ †K| iZb Rv‡b bv †Kb Zvi w`w` Pcjv Zv‡K e‡j †h, †Kb iZb Pcjvi GB N‡i _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| iZb Rv‡b bv †Kb Pcjvi c‡ÿ Avi evwo‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| Pcjv †h‡nZz wbwl×cwjø‡Z _v‡K Ñ N„wYZ Rxeb hvcb K‡i Ñ †mRb¨ Zvi c‡ÿ Zvi wbR I k¦ïi evwo‡Z Avi wd‡i hvIqv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e iZb †h e‡j‡Q, †m eo n‡q Zvi w`w`‡K wdwi‡q wb‡q hv‡e, Kv‡iv K_v †m ïb‡e bv Ñ GB fv‡lï gva¨‡g GKwU m‡PZb eyw×`xß we‡e‡Ki Avgiv mÜvb cvB| iZbiv Zv‡ì w`w`‡ì Avm‡jB AÜKvi †_‡K wdwi‡q †b‡e| Ggb gvbylI mgv‡R Av‡Q : hviv cwZZv‡ì my¯’ Rxe‡b cybe©vm‡bi R‡b¨ A_© I Ávb‡K LvUvq| iZb Zv‡ìB evjK-cÖwZwbwa| †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi fvlv‰kjxi gvbweK D”PZv wb‡gœv³ ev‡K¨ cÖwZfvZ : ÔPcjv ZL‡bv ìRvq ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| iZb Zvi Kv‡Q G‡m nVvr e‡j Ñ Ôe‡ov n‡q Avwg †Zvgvq wb‡q hve w`w`| Kviæi K_v ïbe bv|Õ (IB, c„ 59)

†cÖ‡g›`ª hLb wj‡Lb ÔgnvbM‡ii Ici mÜ¨v bv‡g we¯§„wZi Mvp|Õ (IB, c„ 59) Ñ ZLb Rxe‡bi †bwZevPK Kvwjgvi Kvi‡Y Rxeb †h wec`MÖ¯ÍZv I welYœZvq chy©`¯Í I we¯§„wZcÖeY nq Ñ ZviB †iLvfvl¨ cÖZxKvwqZ nq M‡í| Ômsmvi mxgv‡šÍÕ M‡íi g‡a¨ ¯^vgx-

iZb e‡j‡Q, †m eo n‡q Zvi w`w`‡K wdwi‡q wb‡q hv‡e, Kv‡iv K_v †m ïb‡e bv Ñ GB fv‡lï gva¨‡g GKwU m‡PZb eyw×`xß we‡e‡Ki Avgiv mÜvb cvB| iZbiv Zv‡ì w`w`‡ì Avm‡jB AÜKvi †_‡K wdwi‡q †b‡e| Ggb gvbylI mgv‡R Av‡Q : hviv cwZZv‡ì my¯’ Rxe‡b cybe©vm‡bi R‡b¨ A_© I Ávb‡K LvUvq| iZb Zv‡ìB evjK-cÖwZwbwa|

¯¿xi Nimsmvi Kivi †h cvwievwiK e„Ë Ñ †mwU †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m Rxe‡bi A‰ea wiismv I A_©cÖvwßi gva¨‡g Rxeb‡K †Kv‡bviK‡g hvc‡bi evZ©v we‡NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU UvKvi R‡b¨ iRbx cÖ_g iv‡Z A‡Nvi `vm‡K N‡i AvkÖq w`‡q‡Q| w`‡b Avevi A‡Nvi `vm G‡j UvKv wb‡q A‡Nvi cvwj‡qwQj e‡j †mB cÖwZ‡kva MÖnYv‡_© iRbx A‡Nvi‡K †Pvi wn‡m‡e mve¨¯Í Kivq †jvKRb Zv‡K †g‡i cÖvq Avagiv K‡i †d‡jwQj| cywj‡ki nv½vgv †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ Ges evwoIqvwjiI hv‡Z nv½vgv bv nq †mR‡b¨ AvnZ A‡Nvi `vm‡K iRbx †ek wKQyw`b a‡i ïkÖƒlv K‡i‡Q| cuvP UvKvi wewbg‡q| A‡Nvi `vm Pzwi K‡i iRbx‡K UvKv G‡b w`‡q‡Q| iRbx Zv‡K e‡j‡Q †hb †m Avi Pzwi bv K‡i| A‡Nvi iRbx‡K wb‡q Ab¨ RvqMvq wM‡q KjKvZv †_‡K `~‡i †Kv_vI Nimsmvi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q| iRbxi evwoIqvwji UvKv, FY I wKw¯Íi UvKvI A‡Nvi `vm Pzwi K‡i wgwU‡q w`‡q iRbx‡K wb‡q Ni euva‡Z †P‡q‡Q| †m †Póv K‡iB Pzwi‡Z aiv c‡o A‡Nvi‡K †R‡j ew›` n‡q †RjRxeb hvcb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e A‡Nvi-iRbxi msmvi mxgvšÍ n‡q c‡o‡Q wec`msKzj| MíKv‡ii b›`b‰kjx‡Z †mB †e`bviB QvqvcvZ : ÔA‡Nvi `vm GL‡bv †R‡j cwP‡Z‡Q| wbiew”Qbœ el©vi iv‡Z GL‡bv wbðq KjKvZvi GKwU K`©gv³ †bvsiv I KzrwmZ c‡_i av‡i †K‡ivwm‡bi wWweqvi gøvb Av‡jv †`Lv hvq| wWweqvi a~geûj wkLv‡K kxY© nv‡Z mh‡Zœ e„wói SvcUv nB‡Z Avovj Kwiqv Mfxi ivwÎ ch©šÍ GL‡bv wbðq weMZ †hŠebv iƒcnxbv iRbx GKiv‡Îi AwZw_i Rb¨ nZvk bq‡b c‡_i w`‡K Pvwnqv cÖwZÿv K‡i|Õ (IB, c„ 72) Ôk„•LjÕ M‡íi f‚cwZ I webwZi †h `v¤úZ¨-Rxeb Zv k„•Ljvc~Y© I webZ bq; eis k„•LwjZ I D×Z| f‚cwZi gv Zvi GKwU gvÎ mšÍvb f‚cwZ‡K wb‡q wek eQi Av‡M weaev n‡q‡Q| †PŠ‡Ïv-c‡b‡iv eQ‡ii GK fxiæ jvRyK wbixn †g‡q n‡jv webwZ| GKv eo nIqvq Ñ GKgvÎ gv f‚cwZi m½x nIqvq mvgvwRK wbw`©óZvq †m eo n‡Z cv‡iwb| AvPi‡Y I Abyf‡e †m †Pv¯Í n‡Z cv‡iwb| LvcQvov ¯^fve| A‡bKUvB Abyf‚wZnxb| †KvgjZvnxb| iƒp, AbvKl©Yxq I iæÿ| Rxeb w`‡q Rxeb‡K, Abyf‚wZ w`‡q Abyf‚wZ‡K Muv_vi gvbwmK mvg_©¨ f‚cwZi wQj bv| †mR‡b¨B webwZ‡K †m AšÍ‡ii Abyfe

w`‡q Avbw›`Z Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| f‚cwZi gv‡K †m Li‡Pi UvKv w`‡Z †`wi K‡i‡Q; gv Zvi Kv‡Q UvKv †P‡q‡Q; f‚cwZ e‡j‡Q Zvi cyÎea~i KvQ †_‡K wb‡Z| G‡Z gv Kó †c‡q‡Q| cyÎea~‡K gv kvmb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv e‡j gv‡K f‚cwZ Awfhy³ K‡i‡Q| G‡ZI f‚cwZi gv Kó †c‡q‡Q| Kó wb‡qB gv gviv †M‡Q| webwZ g„Z mšÍvb cÖm‡ei ci Wv³vi webwZ‡K Av‡iv K‡qKw`b nvmcvZv‡j ivL‡Z f‚cwZ‡K civgk© w`‡q‡Q| f‚cwZ Zv gv‡bwb| Zv‡Z webwZ gvivI †h‡Z cvi‡Zv e‡j Wv³vi AvksKv K‡iwQj| f‚cwZi Abyf‚wZi g‡a¨B GB ai‡bi M~p wbôziZv KvR Ki‡Zv| webwZ‡K ev‡qv¯‹vc †`Lv‡Z wb‡q wM‡q Zv‡K bv wb‡qB †m nVvr K‡i †kv †kl nIqvi Av‡MB evwo‡Z Avmvi Rb¨ †ewi‡q c‡owQj| webwZ GB cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi Kó †c‡q nq‡Zv Avi f‚cwZi evwo‡ZB hv‡e bv Ñ GB ai‡bi `~iZ¡ I m¤úK©‡”Q‡ì R‡b¨B f‚cwZ Zv K‡i‡Q| GB ai‡bi †Mvcb wbôzi-K`h©Zv f‚cwZi ¯^fv‡ei g‡a¨ wQj| †mR‡b¨B †cÖ‡g‡›`ªi : Ôwkífvl¨ Awe¯§iYxqÕ : ÔAb¨vb¨ K_v nq‡Zv Zvnviv Avevi Kwn‡e, msmv‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡b, ci¯úi‡K AvnZ Kwievi A`g¨ †cÖiYvq, wKš‘ Zey AšÍ‡ii G-wbtkãZvq fvi NywPevi bq| Rxe‡bi GKwUgvÎ wejvm PwiZv_© Kwievi Rb¨ G-wbtkãZvi wbe©vmb Zvnv‡ì wbtm½ AvZ¥v †¯^”QvqB eiY Kwiqv jBqv‡Q|Õ (IB, c„ 83) †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi Ô†Z‡jbv‡cvZv Avwe®‹viÕ GKwU Abb¨mvaviY †QvUMí| evsjv †QvUM‡íi RM‡Z fvlv‰kjx, eY©bvweb¨vm I PwiÎm„R‡b GB MíwU †kÖô `kwUi g‡a¨ GKwU e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| fvlvi KviæKv‡Ri †h UvbUvb D‡ËRbv, †jvKvjq †cwi‡q wbm‡M©i inmïv‡R¨ cvwo Rgv‡bvi †h k¦vmiæ×Ki AwfhvÎv, cÖvPxb fMœ¯’vcZ¨KxwZ© I cÖK…wZi êf‡ei †h êwPÎ¨, hvwgbxi iƒ‡ci †h k¨vgwjgv I KviæY¨ Ges KiæY Pvnwbi †h kvšÍ-†mŠg¨ DËxY©Zv, wbiÄ‡bi Rb¨ cÖZxÿgvbZvi †h AšÍtM~pZv, hvwgbxi gv‡qi †KvUivMZ †Pv‡Li g‡a¨ ¯^cœ-`~t¯^‡cœi †h QvqvcvZ, wbiÄb‡K cvIqvi ci †g‡q hvwgbxi Zvi m‡½ we‡q n‡”Q ï‡b hvwgbxgvZvi †h cÖkvwšÍi cÖ`xwß, wbiÄ‡bi e`‡j bvqK wn‡m‡e †h wb‡R‡K †mB RvqMvq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Q, †Z‡jbv‡cvZvq Avevi eowk w`‡q grm¨ wkKv‡i hvIqv, wbmM©

`k©b Ges hvwgbxi KiæY-†mŠg¨ `„wói m‡½ mwbœcv‡Zi †h AvKv•ÿv †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ cvV‡Ki AšÍ‡i ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Ñ Zv Zuv‡K evsjv †QvUM‡íi GK AmvaviY wkíx wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv w`‡q‡Q| †Z‡jbv‡cvZv Avm‡j cvV‡Ki ev gvby‡li ¯^cœcÖwZg GKwU RvqMv, AvKv•ÿvi GKwU AvKi, †cÖ‡gi GKwU cv`cxV, cÖZ¨vkvi GKwU Av‡jv, ¯^‡cœi GKwU ¯^cœexR; b›`bZ‡Ë¡i GKwU Awbevh© cwiYwZ Ges gvby‡li BwZevPK I Avkvev`x Rxeb`k©‡bi GKwU cÖvw_©Z MšÍe¨| hvwgbxi iƒ‡ci cÖ”Qvqvi eY©bv GKwU cÖ`xß bv›`wbKZv †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi| †m hyMcr Avb›`-welYœ eY©b ¯§Z©e¨ : Ô†g‡qwU †Kvb& eq‡mi Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Zvi gy‡Li kvšÍ KiæY Mv¤¢xh© †`‡L g‡b n‡e Rxe‡bi my`xN© wbg©g c_ †m cvi n‡q G‡m‡Q, Zvi ÿxY `xN© Acyó kixi †`L‡j g‡b n‡e ˆK‡kvi AwZµg K‡i †hŠe‡b DËxY© nIqv Zvi †hb ¯’wMZ n‡q Av‡Q|Õ (c„ 87) ¯§Z©e¨, GLv‡b wbiÄb‡K M‡íi bvqK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡jI MíwU‡K cÖZxKx I Ava¨vwZ¥K A‡_© wb‡j wbiÄb A_© n‡Z cv‡i cÖfz‡cÖwg‡Ki cÖfz ev wbiÄ‡bi R‡b¨ cÖZxÿv| †Z‡jbv‡cvZv ZvB Aa¨vZ¥Kgx©i Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi Av‡jvKcÖwZf‚ ¯^qs mªóv| cÿvšÍ‡i ÔweK…Z ÿzavi duv‡`Õ M‡í Rxe‡bi weKvi I weK…wZi BwZe„Ë wee„Z n‡q‡Q| `y-gvm Ni fvov w`‡Z bv cviv Ges evwoIqvwj‡K †Lvi‡cvk w`‡Z bv cviv GK cwZZv †e¸‡bi wkKvi aivi cÖ‡Póv M‡í ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| weK…Z †Pnvivi GKRb‡K cQ›` bv nIqvq Zv‡K Zvi Kv‡Ri wkKvi wn‡m‡e MÖnY bv K‡i †e¸b P‡j †M‡Q| Ryqvwo‡KI †e¸b Rwo‡q a‡iwQj wf‡oi g‡a¨| GK wkL G‡m †e¸b‡K wfo †V‡j evB‡i mwi‡q †`q| iƒ‡cv bvgœx Ab¨ GK iƒ‡cvcRxexi e„× wkKvi‡K †e¸b †kl ch©šÍ aij| wKš‘ `v‡ivqvb e„×‡K a‡i wb‡q hvIqvq †mB L‡Ïi‡KI †e¸b †cj bv| A_©vfv‡e Rxeb P‡j bv †e¸‡bi| †divi c‡_ Avevi †e‡Â ï‡q _vKv †mB weK…Z-†Pnvivi †jvKwUi m‡½B †e¸b Avjvc Rwg‡q L‡Ïi wn‡m‡e Zv‡K MÖn‡Yi †Póv Pvjvq| wKš‘ Zvi Kv‡Q GK Kc`©K cqmvI wQj bv| ZvB †Zv †e¸‡bi wPrKvi : Ôwewb-cqmvq BqvwK© w`‡Z G‡mQ nvivgRv`v †Pvi|Õ (c„ 101)| evwofvov w`‡Z bv cvivmn wb‡Ri ÿzwYœe„wË wbevi‡Yi R‡b¨ weMZ-†hŠebv GB †e¸b Zvi

Kvgm½x †RvMv‡bvi KZ cÖ‡Póv Pvjvj; wKš‘ †cj bv Ñ GB e„ËvšÍ MíUv‡Z wea„Z Av‡Q| ZvB eva¨ n‡q Rxe‡b †eu‡P _vKvi R‡b¨ cwZZve„wË‡Z Rwo‡q weMZ‡hŠebv n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y L‡Ïi bv cvIqv‡Z A_©vfv‡e Rxeb Avi hvcb Kiv hv‡”Q bv †e¸‡bi| ÿzavi duv‡` Gfv‡e †e¸b Rwo‡q c‡o‡Q| †e¸‡bi KvR †h‡nZz weK…Z; GRb¨ MíKvi M‡íi bvg w`‡q‡Qb ÔweK…Z ÿzavi duv‡`Õ| †e¸b‡ìI Avw_©K ms¯’vb _vK‡j Zviv nq‡Zv N„Y¨ G †ek¨ve„wËi m‡½ RwoZ _vKZ bv| KvgcÖe„wËi R‡b¨ gvby‡li †h †Mvcb AvKv•ÿv _v‡K, Nv‡Ui gov GK e„‡×i KvgZ…òvi-e¨vcv‡i †jLK-fvl¨ ¯§Z©e¨ : ÔH aŸsmve‡k‡li gv‡S g„Zzï åƒKzwUi Z‡jI K`h© Kvgbvi exfrm Drm‡ei jxjv AvRI _v‡gwb| †e¸‡bi wbtmvo g‡bI N„Yv I †e`bv RvMwQj|Õ (c„ 99) †e¸bI e„‡×i GB Kvgwjáv‡K N„Yv K‡i‡Q| G‡Z ¯úó nq, N„Y¨ GB cvcK‡g© †e¸b Avm‡j Rov‡Z Pvqwb| †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b eva¨ n‡q †m Zv‡Z Rwo‡q‡Q| wb‡R‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ KÉ¯î I kixix fw½i Awfbq Lye cÖ‡qvRb c‡o iƒ‡cvcRxex‡ì| ˆkwíKfv‡e Zv Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb †jLK : welqwU †e¸‡bi KÉ¯î I iƒc-†hŠeb m¤ú‡K© : Ô†jvKUv Pg‡K DVj| mwZ¨ †m KÉ¯î PgKvevi g‡Zv| GB KÉ¯îwU‡ZI GL‡bv ˆK‡kv‡ii Aciƒc †KvgjZv I †hŠe‡bi Amxg gvayh© I wmœ» gv`KZv AUzU n‡q wQj| Avi †m ¯^‡i wQj Ñ wbwL‡ji mylgvgq bvix‡Z¡i cÖ”Qbœ we¯§‡qi Avfvm!Õ (IB, c„ 95) †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ wÎ‡ki `k‡Ki †jLK| weªwUk‡ì fviZel© kvm‡bi mg‡q Av_©bxwZKfv‡e fviZ‡K chy©`¯Í Kiv nw”Qj| fviZxq UvKvq weªwUk mvgªvR¨ Pj‡Zv| Ô†cvbvNvU †cwi‡qÕ M‡í ejvB Av‡µvke‡k GKR‡bi †Mvjv cywo‡q †`q, wb‡R †bkvm³ n‡q A_e© Rxeb hvcb K‡i| ¯¿x Pcjv †mR‡b¨ LyeB AmyLx| mvaviY Mwie fviZevmx Avw_©K AbU‡b Rxeb‡K †Kv‡bviK‡g †U‡b wb‡q hv‡”Q| A_P fviZe‡l©i UvKv w`‡q weª‡U‡bi cÖvmv` Mov n‡”Q; Zv‡ì ivR¨ Pvjv‡bv n‡”Q| †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi M‡íi Rxeb‡ev‡a †hgb êwPÎ¨ I MfxiZv Av‡Q; †Zgwb wkí-AwfhvÎvqI Zuvi ˆPZb¨ LyeB cÖvMÖmi I bv›`wbK| r

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iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi : eqm 45, 1906 wLªóvã

iex›`ªbv‡_i †QvUM‡í Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjv

wek¦wRr †Nvl

sjv †QvUM‡íi cÖvY-cÖwZôvZv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| Zuvi nv‡ZB N‡U evsjv †QvUM‡íi D¾¡j gyw³| †Kej bZzb iƒcKí wn‡m‡eB bq, evOvwji ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi ¯^v` Avi †mŠif, Avkv Avi Avb›`, `ytL Avi †e`bvi kãcÖwZgv wn‡m‡e Mí¸”Q Avgv‡ì mvwn‡Zï GK wPivqZ m¤ú`| Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi GK we‡kl ch©v‡q evsjvi cwjøMÖvg †h A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ AR©b K‡i Ges ey‡R©vqv gvbeZvev‡ì cÖfv‡e evsjvq †`Lv †`q †h beZi

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wek kZ‡Ki wØZxqva© †_‡K mvwnZ¨-wkíKjv-ivRbxwZ I ms¯‹…wZ e¨vL¨vq Dcwb‡ekev` I DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK ZË¡ we‡kl cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| HwZnvwmK Ges aviYvMZ AbymwÜrmv‡K wfwË K‡i wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q Gme ZË¡| m‡Z‡iv-AvVv‡iv ev Dwbk kZ‡K mgy`ªhvÎvi gva¨‡g Gwkqv-Avwd«Kv-jvwZb Av‡gwiKvq wb‡R‡ì mvgªv‡Rï mxgv we¯Í…Z K‡iwQj BD‡ivc| evwY‡Rï QÙvei‡Y BD‡ivc Gwkqv-Avwd«Kv-jvwZb Av‡gwiKvi kvmbÿgZv `Lj K‡i‡Q, jyÉb K‡i‡Q AwaK…Z f‚L‡Ði m¤ú`, cÖPvi K‡i‡Q wLªóev`| mgy`ª-Awfhvb ev åg‡Yi gva¨‡g wewRZ †`k¸‡jv `Lj Ges bvbv Z_¨-DcvË KiZjMZ Kivi Kvi‡Y BD‡iv-gvbwmKZvq GK ai‡bi RvwZMZ †kÖô‡Z¡i Rb¥ w`‡qwQj, m„wó K‡iwQj Kv‡jv-gvby‡li Ici mv`v-gvby‡li †kÖô‡Z¡i aviYv Ges GiB Abyl‡½ m„wó n‡qwQj mv`v-Kv‡jv cÖfz-`v‡mi A‡gvPbxq hyM¥-êcixZ¨ (binary-opposition)| cvVK, GKUz c‡iB Avgiv GB Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K †cv÷gv÷vi Avi iZ‡bi AšÍR©M‡Z AbycÖ‡e‡ki †Póv Kie, †cuŠQ‡Z PvBe ÔGKivwÎÕi Avwg Avi myievjvi AšÍfz©e‡b|

Bsj¨vÛ, cZz©Mvj, †¯úb, nj¨vÛ, d«vÝ Ñ Gme †`k c‡b‡iv kZK †_‡K mgy`ªR‡qi gva¨‡g g~jZ Rq K‡iwQj †MvUv c„w_ex‡K| IBme mgy`ªhvÎv ïay †`kRqB wQj bv, wQj Z_¨-DcvË I ÁvbfvÐvi R‡qi AbšÍ AwfhvÎv| msM„nxZ Z_¨-DcvË I f‚‡MvjÁv‡bi gva¨‡g BD‡ivc Ab¨‡ì (native) `ye©jZv I m¤ú` m¤ú‡K© †hgb AewnZ n‡qwQj, †Zgwb aviYv jvf K‡iwQj wb‡R‡ì †kÖôZ¡ Z_v kw³ I m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K©| †evaKwi G-Kvi‡YB K_v‡Kvwe` d«vbrm& KvdKv BD‡iv‡ci mgy`ªRq‡K AvL¨vwqZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ávbhš¿ ev knowledge machine (Kafka 2007 : 31) Awfavq| bejä GB Ávb Øviv BD‡ivc †h hyM¥-êcixZ¨ m„wó K‡iwQj, Jcwb‡ewkK †`k¸‡jv Zv Mfxifv‡e AbymiY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i, wewRZ †`k¸‡jvi Ici Pvwc‡q †`q †m hyM¥-êcixZ¨ Ges wewRZ †`‡ki gvbyl‡ìI, Zv‡ì `„wó‡Z hviv Aci (other), eva¨ Kivq †m hyM¥-êcix‡Z¨ wek¦vmx n‡q DV‡Z| GB hyM¥-êcix‡Zï wKQy bgybv GiKg : kvmK-kvwmZ, mv`v-Kv‡jv, mf¨-Amf¨, DbœZ-Avw`g, MwZkxj-¯’wei, fv‡jv-g›`, my›ì-Amy›ì, gvbweK-cvke, wkÿK-wkÿv_x©, Ávbx-g~L©, wPwKrmK-†ivMx, †K›`ª-cÖvšÍ BZ¨vw`| †jLvB evûj¨, Gme hyM¥-êcix‡Zï cÖ_gwU wb‡`©k K‡i BD‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkK kw³‡K Avi wØZxqwU Dcwb‡ewkZ c„w_ex‡K| BD‡ivc †evSv‡Z †P‡qwQj, hv wKQy fv‡jv my›ì gvbweK Ges †hŠw³K Zvi meUvB BD‡iv‡ci; Dcwb‡ewkZ c„w_ex †KejB Amy›ì BZi g~L© AgvbweK Avi cÖvwšÍK| cvVK, GB ZvwË¡K Av‡jv‡ZB GKevi †PvL †div‡bv hv‡e Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ M‡íi kwkf‚l‡Yi wbg©g AmnvqZvi Ici| mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii m‡½ m‡½ AwaK…Z f‚LÐ I gvbegÐjx (natives) m¤ú‡K© GKUv cv_©K¨m~PK gvb`ÐI cÖwZôv K‡i w`‡jv BD‡ivc| GB cv_©K¨ mvsMVwbK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I g‡bvRvMwZK Ñ me w`‡KB µ‡g cÖfve we¯Ívi Kij| hyM¥-êcixZ¨ GB mZ¨ cÖwZôv Kij †h, BD‡ivc n‡”Q DbœZ I mf¨, Aewkó wek¦ n‡”Q AbybœZ Ges Amf¨; BD‡ivc n‡”Q †K›`ª (centre) Ges Aewkó wek¦ n‡”Q Zvi cÖvšÍ (periphery)| cÖm½Z ¯§iY Kiv hvq mgv‡jvP‡Ki GB gšÍe¨ : Colonialism could only exist at all by postulating that there existed a binary opposition into which the world is divided. The gradual establishment of an empire depended upon a stable hierarchical relationship is which the colonized existed as the other of the colonizing culture. Thus the idea of the savage could occur only if there was a concept of the civilized to oppose it. In this way a geography of difference

was constructed, in which differences were mapped (cartography) and laid out in a metaphorical landscape that represented not geographical fixity, but the fixity of power. Imperial Europe became defined as the ‘centre’ in a geography at least as metaphysical as physical. Everything that lay outside that centre was by definition at the margin of the periphery of culture, power and civilization. (Ashcroft 2013 : 36-37) Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ Pvq †K›`ª-cÖv‡šÍi GB hyM¥-êcix‡Zï m¤úK©wU `„pe× I AwePj ivL‡Z| hyM¥-êcixZ¨m~PK m¤ú‡K©i AwePjZvi IciB wbf©i K‡i Dcwb‡ek‡Ki mvdj¨ I ¯’vwqZ¡ Ges wewRZ Rb‡Mvôx‡K nxbej ivLvi cÖZ¨vwkZ mdjZv| d‡j BD‡iv‡ci mgy`ªe›ì †_‡K †Q‡o hvIqv RvnvR¸‡jv‡Z †Kej evwYR¨cY¨B bq, AwaK…Z f‚L‡Ð Pvjvb n‡Z _v‡K Av‡iv A‡bK wKQy Ñ ag©, ms¯‹…wZ, fvlv, wkÿv, †cvkvK, cÖkvmb, GgbwK gvbweK wPšÍb-cÖwµqv ch©šÍ, †h¸‡jvi GKgvÎ jÿ¨ wQj Dcwb‡ek I Zvi Awaevmx‡ì Ici ivR‰bwZK-cÖkvmwbK I gvbwmK AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi| Dcwb‡ewkZ mgv‡R BD‡ivcxq kw³ kvmK I †kvwl‡Zi g‡a¨ †h RwUj m¤úK© wbg©vY K‡i‡Q d«vÄ dv‡bv Zuvi Black Skin, White Masks MÖ‡š’ Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e Ñ Dcwb‡ekx kvm‡bi Kvi‡Y Dcwb‡ekK Ges Dcwb‡ewkZ Df‡qi g‡a¨B gb¯ÍvwË¡K cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq| Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i m‡PZb †Póvq ¯’vbxq‡ì ms¯‹…wZ-HwZn¨fvlv ÿq n‡Z n‡Z GKmgq wejxb n‡q hvq A_ev g‡i hvq| Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi HwZn¨ I mvs¯‹…wZK mËvi GB ÿq ev g„Zz¨ Zvi g‡b Rb¥ †`q GKiKg nxbgb¨Zv‡eva I Aa¯Íb †PZbv (Fanon 1986 : 10)| Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i Ae¨vnZ cÖ‡Póvq Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi g‡b Dcwb‡ekx ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ m„wó K‡i GK A‡gvN AvKl©Y I kÖ×v‡eva Ges GKB m‡½ Avcb HwZn¨, fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ nxbgb¨Zv‡eva| ¯§iY Kiv hvK dv‡bvi fvl¨ : Dcwb‡ekev` ïay Rb‡Mvôx‡K Gi Avq‡Ë k„•LwjZ K‡iB Z…ß _v‡K bv, ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi gw¯Í‡®‹i weKvk I wNjy Amvi K‡i †`q| †Kv‡bv GK weK…Zeyw× hyw³i gva¨‡g jvwÃZ Rb‡Mvôx‡K cðvrc` Kiv nq Ges Zv‡ì weK…Z Aeqenxb Ges aŸsm Kiv nq| (Fanon 2006 : 28) Gfv‡e AvwacZëv`x `k©b Pvi‡kv eQi a‡i wek¦e¨vcx mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡i BD‡ivcxq‡ì kw³ RywM‡q‡Q Ñ c„w_ex‡K K‡i‡Q jyÉb| Dwbk-wek kZ‡K AvwacZëv`x GB kw³i k„•L‡j Ave× n‡q c‡o c„w_exi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk f‚LÐ| GKBfv‡e fviZel©I ew›` n‡q c‡o Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i GB mvs¯‹…wZK-Rv‡j| Dcwb‡ekx kw³i GB cÖ‡Póv Ugvm †ewesUb †gK‡ji weL¨vZ Dw³ †_‡K Avgiv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvwi| Dcwb‡ewkZ ÔAciÕ‡ì Ômv`v gy‡LvkÕ (white masks) civ‡bvi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e †gK‡j wj‡L‡Qb : We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and

in intellect. (Woodrow 1862 :115) Ñ A_©vr wewRZ †`‡k wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii g~j jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e Dcwb‡ekx kw³ mvs¯‹…wZK AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv‡KB cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Q| GB cwiKíbviB cÖZ¨ÿ dj Dwbk kZ‡Ki be¨wkwÿZ evOvwj ga¨weË‡kÖwY| Dcwb‡ekx kw³i GB †eŠw×K I mvs¯‹…wZK AvMÖvm‡bi ¯îƒc D‡b¥vwPZ nq b¸wM Iqv w_‡qv‡½vi fv‡l¨ : mgwóMZ cÖwZ‡ivax‡ì weiæ‡× mvgªvRëv` me‡P‡q eo †h A¯¿ cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q, †mUv n‡jv mvs¯‹…wZK †evgv| GB mvs¯‹…wZK †evgvi jÿ¨ n‡jv gvby‡li wb‡R‡ì cwiPq, wb‡R‡ì fvlv, wb‡R‡ì cÖwZ‡ek, wb‡R‡ì msMÖv‡gi HwZn¨, wb‡R‡ì HK¨, wb‡R‡ì ÿgZv Ges m‡e©vcwi †Lv` wb‡R‡ì Ici †_‡KB wek¦vm bó K‡i †Ìqv| wb‡R‡ì AZxZ‡K AR©bnxb GK †cv‡ov f‚wg e‡j cwiPq Kiv‡Z Pvq Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ wbR f‚wg †_‡K wew”QbœZv jv‡fi ¯ú„nv ˆZwi Kivi cÖqv‡m _v‡K GB mvs¯‹…wZK †evgv| (w_‡qv‡½v 2010 : 15)

wZb

mswÿß GB ZvwË¡K cwiwPwZi ci Gevi Avgiv cvV Kie iex›`ªbv‡_i †QvUMí| cÖ_‡gB †bIqv hvK Dwbk kZ‡K iwPZ Ô†cv÷gv÷viÕ MíwU‡K| jÿ Kiæb, M‡íi bvgKi‡YB Av‡Q Dcwb‡e‡ki Qvc| Av‡iv jÿYxq, weL¨vZ GB M‡íi bvq‡Ki bvgUv ch©šÍ Avgv‡ì Rvbv nq bv, †Kej †cv÷gv÷v‡ii c` w`‡qB †jLK Avgv‡ì wPwb‡q †`b bvqK‡K| bvqK ejwQ e‡U †cv÷gv÷vi‡K, Z‡e Avgv‡ì eyS‡Z Amyweav nq bv †h, M‡íi cÖavb PwiÎ Dcwb‡ewkZ Djvcyi MÖv‡gi Abv_ wK‡kvix iZb| †cv÷gv÷vi †Zv Dcwb‡ek-m„ó kni KjKvZvi gvbyl Ñ wZwb Kx K‡i wgk‡eb ARcvovMuv Djvcy‡ii ÔAciÕ‡ì m‡½, wKsev Av‡iv ¯úó K‡i ej‡j ÔAciÕ iZ‡bi m‡½| cvVK, jÿ Kiæb, KjKvZvq eo-n‡q-IVv m`¨-PvKz‡i †cv÷gv÷vi m¤ú‡K© iex›`ªbv‡_i GB eqvb : Avgv‡ì †cv÷gv÷vi KwjKvZvi †Q‡j| R‡ji gvQ‡K WvOvq Zzwj‡j †hiKg nq, GB MÐMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ Avwmqv †cv÷gv÷v‡iiI †mB `kv Dcw¯’Z nBqv‡Q| GKLvwb AÜKvi AvUPvjvi g‡a¨ Zuvnvi Avwcm; A`~‡i GKwU cvbvcyKzi Ges Zvnvi Pvwi cv‡o R½j| KzwVi †Mvg¯Ív cÖf… wZ †h-mKj Kg©Pvix Av‡Q Zvnv‡ì dzimZ cÖvq bvB Ges Zvnviv f`ª‡jv‡Ki mwnZ wgwkevi Dchy³ b‡n| we‡klZ KwjKvZvi †Q‡j fv‡jv Kwiqv wgwk‡Z Rv‡b bv| AcwiwPZ ¯’v‡b †M‡j, nq D×Z bq AcÖwfZ nBqv _v‡K| GB Kvi‡Y ¯’vbxq †jv‡Ki mwnZ Zuvnvi †gjv‡gkv nBqv D‡V bv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 19) Ñ D×…Zvsk †_‡K G-K_v my¯úó †h, kni KjKvZvi gvbyl †cv÷gv÷vi Dcwb‡e‡ki `qv-`vwÿ‡Y¨ m„ó GKRb AwfRvZ Ôf`ª‡jvKÕ| GgbwK Zvi GB f`ª‡jvKmËv‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ iex›`ªbv_ †cv÷gv÷v‡ii me©bv‡g ÔZvnviÕ gv_vq P›`ªwe›`y emv‡ZI fzj K‡ibwb| Djvcyi MÖv‡gi Kv‡iv m‡½B †cv÷gv÷vi wgk‡Z cv‡ib bv Ñ G-K_v ejvi †P‡q iex›`ªbv_ Rvwb‡q †`b, Djvcyi MÖv‡gi †Kv‡bv ÔAciÕB †cv÷gv÷v‡ii m‡½ †gkvi Dchy ³ bq| Zvn‡j wK G-K_v fvev hvq bv, †gK‡j-m„ ó

†gwK f`ª‡jvKmËv evmv †eu‡a‡Q KjKvZvi gvbyl ÔAvgv‡ì †cv÷gv÷v‡iiÕ g‡a¨| jÿ Kiæb, †cv÷gv÷v‡ii Av‡M ÔAvgv‡ìÕ kã ewm‡q w`‡q †Kv‡bv GK K_‡Ki gyL w`‡q wKsev iex›`ªbv_ wb‡RB cvVK‡ì Rvwb‡q †`b Djvcy‡ii †cv÷gv÷vi‡K †`Lv n‡”Q Ô†bwUf‡ìÕ †PvL w`‡q| †cv÷gv÷v‡ii g‡a¨ wK †`Lv †`qwb ÔhyM¥-êcix‡ZïÕ cÖ_g AskUv Ñ †hLv‡b wZwb bvMwiK, †K›`ªevmx, wkwÿZ, gvwR©Z f`ª‡jvK Ñ el©vq K`©gv³ cÖvwšÍK Djvcy‡i G‡j hvi Ae¯’v nq WvOvq †Zvjv R‡ji gv‡Qi g‡Zv? eY©bv w`‡q iex›`ªbv_ e‡jB w`‡”Qb G-Mí n‡”Q †K›`ª-cÖv‡šÍi êcix‡Zï Mí, †K›`ªevmxi m‡½ cÖvwšÍK wbgœe‡M©i Amg cÖwZ‡hv‡Mi cÖwZ‡e`b| iZb †cv÷gv÷vi‡K hZB `v`vevey ejyK, Zvi gv-†K gv Avi w`w`‡K w`w` ejyK Ñ Zv‡Z Dcwb‡ek-m„ó †cv÷gv÷v‡ii wK wKQy hvq-Av‡m? iZb †Zv †cv÷gv÷v‡ii Aemi KvUv‡bvi Drm gvÎ Ñ KL‡bv Zv‡K KweZv †kvbvq, KL‡bv †kLvq ¯îeY©-e¨ÄbeY©, KL‡bv-ev Lyw½cyw_ wb‡q cov‡Z e‡m, hvIqvi mgq wKQy A_©I w`‡q †h‡Z Pvq| G mewKQyB wK Dcwb‡ek-m„ó †cv÷gv÷v‡ii `qv-`vwÿY¨ bq? iZb †Zv †P‡qwQj GKUv m¤úK© Ñ wKš‘ †cv÷gv÷vi †Zv †mw`‡K †Lqvj KiviB cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡iwb| Dcwb‡ek †h Avgv‡ì mgv‡R cÖPj gvbe-m¤úK©Uv‡KB aŸsm K‡i w`‡q‡Q, †cv÷gv÷vi-iZ‡bi Mí w`‡q iex›`ªbv_ wK †mw`‡KB Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb? cÖm½Z ¯§iY Kiv hvq †`‡ek iv‡qi GB e¨vL¨v : wew”QbœZv Avi LÐZvi G GK Db¥v` RMr Mí¸wj‡Z| gvbyl GLv‡b gvby‡li Kv‡Q hvq bv| ¯^vfvweK euvab †_‡K gvbyl‡K wQu‡o †bqv nq| m¤ú‡K©i ¯^vfvweK MwZ GLv‡b nVvr N~wY©‡Z Xz‡K c‡o| †hb, iZ‡bi c‡ÿB A¯^vfvweK †cv÷gv÷v‡ii m‡½ Agb e¨w³MZfv‡e Rwo‡q cov, KviY, iZb †Zv iZb Avi †cv÷gv÷vi †Zv †cv÷gv÷vi gvÎ, PvKwi Ki‡Z Av‡m Avi e`wj n‡q P‡j hvq| (†`‡ek 2008 : 74) Dcwb‡e‡ki `qv-`vwÿ‡Y¨ m„ó ga¨we‡Ëi wew”QbœZv cÖeÂbv Avi AvZ¥iwZi c‡¼ wbgMœ Djvcy‡ii †cv÷gv÷vi| ZvB hLb wKQy‡ZB ˆZwi nq bv †Kv‡bv m¤úK©, hLb A‡½ I‡V †gK‡ji †gwK-cwiPq, ZLb AMÖf‚wg Avi cðv`f‚wgi hyMj-Pv‡c †cv÷gv÷v‡ii g‡bv‡jv‡K Rv‡M GB AvZ¥iwZi `k©b : hLb †bŠKvq DwV‡jb Ges †bŠKv Qvwoqv w`j, el©v-weùvwiZ b`x aiYxi

D”QwjZ AkÖæivwki g‡Zv Pvwiw`‡K QjQj Kwi‡Z jvwMj, ZLb ü`‡qi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ GKUv †e`bv Abyfe Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb Ñ GKwU mvgvb¨ MÖvg¨ evwjKvi KiæY gyL”Qwe †hb GK wek¦e¨vcx e„nr Ae¨³ gg©e¨_v cÖKvk Kwi‡Z jvwMj| GKevi wbZvšÍ B”Qv nBj, Ôwdwiqv hvB, RM‡Zi †µvowePz¨Z †mB Abvw_bx‡K m‡½ Kwiqv jBqv AvwmÕ Ñ wKš‘ ZLb cv‡j evZvm cvBqv‡Q, el©vi †mªvZ LiZi †e‡M ewn‡Z‡Q, MÖvg AwZµg Kwiqv b`xK‚‡ji k¥kvb †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Ñ Ges b`x cÖev‡n fvmgvb cw_‡Ki D`vm ü`‡q GB Z‡Ë¡i D`q nBj, Rxe‡b Ggb KZ we‡”Q`, KZ g„Zz¨ Av‡Q, wdwiqv dj Kx| c„w_ex‡Z †K Kvnvi! (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 23) Dcwb‡ewkZ mgv‡R †KD †h Kv‡iv bq, me©ÎB †h wew”QbœZv, LÐZv Avi cÖeÂbvi Db¥v`bv, Zv †Zv ÔAvwgÕ Avi myievjvi Mí ÔGKivwÎÕ‡ZI †`Lv hvq| cvVK, jÿ Kiæb, G-M‡íI bvq‡Ki †Kv‡bv bvg †bB| Ô†cv÷gv÷viÕ M‡í bvq‡Ki †ckvMZ GKUv cwiPq wQj e‡U, Z‡e G-M‡í †mUvI †bB| Dcwb‡ekx kw³i cÖ‡ivPbv Avi cÖfv‡e DËgcyiæl ÔAvwgÕ GLv‡b n‡Z †P‡q‡Q DËge¨w³, cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q wb‡R‡K †gK‡ji †gwK-cwiP‡q| Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡b MÖvgevsjvi mbvZb msMVb †h †f‡O hv‡”Q, gvbe-m¤ú‡K© †h-cwieZ©b Avm‡Q, Zvi mvÿ¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q ÔGKivwÎÕ| M‡íi bvqK ÔAvwgÕ ˆK‡kviK †KŠZ‚n‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQj Bs‡iR Dcwb‡ekxi cÖwZ †gvn Avi gy»Zv Ñ Ôme©`vB †`wLZvg, Avgvi evc D³ Av`vjZRxex‡`i AZ¨šÍ m¤§vb Kwi‡Zb Ñ bvbv Dcj‡ÿ gvQUv-ZiKvwiUv UvKvUv-wm‡KUv jBqv †h Zuvnv‡`i c~RvP©bv Kwi‡Z nBZ ZvnvI wkïKvj nB‡Z Avgvi Rvbv wQj; GBRb¨ Av`vj‡Z †Qv‡Uv Kg©Pvix Ggb-wK †cqv`v¸‡jv‡K ch©šÍ ü`‡qi g‡a¨ Lye GKUv m¤£‡gi Avmb w`qvwQjvgÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 84)| Jcwb‡ewkK wkÿvq f`ª‡jvK ga¨weË mvaviY gvbyl‡K Ae‡njvi cvÎ we‡ePbv KiZ, †hgb K‡i ÔAvwgÕ myievjvi cÖwZ| †cv÷gv÷vi †hgb iZ‡bi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv m¤úK© Dcjwä K‡i bv, †Zgwb K‡i bv ÔAvwgÕ myievjvi cÖwZ| GLv‡bI †Zv †`Lv hvq wew”QbœZv Avi LÐZvi Db¥v` fze‡bi Qwe| AšÍM©Z m¤úK©nxbZvi K_vB e¨³ nq ÔAvwgÕi eqv‡b : cvovq Zvnvi iƒ‡ci cÖksmv wQj, wKš‘

Dcwb‡ewkZ mgv‡R †KD †h Kv‡iv bq, me©ÎB †h wew”QbœZv, LÐZv Avi cÖeÂbvi Db¥v`bv, Zv †Zv ÔAvwgÕ Avi myievjvi Mí ÔGKivwÎÕ‡ZI †`Lv hvq| cvVK, jÿ Kiæb, G-M‡íI bvq‡Ki †Kv‡bv bvg †bB| Ô†cv÷gv÷viÕ M‡í bvq‡Ki †ckvMZ GKUv cwiPq wQj e‡U, Z‡e G-M‡í †mUvI †bB| 23

ee©i evj‡Ki P‡ÿ †m †mŠ›`‡h©i †Kv‡bv †MŠie wQj, bv Ñ Avwg †Kej RvwbZvg, myievjv AvgviB cÖfzZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kwievi Rb¨ wcZ…M„‡n Rb¥MÖnY Kwiqv‡Q, GBRb¨ †m Avgvi we‡kliƒc Ae‡njvi cvÎ| (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 84) Ñ myievjv ÔAvwgÕi Ae‡njvi cvÎ e‡jB myievjvi we‡qi msev` †R‡bI Zvi g‡a¨ †`Lv †`qwb †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Kó ev hš¿Yv‡eva| ÔAvwgÕ wb‡RB msevÙv Avgv‡ì Rvbv‡”Qb Gfv‡e Ñ Ô`yB-Pvwi gv‡mi g‡a¨ Lei cvBjvg, DwKj ivg‡jvPbeveyi mwnZ myievjvi weevn nBqv wMqv‡Q| cwZZ fvi‡Zi Puv`v-Av`vqKv‡h© e¨¯Í wQjvg, G msev` AZ¨šÍ Zz”Q †eva nBjÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 85)| ÔAvwgÕi AvZ¥-eqv‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Dcwb‡ekx lohš¿g~jK wkÿvq †gwK-gvbyl nIqvi Jcwb‡ewkK wWm‡Kvm©| †kl ch©šÍ †h ÔAvwgÕ DwRi bvwRi †m‡i¯Ív`vi RR-Av`vj‡Zi †nWK¬vK© wKsev gvU&mxwb-Mvwiej&wW wKQyB n‡Z cvi‡jv bv, ZviI cÖK…Z KviY wQj Jcwb‡ewkK lohš¿ I ¯^v_©‡PZbv| Jcwb‡ewkK D”Pvwfjv‡l Av”Qbœ †_‡KI ÔAvwgÕ‡K †h‡Z n‡jv †bvqvLvwji †Kv‡bv GK fvOv ¯‹z‡j, wkÿKZv Ki‡Z| †cv÷gv÷vi iZb‡K duvwK w`‡q GKiKg cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj KjKvZvq, wKš‘ ÔAvwgÕ KjKvZvq cvwj‡q wM‡qI Avevi wbtm½ AvkÖq †c‡q‡Q ARcvovMuv‡q Ñ †Kbbv ZZw`‡b Zvi ¯^cœ nvwi‡q †M‡Q nvIqvq Ñ GB nvwi‡q hvIqvUvI †h Jcwb‡ewkK †kvl‡Yi dj, Zv eyS‡Z Avgv‡ì Amyweav nq bv| Ôwdwiqv dj Kx| c„w_ex‡Z †K Kvnvi!Õ Ñ GB cÖeÂbv-`k©‡bi g‡ZvB ÔGKivwÎÕi AvwgI AwšÍ‡g `vk©wbKZvi †gvnb cÖ‡jc Rwo‡q‡Q Dcwb‡ewkZ A‡½ : fvwejvg, Avwg bvwRiI nB bvB, †m‡i¯Ív`viI nB bvB, Mvwiej&wWI nB bvB, Avwg GK fvOv ¯‹z‡ji †m‡KÛ gv÷vi, Avgvi mg¯Í BnRxe‡b †Kej ÿYKv‡ji Rb¨ GKwU AbšÍivwÎi D`q nBqvwQj Ñ Avgvi cigvqyi mg¯Í w`b-ivwÎi g‡a¨ †mB GKwUgvÎ ivwÎB Avgvi Zz”Q Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ Pig mv_©KZv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 89) ˆkk‡e Av`vj‡Zi Kg©Pvix‡ì †`‡L ÔAvwgÕi †PZbvq †h m¤£‡gi fve RvMÖZ n‡Zv, G †Zv †bwUf‡ì Kv‡Q ÿgZv Avi cÖfz‡Z¡i AnwgKvq Bs‡iR K‡jvbvBRviiv †h †kÖô‡Z¡i civKvôv †`Lv‡Z †P‡qwQj, ZviB ¯^xK…wZ| Ôw`w`Õ M‡íI MÖvgxY ÔAciÕ‡ì g‡a¨ Awfbœ gvbwmKZvi K_v Avgv‡ì Rvbv‡”Qb iex›`ªbv_| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Bs‡iRiv n‡q D‡VwQj ÿgZvevb cÖfz, KL‡bv-ev †èZv| †bwUf‡ì fvebvq fqI AvkÖq K‡iwQj| Zviv †`LZ, †h bv‡qe-†Mvg¯ÍvRwg`viiv LvRbv Av`vq KiZ cÖej civµ‡g, ZvivB Avevi Bs‡iR‡ì mvg‡b ùvwo‡q _vKZ bZwk‡i| Bs‡iR‡ì cÖwZ †bwUf‡ì †PZbvq evmv †eu‡awQj fqwgwkÖZ gy»Zv| Ôw`w`Õ M‡í MÖvg-cÖwZ‡e‡k Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui AvMg‡b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q mvaviY gvby‡li AZjvšÍ we¯§q AZzj gy»Zv : ÔkxZKv‡j g¨vwR‡÷ªU-mv‡ne gd¯^j-ch©‡eÿ‡Y evwni nBqv wkKvimÜv‡b MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ Zuvey †dwjqv‡Qb| ... ga¨v‡ý PvcKvb c¨v›Ujyb cvMwo cwiqv Rq‡Mvcvj g¨vwR‡÷ªU‡K †mjvg Kwi‡Z wMqv‡Q| A_x© cÖZ¨_x© Pvcivwm Kb‡÷e‡j Pvwiw`K †jvKviY¨| mv‡ne Mi‡gi f‡q Zuveyi evwn‡i †Lvjv Qvqvq K¨v¤ú †Uwej cvwZqv ewmqv‡Qb Ges Rq‡Mvcvj‡K †PŠwK‡Z emvBqv Zvnv‡K ¯’vbxq Ae¯’v wRÁvmv Kwi‡Z‡Qb| Rq‡Mvcvj Zvnvi MÖvgevmx me©mvavi‡Yi mg‡ÿ GB †MŠi‡ei Avmb AwaKvi Kwiqv g‡b

g‡b ùxZ nB‡ZwQj ...Õ (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 288-89)| D×…Zvsk †_‡K Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjvi `y‡Uv Qwe Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq| GKw`‡K g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Zuveyi Pviav‡i MÖvgxY †bwUf‡ì AvMgb, hv g~jZ ÿgZva‡ii cÖwZ `ye©‡ji AviwZ I Avivabv| Ab¨w`‡K g¨vwR‡÷ªU †h Rq‡Mvcvj‡K †PŠwK‡Z ewm‡q‡Q Ges Zvi m‡½ K_v ej‡Q G‡Z Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjvi Rq‡Mvcvj g‡b g‡b ùxZ n‡q‡Q| †MvUv QweUvB Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ evOvwji g‡bv‡jv‡K †h-welwµqv Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q Zvi AåvšÍ iƒcKí| Jcwb‡ewkK welwµqvi wfbœ GK cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ M‡í| Bs‡iR K‡jvbvBRvi‡ì †kvlY †`ŠivZ¥¨ I AZ¨vPvi Dcwb‡ewkZ gvbyl‡ì Rxeb Kxfv‡e `ywe©ln K‡i Zz‡jwQj Zvi kãQwe cvIqv hvq G-M‡í| Bs‡iR‡ì cÖej `vc‡Ui gy‡L kwkf‚l‡Yi cÖwZ‡iva †f‡O hvq, Jcwb‡ewkK ev¯ÍeZvq Zvi civRq n‡q I‡V Awbevh©| K‡jvbvBRvi‡ì weiæ‡× ùvov‡Z †P‡qwQj kwkf‚lY| ZvB KjKvZvq cjvqbci kwkf‚lY niKzgv‡ii c‡ÿ jovi Rb¨ MÖv‡gB †_‡K hvq Ges Rvbvq Ggb wm×všÍ : Rwg`vwi Kvh© Dcj‡ÿ bv‡q‡ei kÎæ we¯Íi wQj; Zvnviv GB NUbvq AZ¨šÍ Avb›`jvf Kwij, wKš‘ KwjKvZvq Mg‡bv`¨Z kwkf‚lY hLb GB msev` ïwb‡jb ZLb Zuvnvi me©v‡½i i³ DËß nBqv DwVj| mg¯Í ivwÎ Zuvnvi wb`ªv nBj bv| ciw`b cÖv‡Z wZwb niKzgv‡ii evwo‡Z wMqv Dcw¯’Z nB‡jb; niKzgvi Zuvnvi nvZ awiqv e¨vKzjfv‡e Kuvw`‡Z jvwM‡jb| kwkf‚lY Kwn‡jb, Ômv‡n‡ei bv‡g gvbnvwbi gKÏgv Avwb‡Z nB‡e, Avwg †Zvgvi DwKj nBqv jwoe|Õ (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 231) Jcwb‡ewkK ev¯ÍeZvq Dcwb‡ek-m„ó AvB‡bi AvIZvq K‡jvbvBRv‡ii weiæ‡× †bwUf kwkf‚l‡Yi civRq wQj Aek¨¤¢vex| AZ¨vPvixi weiæ‡× ùvwo‡qI ZvB †kl ch©šÍ Bs‡iR-m„ó wePvi-cÖkvm‡bi loh‡š¿ kwkf‚lY‡K †R‡j †h‡Z nq| kwkf‚l‡Yi GB cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© mgv‡jvP‡Ki AwfgZ GLv‡b cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ : Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡Kiv †bwUf‡ì kixi wbqš¿Y K‡i Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb eë¯’v‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z †P‡q‡Q, kwkf‚l‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI wVK GgbUvB N‡U‡Q| wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv AvBwb eë¯’v, cywjk, KvivMvi Avi lohš¿ K‡i Zvi cÖwZev‡ì KÉ‡K ¯Íä K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GI †mB kixix-ivRbxwZ hvi K_v e‡j‡Qb dz‡Kv| mvC` e‡j‡Qb, Jcwb‡ewkK kvmKiv Gfv‡eB †bwUf‡ì AvPi‡Yi mxgv wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡q‡Q; Zviv †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡iva M‡o Zzj‡e, †mUv mn¨ K‡iwb| †Kbbv ÿgZvq‡bi †K‡›`ª wQj Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK‡ì Ae¯’vb| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbc‡e© fvi‡Z ÿgZvi web¨vmwU †Kgb wQj Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq GB M‡í| Dcwb‡e‡ki wZb ÿgZvai e¨w³ ev †kÖwY-cÖwZwbwa Ñ Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU, w÷gv‡ii Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRvi Ges Bs‡iR cywj‡ki m‡½ kwkf‚lY‡K jovB Ki‡Z wM‡q Zv‡ì loh‡š¿ †kl ch©šÍ Zv‡K †R‡j †h‡Z nq| (gvmy`y¾vgvb 2012 : 310) Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ M‡í Dcwb‡e‡ki AvwacZëv`x civµg AåvšÍfv‡e iƒcjvf K‡i‡Q| Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ mvgvwRKmvs¯‹…wZK-ivR‰bwZK Ges agx©q Ñ mKj †ÿ‡ÎB wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡K, Dcwb‡e‡ki gvbyl¸‡jv‡K|

wej A¨vkµdU DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï †h êwk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, wKsev Gwj‡q‡K †ev‡ngvi wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï AšÍM©Z †`ªvnxfve Ñ iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ M‡í Zvi AKvj-cÖKvk †`‡L GKzk kZ‡K e‡m m‡PZb cvVK‡K wew¯§Z n‡ZB nq| fvev hvq, †mvqv‡kv eQi Av‡M iex›`ªbv_ Bs‡iR K‡jvbvBRvi‡ì m¤ú‡K© hv e‡j‡Qb, GKzk kZ‡Ki DËi-Dcwb‡ekev`x wWm‡Kv‡m©i Zv-B g~j myi... †bwUf‡ì ¯^KxqZv‡K m¤ú~Y© aŸsm Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ Ñ ¯Íä K‡i w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q †bwUf‡ì †`ªvnx KÉ¯î| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ Mí G-cÖm‡½ GKwU D¾¡j wkíKg©| kwkf‚lY‡K Kvivew›` Kivi cÖZx‡K Avm‡j Zviv Kvivew›` K‡i‡Q †bwUf‡ì hveZxq ms¯‹…wZ I cÖwZ‡iva I †`ªvn‡PZbv| Zey GWIqvW© mvC` †h ÔcÖwZ‡iv‡ai mvwn‡Z¨Õi K_v e‡j‡Qb, wej A¨vkµdU DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï †h êwk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, wKsev Gwj‡q‡K †ev‡ngvi wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwn‡Zï AšÍM©Z †`ªvnxfve Ñ iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ M‡í Zvi AKvj-cÖKvk †`‡L GKzk kZ‡K e‡m m‡PZb cvVK‡K wew¯§Z n‡ZB nq| fvev hvq, †mvqv‡kv eQi Av‡M iex›`ªbv_ Bs‡iR K‡jvbvBRvi‡ì m¤ú‡K© hv e‡j‡Qb, GKzk kZ‡Ki DËi-Dcwb‡ekev`x wWm‡Kv‡m©i Zv-B g~j myi : g¨v‡bRvi †Kb †h Ggb Kwij Zvnv ejv KwVb| BsivRb›`‡bi g‡bi fve Avgiv evOvwj nBqv wVK eywS‡Z cvwi bv| nq‡Zv w`wk cv‡ji cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †m mn¨ Kwi‡Z cv‡i bvB, nq‡Zv GKUv ùxZ we¯ÍxY© c`v_© e›`y‡Ki ¸wji Øviv P‡ÿi cj‡K we`xY© Kwievi GKUv wnsmª cÖ‡jvfb Av‡Q, nq‡Zv GB Mwe©Z †bŠKvUvi e¯¿-L‡Ði g‡a¨ ¸wUK‡qK dzUv Kwiqv wb‡g‡li g‡a¨ Bnvi †bŠKvjxjv mgvß Kwiqv wèvi g‡a¨ GKUv cÖej ˆckvwPK nvmïm Av‡Q; wbðq Rvwb bv| wKš‘ Bnv wbðq, Bsiv‡Ri g‡bi wfZ‡i GKUzLvwb wek¦vm wQj †h, GB iwmKZvUzKz Kivi ìæb †m †Kv‡bviƒc kvw¯Íi `vwqK b‡n Ñ Ges aviYv wQj, hvnv‡ì †bŠKv †Mj Ges m¤¢eZ cÖvYmskq, Zvnviv gvby‡li g‡a¨B MY¨ nB‡Z cv‡i bv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 238) Jcwb‡ewkK ev¯ÍeZvi GKwU my¯úó wWm‡Kvm© wkwíZv †c‡q‡Q Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ M‡í| wg‡kj dz‡Kvi g‡Z, ÿgZvmxbiv wb‡R‡ì civµg I ÿgZv‡K AUzU ivLvi Rb¨ m„wó K‡i‡Q AvwacZëv`x wWm‡Kvm© (Foucault 1980 : 67)| ÿgZvi †Rv‡i Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b m„wó K‡i wbR¯^ AvBb, cywjk evwnbx, KvivMvi| Gme m„wói D‡Ïk¨ Dcwb‡ewkZ cÖwZev`x gvby‡li kixi wbqš¿Y| G m~‡ÎB g‡b Av‡m cÖvP¨we` GWIqvW© mvC‡ì AwfgZ| mvC` Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbeë¯’vq †bwUf‡ì MÖnY‡hvM¨ AvPi‡Yi mxgv wbw`©ó K‡i †Ìqv nq| mxgv AwZµg Ki‡jB †b‡g Av‡m wbh©vZb-†RjRyjyg| eÿ¨gvY M‡íi kwkf‚l‡Yi cwiYwZ‡Z mvC‡ì GB mxgv-wbw`©ó AvPi‡Yi (Said 2002 : 113) e¨wZµg n‡jB †h †b‡g Av‡m wbh©vZb Ñ Zvi ¯úó cÖKvk jÿ Kwi| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb-†kvl‡Yi d‡j evsjvi cwjøMÖv‡gi mbvZb PvwiÎ¨ webó n‡q wM‡qwQj Ñ mgvR-msMV‡b †`Lv w`‡qwQj

bvbvgvwÎK AmgZv, wew”QbœZv I Abš^q| Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjvi cwiewZ©Z MÖvgmgv‡Ri QweUv wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e, M‡íi cÖvi‡¤¢ Ñ ÔMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ Avi mK‡jB `jv`wj, PµvšÍ, Bÿzi Pvl, wg_¨v gKÏgv Ges cv‡Ui Kvievi jBqv _vwKZ, fv‡ei Av‡jvPbv Ges mvwnZ¨PP©v KwiZ †Kej kwkf‚lY Avi wMwievjvÕ (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 227)| G-eY©bvi ga¨ w`‡q `y‡Uv mZ¨ †ewi‡q Av‡m Ñ GK. Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i Pv‡c fviZxq mgvR wef³ n‡q c‡owQj, `yB. MÖvgmgvR †_‡K wkwÿZ kwkf‚lYI wQj cy‡ivcywi wew”Qbœ| B‡qv‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ fviZxq mgv‡Ri GB wew”QbœZvi myo½c‡_ cÖ‡ek K‡i µ‡g iv‡óªi kvmbÿgZvUvB `Lj K‡i †bq| Dcwb‡ek ev Dcwb‡ek-DËi KvjL‡Ð Jcwb‡ewkKZvi weiæ‡× Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi cÖwZev`-cÖwZ‡ivaB DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK wWm‡Kv‡m©i Av‡jvP¨ welq| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Av‡jvP¨ M‡í AwZ m~²Zvi m‡½ Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i ÿgZvi `vcU Ges Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi cÖwZev‡ì Qwe wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb| hwÌ Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weiæ‡× Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi GB cÖwZev` cwiYwZ‡Z e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq, Zey Rvbvb w`‡q hvq Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi mgywÌZ RvMi‡Yi K_v| M‡íi bvqK kwkf‚lY‡K ùvov‡Z n‡q‡Q ÿgZv g`gË wZb kw³i weiæ‡×| Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU, w÷gv‡ii Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRvi Ges Bs‡iR cywj‡ki weiæ‡× kwkf‚lY AvBwb jovB‡q †kl ch©šÍ civwRZ nq| wZb ÔBs‡iRÕB †hŠM-êcix‡Zï (binary-opposition) m~Îvbymv‡i Av‡Q DËg Ae¯’v‡b, cÿvšÍ‡i kwkf‚lY Av‡Q wbgœ¯Í‡i| hyM¥-êcix‡Zï cÖ_g cÿ †Zv ÿgZvi gvwjK Ñ civµg Zv‡ì mxgvnxb, †hgb †`wL Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui g‡a¨| Zuvi civµg Ggb fqsKi †h, wb‡Ri †g_‡ii Acgvb ch©šÍ wZwb mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| BD‡ivcxq evwYR¨cyuwRi cÖZxK w÷gv‡ii Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRvi Rjc‡_ Ôw`wk cv‡ji cÖwZ‡hvwMZvÕ mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Dcwb‡ewk‡Zi Ahvwš¿K hv‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Amn¨ †j‡M‡Q Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRv‡ii| ZvB e›`yK w`‡q dz‡Uv K‡i w`‡q‡Q Ôw`wkÕ †bŠKvi cvj Ñ d‡j cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wcwQ‡q c‡o gnvR‡bi †bŠKv| cÖm½Z ¯§iY Kiv hvq, Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRvi KZ…©K cvj dz‡Uv K‡i †Ìqv cÖm‡½ me©Á `„wó‡Kv‡Y iwPZ †jL‡Ki GB fvl¨ : g¨v‡bRvi †Kb †h Ggb Kwij Zvnv ejv KwVb| BsivRb›`‡bi g‡bi fve Avgiv evOvwj nBqv wVK eywS‡Z cvwi bv| nq‡Zv w`wk cv‡ji cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †m mn¨ Kwi‡Z cv‡i bvB, nq‡Zv GKUv ùxZ we¯ÍxY© c`v_© e›`y‡Ki ¸wji Øviv P‡ÿi cj‡K we`xY© Kwievi GKUv wnsmª cÖ‡jvfb Av‡Q, nq‡Zv GB Mwe©Z †bŠKvUvi e¯¿-L‡Ði g‡a¨ ¸wUK‡qK dzUv Kwiqv wb‡g‡li g‡a¨ Bnvi †bŠKvjxjv

mgvß Kwiqv wèvi g‡a¨ GKUv cÖej ˆckvwPK nvmïm Av‡Q; wbðq Rvwb bv| wKš‘ Bnv wbðq, Bsiv‡Ri g‡bi wfZ‡i GKUzLvwb wek¦vm wQj †h, GB iwmKZvUzKz Kivi ìæb †m †Kv‡bviƒc kvw¯Íi `vwqK b‡n Ñ Ges aviYv wQj, hvnv‡ì †bŠKv †Mj Ges m¤¢eZ cÖvYmskq, Zvnviv gvby‡li g‡a¨B MY¨ nB‡Z cv‡i bv| (iex›`ªbv_ 1973 : 238) Ñ D×…Zvs‡ki †kl Abyl½Uv ÿgZvai B‡qv‡ivcxq kw³i †kÖôZ¡ cÖKvkK| hyM¥-êcix‡Zï cÖ_g AskUvq Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRvi †kÖô‡Z¡i cÖZxK, Ab¨w`‡K †bwUfiv AcvO&‡³q, gvbyl wn‡m‡e wnmv‡ei evB‡i| gnvR‡bi †bŠKvwU wQj Ôw`wkÕ A_©vr Ahvwš¿K| Ab¨w`‡K w÷gviwU wQj hvwš¿K| hvwš¿K w÷gvi‡K †Zv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wRZ‡ZB n‡e Ahvwš¿K Ôw`wkÕ †bŠKvi m‡½| †Kbbv hyM¥-êcix‡Zï cÖ_gUv hvwš¿K w÷gvi †Zv Ôw`wkÕ †bŠKvi †P‡q †kÖô Ñ Avm‡j cÖvP¨ †bŠhvb cvðvZ¨ †bŠhv‡bi Kv‡Q AcvO&‡³q| hyM¥-êcix‡Zï GB ZË¡K_v, hwÌ iex›`ªbv‡_i Kv‡j GB ZË¡ Avwe®‹…Z nqwb, Amvgvb¨ `ÿZv I m~²Zvq dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb iex›`ªbv_| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j AvBb-Av`vjZI †h Bs‡iR cÖfz‡ì c‡ÿ, ZviI Ae¨_© iƒc iex›`ªbv_ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Av‡jvP¨ M‡í| mvC‡ì g‡Z, Dcwb‡e‡ki †KD †KD cvðvZ¨ wkÿvi cÖfv‡e AvZ¥-AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq, Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weiæ‡× M‡o †Zv‡j cÖwZ‡iva (said 2002 : 78)| kwkf‚lY GB M‡í mvC`-Kw_Z Av‡jvwKZ †mB gvbyl, †h Bs‡iR civkw³i weiæ‡× AvBwb jovB‡q AeZxY© n‡q‡Q| kwkf‚lY AvBwb jovB K‡i Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui weiæ‡×, w÷gv‡ii Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRv‡ii weiæ‡×, Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i mvgwiK cÖwZwbwa Bs‡iR cywj‡ki weiæ‡×| iex›`ªbv_ ¯úó K‡iB Rvwb‡q †`b †h, kwkf‚lY hZB AvBb jovB KiæK, hZB wZwb _vKzb b¨v‡qi c‡ÿ cwiYwZ‡Z wnsmª Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡Ki Kv‡Q Zvi NU‡e Awbevh© civRq| iex›`ªbv_ Rv‡bb Ñ Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU ev Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRv‡ii †Kv‡bv kvw¯Í n‡e bv, K_vUv †hb Rv‡b kwkf‚lYI| cwiYwZ‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q AvB‡bi gvicu¨v‡P †`kxq gvbylB kvw¯Í †fvM K‡i, kwkf‚lY‡K cywj‡ki nv‡Z jvwÃZ n‡Z nq Ges cuvP eQ‡ii †Rj nq| Avm‡j Jcwb‡ewkK AvBbUvB wQj Bs‡iR‡ì c‡ÿ, Avi †bwUf Z_v fviZxq‡ì wec‡ÿ| Jcwb‡ewkK Bs‡iR kvmK‡Mvôx Avcb kvmbÿgZv my`„p I ¯’vqx Kivi gvb‡m wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv eënvi I e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q AvB‡bi wewaweavb Ñ fviZxq‡ì g‡a¨ †h-B †`ªvnxmËv wb‡q iæ‡L ùvov‡Z †P‡q‡Q, Zv‡KB AvB‡bi gvicu¨v‡P duvwm‡q w`‡q XzwK‡q w`‡q‡Q †R‡j| kwkf‚lY‡K †R‡j XzwK‡q †Ìqvi HwZnvwmK Zvrch© GB †h, Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i weiæ‡× †M‡jB †bwUf‡ì cÖwZ‡iv‡ai ÿgZv‡K ¯Íä K‡i †Ìqv n‡e| AvBwb RwUjZvq BD‡ivcxq Jcwb‡ewkK ee©iZvi Kv‡Q civfe gvb‡Z n‡q‡Q kwkf‚lY‡K (gvmy`y¾vgvb 2018)| Gfv‡e Jcwb‡ewkK AvB‡bi RwUj iƒcwU Ae¨_©fv‡e wkwíZ K‡ib iex›`ªbv_, Av‡jvP¨ M‡í| kwkf‚l‡Yi Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g iex›`ªbv_ Avm‡j Zz‡j ai‡Z †P‡q‡Qb cÖv‡Pï gvbweK wWm‡Kvm© ev eqvb| cÖv‡Pï gvbweK wWm‡Kv‡m©i GB Avwe®‹vi mvabvB Dcwb‡e‡ki weiæ‡× iex›`ªbv‡_i †eŠw×K cÖwZ‡iva, hv GB M‡íi ci‡Z ci‡Z wkwíZv †c‡q‡Q| Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ M‡í Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK‡ì m‡½ Dcwb‡ewkZ evOvwji Øvw›ØK m¤úK© †jLK PgrKvifv‡e dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| M‡íi bvgKi‡Yi g‡aÏ Av‡Q, aviYv Kwi, IB m¤ú‡K©i Avfvm|

DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK Z‡Ë¡i hyM¥-êcix‡Zï cÖ_g fv‡Mi †gN wK K…òe‡Y©i evOvwj Avi †iŠ`ª wK D¾¡j †k¦Zv½ gvbeZvi cÖwZwbwa Bs‡iR-kvmK? Dcwb‡ek †h Avgv‡ì cÖPj gvbe-m¤úK©Uv‡KB aŸsm K‡i w`‡q‡Q, eÿ¨gvY Mí †_‡K Avgiv †m-aviYvI jvf Kwi| Ab¨w`‡K Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU I cywjk mycvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Q Jcwb‡ewkK kvmK‡Mvôxi, w÷gv‡ii g¨v‡bRvi Jcwb‡ewkK evwYR¨cyuwRi| Avi niKzgvi-†R‡j‡kÖwYmn †`kxq me gvbyl Ô†bwUfÕ, Ab¨ fvlvq ÔAciÕ (other)| kwkf‚lY wQ‡jb cÖZxP¨ †i‡bmuvm cÖfvweZ beRvMÖZ fviZxq‡ì cÖwZwbwa| Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì m‡½ fviZxq‡ì Øvw›ØK m¤ú‡K© BD‡ivcxqiv eivei _vK‡Z †P‡q‡Q kx‡l©, Zv‡ì †Pv‡L fviZxqiv †mev`vm, AcvO&‡³i| cÖfzi B”Qv Abymv‡iB Pj‡Z n‡e `vm‡K, Zvi wbR¯^ wPšÍv e‡j wKQy †bB| Bs‡iR‡ì B”Qvbymv‡i †h Pj‡Z n‡e eªvZ¨ fviZxq‡ì| w÷gv‡ii Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRvi Ôw`wk cv‡jiÕ †bŠKvi cvj ¸wj K‡i dz‡Uv K‡i †bŠKvwU Wzwe‡q w`‡q wb‡R‡ì †LqvjLywkUv fv‡jv K‡iB eywS‡q w`‡q‡Q| BD‡ivcxq hš¿mf¨Zv Avi †`kxq cÖhyw³i Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †`kxqiv Rqx n‡e Avi †n‡i hv‡e Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ Ñ G-K_v Bs‡iR g¨v‡bRv‡ii c‡ÿ †g‡b †bIqv m¤¢e bq| Zvn‡j †h hyM¥-êcix‡Zï ZË¡UvB Amvi n‡q hvq| Ô†gN I †iŠ`ªÕ MíwU‡K iex›`ªbv_ GB ZvwË¡K cwiKvVv‡gvi m¤§y‡LB ùvo Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb| m~Pbvm~‡ÎB e¨³ n‡q‡Q †h, iex›`ªbv‡_i A‡bK M‡íB Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjvi bvbvgvwÎK Qwe wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv gvÎ PviwU M‡íi Av‡jv‡K welqwU‡K Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡iwQ| Ô†`bvcvIbvÕ, ÔivgKvbvB‡qi wbe©yw×ZvÕ, Ô†LvKveveyi cÖZ¨veZ©bÕ, ÔGKUv Avlv‡p MíÕ, ÔKveywjIqvjvÕ, Ômgm¨vc~iYÕ, ÔcÖvqwðËÕ, ÔwePviKÕ, ÔivRwUKvÕ, Ô`ye©yw×Õ, ÔDjyL‡oi wec`Õ, ÔbóbxoÕ, ÔKg©djÕ, gv÷vi-gkvqÕ, ÔivmgwYi †Q‡jÕ, Ôkvw¯ÍÕ, Ônvj`vi‡MvôxÕ, ÔfvB‡duvUvÕ, ÔbvgÄyiÕ, Ôms¯‹viÕ, Ô†klK_vÕ Ñ Gme M‡íI Dcwb‡ewkZ evsjvi Rxeb I Rbc‡ì bvbvgvwÎK Qwe iƒcjvf K‡i‡Q| G-wel‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv iex›`ª Mí-mgxÿvq mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡i wfbœ gvÎv|

wbe©vwPZ MÖš’cwÄ †`‡ek ivq, 2008, wecix‡Zi ev¯Íe : iex›`ªbv‡_i Mí, KjKvZv| b¸wM Iqv w_‡qv‡½v, 2010, wWK‡jvbvBwRs `¨ gvBÛ (Abyev` : `yjvj Avj gbmyi), XvKv| gvmy`y¾vgvb, 2012, ÔDcwb‡ekev` DËi-Dcwb‡ekev` I iex›`ªbv_Õ (kvgmy¾vgvb Lvb-m¤úvw`Z mv¤úªwZK `„wó‡Z iex›`ªbv_ kxl©K MÖš’fz³ cÖeÜ), XvKv| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, 1973, Mí¸”Q, KjKvZv| Bill Ashcroft et. al. (eds.), 1995. The Post-colonial Studies, London. Edward Said, 2002, Power, Politics, and Culture, New York. Frantz Fanon, 1986. Black Skin, White Masks (Translated by Charls Markmann), London. Frantz Fanon, 2006. The Wretched of the Earth (RM‡Zi

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Rvnv‡Ri weiwZ ev MšÍe¨ cwieZ©‡bi †¶‡Î GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e›ì| ågYKvix‡ì hvÎvweiwZ ev MšÍe¨ Abyhvqx RvnvR aivi †¶‡Î wm½vcyi GKwU Rskb wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ wQj| iex›`ªbv_ cÖ_gevi 1916 mv‡j AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨, wØZxqevi 1927-G AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Ges Z…Zxqevi Aa©-AvbyôvwbKfv‡e GB Øxc‡`k mdi K‡ib| 1916 mv‡j Rvcvb MgbKv‡j wm½vcyi e›`‡i 15 †g Zvwi‡L Zuvi Rvnv‡Ri hvÎvweiwZ wQj, †m-Kvi‡Y †meviB GLv‡b Kwei cÖ_g AvMgb N‡UwQj| AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e wm½vcyi f‚L‡Ð Zuvi c`vc©Y N‡U| Kwei Avmbœ Rvcvb md‡ii msev` †c‡q †m‡`‡ki cÖfvekvjx GKwU cwÎKv Zuv‡ì Av‡qvwRZe¨ GK Abyôv‡b e³…Zv cÖ`v‡b Kwei m¤§wZ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ cwÎKvi wm½vcy‡i Ae¯’vbiZ GK f`ªgwnjv‡K Rvnv‡R Kwei m‡½ mv¶v‡Zi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡i; wKš‘ Kwe Rvcv‡b †cuŠQvi Av‡MB G-wel‡q †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii wm×všÍ cÖ`v‡b AcviMZv Ávcb K‡ib| Z‡e

†gvnv‡¤§` Avjx bvgvRxi evs‡jv‡Z msea©bv Abyôv‡b iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi AvMš‘K GB Rvcvwb gwnjvi Avgš¿‡Y (Rvnv‡R gvjvgvj IVv‡bv-bvgv‡bvi weiw³Ki KK©k k‡ãi AZ¨vPvi †_‡K cwiÎvYjv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨) w`be¨vcx Zuvi m‡½ Mvwo‡Z kni Ny‡i †eovb Kwe Ges ˆbk‡fvR‡k‡l Rvnv‡R cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| ciw`b mKv‡j Zuvi RvnvR wm½vcyi Z¨vM K‡i| 1924 mv‡ji 7 GwcÖj Pxb hvIqvi c‡_ wm½vcyi e›`‡i RvnvR cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq Kwe‡K| 1927-G `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi gvjq DcØxc, Rvfv, evwj, k¨vg‡`k (_vBj¨vÛ) AÂ‡j gvme¨vcx åg‡Yi Ask wn‡m‡e Kwe 20 RyjvB AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wm½vcy‡i hvb| fvi‡Zi gv`ªvR (eZ©gv‡b †PbœvB) e›ì †_‡K divwm RvnvR Ambroise-G wZwb wm½vcyi hvb Ges Zvb‡Rvs cvMvi †cvZvkÖ‡q AeZiY K‡ib| wewkó `w¶Y fviZxq wLªóvb eyw×Rxex Ges kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡bi Aa¨vcK Arriam Williams gvjq DcØx‡c Kwei GB md‡ii mvgwMÖK eë¯’vcbv K‡ib| wm½vcy‡ii RvnvRNvUvq wecyj RbZv mgwfe¨nv‡i wgDwbwmc¨vj Kwgkbvi‡ì cÖavb Ges Kwe¸iæ Af¨_©bv KwgwUi mfvcwZ R J Farrer AwZw_‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvb| ¯’vbxq wn›`y A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi c‡¶ †K †K cvwV Zuv‡K gvj¨f‚wlZ K‡ib Ges ev`¨msMxZ cwi‡ek‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe‡K eiY Kiv nq| Zvici Zuv‡K miKvwi AwZw_kvjvq †bIqv nq| wm½vcy‡ii Mfb©i Sir Hugh Clifford Ges Lady Clifford-Gi AwZw_ wn‡m‡e iex›`ªbv_ 22 RyjvB ch©šÍ †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡ib| AZtci Bivwb es‡kv™¢‚Z Ges fviZel© †_‡K Avmv wewkó cÖevmx eëmvqx Mohammed Ali Namazie-i AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Zuvi mgy`ª-ZxieZx© wmMjvc GjvKvi evMvbevwo‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡ib (GB wbeÜ †jLK KZ©…K eZ©gvb mg‡q GB evwowUi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Kivi A‡bK cÖ‡Póv †bIqv n‡jI Zv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq)| GK mßv‡niI Kg mgq wm½vcy‡i Ae¯’vbKv‡j iex›`ªbv_ †ekwKQy msea©bv I e³…Zv Abyôv‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| wm½vcyi e›`‡i †cuŠ‡Q wZwb ÔAvnŸvbÕ KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib|

21 RyjvB 1927 mv‡j Strait Chinese †Mvôx KZ©…K †id¨vjm ¯‹qv‡ii Mv‡W©b K¬v‡e Av‡qvwRZ wkw¶Z Ges Ae¯’vcbœ Pxbv I Ab¨ eëmvqx‡ì gRwjwm Af¨_©bv Abyôv‡b wZwb †hvM †`b| Kwe GLv‡b fviZ I Px‡bi HwZn¨c~Y© cvi¯úwiK BwZnvm ü`q½‡gi ¯^v‡_© fviZxq QvÎ‡ì Px‡bi BwZnvm Aa¨q‡b ¸iæZ¡v‡iv‡ci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wel‡q e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib, fviZxq QvÎ‡ì wbR¯^ BwZnvm ü`q½g Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Px‡bi BwZnvm Aa¨qb AwZcÖ‡qvRb| wm½vcy‡ii wewkó wPwKrmK-wk¶vwe` Dr Lim Boon Keng OBE GB msea©bv Abyôv‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| 22 RyjvB 1927 mv‡j wm½vcy‡ii Mfb©i Sir Hugh Clifford-Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wf‡±vwiqv w_‡qUv‡i Kwe¸iæi Rb¨ bvMwiK mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| Mfb©i Kwei cwiwPwZ‡Z D‡jøL K‡ib, Ô`¨ †MÖ‡U÷ †cv‡qU `¨vU `¨ B÷ n¨vW †cÖvwWDmW Bb wjwfs †g‡gvwiÕ A_©vr cÖv‡P¨ Rb¥ †bIqv ¯§iYKv‡ji †kÖôZg Kwe wn‡m‡e| Kwe G-mfvq AvšÍR©vwZK †mŠnv`©¨ Ges gvbeRvwZi HK¨ (International friendship and unity of mankind) wel‡q e³…Zv K‡ib| 23 RyjvB 1927 Zvwi‡L Kwe miKvwi AwZw_kvjv †_‡K GgG bvgvwRi AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Zuvi evmfe‡b c`vc©Y K‡ib| GKBw`b Aciv‡nè evmfeb AvwObvq Zuvi m¤§v‡b ¯’vbxq fviZxq A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb-Av‡qvwRZ Mv‡W©b cvwU©‡Z wZwb †hvM`vb K‡ib| A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi mfvcwZ Avjx Lvb myivwUmn K‡qK‡kv AwZw_ G-Abyôv‡b AskMÖnY K‡ib| †kÖvZv‡ì myweav‡_© Abyôv‡b wm½vcy‡ii BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv jvDW w¯úKvi eënvi Kiv nq| Kwe¸iæ G-msea©bvq fvi‡Zi AZxZ HwZn¨ wel‡q e³…Zv K‡ib Ges Zuvi cÖwZwôZ wek¦fviZx wk¶vj‡qi mvnvh¨v‡_© GwM‡q Avmvi Rb¨ cÖevmx fviZxq‡ì cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbvb| GB Abyôv‡b wkL, cvVvb, evOvwj, cvÄvwe, Zvwgj, ¸RivwU, fvwZqv, wn›`y, gymwjg, †LvRv, eyivn cÖf…wZ wewfbœ m¤úÖ ` v‡qi cÖ e vmx

fviZxqiv Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Kwei mdim½x cwÐZ mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Kwei e³…Zvi wnw›` ZR©gv K‡i †`b| ZvQvov Zvwgj AbyevÌ cÖPvi Kiv nq| 24 RyjvB 1927 Zvwi‡L ¯’vbxq Pxbv Awaevmx‡ì Rb¨ Kwe¸iæi GKwU e³…Zv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| c¨v‡jm †M w_‡qUv‡i AbywôZ G-mfvq Kwe ÔKvjPvivj †d‡jvwkc weUzBb PvqwbR A¨vÛ BwÛqvbmÕ wel‡q e³…Zv K‡ib| Zuvi GB e³…Zv GKB mg‡q Pxbv fvlvq Abyev` K‡i cÖPvi Kiv nq| 25 RyjvB 1927 mv‡j ¯’vbxq ¯‹zjQvÎ I wk¶K‡ì D‡Ï‡k Kwei GKwU e³…Zv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| wm½vcy‡ii cÖavb mwPe (K‡jvwbqvj †m‡µUvwi) C H Woolfe G-mfvq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Kwei cwiwPwZ cÖ`vbKv‡j wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib, ÔBD n¨vf we‡dvi BD Iqvb Ae `¨ Iqvj©W&m †MÖ‡U÷ g¨vbÕ| 26 RyjvB 1927 Zvwi‡L ¯’vbxq Malay Tribune cwÎKvi m¤úv`K Granville Roberts Kwei m¤§v‡b we`vqx †fv‡Ri Av‡qvRb K‡ib| GB Abyôv‡b Ab¨‡ì g‡a¨ wm½vcy‡i Rvg©vwb, Av‡gwiKv, d«v‡Ýi ivóª`~Zivmn Kj‡¤^vq w¯’Z Rvg©vwbi ivóª`~ZI Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Gw`bB Kwe wm½vcyi †_‡K cieZx© MšÍe¨ gvjv°v Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| Kwe¸iæi `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvq GB ågYKv‡j Zuvi mdim½x wQ‡jb cwÐZ mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Ges wkíx my‡i›`ªbv_ Ki| cieZx©Kv‡j 1929 mv‡j †ev¤^vB †_‡K Kj‡¤^v n‡q KvbvWv MgbKv‡j 9 gvP© RvnvR †fovi Kvi‡Y wm½vcyi AwZµg K‡ib iex›`ªbv_| fviZxq mwgwZi mfvcwZ Avi RygvfvB Rvnv‡R

G‡m Kwei m‡½ mv¶vr K‡ib| Kwe ¯^ímg‡qi Rb¨ Kwe kÖxk ¸‡ni evwo‡Z Ae¯’vb Ges c~‡e©v³ GgG bvgvwRi evs‡jv‡Z ga¨vý‡fvRb MÖnY K‡ib| eûmsL¨K fviZxq GB †fvRmfvq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| KvbvWv †_‡K †divi c‡_ 26 Ryb 1929 mv‡j wm½vcy‡i RvnvR e`j K‡i gv`ªvR Awfgy‡L iIbv nb iex›`ªbv_| iex›`ªbv_-iwPZ ågY ev cÎmvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi we‡`k ch©Ub wel‡q wbR-eY©bv cvIqv †M‡jI wm½vcyi‡Kw›`ªK †Kv‡bv fvl¨ ev AwfÁZvÁvcK iPbv †Zgb †Pv‡L c‡o bv| ZvB jf¨ wewfbœ MÖš’ I m~‡Îi Z_¨vw` e¨envi K‡i G-†jLvwU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| wek Ges wZwi‡ki `k‡K wm½vcy‡i Kwe¸iæi GZ c`PviYv NU‡jI Zuvi wk¶v ev `k©‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖfve AZtci †mLvbKvi g~javivi mvwnZ¨ ev ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq bv| eûw`b ev‡`, lv‡Ui `k‡K Kwe‡K ¯§iY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq GKwU iv¯Ívi bvgKi‡Y| lv‡Ui `k‡Ki †klv‡a© wm½vcy‡ii wk¶K BDwbqb KZ©…K wk¶K‡`i Avevmb myweav m„wói j‡¶¨ kn‡ii Ang Mo Kio GjvKvq ÔwUPvm© nvDwRs G‡÷UÕ bv‡g GKwU Avevmb cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡qwQj| GB G‡÷‡Ui iv¯Ív¸‡jvi bvgKiY Kiv nq wewfbœ fvlvi mvZRb L¨vZbvgv Gkxq Kwei bv‡g, Guiv n‡jb Ñ gyÝx Ave`yjøv (gvjq), Igi ˆLqvg (dviwm), Kvwj`vm (ms¯‹…Z), iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (evsjv), †gvnv¤§` BKevj (D`©y), Uz dz (Pxbv) Ges wj †cv (Pxbv)| GB AvevwmK GjvKvi GKwU iv¯Ívi bvg Ô†U‡Mvi A¨vwfwbDÕ| GB wUPvm© nvDwRs G‡÷‡Ui cv‡kB cieZx©Kv‡j M‡o

†U‡Mvi BÛvw÷ªqvj G‡÷‡Ui c_wb‡`©wkKv

GjvKvi febvw`‡Z Kwe¸iæi bv‡gi e¨envi I‡V Ô†U‡Mvi BÛvw÷ªqvj G‡÷UÕ| wm½vcy‡i cÖwZw`b me‡P‡q †ewkevi hw` evOvwj Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii bvg D”PvwiZ n‡q _v‡K Zv GB †U‡Mvi wkí-GjvKvi Kvi‡Y| cÖwZw`b wbR wbR Kv‡R eû wm½vcyievmxi hvZvqvZ N‡U ms‡¶‡c †U‡Mvi bv‡g cwiwPZ G-GjvKvq| eû ¸‡Y ¸Yvwš^Z iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi mvwnZ¨ I wk‡íi me kvLvq Zuvi J¾¡j¨ wPi¯’vqx K‡i †M‡Qb| myKzgvi wk‡íi cvkvcvwk †fŠZ Z_v Drcv`b wk‡íI Zuvi AvMÖn I mswkøóZvi bgybv cvIqv hvq| bIMuvi cwZm‡i wKsev †evjcy‡ii kÖxwb‡KZ‡b K…wlwfwËK MÖvgxY wk‡íi Dbœqb I c„ô‡cvlKZvq Kwe¸iæi f‚wgKv Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| we‡kl K‡i kvwšÍwb‡KZb-msjMœ kÖxwb‡KZ‡b KzwUiwk‡íi †UKmB Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvi D`vniY GL‡bv we`¨gvb| ZvB e‡j iex›`ªbv_‡K wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡Póv †Kv_vI †Pv‡L c‡owb; A_P wm½vcy‡i Zuvi bv‡g M‡o D‡V‡Q GKwU wkí-GjvKv! wUPvm© nvDwRs G‡÷‡Ui DwjøwLZ mvZ Kwei g‡a¨ Kwe¸iæ‡K wZjK Gu‡U wm½vcy‡ii DËifv‡M weivR Ki‡Q GB iweVvKzi wkívÂj| GB bvgKi‡Yi Avi †Kv‡bv mswkøóZv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv, Z‡e AvevwmK GjvKvi †U‡Mvi A¨vwfwbDwU GKcÖvšÍ w`‡q P‡j †M‡Q| GwU nq‡Zv bvgKi‡Yi GKwU m~Î n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, `ywU G‡÷U iv¯Ív ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bvfv‡e mivmwi mshy³ bq, eis Amgvb f‚wgZj Ges e„¶ivwRi ey‡bv we¯Ívi Øviv c„_KK…Z| cÖ_g hLb GLvbKvi Ô†U‡Mvi BÛvw÷ªqvj G‡÷‡UÕi bvg

†`wL ZLb NyYv¶‡iI Kíbv Kwiwb Gi m‡½ Kwe¸iæi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| Z‡e mnRvZ AbymwÜrmvi Kvi‡Y welqwUi Drm mÜv‡b AvMÖnx nB| B›Uvi‡bU ev mnRjf¨ cy¯ÍKvw` †_‡K G-wel‡q Lye †ewk Z_¨ bv †c‡jI †kl ch©šÍ wbwðZ n‡Z cvwi, GB wkí-GjvKvwU evOvwj Kwe¸iæi bvgB aviY K‡i Av‡Q| GjvKvwUi †ewóZ Rwgi cwigvY 50 †_‡K 60 GKi n‡e Ges GLvbKvi web¨vwmZ me iv¯ÍvB Kwe¸iæi bvgwPwýZ h_v Ñ †U‡Mvi †ivW, †U‡Mvi WªvBf, †U‡Mvi †jb, †U‡Mvi BÛvw÷ªqvj A¨vwfwbD BZ¨vw`| GgbwK febvw`i bvgKi‡YI †U‡Mv‡ii cÖfve jÿYxq| A_P welqwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Kwe¸iæi mvwe©K m„wó, Ae`vb I gb‡bi m‡½ m¤úK©wenxb Ges KvKZvjxq| hv †nvK, fviZel© †_‡K †ek `~i‡Z¡ wfbœ GKwU ¯^vaxb †`‡k GB Ô†U‡Mvi BÛvw÷ªqvj G‡÷UÕ wK PgKcÖ` bq? cÖK…ZB AbšÍ Drm Zzwg iex›`ªbv_ \

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K‡qKwU †jLv †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix msKjK : f‚uBqv BKevj

wkLv-†Mvôxi †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix mvgwqKcÎ m¤úv`K I mgmvgwqK †jLK‡`i m‡½ cÎwewbgq Ki‡jI †mme iwÿZ nqwb| Zuvi wPwV m¤ú‡K© gvneye-Dj Avjg Rvwb‡q‡Qb, ÔZuvi cÎ¸wj n‡Zv `xN©, GK GKwU ixwZgZ ˆeVK| ...

Lv‡b †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayixi K‡qKwU AMÖwš’Z †jLv msMÖw_Z : GKwU KweZv, `ywU Mvb, GKwU cÎ I `ywU cÎvsk| wZwb fveyK gbbkxj wPšÍvwe` cÖvewÜK iƒ‡c evsjv mvwnZ¨‡ÿ‡Î mycwiwPZ| cÖ_g †hŠe‡b KweZv wj‡LB mvwnZ¨‡ÿ‡Î Zuvi c`vc©Y| cwiYZ eq‡m KweZv †jLvq fvUv co‡jI Mvb wjL‡Zb| ˆmq` Aveyj gKmy` Rvwb‡q‡Qb, Zuvi Mv‡bi †iKW©I †ewi‡qwQj, †eZv‡iI cÖPvwiZ n‡Zv Mvb| Zuvi ÁvwZ åvZv I¯Ív` †gvnv¤§` †nv‡mb Lmiæ Zuvi AwaKvsk Mv‡b myiv‡ivc Ki‡Zb| ˆ`wbK AvRv‡`i C` msL¨vq (KjKvZv, b‡f¤^i 1941) cÖKvwkZ Ôgvayix‡jv‡KÕ bv‡g GKwU PZz`©kc`x KweZv cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| GwU †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayixi Mvb I KweZv msMÖ‡n (PÆMÖvg, 2002) wKsev iPbvejx‡Z (1995) A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv msKj‡b MÖš’fz³ nqwb| kwdDj Avj‡gi aviYv, wewfbœ

mvwnZ¨c‡Î Zuvi wecyj KweZv cÖKxY© n‡q Av‡Q| Kve¨g~‡j¨i R‡b¨ bv n‡jI HwZnvwmK Kvi‡YB Gme KweZvi we‡kl Zvrch© i‡q‡Q| GLb ch©šÍ Zuvi gvÎ AvUwÎkwU KweZv (K‡qKwU Abyev`) msKjbfz³ n‡q‡Q| bejä Ôgvayix‡jv‡KÕ GLv‡b msKwjZ n‡jv :

gvayix‡jv‡K

Avgvi †Pv‡Li Av‡M nvwm‡Z‡Q AbšÍ AvKvk, mßiOv †gN¸wj Ô`y‡j, `y‡jÕ Wv‡K Bkvivq, cÖK…wZi ¸ßcy‡i †K †hb †Mv euvkix evRvq, g‡bi Mn‡b gwi, Kuv‡c Zvwi my‡ii Avfvm| `yqv‡i ewmqv GKv, g„`yg›` ewn‡Q evZvm, †KZKx ¸Éb LywjÕ w`‡K w`‡K myiwf wejvq; cyjK †ec_yfiv †kdvjxiv gyL Zz‡j Pvq, Rxe‡b Drme Rv‡M Ñ weavZvi cig wejvm| aiYx mvwR‡Q ea~, Ujgj †hŠeb cv_vi; gy» AvwL Xzjy Xzjy, AKvi‡Y ïay †P‡q iq; fvOv ey‡K †Kv_v nÕ‡Z G‡jv ivOv iƒ‡ci evnvi, wZ³Zvi Aemvb Ñ wPË AvwR n‡jv gaygq| ÿ‡Yi gvayix‡jv‡K ev‡R euvwk Drme AvKzj, ü`‡qi fvOv kv‡L dz‡U ivOv Rxe‡bi dzj|

Mvb

Avwg

Avgiv Zuvi `ywU Mvb Lyu‡R †c‡qwQ| Mvb`ywU AvRZK& †Kv‡bv MÖ‡š’ AšÍfz©³ nqwb| AcwiÁvZ GB `ywU Mvb Wv. †gvnv¤§` Igim¤úvw`Z PÆMÖv‡gi mZ¨evË©vq (C` msL¨v, 1344 I 1346) cÖKvk cvq; G `ywU ÔMvbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g gyw`ªZ| cÖ_g cÖKv‡ki Kvjvbyµ‡g Mvb `ywU MÖw_Z n‡jv :

`yB

WvK‡j †KvwKj †ivR mKv‡j gv‡Vi ev‡U hvB| Avgvi gvbm-m‡i †mvbvi Kgj dzU‡jv bv AviÕ fvB| Avwg e¨v_vi MxwZ MvB| Avgvi cÖv‡Y Av‡jvi †R¨vwZt Xvj&‡jv bv Avi Av‡jvKcwZ, Avwg AÜKv‡ii AuvPj w`‡q gyÕLvwb jyKvB| Avwg e¨_vi MxwZ MvB \ Avwg Av‡jvi Avkvq wQ‡jg eÕ‡m LyÕ‡j mKj Øvi; Avgvi †fv‡ii AvKvk gwjb KÕ‡i bvg&‡jv Auvwaqvi| (I fvB, bvg‡jv Auvwaqvi) AÜKv‡ii cvlvY cy‡i Av‡jvi Avkvq †eouvB Ny‡iÕ, Zv‡i cvB‡b Lyu‡R Rxeb gv‡S, civY Kuv‡` ZvB|

C` msL¨v AvRv`, b‡f¤^i 1941

e¨_vi MxwZ MvB|

Av‡jvi euvwk evwR‡q w`‡q †mvbvi my‡i †K G‡jv AvR cÖv‡Yi cy‡i| Zvi PiY †Quvqvq wnqvi kv‡L dzj dz‡U †h jv‡L jv‡L, Zvi DRj PvIqvq g‡bi Auvavi hvq †h `~‡i| Avwg wi Z‡i cÖv‡Yi dz‡j Avgvi

Zvwi

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Ñ Zvn‡j Avcwb Avi Kx Ki‡Zb?

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1. Kwe I mgv‡jvP‡Ki ci¤úwiZ mvsNwl©K eÜzZv

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mvC` RxweZ †bB, Bmiv‡q‡ji ee©‡ivwPZ nvgjvi weiæ‡× wek¦cvV‡Ki D‡Ï‡k ivR‰bwZK fvl¨ †jLviI †Zgb †KD †bB AvR| †bB mvC‡ì eÜz `viwekI| wKš‘ hZw`b mwµq wQ‡jb, c¨v‡j÷vBwb‡ì `ytL-`y`k © v wb‡q wj‡L‡Qb KweZv| †jevb‡bi Ici 2006 mv‡j Bmiv‡qj nvgjv Pvjv‡j Ôw`bwjwcÕ wk‡ivbv‡g Zuvi wb‡Ri m¤úvw`Z Aviwe fvlvq cÖKvwkZ Avj-Kvi‡gj mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvq GKwU avivevwnK M`¨KweZv wj‡LwQ‡jb wZwb| GB KweZvq, mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPK‡ì g‡Z, `viwek HwZnëvnx Aviwe †kvKKweZv wb‡q GKai‡bi PgrKvi cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb| GB cixÿv-wbixÿv Aviwe †kvKKweZvi cÖKiY‡K †Zv e‡UB, AvaywbK KweZvi aviv‡KI wfbœgvÎvq DbœxZ K‡i‡Q| Aviwe †kvKKweZv mvaviYZ Ôgwm©qvÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| evsjv fvlvqI gwm©qv mvwnZ¨ bv‡g GKai‡bi KweZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q, GB †kvKKweZv †h Aviwe KweZvi aviv‡ZB evsjv KweZvq ¯’vb K‡i wb‡qwQj, Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| evsjv fvlvq GB gwm©qv KweZv iPbvi Rb¨ L¨vwZgvb n‡q Av‡Qb KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg| `viwekI gwm©qv wb‡q cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb| Ôw`bwjwci cÂg M`¨KweZvq êiæ‡Z AvµvšÍ gvby‡y li gv‡S Zuvi wb‡Ri wQbœwfbœ kixi c‡o Av‡Q e‡j Kíbv K‡i wj‡L‡Qb : Avgvi kixi †_‡K †auvqv †eiæ‡”Q, ÿZweÿZ nvZ w`‡q Qwo‡q wQwU‡q hvIqv bvwofuwz o †ei nIqv †cUUv‡K

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wek¦KweZvq GZw`b a‡i †h-ai‡bi †kvKKweZvi aviv cÖPwjZ wQj, `viwek Zv‡Z †hvM K‡i‡Qb bZzb gvÎv| m¤ú~Y© bZzb Awfbe GK cÖKiYixwZ Aej¤^b K‡i GB KweZvwU wZwb iPbv K‡i‡Qb ÔGWIqvW© mvC` : ci¯úwiZ mvsNwl©K cvVÕ| †P‡c aivi †Póv KiwQ, KZ †h kixi ... gvwU, AvKvk, mgy`ª Avi fvlvi Øviv Avwg Aeiæ×| êiæZ wegvbe›ì †_‡K wegvb Do‡Q Avi Avgv‡K †Uwjwfk‡bi mvg‡b ewm‡q w`‡q‡Q, Kxfv‡e Avgvi g„Z¨z nq Zvi †kl `„k¨ †`Lvi R‡b¨, jÿ jÿ `k©K ... Avwg Rvwb bv GLb Avwg †Kv_vq : †Uwjwfk‡bi mvg‡b, A_ev †Uwjwfk‡bi †fZ‡i| ü`‡qi K_v hw` ewj, †`L‡Z cvw”Q Zv Mwo‡q P‡j‡Q, cvB‡bi ¸uwo‡q g‡Zv †jevb‡bi ce©Z †_‡K MvRvq| [û`v dvL‡iwÏ‡bi Bs‡iwR †_‡K †jL‡Ki Kiv evsjv Abyev`] KweZvwU, jÿYxq, A‡_©i w`K †_‡K eûgvwÎK| GwU GKwU GwjwR, Z‡e AvZ¥‰RewbKZv‡K Qvwo‡q KweZvwU mgMÖ c¨v‡j÷vBwb I †jevbwb Rb‡Mvôxi Aeiæ× Ae¯’v‡K e¨³ Ki‡Q| mew`K †_‡K IB f‚L‡Ði gvbyl AvR Aeiæ×, wbwe©Pv‡i Zv‡ì †hgb nZ¨v Kiv n‡”Q, †Zgwb gvwU gv‡b ¯^‡`kf‚wg, AvKvk gv‡b ¯^vaxbZv, mgy`ª gv‡b we¯Ívi, Avi fvlvi Øviv Aeiæ× gv‡b c¨v‡j÷vBwbiv w`‡bi ci w`b wb‡R‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi K_v e‡j †M‡jI †KD Zv‡Z Kvb w`‡”Q bv| mvgªvRëv`x‡ì Øviv MYgva¨g, we‡kl K‡i †Uwjwfkb AvR wbqwš¿Z| Gw`‡K ü`q Mwo‡q P‡j‡Q †jevbb †_‡K MvRvq, †Kv‡bv w¯’wZ †bB, Avkv †bB| †jevb‡bi gvbyl hviv Bmiv‡q‡ji †evgv nvgjvq Rxeb w`‡q‡Q, Nievwo nvwi‡q‡Q, AvZ¥-GwjwRi fw½‡Z †jLv GB KweZvq `viwek Zv‡ì K_v eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q AvZ¥gy`vª LwPZ K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|

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Akash, Munir (2000) ‘Introduction’, The Adam of the Two Edens : Poems, Mahmoud Darwish, Syracuse : Syracuse University Press. Allen, Roger (2000), An Introduction to Arabic Literature, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Butler, Judith (2004), Precarious Life : The Powers of Mourning and Violence, London : Verso. Marrouchi, Mustapha (2004), ‘Stirrings Still; or, The impossibility of Mourning the Deaths of Edward Said’, College Literature, 31.1. Mufti, Amir R. (2005), ‘Global Comparativism’, in Homi Bhaba and W.J.T. Michell (eds.) Edward Said : Continuing the Conversation, Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Noorani, Yaseen (1997), ‘A Nation Born in Mourning : The Neoclassical Funeral Elegy in Egypt’, Journal of Arabic Literature 28. Sacks, Peter M. (1985), The English Elegy : Studies in the Genre from Spenser to Yeats, Baltimore : John Hopkings Univeristy Press. Said, Edward (1993), Culture and Imperialism, New York : Knopf. Ñ (1994) Representations of the Intellectual, New York : Vintage. Ñ (1994) ‘Traveling Theory Reconsidered’, Reflections of Exile and Other Essays, Cambridge : Harvard University Press. Ñ (2006) On Late Style : Music and Literature Against the Grain, New York : Pantheon. Szeman Imre (2003), Zones of Instability, Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press. r

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Avgvi wb †KD Av‡m [†mwjg Avj `xb ¯§i‡Y]

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Pjw”PÎ

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kã I B‡gR : cÖZviK wm‡bgv

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wm‡bgvi g~j kw³ Ñ kã I B‡gR, GB wb‡qB †Mv`v‡ii cix¶v| GB kã I B‡gR‡K †K›`ª K‡i Av‡Mi Qwe¸‡jv‡Z †hfv‡e wm‡bgvmZ¨ wb‡q cix¶v K‡ib, GLv‡bI e¨envi K‡ib GKB cÖwµqv| wm‡bgvq KL‡bv ev¯Íe h_vh_fv‡e cÖwZfvZ nqwb ev B”QvK…Zfv‡e ev¯Íe‡K Ab¨ GK †Pnvivq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

`¨ B‡gR eyK Pjw”P‡Îi `„k¨ _v‡K bv, n‡q I‡V cÖwZev`x nvZ|

25-G GK jvL

c‡ii eQiB iRZRqšÍx| Gevi 24Zg AvšÍR©vwZK Pjw”PÎ Drm‡e †bZvwR Bb‡Wvi †÷wWqv‡g Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb 20 nvRvi `k©K| cwðge‡½i gyL¨gš¿x ggZv e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Rvwb‡q‡Qb, iRZRqšÍx e‡l© GB Drme hv‡Z GK jvL gvbyl †`L‡Z cvb †m-†PóvB n‡e| KjKvZv Pjw”PÎ Drme GLb wm‡b-eyw×Rxex‡ì Kâv †_‡K †ewi‡q A‡bKUvB mvaviY gvbyl Z_v Kgb wcc‡ji KvQvKvwQ| Pjw”PÎ †dw÷fvj bq, †hb wm‡bgv Kvwb©fvj| 10 †_‡K 17 b‡f¤î †m-†gRv‡RB KvUvj KjKvZv| D‡Øvabx Abyôv‡b wQ‡jb fviZxq wm‡bgvi g~j‡mªv‡Zi bvqK kvniæL Lvb Ges wKse`wšÍ bvwqKv Iqvwn`v †ingvb| wQ‡jb †mŠwgÎ P‡Ævcva¨vq, †dw÷fvj †Pqvig¨vb cÖ‡mbwRr Ges Pjw”PÎRM‡Zi Av‡iv A‡b‡KB| wQ‡jb ¯^qs AwgZvf e”Pb| wZwb K‡qK eQi a‡iB GB Drme D‡Øvab Ki‡Qb| wZwb cÖwZeviB †mwgbvim`„k GK cÖ‡qvRbxq e³e¨ iv‡Lb| †Kv‡bvevi †mUv nq evsjv wm‡bgvi nvwi‡q hvIqv BwZnvm, †Kv‡bvevi evsjv wm‡bgvi msMxZ BZ¨vw`| Gevi †m-aviv‡ZB wZwb c`©vi †cQ‡bi evsjv wm‡bgvi gvbyl‡ì wb‡q ej‡jb| e¨vwi‡Uvb K‡É wZwb hLb M‡elYvg~jK e³e¨ iv‡Lb, ZLb Kzwo nvRvi `k©KfwZ© †÷wWqv‡g wcbcZb bxieZv| Drmeg‡Â wQ‡jb Biv‡bi cwiPvjK gwR` gvwRw`| Zuvi †ek K‡qKwU Qwe wb‡q Gevi †i‡Uªv‡¯úw±f| evsjv wm‡bgvi Gevi 100| ZvB g‡b nq D‡Øvabx Qwe wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡jv DËgKzgvi-AwfbxZ G›Uwb wdwiw½| evsjv wm‡bgvi 100 wN‡i GK cÖ`k©bx nq wkwkig‡Â| b›`b PZ¡i wm‡bgvgq| UvwjDW‡ì g~j‡mªv‡Zi wkíx‡ì wfo| g‡Â bvbv †mwgbvi| †ewkifvMUvB †gBbw÷«g-fvweZ| Gev‡ii †dvKvm †`k wQj A‡÷ªwjqv| †mLvbKvi GKSuvK Qwe gvwZ‡q iv‡L Drme| we‡kl K‡i A‡÷ªwjqvi cwiPvjK wdwjc b‡q‡mi

Qwe‡Z AvwZ¥K Uvb Abyfe K‡ib `k©Kiv| A‡÷ªwjqvi cwiPvjK wdwjc b‡q‡miI †i‡Uªv wQj G-eQi| GB wefv‡M Zuvi AvUwU Qwe †`Lv‡bv nq Ñ wK¬qvi A¨vÛ †cÖ‡R›U †WÄvi, c¨vwUªqU †Mgm, i‍¨vweU cÖæd †dbm, `¨ †evb Kv‡jKUi, `¨ †KvqvBU Av‡gwiKvb, wbDR d«›U, më, IÕ‡WW K¬v¤^| b›`b PZ¡‡i wQj A‡÷ªwjqvb wm‡bgv‡K wN‡i GK PgrKvi cÖ`k©bx| GB Drme Dcj‡¶B KjKvZvq G‡m‡Qb cwiPvjK wdwjc b‡qm| wZwb Rvbvb, KjKvZv BR A¨v wmWvKwUf| Gi †cÖ‡g bv c‡o Dcvq †bB|

70 †`k, 170 Qwe

23wU wefv‡M 70wU †`k, 170wU Qwe| Zvi g‡a¨ cuvPwU cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ñ B›Uvib¨vkbvj Kw¤úwUkb : B‡bvfkb Ae gywfs B‡gR, Kw¤úwUkb Ab BwÛqvb kU© wdj¥m, Kw¤úwUkb Ab WKz‡g›Uvwi, Kw¤úwUkb Ab BwÛqvb wdj¥m, Gwkqvb wm‡j±| GQvov wm‡bgv B›Uvib¨vkvbvj wefv‡M wQj Kvb, †fwbm cÖf…wZ Pjw”PÎ Drm‡e †`Lv‡bv me Qwe| Pjw”PÎKvi‡`i mv¤úªwZK Qwe¸‡jv GK RvqMvq G‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q Ô†g‡÷ªvÕ wefvM| GB wefv‡M wQj †gvU 21 Qwe, hvi g‡a¨ wQj Rvdi cvbvwb, jvm fb Uvqvim, cvI‡jv †mv‡ibwU‡bv, eªæ‡bv `y‡gv›U, M¨v¯úvi †bv, wKg Gj `y‡Ki g‡Zv `ywbqv-Kuvcv‡bv cwiPvj‡Ki Qwe| †mw`K †_‡K GB Drm‡e wQj mv¤úªwZKKv‡j ˆZwi †miv wKQy Qwe †`Lvi myeY© my‡hvM| bRiæjg‡Â mgvwß Abyôv‡b †NvlYv n‡jv cyi¯‹vi| B‡bv‡fkb Ae gywfs B‡gR wefv‡M †miv Qwei cyi¯‹vi wR‡Z wbj Avm †g‡dqvi-cwiPvwjZ `¨ _vW© IqvBd; †miv cwiPvj‡Ki cyi¯‹vi †c‡jb Avey evK© kwK, Zuvi `¨ RvR‡g›U †W Qwei Rb¨ Avi †¯úkvj Rywi A¨vIqvW© †cj P‚wY© Mv½ywji ZvwiL| fviZxq fvlvi Qwei cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †miv Qwe cvifxb †gv‡Lj-cwiPvwjZ DB‡Wv Ae mvB‡jÝ, †miv cwiPvjK AwiwRr wek¦vm Ñ Qwei bvg m~h© c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K †Nv‡i Ges we‡kl Rywi cyi¯‹vi B›`ª`xc

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mZ¨wRr, gv‡›Uv I FwZ¡K

Gevi mZ¨wRr ivq †g‡gvwiqvj fvlY w`‡jb Awf‡bZv cwiPvjK bw›`Zv `vm| Av‡Mievi GB fvlYB †`b Av‡iK Awf‡bÎx cwiPvjK AcY©v †mb| bw›`Zv Zuvi fvl‡Y mZ¨wRr Ges FwZ¡‡Ki Rxebhvc‡bi ˆecix‡Z¨i w`‡K `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, FwZ¡‡Ki Rxe‡b wQj GK `yišÍ msMÖvg, hv cÖwZwbqZ| FwZ¡‡Ki

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†`kKvj I gvwRw`

wm‡bgv KL‡bv †`kKv‡ji mxgvbv gv‡b bv, GUvB wek¦vm K‡ib Biv‡bi cwiPvjK gvwR` gvwRw`| Gev‡ii KjKvZv Pjw”P‡Î Zuvi †i‡Uªv‡¯úw±‡f ¯^qs Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb gvwR`| 1959-G †Zniv‡b Rb¥ †bIqv GB cwiPvj‡Ki PviwU Qwe †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| 1978 mv‡j Biv‡b wecøe nIqvi ci wm‡bgv-Awfb‡q Rwo‡q c‡ob gvwR`| †mLvb †_‡KB wm‡bgv cwiPvjbv| fvi‡Zi cUf‚wg‡ZI GKwU Qwe K‡i‡Qb Ñ weqÛ `¨ K¬vDW| †m-QweI †`Lv‡bv n‡jv GB Drm‡e| †`Lv‡bv n‡jv gvwRw`i weZwK©Z Qwe Ñ gn¤§` : `¨ †g‡mÄvi Ae MW| †Mv`v‡ii c‡iB gvwRw` wQ‡jb Av‡iK AvKl©Y| Gevi evM©g¨vb 100| kÖ×vN©¨ wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡jv Zuvi AvUwU Qwe| r

Kwei AšÍa©vb Ñ I‡qìb wKBm (1914-55?) AsKzi mvnv

55 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB, g½jevi| K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv iv‡R¨ mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv kn‡ii wVK DË‡i Mvp jvjiOv c„w_exL¨vZ †Mv‡ìb †MU †mZz| c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K

ågYKvixiv Av‡mb †mZzwUi `k©‡b Ges PivPi Kzqvkvq XvKv n‡q bv _vK‡j Qwe Zz‡j wb‡q hvb Am¤¢e cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i g‡a¨ emv‡bv GB hvwš¿K we¯§‡qi| cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi ¸uwo †g‡i Xz‡K c‡o‡Q ¯’jfv‡M, ˆZwi n‡q‡Q mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv DcmvMi| †mB cÖ‡ekc‡_ DËi-`wÿ‡Y we¯Í…Z cÖvq `y-gvB‡ji GB †mZz Ñ c„w_exi mßg `xN©Zg| eidkxZj bxj Rj, cÖvq †XDnxb, `y‡kv wek dzU wb‡P| IBw`bwU‡Z †mZzi DËi cÖv‡šÍ nvBI‡q c¨vUªj cywjk Lyu‡R †cj GKwU cwiZ¨³ Mvwo Ñ 1954 mv‡ji g‡Wj wcøgv_ m¨vfq, Mvwoi PvwewUI jvMv‡bv BMwbkv‡b| cywjk Lyu‡R †ei Kij Mvwoi gvwj‡Ki bvg, n¨vwi I‡qìb wKBm, Rb¥ 1914| Rvbv †Mj, wZwb Av‡gwiKvi bvgKiv Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K Ges †iwWIK_K| mviv‡`k †Zvjcvo Kiv n‡jv gvbylwUi †Luv‡R| Lei †c‡qB Kwei `yB eÜz gvB‡Kj †MÖM Ges GwÇqvb DBjm cywjkmn Zuvi A¨vcvU©‡g‡›U †M‡jb| †mLv‡b †Kej Kwei †eovj, ÔwbR©bÕ (Lonesome), Kwei †`Lv †bB| ev_iæ‡gi wms‡K `ywU jvj †gvRv †K‡P ï‡Kv‡Z †Ìqv i‡q‡Q| fv‡jv K‡i me Ni Lyu‡R †`Lv †Mj, PviwU wRwbm †bB, Avi mewKQy hv †hLv‡b _vKvi wVKVvK i‡q‡Q| †bB Kwei Iqv‡jU, nvZNwo, e¨vs‡Ki †mwfsm A¨vKvD‡›Ui cvkeB Avi GKwU Nyg_wj (sleeping bag)| A¨vKvD‡›U wQj †gvU AvU‡kv Wjvi Ges GL‡bv ZvB Av‡Q, †Kv‡bvw`b †KD GK cqmvI †Zvjvi †Póv K‡iwb| gvB‡Kj Kwei A¨vcvU©‡g‡›U G‡m Mí¸Re K‡i †M‡Qb m`¨ iweevi| R¨vK W¨vwb‡qj g‡ì GKwU †evZj †Lvjv n‡qwQj, †mwU Zuv‡ì cvb Kivi c‡i hZUv _vKvi K_v ZZUvB i‡q‡Q; wcqv‡bvi Ic‡i Ges Pvicv‡ki †g‡Sq G‡jv‡g‡jv Mv‡bi

¯îwjwc Qov‡bv| weQvbvi cv‡ki †QvU †Uwe‡j `¯Í‡qfw¯‹i kqZvb Dcb¨vmwU Ñ I‡qìb K‡qKw`b a‡i cowQ‡jb MÖš’wU| †Uwe‡j Av‡iv GKwU eB, Dbvgy‡bv-iwPZ Rxe‡bi we‡qvMvšÍ e¨Äbv| ivbœvN‡ii Zv‡K GK evwU `ya, wbR©‡bi Rb¨ Lvevi, Qvbv †K‡U †M‡Q| N‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv wPý †bB hv †_‡K †evSv hv‡e Kwe †Kv_vI †M‡Qb wK bv ev AvZ¥nZ¨vi K_v fvewQ‡jb wK bv| me‡P‡q Avð‡h©i K_v, IB GKB w`‡b I‡qì‡bi Mvwo †_‡K K‡qK MR `~‡i cywjk †`L‡Z cvq Av‡iKwU cwiZ¨³ Mvwo Ñ Zvi gvwjK EblvU eQi eqmx †mjmg¨vb †Rv‡md Avi Gcjvi Ñ wZwb wKš‘ Mvwo‡Z †i‡L †M‡Qb Zvi AwšÍg wPwV, Zv‡Z ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb eëmv‡q wech©q Ges e¨_©Zvi K_v, wZwb ÿgv †P‡q‡Qb Zuvi cwievi I eÜz-evÜ‡ei Kv‡Q| AZGe, me wgwj‡q `ywU cwiZ¨³ Mvwo, GKwU AvZ¥nZ¨vi wPwV, wKš‘ †Kv‡bv g„Z‡`n †bB| 1937 mv‡j †mZzwU cÖ_g †Lvjvi ci †_‡K ¯’vbxq gvby‡li Kv‡Q AvZ¥nZ¨v I g„Zzëi‡Yi ¯’vb wn‡m‡e fxlY RbwcÖq| GLb ch©šÍ cÖvq GK nvRvi cuvP‡kv bvix-cyiæl mg_© n‡q‡Qb †mZzi Ici †_‡K R‡j Suvc w`‡Z Ñ M‡o cÖwZ `yB mßv‡n GKRb K‡i| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AvUvwkZg Avi EbbeŸBZg Suv‡ci mgm¨vi GL‡bv mgvavb nqwb| AvUvwkZg †K! I‡qìb, bv †Rv‡md? Avi mwZ¨ mwZ¨B EbbeŸBZg †KD wQ‡jb wK? †mw`b cywjk hLb ZbœZbœ K‡i Lyu‡R †`L‡Q Kwei A¨vcvU©‡g›U, nVvr †e‡R I‡V †dvb| GKRb cywjk †dvb a‡i Ñ Ab¨w`‡Ki gvbylwU bxie, GgbwK †evSvI hvq bv Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ †KD i‡q‡Q wK bv? A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib Kwe wb‡RB †dvb K‡i LeivLei wbw”Q‡jb Zuvi A¨vcvU©‡g‡›Ui| GB in‡mï †Kv‡bv mgvavb nqwb GL‡bv|

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†Kvb RxešÍ gvbyl Kwei m‡½ †kl msjvc K‡i‡Qb Zvi Av‡Mi w`b Ñ †mvgevi, 18 RyjvB| †mw`b we‡K‡j I‡qìb †dvb K‡ib Zuvi `yB evÜex I mnKgx©‡K| cÖ_gRb R¨v‡bU wiPvW©| Kwe Zuv‡K †dv‡b e‡jb, ÔAvgvi gvbwmK Ae¯’v †kvPbxq, Kx Kie Rvwb bv|Õ cv‡KP‡µ R¨v‡bU ZLb bvbv KvRK‡g© Am¤¢e e¨¯Í| Avi †m-gyn‡~ Z© wZwb evwo †_‡K †e‡ivw”Q‡jb wegvbe›`i †_‡K kvïwo‡K wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨| Kwe K_vevZ©v †kl K‡ib GB e‡j, ÔfvewQ †gw·‡Kv P‡j hve, †mLv‡bB _vKe evwK Rxeb|Õ ZL‡bv GK eQi nqwb I‡qì‡bi wW‡fvm© mviv n‡q‡Q ¯¿x A¨v‡bi m‡½| Zuvi cvwievwiK kvwšÍ I gvbwmK fvimv‡g¨i Afv‡ei K_v R¨v‡bU fv‡jvg‡ZvB Rvb‡Zb| wKš‘ ZLb wZwb †dvb †Q‡o w`‡Z eva¨ nb| c‡i Aek¨ Zuvi Aby‡kvPbvi mxgv wQj bv, Ôg‡b n‡q‡Q gvbyl Ly‡bi Rb¨ `vqx Avwg|Õ wØZxq evÜexi bvg cieZx©Kv‡j mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q co‡e bvgKiv Pjw”PÎ-mgv‡jvPK wn‡m‡e| wZwb ZLb mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv AÂ‡j mvwnwZ¨K Ges †iwWIK_‡Ki KvR Pvwj‡q hv‡”Qb| Av‡gwiKvq †iwWI †÷kb¸‡jvi bvgKiY nq eY©gvjv w`‡q Ñ wgwmwmwc b`xi c~ew© `‡K me †iwWI †÷k‡bi bvg ÔWejyÕ w`‡q ïiæ, Avi cwð‡g Ô†KÕ w`‡q| evK©‡j kn‡ii evgcš’x, cÖMwZkxj †iwWI †÷kb †KwcGdG| †mLv‡b GKwU mvßvwnK Abyôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb I‡qìb I Zuvi eÜz gvB‡Kj †MÖM, Zvi welq, Pjw”PÎ Ges bvg Ôgywf K¨v‡givi AšÍiv‡jÕ| GB evÜex wbqwgZ Ask wb‡Zb †mB Abyôv‡b AwZw_wkíx n‡q| Zuvi bvg cwjb †Kj (1919-2001)| cwj‡bi m‡½I Zuvi K_vevZ©v LyeB mswÿß| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb, ÔKxfv‡e †Zvgiv Pvwj‡q hvI ˆ`bw›`b RxebhvÎv, Avwg wVK eywS bv|Õ Avi K_v n‡qwQj wm‡bgv-wel‡q| wm‡bgv wb‡q Kwei Drmvn

`xN©w`‡bi| hy‡×i mgq wZwb wbDRwi‡ji Rb¨ Qwe †Zvjvi KvR K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Rxe‡bi ¯^cœ wQj Pjw”PÎ cÖ‡hvRbv I cwiPvjbv Ges GKwU †cÖvWvKkb ÷zwWI M‡o †Zvjv| nvwi‡q hvIqvi Av‡M wZwb K‡qKwU Amgvß wPÎbvU¨ wb‡qI KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| ZviI Av‡Mi w`b, †iveevi, 17 RyjvB m‡Ü‡ejv eÜz gvB‡Kj †MÖ‡Mi m‡½ †kl †`Lv| gvB‡Kj ïay Zuvi eÜzB bb, ej‡Z †M‡j weR‡bm cvU©bvi| Zuv‡K wb‡Ri A¨vcvU©‡g‡›U †W‡K‡Qb Kwe, wK‡b G‡b‡Qb `vwg g`, R¨vK W¨vwb‡q‡ji SKS‡K bZzb †evZj| g‡ì Møvm nv‡Z wb‡q `yB evÜ‡ei AšÍi½ K‡_vcK_b| †dv‡bvMÖv‡g †e‡R P‡jwQj R¨vR-msMxZ| cÖvmw½K ï‡f”Qv wewbg‡qi ci †MÖM Kwe‡K ej‡jb kix‡ii hZœ wb‡Z| weevnwe‡”Q‡ì ci †_‡KB wZwb Avi wbqwgZ LvIqv-`vIqv Ki‡Qb bv, Gfv‡e Pj‡j kixi †f‡O co‡e Zuvi| mvaviYZ GB ˆØZ msjv‡c Kwe K_v e‡jb Kg, †kv‡bb †ewk; gvB‡KjB K_v Pvwj‡q hvb, AvR‡KI ZvB n‡Z hvw”Qj| wKš‘ K‡qK †cM †c‡U covi ci A¯^vfvweK gyLi n‡q DV‡jb Kwe| †Kv‡bviKg BZ¯ÍZ bv K‡iB ¯úófv‡e ej‡jb, Zuvi mvg‡b GLb `ywU c_ †Lvjv Av‡Q| GK, cvKvcvwKfv‡e †gw·‡Kv P‡j hvIqv Ges wKQy KvRKg© Ly‡u R wb‡q evwK Rxeb †mLv‡b KvUv‡bv| Ges `yB, †Mv‡ìb †MU †mZzi Ici †_‡K R‡j Suvc †Ìqv| hwÌ g‡ì †bkv †P‡c ai‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q, Zuvi KÉ¯î `„p, e³‡e¨ wØav †bB, †hb †kl wm×všÍ wb‡q †d‡j‡Qb wZwb| †Kv‡bviKg Av‡eM QvovB wb¯ú„n K‡É ej‡jb wZwb Ñ Av‡Mi mßv‡n Avi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i wZwb wM‡qwQ‡jb †Mv‡ìb †MU †mZz‡Z AvZ¥nZ¨vi Rb¨| Ges †iwjs a‡i LvwbKUv D‡VI wQ‡jb; wKš‘ Uc‡K Dj‡Uvw`‡K P‡j hvIqvi Av‡M Zuvi mvnm wb‡f hvq Ges †jR ¸wU‡q evwo wd‡i Av‡mb| nq‡Zv cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi †_‡K D‡o G‡mwQj Kzqvkv, †X‡K w`‡qwQj w`MšÍ| nq‡Zv Zuvi g‡b c‡owQj nvU© †µ‡bi Ô†mZzÕ KweZvwUi K_v Ñ A bedlamite speeds to thy parapets, Tilting there momently, shrill shirt ballooning,

GLb Avi Rvbvi Dcvq †bB| Z‡e evwo †divi Av‡M gvB‡Kj †gvUvgywU wbwðZ n‡qwQ‡jb †h, wZwb Kwe‡K ivwR Kiv‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †gw·‡Kv †h‡Z Ges wZwb Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb †mLv‡b PvKwi LyR u ‡Z| †mB †kl †`Lv| c‡ii w`b †dvb K‡i wKQy LeivLei w`‡jb KvRK‡g©i Avi g‡b n‡jv eÜzi gvbwmK Aw¯’iZv I AkvwšÍ K‡g‡Q LvwbKUv| c‡ii w`b †dvb Kij cywjk Ñ Pick up the pieces, Throw them away, Say, Amen, Because like Humpty Dumpty I can not be put back together again (Kwei iwPZ Mv‡bi Kwj)

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†beªv¯‹v iv‡Rï we‡qwUªm kn‡i Kwei Rb¥ 1914 mv‡ji 24 †deªæqvwi| Kwei wb‡Ri fvlvq kniwU‡Z i‡q‡Q ÔA¯^vfvweK kvwšÍgq Aw¯ÍZÕ¡ | Aek¨ Zuvi Rb¥gyn‡~ Z©B cÖPÐ ZzlviSo Ñ AvU‡K c‡o `~iMvgx †Uªb Avi ei‡d Pvcv c‡o g„Z¨z nq MÖv‡gi Pvlvi| wKBm cwieviwU eskcwiP‡q Rvg©vb-Av‡gwiKvb Ñ I‡qì‡bi VvKzi`v I VvKzgv `yR‡bB Rvg©vb-es‡kv™¢Z ‚ | eskMZ eëmv †jvnv-j°‡oi, e›`yK I ZvjvPvwe mvivB‡qi| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z GB AÂjwU w`‡q Pvjy nq †ijjvBb Ñ Kg©h‡Á, wRwbmcÎ †ePv‡Kbvq I mieiv‡n Ab¨ A‡bK cwiev‡ii m‡½ Zuv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi DbœwZ| Kwei wcZv Rb wKBm Ly e Aíeq‡m Zu v ‡ì cvwievwiK

eëmv‡qi KY©avi nb| wZwb weevn K‡ib GK AwfRvZ cwiev‡ii Kb¨v †miv jywm wMÖb‡K, hwÌ Zuv‡ì Ae¯’v ZLb cošÍ Ges wZwb ¯‹‡z ji wkwÿKvi PvKwi K‡ib| weev‡ni mgq Zuvi eqm wZwik QyBu QyBu Ges cÖ_g mšÍv‡bi R‡b¥i mgq †PŠwÎk †cwi‡q‡Q| Kwei bvg ivLv nq n¨vwi, †h ¯’vbxq wPwKrm‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b GB KóKi mšÍvb cÖme N‡U, Zuvi bv‡g| wKš‘ †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB mK‡j Zuv‡K Ôn¨v‡iÕ bv‡g bv †W‡K, gvgvevwoi w`K †_‡K cvIqv ga¨bvg ÔI‡qìbÕ e‡j WvK‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ †mB bvgwUB Pvjy nq| ¯‹‡z ji cvV †kl K‡i m‡Z‡iv eQi eq‡m evwoi KvQvKvwQ †Wvb K‡j‡R †jLvcov ïiæ K‡ib Ñ cÖavb welq Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ I g‡bvweÁvb| †QvU K‡jR, gvÎ `y‡kv cÂvkRb QvÎQvÎx| g~jZ K‡j‡R G‡mB Zuvi ïiæ nq mvwn‡Z¨ AbyivM I a~gcvb Ñ `ywUB wZwb Pvwj‡q hv‡eb evwK Rxeb| GLvbKvi bvU¨Kjv wefv‡M Zuvi cÖ_g bvU‡K Awfbq Ges Bs‡iwR wefv‡Mi K¬v‡m Kg©fvi (assignment) c~Y© Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖ_g Mí †jLv| Gi c‡i K‡jR cvj‡U wZwb †M‡jb wjsKb kn‡ii †beªv¯‹v wek¦we`¨vj‡q Ges

wbqwgZfv‡e Mí †jLv ïiæ K‡i w`‡jb| †mLv‡b Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ wefvM †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv Z…Yf‚wgi †bŠKv bv‡g GKwU wjUj g¨vMvwRb| GB KvM‡R wj‡LB Zuvi K_vmvwn‡Z¨ nvZ cvKv‡bvi ïiæ| KweZv Zuvi Kj‡g G‡m‡Q Av‡iv A‡bK c‡i| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, m`¨-AKvjg„Z Kwe nvU© †µ‡bi GKwU Rxebx c‡o wZwb cÖ_g KweZv †jLvi Aby‡cÖiYv cvb| 1936 mv‡j hLb Zuvi cÖ_g, cv‡Z †Ìqvi g‡Zv, KweZvwU cÖKvwkZ nq, Zvi Av‡MB wZwb K‡qK WRb Mí I GKwU m¤ú~Y© Dcb¨v‡mi RbK| 1943 mv‡j mvbd«vwÝm‡Kvi †Kvë †cÖm †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ AwšÍg gvbyl| hwÌ Zuvi KweZvi kix‡i wZwi‡ki `k‡Ki `yB gnxiæn wUGm GwjqU I WweøDGBP A‡W‡bi cÖfve jÿ Kivi g‡Zv, Zuvi wbR¯^ cÖwZfv I †gŠwjKZvI Ab¯^xKvh©| GB MÖ‡š’i A‡bK KweZvB Aby”PK‡É ¯^xKv‡ivw³i, A_P Avð‡h©i K_v, G‡Kev‡iB AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK bq Zviv| Ges KweZvi g~j ¯îwU gayi bq, wZ³Zvq fiv| Gi cÖvq `y`kK c‡i †Wvbvì Rvw÷m Zuv‡K AwfwnZ Ki‡eb Ôc„w_exi wZ³Zg KweÕ e‡j| Pvi eQi c‡i 1947 mv‡j wbDBq‡K©i GKwU bvgx cÖKvkbv ms¯’v †_‡K †e‡iv‡jv wØZxq Kve¨MÖš’ Rv`yKi‡ì cZb| cÖ_g MÖ‡š’i †Z‡ivwU KweZv Avevi cÖKvwkZ n‡jv wØZxq MÖ‡š’| wØZxq gnvhy‡×i †kl Ges VvÛvhy‡×i ïiæ ZLb Ñ gvbeg‡bi nZvkv I mgm¨veûj Rxeb Zuvi welqe¯‘| gvwK©b Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb ¯’vb †c‡jb cÖ_g mvwi‡Z| A_P Ab¨ cÖvq cÖwZwU wkígva¨‡gB wZwb nvZ w`‡q‡Qb, cixÿv-wbixÿv Pvwj‡q‡Qb Ges A‡bK mgqB cy‡ivcywi mdj bv n‡jI `ÿZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb myiwiqvwj÷ Ges weg~Ze© v`x Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb, Mvb wj‡L‡Qb I Zv‡Z myi w`‡q‡Qb, bvUK wj‡L‡Qb Ges Zvi Awfbq I cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb, K‡i‡Qb cy¯K Í -mgv‡jvPbv, msMxZ-mgv‡jvPbv I Pjw”PÎ-mgv‡jvPbv, Ask wb‡q‡Qb †iwWI‡Z wbqwgZ Av‡jvPbvq, wcqv‡bv evwR‡q‡Qb R¨vR e¨v‡Û| hwÌ wZwb g~jZ Kwe Ges KweZvB Zuv‡K wb‡q hvq L¨vwZi wkL‡i, mvivRxe‡b GKwU KweZv bv wjL‡jI Av‡gwiKvi wkíRM‡Z wZwb n‡Zb GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨w³Z¡|

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I‡qìb wKB‡mi Rb¥ 1914 mv‡j| †eu‡P _vK‡j GZw`‡b Zuvi eqm n‡Zv GKk wZb| NUbvwU `yjf © n‡jI Am¤¢e bq| †cvj-Av‡gwiKvb Kwe †P‡kvqvf wgDk †eu‡PwQ‡jb wZivbeŸB eQi (1911-2004) Ges KweZv wj‡L †M‡Qb cÖvq AwšÍg w`bwU ch©š|Í beŸB †cwi‡q‡Qb AiæY wgÎ, Abœ`vksKi ivq I wej¦ e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi g‡Zv Kweiv| I‡qì‡bi mge‡qwm GK L¨vZbvgv Kwe GL‡bv RxešÍ Ges mwµq Ñ wPwji

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concerts, highbrow movies, sophisticated revues.Õ

Z_¨m~Î

1. Vanished act : The life and Art of Weldon kees, James Riedel, University of Nebraska press, 2003. 2. The Collected Poems of Weldon kees, Edited by Donald Justice, Stone Wall Press, 1960. 3. Weldon Kess, William T Ross, Twoyne Publishers, 1985. 4. ‘The Disappearing Poet - whatever Happened to Weldon Kees?’, Anthony Lane, The New Yorker Magazine. 5. Weldon Kees and the midcentury Generation : Letters 1935-1955, Edited and with commentary by Robert E Knoll, University of Nebraska Press; 1986.

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mxZvi AwMœcixÿv bvU‡Ki GKwU `„‡k¨ bvRbxb nvmvb PzgwK

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AvUwÎk eQi c‡i KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (1899-1976) Avi m‡Z‡iv eQi Av‡M Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib wMwikP›`ª †Nvl (18441912)| Zuviv mevB wQ‡jb MxwZKvi, myiKvi I MvqK| iex›`ªbv‡_i Mv‡bi wk¶K wQ‡jb h`y fÆ, weòz PµeZx©, ivwaKvcÖmv` †Mv¯^vgx, k¨vgmy›`i wgkÖ| Guiv cÖavbZ aªæc` MvB‡Zb| aªæc` Mv‡b PviwU ¯ÍeK, hv‡K ejv nq ÔZzKÕ A_©vr ¯’vqx, AšÍiv, mÂvix I Av‡fvM|6 iex›`ªbv_ evsjv Mv‡bi fze‡b Pvi Zz‡Ki Mvb iPbvq †h-¯’vqx Avmb M‡owQ‡jb, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg7 †mB avivi wQ‡jb mdj MxwZKvi| ïay MxwZKviB bb, AvaywbK evsjv Mv‡bi RbKI|8 wZwbB †m hy‡Mi †miv K‡¤úvRvi Kgj `vk¸ß‡K (1912-74)9 wb‡q Av‡mb MÖv‡gv‡dvb †Kv¤úvwb‡Z (1932 mvj); Ges Zuvi nv‡ZB m„wó nq evsjv Mv‡bi ¯^Y©hyM| Zuvi AmvaviY myi Avi MvqKxi MxwZmyavq †mw`b †h-Aven m„wó n‡qwQj Zvi g~‡jB wQ‡jb Kgj `vk¸ß Ges c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖYe ivq, hyw_Kv ivq I RMb¥q wgÎ| G-K_v GKUz †Rvi w`‡qB ejv hvq, ÔbRiæj-cieZx© `k‡K Kgj `vk¸‡ßi myi Avi cÖYe iv‡qi K_vB wQj evsjv Mv‡bi cÖavb aviv|Õ10

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gvwbKZjvi GKwU evwo‡Z| G-evwoi wbPZjvq wQj GKwU †cÖm| GB †cÖmwUB wQj Zuv‡ì Av‡qi Drm|14 Kgj `vk¸ß msMx‡Z I¯Ív` RwgiæÏxb Luv, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, K…òP›`ª †` (1893-1962), wWGj iv‡qi †Q‡j w`jxcKzgvi iv‡qi (1897-1980) Kv‡Q cvV wb‡jI cÖv_wgK cvV wb‡qwQ‡jb Zuvi wcZv ZvivcÖm‡bœi Kv‡Q I c‡i eo fvB wegj `vk¸‡ßi Kv‡Q|15 Avi cvðvZ¨ msMx‡Z cvV †bb GBPGgwfi A‡K©÷ªv-cwiPvjK wbDg¨v‡bi Kv‡Q| Avi, cÖvq k-cuv‡PK iex›`ªmsMxZ †k‡Lb eª‡Rb Mv½ywj I Abvw` `w¯Í`v‡ii Kv‡Q|16 AMÖR wegj `vk¸‡ßi mnKvix wn‡m‡e GBPGgwf MÖv‡gv‡dvb †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Xz‡K cÖvq 23 eQi eq‡m msMxZ cwiPvjbv I Mv‡bi myi Kivi `vwqZ¡ †c‡qwQ‡jb wZwb|17 Kgj `vk¸ß Lye Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zuvi cÖwZfv I wbôvi ¸‡Y evsjv Mv‡bi gyjyK Qvwo‡q †cuŠ‡Q wM‡qwQ‡jb me©fviZxq ch©v‡q| Zuvi my‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’vkxj wQ‡jb e‡jB bRiæj Bmjvg ÔKgj `vk¸ß‡KB w`‡qwQ‡jb Aby‡gv`b QvovB Zuvi Mv‡b myi Kivi AwaKvi|Õ18 wZwb bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖvq 200 Mv‡bi myi w`‡qwQ‡jb|19 msL¨vwU evwo‡q 300 e‡j‡Qb evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb cÖ‡YZv|20 AvmvdD‡ÏŠjvi msL¨vUv n‡jv 40021, Avi cÖvq 400 e‡j‡Qb AfxK P‡Ævcva¨vq|22 Gu‡ì g‡a¨ Avmv`yj nK Kgj `vk¸‡ßi myi Kiv bRiæj Bmjv‡gi 97wU Mv‡bi ZvwjKv w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡a¨ 14wU Mv‡bi GKK †iKW© K‡ib Kgj `vk¸ß|23 Kgj `vk¸ß MÖv‡gv‡dvb †Kv¤úvwb‡Z GKRb Zejvev`K wn‡m‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i evRv‡Zb g¨v‡Ûvwjb I RvB‡jv‡dvb| wZwb hš¿x‡ì wb‡q GKwU `jI MVb K‡ib| Gme Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk wZwb h~w_Kv ivq‡K I KjKvZvi ÔK¯‘iev msMxZ we`¨vj‡qÕ Mvb †kLv‡Zb| Gfv‡e msMxZRM‡Z AvMgb n‡jI ÔZuvi D™¢vebx-kw³, †gŠwjK cÖwZfv, wbix¶vwcÖqZv I Amvgvb¨ †gav Zuv‡K L¨vwZi kx‡l© wb‡q hvq|Õ24 Zuvi i‡³ †h-Mvb wQj, Zv gm„Y n‡q‡Q bRiæ‡ji mvwbœa¨ †c‡q| wZwb ïay evsjv fvlvq bq, wnw›`, gvivwV, Zvwgj, D`y© cÖf…wZ fvlvi Mv‡b myiv‡ivc K‡ib|25 bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Mvb Zuvi wfZ M‡o w`‡jI cÖ Y e ivq (1911-75), ARq fÆvPvh© ,

ˆk‡jb ivq, evYxKzgvi, my‡eva cyiKvq¯’, †gvwnbx †PŠayix, †MŠixcÖmbœ gRyg`vi, cyjK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, k¨vgj ¸ß, Awbj fÆvPvh©-iwPZ Mv‡b myi m„wói gva¨‡g Kgj `vk¸ß ïay RbwcÖq n‡q I‡Vbwb26, m„wó K‡ib evsjv Mv‡bi GKwU bZzb aviv| Gu‡ì Mvb Qvov wZwb myi w`‡q‡Qb c`vejx KxZ©‡b; gxiv, Kwei I myi`v‡mi fR‡b; wnw›`D`©y MxwZKwe cwÐZ gvayi, f‚lY, Kvgvj Avg‡ivwn, gn¤§` eK&m, ˆdqvR nvkwg, iv‡Rk¦i ¸iæ, gywbi Avjg, nmiZ Rqcywii MxZ, MRj I fR‡b| gxivi fR‡b myiv‡ivc Kivi R‡b¨ gv`ªvR wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K 1943 wLªóv‡ã m¤§vbm~PK Doctorate of Music Dcvwa cÖ`vb K‡i|27 GQvov, wZwb myi w`‡qwQ‡jb nvqìvev‡ì wbRv‡gi †Mv‡ìb Ryewji we‡kl msMx‡Z I fviZxq iYmsMxZ ÔK`g K`g evinv‡q hvÕ Mv‡b| Av‡gwiKvi wdj&g wW‡i±i Gwjm Rbm‡bi War Propaganda Qwe‡Z e¨vKMÖvDÛ wgDwRK Zuvi we‡kl K… wZZ¡|28 wZwb me©‡gvU mvZ nvRvi Mv‡b ïay myi bq, Zv wkwL‡q wkíxi K‡É †iKW©I Kwi‡qwQ‡jb|29 evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb-cÖ‡YZv Zuvi myiv‡ivwcZ Mv‡bi msL¨v AvU nvRvi e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib|30 wZwb GKmgq evsjv I wnw›` Qwe‡Z msMxZ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfav‡b G-msL¨v 80wU31 ejv n‡jI Avmv`yj nK 24wUi †ewk ej‡Z cv‡ibwb|32 Avi Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix evsjv (18wU) I wnw›` (cuvPwU) wgwj‡q †gvU 23wUi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|33 wZwb evsjv Qwei msMxZcwiPvjK wn‡m‡e Pvievi I wnw›` Qwei R‡b¨ GKevi, †gvU cuvPevi †kÖô msMxZ cwiPvj‡Ki cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|

Kgj `vk¸‡ßi myim¤¢vi

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†gvwnbx †PŠayix wb‡RB Zuvi Mv‡bi †h-wefvRb K‡i‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ ÔMY‡PZbvÕ GKwU| GKRb bvMwiK Kwe wn‡m‡e Zuvi mgmvgwqKKv‡j N‡U hvIqv wewfbœ NUbvi m~‡Î hw` wZwb cÖvwYZ bvI n‡q _v‡Kb, Zey iex›`ª-bRiæj-ew¼‡gi ¯^‡`ke›`bvi fveavivq cÖvwYZ nIqv †gv‡UB A¯^vfvweK bq| †eva Kwi, GiKg fveaviv †_‡K ÔMY‡PZbvÕi Mvb †`k‡cÖ‡gi R¡vjvgqx AwMœwkLvq cÖR¡wjZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi K‡qKwU MY‡PZbvi Mv‡bi cÖ_g cO&w³ : 1. gyw³i gw›ì †mvcvbZ‡j, 2. c„w_ex Avgv‡i Pvq, 3. Avwg `yišÍ êkvLx So, 4. hv‡ì Rxeb fiv ïay AuvwLRj, 5. kZK eil c‡i, 6. †R‡M AvwQ GKv †R‡M AvwQ KvivMv‡i, 7. †f‡O‡Q nvj wQu‡o‡Q cvj| †gvwnbx †PŠayixi GB mvZwU Mvb Kgj `vk¸‡ßi my‡i mZ¨ †PŠayix I h~w_Kv-RMb¥‡qi K‡É cwi‡ewkZ n‡q KvjRwqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| G-cÖm‡½ Kj¨vYeÜz fÆvPvh© ÔmyiKvi Kgj `vk¸ßÕ cÖe‡Ü e‡jb : ej‡Z †M‡j Zuvi (Kgj `vk¸ß) msMxZ Rxe‡bi †kl Aa¨v‡q Kwe kÖx‡gvwnbx †PŠayix‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zuvi myi iPbvi Avi GK ch©v‡qi m~Pbv n‡qwQ‡jv gvÎ, hvi c~Y© weKvk Avi nq wb| PZz_© `k‡Ki ga¨fvM †_‡K kÖx‡gvwnbx †PŠayix Zuvi Mv‡b MY-we‡¶vf Ges MY-gvb‡mi †h Qvc Gu‡K‡Qb Avi †KvbI MxwZKv‡ii Mv‡b Zv cwijw¶Z nq wb| Zvi Rb¨B kÖx‡gvwnbx †PŠayix iwPZ Ôc„w_ex Avgv‡i PvqÕ, Ô†R‡M AvwQ GKv †R‡M AvwQ KvivMv‡iÕ, ÔZLb fv‡Owb †cÖ‡gi ¯^cb LvwbÕ, Ôhv‡ì Rxeb fiv ïay AuvwLRjÕ, Ô†f‡O‡Q nvj wQu‡o‡Q cvjÕ, ÔbvB Aemi Ñ evRv‡qv bv exYvLvwbÕ Ñ myi Kivi mgq Kgj `vk¸ß Mv‡bi fv‡ei w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡LB myi K‡i‡Qb|37 G-wel‡q AfxK P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi gšÍe¨, †gvwnbx †PŠayix e¨w³MZ †cÖg fv‡jvevmvi Aby‡cÖiYvq cÖwZev`x mËv‡K Luy‡R‡Qb| Avevi Ñ †KvbI Mv‡b gvby‡li `ytmn Ae¯’vq Zv‡ì g‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Qb †cÖggq ¯§„wZ †ivgš’‡bi Abyf‚wZ| ... Kgj `vk¸‡ßi Amvgvb¨ myiiPbvq Ges h_vh_ hš¿vbyl‡½i cÖ‡qv‡M Mvb¸wj Ab¨gvÎv †c‡qwQj| Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_‡gB Av‡m mZ¨ †PŠayixi MvIqv Ôc„w_ex Avgv‡i Pvq ...Õ MvbwUi K_v| myiv‡iv‡c Q‡›ì eënv‡ii †Zv Zzjbv †bB| Zvi m‡½ Awfbe hš¿vbyl½| MvbwUi cÖwZwU wcÖjyW I B›UvijyW wgDwRK †kl n‡”Q K¬¨vwiI‡bURvZ GK my‡ii †i‡k, hv wVK iY‡¶‡Î weDM‡ji gZ †kvbvq| G

120

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Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Ki‡j Zuvi bvg nq KvwR Kvgvj DwÏb| KjKvZvq Zuv‡ì mšÍvb Zvnmxb, nvwgb I kvwd‡bi Rb¥ nq| 1967 mv‡j Zuviv XvKvq P‡j Av‡mb|41 †gvnv¤§` AvmvdD‡ÏŠjv G-AvMg‡bi mgq D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb 1965 mvj| wZwb Zuv‡ì AvMgb Dcj‡¶ h‡kvi mxgv‡šÍ Af¨_©bv Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb|42 ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Avmvi ci Zuvi †Kv‡bv RvqMv n‡jv bv †hb| G-wel‡q Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix e‡jb, ÔGKw`‡K KjKvZv Zuv‡K wdwi‡q w`‡q‡Q, wKš‘ XvKvI Zuv‡K MÖnY K‡i wb| †mB mgq miKviI Zuvi cÖwZ cÖmbœ wQj bv| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvbI GwM‡q Av‡m wb Zuvi †gav I AwfÁZv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi R‡b¨| Avgv‡ì j¾v I `vq GB †h, Kgj `vk¸ß‡K RxweKvi R‡b¨ †klRxe‡b XvKvq GKUv gyw`Lvbvi †`vKvb Lyj‡Z n‡qwQj|Õ43 e„nËi h‡kvi †Rjvi Kvwjqvi †e›`v MÖv‡gi GB gvbylwU, e½‡`‡ki GKRb K…Zx wkíx I myiKvi Kgj `vk¸ß‡K Abv`‡i-Ae‡njvq, GK cÖKvi webv wPwKrmvq 1974 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB gvÎ 62 eQi eq‡m bxi‡e P‡j †h‡Z n‡jv bv-†divi †`‡k|

D‡jøLcwÄ 1. m½xZiZœvKi MÖ‡š’ †`Lv hvq, Mv‡bi Pvi ZzK, †hgb, Av¯’vqx, AšÍiv, mÂvix, Av‡fvM Gi e`‡j †mKv‡j eëüZ n‡Zv D`&MÖvn, †gjv‡cvK, aªæe I Av‡fvM| G‡ì ejv n‡Zv avZz| G Pvi avZz †h me Mv‡b _vK‡e Ggb bq| Z‡e D`&MÖvn I aªæe meLv‡b _vK‡Zv| †Kv_vI Av‡fvM Ges †Kv_vI †gjvcK I Av‡fvM GKm‡½ ewR©Z n‡Zv| Gfv‡e GKwU avZz ewR©Z n‡j †m-Mvb‡K ejv n‡Zv wÎavZz cÖeÜ-MxZ, `ywU ewR©Z n‡j ejv n‡Zv wØavZzK cÖeÜ-MxZ| Ph©vc`¸‡jv †gjvcK ewR©Z e‡j wÎavZzK cÖeÜ-MxZ ejv nq| gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv-m¤úvw`Z, Ph©vMxwZKv (eY©wgwQj, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv 1973), c„ 32-33| 2. Ph©vc‡ì 19wU ivwMYxi g‡a¨ MxZ‡Mvwe‡›` eëüZ n‡q‡Q gvÎ PviwU : ¸R©ix (ev ¸Äix), †`kvL, eivox I ˆfiex| †Mvjvg gyiwk`, nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ (Aemi, XvKv 2006),

c„ 319-21| 3. AvUwU ivwMYx : ¸R©ix, eivox, †`kvL (M), ˆfiex, cUgÄix, gjøvi, fvwUqvwj I e½vj| gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv-m¤úvw`Z, Ph©vMxwZKv, cÖv¸³, c„ 63-193| 4. b‡i›`ªbv_ fÆvPvh©, ag© I ms¯‹…wZ cÖvPxb fviZxq †cÖ¶vcU (KjKvZv : Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, cÖ_g ms¯‹iY GwcÖj 1996), c„ 162| 5. êw`K mvgMvb cwi‡ewkZ n‡Zv cuvPwU ¯^‡i| GKgvÎ Qq I mvZ ¯^‡ii eënvi wQj †e‡ì †KŠ_ygxq kvLvi Mv‡b| ¯^vgx cÖÁvbvb›`, gwnlvmyigwÏ©bx`yM©v (kÖxivgK…ò †e`všÍ gV, wØZxq ms¯‹iY, KjKvZv 2002), c„ 355| 6. †Mvjvg gyiwk`, cÖv¸³, c„ 320-43| 7. bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Mv‡b cÖ_gw`‡K PviZzK Abym„Z n‡jI kv¯¿xq msMx‡Z AvK…ó n‡q hLb bvbv ai‡bi Mvb iPbv K‡ib, ZLb Avi Zz‡Ki eënvi iw¶Z nqwb| Z‡è, cÖv¸³, c„ 340| 8. †MŠZg mvb¨vj, ÔRvwb GKw`b Avgvi Rxebx †jLv n‡e : †MŠixcÖmbœ gRyg`viÕ, Z_¨m~Î, 21 el©, 2016, c„ 283| 9. Kgj `vk¸ß Qvov Zuvi †QvU fvB myej `vk¸ß †mB mg‡q RMb¥q wg‡Îi ÔmvZwU eQi Av‡MÕ, ÔmvZwU eQi c‡iÕ I ÔwPwVÕi Mvb Ges Ab¨vb¨ evsjv I wnw›` Mv‡bi myi Kiv Qvov KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi A‡bK Mv‡b myi w`‡qwQ‡jb| myiÄb ivq, Kvwjqv Rbc‡ì BwZnvm (i¨vgb cvewjkvm©, XvKv 2016), c„ 302| 10. †MŠZg mvb¨vj, Z_¨m~Î, cÖv¸³, c„ 283| 11. w`wV nvmbvZ Kgj `vk¸‡ßi Rb¥ZvwiL e‡jb 9 GwcÖj 1912| msm` PwiZvwfavbKvi Rb¥¯’vb cÖm‡½ GKevi e‡jb XvKv, c‡i ï× K‡i e‡jb Kvwjqv MÖvg, h‡kvi (evsjv‡`k)| my‡eva †mb¸ß I AÄwj emy-m¤úvw`Z, msm` evOvwj PwiZvwfavb (msm`, KjKvZv 2002), c„ 77, 648|

121

12. ZvivcÖmbœ `vk¸‡ßi bvg GKB iPbvq Avmv`yj nK ÔZvivcÖKvkÕ I ÔZvivc`Õ e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| Avmv`yj nK, ÔKgj `vk¸‡ßi bRiæj ¯§„wZÕ, bRiæj BÝwUwUDU cwÎKv we‡kl msL¨v, GwcÖj 2001, c„ 25, 54| mZä‡g©i Ab¨Zg cÖPviK gnvZ¥v gwngP‡›`ªi es‡kB Kgj `vk¸‡ßi Rb¥| g`b‡gvnb `vk¸‡ßi (¯¿x wÎcyiv my›ìx) Pvi mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ KvwgbxiÄb, ki”P›`ª, gwngP›`ª I †g‡q `w¶Yv my›ìx| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ KvwgbxiÄ‡bi `y-cZœxi g‡a¨ eo cZœx Kg‡j Kvwgbxi M‡f© Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib ZvivcÖmbœ, †ngbwjbx I wKiYcÖmbœ| ZvivcÖm‡bœi AvU mšÍvb : wegj, Agj (hyeKKv‡j gviv hvb), Kgj, myej I hyMj (ˆkk‡e g„Z)| †g‡qiv n‡jb : Bw›ìv I myaxiv| Av‡iKR‡bi bvg Rvbv hvqwb| mevB wkíx wQ‡jb| fzeb‡gvnb M‡½vcva¨vq, gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_, 1356, c„ 578| myiÄb ivq, Kvwjqv Rbc‡ì BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„ 296-97| 13. Z‡è, c„ 129| 14. w`wV nvmbvZ, cÖv¸³, 10 †g, 2012| 15. wegj `vk¸ß msMx‡Z, nvm¨‡KŠZz‡K I Rv`ywe`¨vq wQ‡jb wm×n¯Í| wZwb k¨vgvmsMxZ, fw³MxwZ, Szgyi, fvwUqvwj Mv‡bi, I f¨vevKvšÍ, †cUzK PvYK¨, `v‡ivMvi m¤^Üx, we`¨vY©‡ei we‡`ï †`Šo I P›`ª¸ß cvjv Kwg‡Ki MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iKW© K‡ib| myiÄb ivq, Kvwjqv Rbc‡ì BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„ 297| 16. wmZvsï‡kLi †Nvl, wegv‡b wegv‡b Av‡jv‡Ki Mv‡b (Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY, KjKvZv 2005), c„75| 17. †mwjbv †nv‡mb I b~iæj Bmjvgm¤úvw`Z, evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb (evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv 1997), c„ 108| 18. cÖ_g Av‡jv, 29 Ryb, 2012| 19. Avmv`yj nK, cÖv¸³, c„ 54| 20. evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb, c„ 108| 21. cÖ_g Av‡jv, 29 Ryb, 2012| 22.Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix, ÔKgj `vk¸ß : nviv‡bv wnqvi wbKzÄ c‡_Õ, evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q n‡Z,

122

mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ welqK ˆÎgvwmK, 5g el©, 4_© msL¨v, AMÖnvqY 1419, c„ 135| 23. Avmv`yj nK, cÖv¸³, c„ 29-32| 24. Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix, cÖv¸³, c„ 133-34| 25. Z‡è, c„ 134| 26. G-mgq †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi g‡Zv Kwe I mRbxKvšÍ `v‡ki g‡Zv mvwnwZ¨KI Mvb iPbv K‡ib| Avi myi †Ìqvi Kv‡R Kgj `vk¸‡ßi cvkvcvwk GwM‡q Av‡mb w`jxcKzgvi ivq, ivBPuv` eovj, K…òP›`ª †`, kPxb †èeg©Y, myaxijvj PµeZx©, wngvsï `Ë, Awbj evMPx, Abyc NUK cÖgyL| †Mvjvg gyiwk`, cÖv¸³, c„ 344| 27. Avmv`yj nK, cÖv¸³, c„ 58| 28. evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfav‡b ÔGwjm RbmbÕ ejv n‡q‡Q| evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb, c„ 108| Aciw`‡K Avmv`yj nK wj‡L‡Qb Mr. Alice Deencon; Avmv`yj nK, cÖv¸³, c„ 58| 29. Avmv`yj nK, cÖv¸³, c„ 58| 30. evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb, c„ 108| 31. Z‡è, c„ 108| 32. Avmv`yj nK, cÖv¸³, c„ 58-59| 33. Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix, cÖv¸³, c„ 135-36| 34. m‡šÍvlKzgvi wek¦vm, Ô`yišÍ êkvLx So : †gvwnbx †PŠayixÕ, Z_¨m~Î, 21 el©, 2016, c„ 237| 35. w`wV nvmbvZ, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 10 †g, 2012| 36. gvbœv †`, Rxe‡bi Rjmv N‡i (Avb›`, Z…Zxq gy`ªY, KjKvZv 2009), c„ 247| 37. Kj¨vYeÜz fÆvPvh©, ÔmyiKvi Kgj `vk¸ßÕ, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ, KvwZ©K†cŠl 1383, c„ 290| D×„Z : Z_¨m~Î 2016, c„ 237| 38. AfxK P‡Ævcva¨vq, Ôevsjv Mv‡b Kgj ¯úk©Õ, kvi`xq AvRKvj, 1419, c„ 459| D×„Z : Z_¨m~Î, 2016, c„ 237| 39. h~w_Kv ivq GKRb wkíx wn‡m‡e †iKW© K‡ib cÖvq 110wU evsjv I 209wU wnw›` MxZ-MRj-fRb-bvZ| Gi cÖwZwU Mv‡bi myiKvi wQ‡jb Kgj `vk¸ß| Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix, cÖv¸³, c„ 142|

40. Avmv`yj nK, cÖv¸³, c„ 60| 41. Z‡`e, c„ 60| 42. cÖ_g Av‡jv, 29 Ryb, 2012| 43. Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix, cÖv¸³, c„ 146|

mnvqKcwÄ 1. gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv-m¤úvw`Z, Ph©vMxwZKv, eY©wgwQj, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv 1973| 2. †Mvjvg gyiwk`, nvRvi eQ‡ii evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ, Aemi, XvKv 2006| 3. myiÄb ivq, Kvwjqv Rbc‡`i BwZnvm, i¨vgb cvewjkvm©, XvKv 2016| 4. my‡eva †mb¸ß I AÄwj emym¤úvw`Z, msm` evOvwj PwiZvwfavb, msm`, KjKvZv 2002| 5. Avmv`yj nK, ÔKgj `vk¸‡ßi bRiæj ¯§„wZ,Õ bRiæj BÝwUwUDU cwÎKv, we‡kl msL¨v, GwcÖj 2001| 6. fzeb‡gvnb M‡½vcva¨vq, gnvZ¥v ¸iæbv_, 1356| 7. wmZvsï‡kLi †Nvl, wegv‡b wegv‡b Av‡jv‡Ki Mv‡b, Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY, KjKvZv 2005| 8. †mwjbv †nv‡mb I b~iæj Bmjvgm¤úvw`Z, evsjv GKv‡Wwg PwiZvwfavb, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv 1997| 9. cÖ_g Av‡jv, 29 Ryb, 2012| 10. m‡šÍvlKzgvi wek¦vm, Ô`yišÍ ˆekvLx So : †gvwnbx †PŠayixÕ, Z_¨m~Î, 21 el©, 2016| 11. w`wV nvmbvZ, cÖ_g Av‡jv, 10 †g, 2012| 12. gvbœv †`, Rxe‡bi Rjmv N‡i, Avb›`, Z…Zxq gy`ªY, KjKvZv 2009| 13. Kj¨vYeÜz fÆvPvh©, ÔmyiKvi Kgj `vk¸ßÕ, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ, KvwZ©K†cŠl 1383| 14. AfxK P‡Ævcva¨vq, Ôevsjv Mv‡b Kgj ¯úk©Õ, kvi`xq AvRKvj, 1419| 15. Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix, ÔKgj `vk¸ß : nviv‡bv wnqvi wbKzÄ c‡_Õ, evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q n‡Z, mvwnZ¨ms¯‹…wZ welqK ˆÎgvwmK, cÂg el©, PZz_© msL¨v, AMÖnvqY 1419| 16. myeªZ ivq‡PŠayix-m¤úvw`Z, M‡elYvagx© cÖeÜ cwÎKv Z_¨m~Î, 21 el©, 2016| r

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g~javivi GB Kwe‡ì c_‡iLv AbymiY K‡iB evsjv mvwnZ¨g‡Â Avwef©ve N‡U KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi| bRiæ‡ji mgKv‡j I cieZx© mg‡q Zuvi Ae`vb‡K †hfv‡e LwÐZ `„wó‡Z †`Lv n‡q‡Q Gi Zxeª wb›`v Rvwb‡q bRiæ‡ji ALÐ mËv‡K cvV‡Ki mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb hZxb miKvi| Avengvb evOvwji mvgwMÖK I mgš^qx HwZ‡nï DËivwaKvi wb‡q Avwef‚©Z bRiæj LwÐZ n‡q‡Qb wn›`y, gymjgvb GgbwK evgcš’x gnj ØvivI| bRiæj-mvwn‡Z¨ †hLv‡b wb‡R‡ì Av`k©-†PZbv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Zv‡ì Kv‡Q bRiæj Av`„Z n‡q‡Qb; Ab¨ †ÿ‡Î n‡q‡Qb ewR©Z| GB cÖeYZvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i ALÐ bRiæj AbymÜv‡b cÖqvmx n‡Z AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb wZwb| `„pcÖZ¨‡qi m‡½ D”PviY K‡i‡Qb Ñ bRiæj Bmjvg mvaviY gv‡ci LuvwU evOvwj Kwe bb, †jvKmvwn‡Zï cwigÐ‡ji evB‡i bvMwiK mgv‡Ri Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ ÔLuvwU †mvbvi PvB‡Z LuvwUÕ evOvwj Kwe wZwb| †jvKKwe‡ì LuvwU evOvwjZ¡‡K Zuvi mgMÖ mËvq aviY K‡iB wZwb MÖvg †_‡K bM‡i D‡V G‡mwQ‡jb| e³…Zvq, mvÿvrKv‡i, mvwnZ¨PP©vq hZxb miKvi huv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk ¯§iY K‡ib wZwb evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi gnËg cyiæl iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| Zuvi Abb¨mvaviY cÖeÜ msKjb Avgvi iex›`ª Ae‡jvKb| cÖPwjZ KvVv‡gvi evB‡i wM‡q wZwb iex›`ªbv_‡K Ae‡jvKb K‡i‡Qb Ô`yB weNv RwgÕ‡Z ùvwo‡q| mgvRZš¿x wQ‡jb bv iex›`ªbv_| wKš‘ Zuvi wek¦-gvbeZv‡ev‡ai g‡a¨B †h mvg¨‡PZbv cÖejfv‡e Rwo‡q Av‡Q Zv ¯úó K‡i w`‡q‡Qb hZxb miKvi| iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡a¨ wZwb Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb ÔmvgvwRK ev¯ÍeZvi GKvšÍ g~Z© I ¯úó cÖKvk Ges GKB m‡½ e¨w³gvby‡li AvwZ© I AvKzjZvi mywbcyY DÑvUbÕ| BwZnvm¸iæ wn‡m‡e iex›`ªbv_‡K we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb †jLK| wZwb h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb Ñ ... Zuvi gbxlvi `xwß BwZnv‡mi A‡bK Auvavi Kÿ‡KI Av‡jvwKZ K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| KweZv-Dcb¨vm-bvU‡Ki g‡Zv m„wókxj mvwn‡Z¨ †hgb wZwb Zxeª BwZnvm‡ev‡ai cwiPq †i‡L‡Qb, †Zgwb wbQK ZË¡ Av‡jvPbv‡ZI BwZnvm-e¨vL¨vi A‡bK †gŠwjK m~‡Îi ms‡hvRb NwU‡q‡Qb| ZvB BwZnv‡mi cvV wb‡ZI hw` Avgiv iex›`ªbv‡_i wkl¨Z¡‡K A½xKvi K‡i wbB, Zvn‡jI VKevi Avk¼v †Zv †bB-B, eis jv‡fi m¤¢vebv cÖPzi| Mfxi AšÍ`„©wó I `~i`wk©Zvi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki AZxZ I eZ©gvb ev¯Íe‡K ¯úófv‡e †`L‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_| ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZwe`MY we‡`wk ivR Zvwo‡q ¯îvR Z_v wb‡R‡ì ivRZ¡ Kv‡qg Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, RbM‡Yi ivRZ¡ bq| iex›`ªbv_ GB `„wófw½i we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb| †jL‡Ki ch©‡eÿY Ñ iex›`ªbv_ hv‡K ÔmgvRZš¿Õ e‡jwQ‡jb, †mwU Bs‡iwR Ô†mvk¨vwjRgÕ-Gi evsjv Abyev` gvÎ bq| GB mgvRZ‡š¿ †mvk¨vwjRg Aek¨B A½xK…Z, †mvk¨vwjR‡gi †P‡q A‡bK eo| †mB †mvk¨vwjR‡gB wQj Avmj ÔMYZš¿Õ †h MYZ‡š¿i Ae¯’vb wewjwZ Ô†W‡gv‡µwmÕi A‡bK A‡bK Dc‡i| †m MYZ‡š¿ G Kvjxb ivóªZ‡š¿i †fvUvfzwU wQj bv, wKš‘ MYgvby‡li cÖK…Z Askx`vwiZ¡ wQj| fveev`x Kwe iex›`ªbv_‡K e¯‘ev`x hZxb miKvi g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb cÖej KvÐÁvb †_‡K| ZvB iex›`ªbv‡_i fveev`x `k©‡bi g‡aÏ wZwb Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb e¯‘ev‡ì wbh©vm| iex›`ªbv_ KíRM‡Zi mªóv n‡qI †i‡bmuvmRvZ gvbeZ‡š¿i †cÖiYv‡ZB n‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb ev¯Íeev`x wkíx| GB ev¯ÍeZv‡eva wZwb AvniY K‡iwQ‡jb evsjvi †jvKvqwZK Rxe‡bvcjwä †_‡K| †jL‡Ki ch©‡eÿY Ñ

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`„wófw½| ¯^vaxbZvi mvwnZ¨‡K wZwb bvMwiK I †jvKvq‡Zi †f`‡iLvnxb `„wó‡Z †`L‡Z Pvb| kvgmyi ivngvb I i‡gk kxj‡K GwM‡q iv‡Lb Zuv‡ì wfbœagx© c`vewji Awfbœ Abyf‡e, `yB cÖR‡b¥i K_vKvi kIKZ Imgvb Ges †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi Dcb¨vm‡K wZwb mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv‡f`x MYZvwš¿K Afz¨`‡qi Awfe¨w³ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³msMÖv‡g cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib divwm wecø‡ei Avfv| ÔGK mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q AwR©Z MwigvÕ cÖe‡Ü mywdqv Kvgv‡ji GKvË‡ii Wv‡qwi Ges Ave`yj gwZ‡bi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g cÖevmx evOvwj : evsjv‡`k 1971-†K wZwb gyw³hy‡×i BwZnv‡mi Ab¨Zi Ges AšÍ‡f©`x D‡b¥vPK wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cvb| cÖm½Z ej‡Z PvB, GB cÖe‡Ü DwjøwLZ ˆmq` kvgmyj n‡Ki ¯§„wZ‡ga (1986) Dcb¨vmwUi bvg fzjekZ ¯§„wZ‡mŠa wn‡m‡e gyw`ªZ n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kwi bZzb ms¯‹i‡Y GB åvwšÍwU ms‡kvwaZ n‡e| ÔmvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZÕ Aa¨v‡q wZwb Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ômvwn‡Zï AwMœcixÿvÕ e‡j AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi weiæ‡× msMÖvg‡K| we‡klZ D`y©mvwn‡Z¨ Amv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi AwMœkc_ †h cÖej aŸwb‡Z D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q Ñ Zv‡K †jLK Z‡_¨ I Z‡Ë¡ Avwe®‹vi-cÖqvmx| ÔAvaywbK evsjv KweZvi cÖMwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki avivÕ cÖe‡Ü wZwb Avng` iwdK, gnv‡è mvnv, ûgvqyb Kwei, wbqvgZ †nv‡mb cÖgLy Kwei KweZvm~‡Î G‡`‡ki GK †gŠj KweZvaviv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b gvbegyw³i Kjie fvlv cvq Kwei wbR©b Aÿ‡i| KweZvi ch©v‡jvPbvqI †jLK wewPÎme m~‡Îi kiY wb‡q DwÏó e³e¨‡K c~YZ © v †`b| †hgb GB cÖe‡Ü 1971 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ wZbwU msKjb, weòz †`-m¤úvw`Z evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv : GK ¯ÍeK, iwdKzj Bmjvg-m¤úvw`Z AvaywbK evsjv KweZv Ges `yMv© `vm miKvi I mbvZb Kweqvj-m¤úvw`Z MÖvg †_‡K msMÖv‡gi m~Î eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Ôcve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg-†mv”Pvi evsjvqÕ cÖeÜwU †Kej GB eB‡qi bq, Avgv‡ì mvgwMÖK cÖeÜmvwn‡ZÏ GKwU e¨wZµgx ms‡hvRb| GB cÖe‡Üi cwim‡i †jLK cve©Z¨ AÂ‡ji KweZv, bvUK, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ, iƒcK_v-†jvKKvwnwb-wKse`wšÍi GK cÖvgvY¨ ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb hv evsjv‡`‡ki Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôxi mvwnZ¨M‡elYvq Riæwi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e wbtm‡›`‡n| ÔKwe-mvwnwZ¨K-wkíxÕ Aa¨v‡q

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wek¦gvb‡K Quy‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI Amvgvb¨ wKQy †QvUMí †jLv n‡q‡Q Ñ ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn&, nvmvb AvwRRyj nK, AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm, knx`yj Rwnimn Av‡iv A‡b‡KB wj‡L‡Qb †mme Mí| wel‡qi MfxiZv Ges mgvR I PwiÎ‡ì wPÎvq‡Yi `ÿZv wb‡q kixd AvwZK-DR-Rvgv‡bi Mí¸wjI evsjv‡`‡ki Mí-HwZ‡nï GB DbœZ avivwU‡Z mshy³ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi| wbR Mí¸wji Abyev` kixd AvwZK-DR-Rvgvb wb‡RB K‡i‡Qb| SiS‡i myLcvV¨ Abyev` Ges KL‡bv Zv evOvwji Bs‡iwR nqwb, h_v_© Bs‡iwRB n‡q‡Q| Avi wKQy evK¨vsk I kãPqb †Zv LyeB Ae¨_© Ges Zv Abyev‡` mwVK fvlv eënv‡ii PgrKvi D`vniY n‡q iBj| Abyev‡ì MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvbI G-eBwUi GKwU eo BwZevPK Dcv`vb e‡j Avgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q| Mí¸wj cv‡V GKRb ms‡e`bkxj cvVK‡K hv me‡P‡q gy» Ki‡e, Zv n‡”Q, †jL‡Ki eY©bvi m~ÿZv| †jLK ¯’~jfv‡e wKQy e‡jb bv| bv NUbvi eY©bvq, bv PwiÎ‡ì g‡bvRM‡Zi wPÎvq‡Y| hv e‡jb Zv e‡jb Lye m~²¯Í‡iB| Ges †m-m~ÿZvi g‡a¨ Ggb GKUv MfxiZv Av‡Q hv cvVK‡K gy» Ki‡eB| Bs‡iR cÖKvkKiv LyeB †ckv`vi| wKQyUv DbœvwmKI e‡U| mn‡R Zuviv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Kv‡iv eB Qv‡cb bv| kixd AvwZK-DR-Rvgv‡bi eB †h Zuviv †Q‡c‡Qb Zv Gme M‡íi m~² eqvb I GKB m‡½ MfxiZi †h-¯Íi Ges GB `yB‡qi mswgkÖ‡Y Mí¸wji †h DbœZ mvwnZ¨g~j¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q, †m-Kvi‡YB| mvwn‡Zï GKvwaK A½‡b kixd AvwZK-DR-Rvgv‡bi c`PviYv i‡q‡Q Ñ Dcb¨v‡m, cÖe‡Ü, Abyev`K‡g©; †QvUM‡í †Zv e‡UB| Lyjbvevmx GB †jLK bxi‡e, wKQyUv †bc‡_¨ †_‡KB, †hb Avgv‡ì mgvR I ivRbxwZi GK Rxebv‡jL¨ wj‡L P‡j‡Qb| GKRb †jLK wn‡m‡e kixd AvwZK-DR-Rvgv‡bi GB mvwnZ¨-mvabv A‡bKUvB †hb GKj‡eï mvabv| gnvfvi‡Zi GKj‡eï g‡ZvB †hb ivRavbx XvKvi g~j‡K›`ª †_‡K `~‡i Lyjbvq e‡m wbiew”Qbœfv‡e wZwb mvwnZ¨PP©v K‡i P‡j‡Qb Ges Zvi G-mvabv AvR †`‡ki mxgvšÍ Qvwo‡q êwk¦K ¯Í‡iI †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| BD‡iv‡c kixd AvwZK-DR-Rvgv‡bi G-eBwUi cÖKvkbv Avgv‡ì mvwn‡Zï R‡b¨ GKUv LyeB BwZevPK NUbv e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| r

GB KweZvi †h-K_K †m mvC‡ì fvlv‡ZB K_v e‡j, wKš‘ Zv A‡bK †ewk Zxeª| mvC‡ì fvebvi GKwU g~j m~Î n‡”Q cÖv‡Pï m‡½ cvðv‡Zï m¤úK©| Zuvi jÿ¨ wQj eû‡Z¡i mgš^q| GLv‡bI Av‡Q †mB ci¤úiv, mvC` I `viwek `yR‡bB †P‡q‡Qb c¨v‡j÷vBwb‡ì ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q c¨v‡j÷vBb I Bmiv‡q‡ji ivR‰bwZK mnve¯’vb| RvZxqZvev`x I b„‡Kw›`ªK wWm‡Kvm© wn‡m‡e mvC‡ì fvebv‡KB `viwek Zuvi KweZvq DcRxe¨ K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| Av‡iv Mfxifv‡e jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, mvC` I `viwek `yR‡bB †P‡q‡Qb mvsNwl©K ci¤úwiZ (contrapuntal) ivR‰bwZK mgvavb| gvbweK-ivR‰bwZK GB fvebv, ejv evûj¨, mvC‡ìB; `viwek ïay Zuv‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| KweZvwUI Gfv‡eB iwPZ| GLv‡b Kwe I mgv‡jvPK K‡_vcK_‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mngZ I wfbœgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GwM‡q P‡j‡Qb| mvC‡ì ivR‰bwZK fvebvi g~jK_v wQj mgš^qagx© eû‡Z¡i (harmonious plurality) ga¨ w`‡q Bmiv‡qj I c¨v‡j÷vBwb‡ì cvi¯úwiK mnve¯’vb| wZwb wQ‡jb Ab‡cÿ (secular) eyw×Rxex, fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ Pwjòz| `viwek G-cÖm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb, ÔwZwb ej‡jb : †mLvb †_‡KB Avwg G‡mwQ, GLvb †_‡KI/ wKš‘ Avwg †mLvbKviI bB, bB GLvbKviI|Õ wb‡Ri m‡½B `viwe‡ki Ø›Ø, RvZxqZvev`x wZwb, wKš‘ Zv wb‡qI wØav Zuvi| AvZ¥cwiP‡qi mÜvb Ki‡Qb, mvC‡ì g‡Zv b÷vjwRqvq AvµvšÍ n‡qI Avevi Zv AMÖvn¨ Ki‡Qb GB e‡j, Ôeyw×Rxexi †Kv‡bv †Rv‡jv Av‡eM _vKv gvbvq bv|Õ wKš‘ GB KweZvq ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q msMwZi Ici| mvC` I `viwek Df‡qB †jLK-Kwe-mgv‡jvPKiv ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b Kxfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡ib, Zvi D‡jøL Av‡Q| KweZvwUi cÖ_gfvM mvC` I `viwe‡ki †eŠw×K ZK©-weZ‡K©i Ici wfwË K‡i iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GK gnvb Kwe Av‡iK gnvb fvey‡Ki cÖwZ †h-kÖ×v wb‡e`b K‡i‡Qb, Zvi Zzjbv wek¦KweZvi BwZnv‡m Avi Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv| Z‡e mvC` I `viwe‡ki ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ AbyivM I kÖ×v‡ev‡ai welqwU GKcÿxq wQj bv, wQj cvi¯úwiK| mvC` 1994 mv‡jB Ôgvngy` `viwek m¤^‡ÜÕ kxl©K cÖe‡Ü AKc‡U `viwe‡ki cÖwZ GB kÖ×vi cÖKvk NwU‡q wj‡LwQ‡jb : (`viwek) KL‡bvB †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb bv| Zvi m~²vwZm~² †KŠZzK‡eva, Zxeª ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxb gZv`k©, we‡kl K‡i cwiï× mvs¯‹…wZK ms‡e`bv w¯Íwb I Aviexq ivRbxwZi mvsNwl©K Ae¯’vb †_‡K Zv‡K gy³ †i‡L‡Q| [mvC` 1994 : 112] `yR‡bB †hŠ_fv‡e msMÖvg I Ae¯’vb wb‡q‡Qb w¯Íwb Ae`g‡bi weiæ‡×| mvC` n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb IB msMÖv‡gi †eŠw×K KÉ¯î, `viwek m„Rbkxj gyLcvÎ| ivR‰bwZKfv‡e mvC` I `viwe‡ki Ae¯’vbI wQj mgagx©; c¨v‡j÷vBwb‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZ mg_©b Rvbv‡jI GKai‡bi †eŠw×K mgv‡jvPbvg~jK `~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L IB ivRbxwZi m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb Zuviv|

2. HwZ‡n¨i bevqb, HwZ‡n¨i iƒcvšÍi

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ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb wm‡guv we‡Zuv Ges Gwjqvm muëvi| IB Z_¨wP‡Î cÖ_ve× Aviwe KweZv †_‡K `viwek Kxfv‡e m‡i G‡mwQ‡jb Zvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e GKwU KweZvi gva¨‡g : giæf‚wg wK Avwg Rvwb bv wKš‘ Avwg Zvi mvby‡`‡k k‡ãi g‡Zv AsKzwiZ n‡qwQ k‡ãiv hLb K_v ejv ïiæ K‡i‡Q we`vq wb‡q P‡j G‡mwQ ïay †mB Q›`‡K a‡i †i‡LwQ hv‡K Avwg ïwb Avi gvb¨ Kwi| DwjøwLZ KweZvq jÿYxq, `viwe‡ki wbe©vwmZ Rxeb Avi Kxfv‡e Aviwe cÖ_ve× KweZvi ixwZ‡K AwZµg K‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb Zvi Bw½Z Av‡Q| KweZvi K_K Avgv‡ì Rvbv‡”Qb giæf‚wg Kx wZwb Rv‡bb bv; GLv‡bB ejv n‡jv Kwei †fŠ‡MvwjK ¯’vbPz¨wZi K_v| `viwe‡ki eqm hLb gvÎ Qq eQi ZLb wZwb †Q‡o Av‡mb Zuvi wb‡Ri kni c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi weiev bv‡gi RvqMvwU| GKB m‡½ GB KweZvq Zuvi KwemËv †Kv_vq wkKwoZ n‡q Av‡Q, ZviI D‡jøL Av‡Q; giæf‚wg‡Z AsKzwiZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi KweZvi kãivwR| K¡vwm`vB Zuvi HwZn¨, giæf‚wg‡Z †e`yBb‡ì g‡a¨ †h-KweZv weKvk jvf K‡iwQj| wKš‘ IB KweZv I f‚wg‡K †Q‡o P‡j G‡m‡Qb wZwb, eva¨ n‡q‡Qb wbe©vwmZ Rxeb †e‡Q wb‡Z; Z‡e Abym„wZ Pj‡Q †mB KweZvQ‡›ì| cvðv‡Zï †kvKKweZvq Kwe wcUvi m¨v‡·i fvlvq, wbišÍi HwZ‡nï m‡½ hy³ †_‡K wb‡Ri †kvK‡K e¨³ K‡i P‡jb| [m¨v· 1985]| `viwekI GB ixwZwU Aej¤^b K‡i mvC‡ì cÖwZ kÖ×v Rvwb‡q GB KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb ïay wb‡Ri HwZ‡nï cÖwZ mgwc©Z bv †_‡K wewfbœ fvlvq †jLv †kvKKweZvi wewfbœ c×wZ‡K AvZ¥xK…Z K‡i GwjwRi bZzb Nivbv m„wó K‡i‡Qb| KweZv-mgv‡jvPK gywbi AvKvk G-cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb, Avj Kvi‡gj cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e `viwek wneªæ, Bs‡iwR I divwm fvlvq iwPZ A‡bK KweZv c‡o‡Qb| memgq Zuvi jÿ¨ wQj ÔKx ai‡bi bZzb mvwnZ¨ Av‡›`vjb n‡”Q Ges wek¦mvwn‡Zï MwZcÖK…wZ Kx ùvov‡”Q Zvi m‡½ hy³ _vKv|Õ [AvKvk 2000 : 39]| Aviwe KweZvq Zuvi Ae`vb, HwZ‡nï GB AvZ¥xKiY I Abb¨Zvi Rb¨B D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G-cÖm‡½ we‡Zuv I muëv‡ii Z_¨wP‡Î †Ìqv mvÿvrKv‡i `viwek wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb, ÔAviwe M`¨KweZvi Nivbv, we‡kl K‡i Gi ce©web¨vm I fvlvfw½ eënvi Ki‡Z wM‡q Avwg wngwkg †L‡qwQ Avi Avb›` Abyfe K‡iwQ| KviY GB ixwZi Ici `Lj Avb‡Z wM‡q Kve¨kw³i Ici Avgvi ÿgZvqb N‡U‡Q, cÖ_v †f‡O KweZv iPbvi wel‡q Avwg we‡`ªvnx n‡Z †c‡iwQ| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY KiwQ e‡j bq, Ávb I Kve¨kw³i Kvi‡Y Avwg wb‡R‡K †`ªvnx I Avwe®‹viK e‡j g‡b Kwi|Õ `viwek g‡b K‡ib, mgKv‡ji D™¢vebg~jK KweZvqI HwZ‡nï eënvi Awbevh©| Avw½‡Ki cixÿv-wbixÿvi m‡½ HwZ‡nï eënvi ïay Zuvi ÔKve¨kw³i ÿgZvqb NUvqwb, †mBm‡½ Zuv‡K bZzb bZzb D™¢vebv, Avwe®‹vi Ges cÖ_v fvO‡ZI mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| KweZvi m‡½ N‡U‡Q cvV‡Ki wbweo ms‡hvM| G-ai‡bi KweZv co‡Z wM‡q cvVK KL‡bvB KweZv †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q Av‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv; eis Kwei Af‚Zc~e© m„RbkxjZvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi N‡U‡Q e‡j fve‡Z cv‡ib| ARvbv †Kv‡bv †`k †_‡K nVvr K‡i Kwei Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q, Ggb Abyf‚wZ cvV‡Ki nq bv|Õ Aviwe cÖ_ve× KweZvi Q‡›`v¯ú›`b‡K wb‡Ri KweZvq wbišÍi eënvi K‡i Ges Bgiæj Avj Kv‡qm I Avj-gyZvbvweŸi g‡Zv Kwei m„Rb‰kjx‡K AvËxK…Z K‡i `viwek Aviwe cvV‡Ki m‡½ wb‡Ri ms‡hvM iÿv K‡i‡Qb| ZvB ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB mvC‡ì Ici GwjwR wjL‡Z wM‡q †h b¨v‡iwU‡fi AvkÖq wb‡q‡Qb, Zvi cwic~Y© c~e©cÖ¯‘wZ Zuvi wQj| cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï Kve¨-Av‡jvPKiv Aviwe gwm©qv Kve¨ wb‡q e¨vcK M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| GwU K¡vwm`viB GKwU aviv [ev`vqx

1975; A¨v‡jb 2000; eª¨vwMwbw¯‹ 2001]| Aviwe KweZvq gwm©qv †kvKKv‡eï A‡bK¸‡jv Dcaviv i‡q‡Q| Gi GKwU Dcaviv M‡o D‡V‡Q e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK †kv‡Kv”Q¡vm‡K †K›`ª K‡i; weL¨vZ †Kv‡bv gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡j Zv‡K D‡Ïk K‡i GB †kvKKweZv iPbv Kiv nq| Av‡iKwU aviv AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK; A_©vr wb‡Ri g„Zz¨‡K wb‡q RxweZ Kwe †kvKcÖKvk K‡i KweZv iPbv K‡ib| Aviwe Kweiv Av‡iv †hme welq wb‡q †kvKKweZv wj‡L _v‡Kb †mme welq n‡”Q : cwiev‡ii g„Z m`m¨, weaŸ¯Í bMi, g„Z cïcvwL, wejyß cÖK…wZ BZ¨vw`| KL‡bv KL‡bv Gi †Kv‡bv GKwU welq bq, wewfbœ wel‡qi mgš^q N‡U Aviwe Kwe‡ì GKK †kvKKweZvq| M‡elK‡ì g‡Z, gwm©qv Kv‡eï m~ÎcvZ N‡U cwiev‡ii †Kv‡bv m`‡mï g„Zzï ci IB cwiev‡ii bvixiv †h gvZg Ki‡Zb, Zvi Ici wfwË K‡i| Aviexq mgv‡Ri bvbv DÌvb-cZb m‡Ë¡I Bmjvgc~e© Kvj †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ GB †kvKKweZvi aviv Aviwe KweZvq engvb| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡j mvgvwRK Dccø‡ei †XD GB KweZvi êwkó¨ A‡bKUvB e`‡j w`‡q‡Q| GB KweZv A‡bK Aviwe Kwei Kv‡Q n‡q D‡V‡Q ivR‰bwZK-agx©q welq-Avkq cÖKv‡ki gva¨g, Z‡e Gi †h g~j êwkó¨, e¨w³MZ †kv‡Ki cÖKvk wn‡m‡e Zv Abb¨ n‡q Av‡Q| Aviwe KweZvi avivq cÖ_g w`‡K gwm©qv KweZv iPbv K‡i †hme Kwe L¨vwZgvb n‡q Av‡Qb, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Qb Zzgvwì web‡Z Avgi, Avj Lvbmv, Avn‡g` mvwK, Avj gyZvbvweŸ cÖgyL| Zzjbv Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, Zuv‡ì KweZv wQj e¨w³MZ †kvKvbyf‚wZ‡Z Av”Qbœ| wKš‘ `viwe‡ki GwjwR¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK nZ¨vKvÐ I †kvK‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Q| `viwek mvC‡ì D‡Ï‡k iwPZ KweZvq mvC‡ì g„Zzï †cÖÿvc‡U wbe©vwmZ, ev¯‘Pz¨Z, †`knxb `yB w¯Íwb eÜzi †e`bv, AvZ¥msKU, mgwóMZ msKU I msMÖvg‡K GKxf‚Z K‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Gi †K›`ªxq welq ivRbxwZ, ivRbxwZi Dcw¯’wZB GLv‡b cÖej| e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK †kvKvbyf‚wZ Qvwo‡q Rbgyw³i AvKv•ÿv GLv‡b ax‡i ax‡i weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| d‡j KweZvwU AwšÍ‡g n‡q D‡V‡Q Abb¨ GK ivR‰bwZK eqvb ev wWm‡Kvm©| wb‡Ri m¤úª`v‡qi ivR‰bwZK msMÖvg, Aw¯ÍZ¡ I ivóªMV‡bi AvKv•ÿv n‡q D‡V‡Q Gi g~j welq| mgv‡jvPK Bqvwmb b~ivwb e‡j‡Qb, DËi-AvaywbK ivóªMV‡b Aviwe †kvKKweZv we‡kl GKai‡bi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| cÖvPxb ixwZwU AwZµg K‡i GB KweZv hLb wek kZ‡K cÖ‡ek K‡i, ZLb wgkixq ivóªMV‡b Gi Ae`vb wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| [b~ivwb 1997 : 64]| b~ivwb IB mg‡qi gwm©qv Kve¨‡K beäªæcw` e‡j D‡jøL K‡i Rvbv‡”Qb, KweZvwU ZLb ïiæ n‡Zv g„Z cÖL¨vZ e¨w³i †kvKcvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q, me‡k‡l _vKZ Ôe¨w³ wn‡m‡e wZwb wb‡Ri m¤úÖ`vq I RvwZi R‡b¨ Kx Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb Zvi D‡jøL|Õ [b~ivwb 1997 : 54]| †kvK‡K kw³‡Z cwiYZ K‡i Kweiv ivR‰bwZK welq‡K Gfv‡e †hgb DcRxe¨ K‡i‡Qb, †Zgwb gwm©qv KweZv‡K K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb RvwZmËv wbg©v‡Yi nvwZqvi| Av‡M agx©q gZv`k© I cvi‡jŠwKK cigv_© jv‡fi welqwU‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q gwm©qv †jLv n‡Zv, wKš‘ G-mgq †_‡K GB b¨v‡iwUfwU µgk g„wËKvmsjMœ n‡Z _v‡K Avi Zv f‡i I‡V BnRvMwZK welqAvk‡q| b~ivwb wj‡L‡Qb, beäªæcw` gwm©qvKv‡eï jÿ¨ wQj RvwZ‡Mvôx ev m¤úÖ`vq| e¨w³cwimi †_‡K GB KweZv m‡i Av‡m Rbcwim‡i : Ôg„Z †h, †m msL¨vgvÎ ... †eu‡P _vK‡eb Rxwe‡Zi cÖwZg~wZ© wb‡q, mg¯Í m¤úÖ`vq GUvB Kvgbv K‡i, Zv‡K g~j¨ †`q|Õ [b~ivwb 1997 : 49] `viwe‡ki †ÿ‡Î jÿYxq, wZwb ïay Aviwe †kvKKweZv avivwUi Øviv cÖfvweZ nbwb, GB †kvKKweZvi m¤¢vebv‡K Av‡iv cÖmvwiZ K‡i KweZv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| mvC‡ì D‡Ï‡k GwjwR iPbvi Av‡MB Aviwe †kvKKweZv wb‡q bvbv

cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡iwQ‡jb| wb‡Ri eÜz, ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡, wejyß Rbc`, Abvgv ivR‰bwZK mk¯¿ msMÖvgx †hv×v BZ¨vw` cÖm½ wb‡q wZwb GwjwR iPbv K‡ib; Avi Gme KweZv wZwb iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb mvC‡ì D‡Ï‡k GwjwR iPbvi Av‡MB| GiKg GKwU PgrKvi KweZv n‡”Q ÔiæwUÕ| GB KweZvq êiæZ bMixi R‡b¨ †kvKcÖKvk K‡i‡Qb `viwek| êiæ‡Z 1975 †_‡K Õ90 mvj ch©šÍ †h-M„nhy× PjwQj, KweZvwU †mB cUf‚wg‡Z iwPZ| GB nvbvnvwbi GK ch©v‡q GKw`b †`vKv‡b wM‡q iæwU †Kbvi mgq Lyb nb †jevb‡bi cÖL¨vZ wPÎwkíx Beªvwng gviRyK| gviRy‡Ki GB g„Zzï m‡½ `viwek Gici hy³ K‡i w`‡q‡Qb IB M„nhy‡×i Kvi‡Y ÿzavZ© wkï Avi cvi¯úwiK nvbvnvwb‡Z g„Z Ab¨ gvbyl‡ì| KweZvwU‡K wZwb Gfv‡eB GKRb wkíxi g„Zz¨ †_‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i w`‡q‡Qb AvZ¥NvZx M„nhy× I gvbweK wech©‡qi w`‡K, †h-wech©q †jevb‡bi cÖwZwU gvby‡li Rxeb‡K Mfxifv‡e ¯úk© K‡iwQj| IBme wech©¯Í †ewkifvM gvbylB wQj Avevi c¨v‡j÷vBwb DØv¯‘ : Ô†eZvi‡K›`ª †_‡K MwYKvi cyiæl `vjv‡ji Rxeb ch©šÍ g„Zz¨ Qwo‡q co‡Q/ Qwo‡q co‡Q mewRi evRvi Aewa|Õ ÔAwe¯§iYxq ¯§„wZ : AvM÷, êiæZ, 1982Õ kxl©K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU KweZvq `viwek eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb weaŸ¯Í êiæZ bMixi, †h-bMix‡Z AbycÖ‡ekKvix Bmiv‡qwj‡ì Øviv Aeiæ× n‡q Av‡Q †jevbb I c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi gvbyl| ¯§„wZPviYvg~jK GB KweZvq `viwek †h-eY©bvixwZ ev b¨v‡iwU‡fi AvkÖq wb‡q‡Qb Zv GwjwRagx©| mvC‡ì D‡Ï‡k †kvKKweZv †jLvi Av‡MB e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK gwm©qvKve¨ wb‡q cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡iwQ‡jb `viwek| †mB KweZvwUi bvg wQj ÔmeyR QvqvcyiælÕ| KweZvwU †jLv n‡qwQj wgkixq †cÖwm‡W›U Rvgvj Ave‡`j bv‡m‡ii g„Zz¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i| IB KweZv‡ZB cÖ_g `viwek ÔAvwgÕ †_‡K ÔZzwgÕ Ges Zzwg †_‡K mgwó‡PZbvq KweZv‡K DËxY© K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| e¨w³¯Íi †_‡K MY¯Í‡i KweZvi fvebv‡K Zz‡j G‡b‡Qb; e¨w³GwjwR n‡q D‡V‡Q MYGwjwR| KweK_K GB KweZvi GK RvqMvq bv‡mi‡K Dcjÿ K‡i wj‡L‡Qb : ÔZzwg Kx g‡b Ki‡Z cvi/ Kxfv‡e Zzwg Avgvi gy‡Li Av`j M‡o w`‡qwQ‡j/ Kxfv‡e M‡o w`‡qwQ‡j Avgvi †Pv‡Li åæ/ Kxfv‡e Zzwg ˆZwi K‡i w`‡qwQ‡j Avgvi wbe©vmb I g„Zz¨|Õ wKš‘ GB e¨w³MZ †kvK I AvwZ© AwP‡iB iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q hvq mgwóMZ †kv‡K : Ô†Zvgvi m‡½B Avgiv emevm Kwi/ †Zvgvi m‡½ m‡½ Avgv‡ì Pjv|Õ `viwe‡ki Kve¨PP©vi avivµg jÿ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, mvC‡ì D‡Ï‡k †kvKKweZv iPbvi A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB G-ai‡bi KweZv iPbv K‡i A‡bKUvB wm×n¯Í n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb `viwek| wKš‘ mvC`‡K wb‡q †jLv Zuvi GB GwjwRwU bvbvw`K †_‡K n‡q D‡V‡Q Abb¨| cvi¯úwiK e¨w³MZ Abyf‚wZ, fvebv; hv‡K DÏxó K‡i wj‡L‡Qb (GLv‡b mvC`) Zuvi Rxebhvcb, Zuvi ZË¡‡PZbv; wb‡Ri (`viwe‡ki) ZË¡‡PZbv, ivR‰bwZK m¤úK©, cvi¯úwiK eÜzZv, wbe©vwmZ Rxebhvcb, wb‡R‡ì fwel¨r, c¨v‡j÷vBwb‡ì msMÖvg, ivóªMV‡bi ¯^cœ, êwk¦K Ae¯’v, mewKQy ci¤úwiZ n‡q †M‡Q| e¨w³‡kvK mgwó‡kv‡K †Zv e‡UB, †mBm‡½ MY‡kv‡K cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| mgKvjxb ivRbxwZ, hv‡K DËi-AvaywbK I wek¦vqb e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq, †h-ivRbxwZi Av‡iKwU gvÎv n‡”Q DËi-mgvRZvwš¿K GK‡Kw›`ªK wek¦eë¯’v Ñ Zvi mewKQyB GB KweZvq GKvKvi n‡q †M‡Q| cÖavbZ M`¨Q‡›` KweZvwU †jLv n‡jI KL‡bv KL‡bv Zv‡Z wZwb G‡b‡Qb Clr Q‡›ì †`vjv| †Kv_vI †Kv_vI Gi fvlv KK©k, †Kv_vI †Kv_vI A‡cÿvK…Z gm„Y| me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jv, b¨v‡iwU‡fi †h-ixwZwU GB KweZvq `viwek MÖnY K‡i‡Qb †mUv GKai‡bi mvsNwl©K A_P ci¤úwiZ ixwZ| GB ixwZ GKwU ZË¡| `viwek GwU MÖnY K‡i‡Qb huv‡K wb‡q

wZwb KweZvwU wjL‡Qb †mB mvC‡ì ZË¡fvebv †_‡K| mvC` Zuvi wewfbœ †jLvq, we‡kl K‡i wejw¤^Z ˆkjx (2006) kxl©K MÖ‡š’ Ges Gi Av‡M †jLv ÔZ‡Ë¡i cwiågY cybwe©‡ePbvÕ (1994) kxl©K cÖe‡Ü GB Z‡Ë¡i K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G-cÖm‡½ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb, Ô†h-†Kv‡bv ZË¡xq aviYvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U cÖPÐ ¯^we‡ivwaZvi ga¨ w`‡q, wKš‘ †kl nq cwiÎvYagx© cÖKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q|Õ [mvC` 1994]| IB cÖe‡ÜB mvC` e‡j‡Qb, ZË¡ hLb GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq hvq Ges ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Îi evB‡i PwP©Z nq, ZLb Gi m~PbvKv‡ji kw³ ÿ‡q hvq| mvC‡ì ZvwË¡Kfvebv Abymv‡i ZË¡ ZvB GKB m‡½ gy³, cÖmvwiZ I cwiÎvYagx©| `viwekI mvC‡ì m¤§v‡b †h-KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb, †mLv‡b bvbv wel‡qi gy³iƒ‡ci Dw³-cÖZz¨w³gq cÖKvk jÿ Kiv hvq| †m m‡½ Kxfv‡e ivR‰bwZK gvbweK gyw³i c‡_ gvbyl AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i Zvi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q|

3. mvC‡`i cÖwZ `viwe‡ki kÖ×vÄwj

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