Kali O Kalam September 2016 by Bengal Foundation

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BwZnvm Kx? Zv wK ïayB ivRvivRov‡`i weev`-wem¤^v`? Zv bq| gnv‡k¦Zv e‡jb : ÔBwZnv‡mi avivq wkwÿZ n‡Z n‡j GKRb we‡eKevb wkíx‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e †mB AÂ‡ji f‚‡Mvj‡K, mgMÖ gvbe-mgvR‡K, Zv‡`i wkÿv, ms¯‹… wZ I A_©‰bwZK cwigÐj‡K|Õ 15

bZ©Kxi K_v| gay‡i gayi Dcb¨vmwU ˆZwi n‡qwQj b„Z¨wkíx‡ì wb‡qB|... Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ¸‡jv ga¨‡kÖYxi Ôf`ª‡jvKÕ bq, ZvB Zv‡ì cÖe„wË, Zvi cÖKv‡k †Kv‡bv cvwjk †bB|Õ ZvB †Zv mvK©vm Gwibvi Rxe‡b g‡bvni I †cÖgZvivi †cÖg Kxfv‡e cÖwZ‡iv‡ai euvK †cwi‡q mwZ¨Kv‡ii ev¯ÍeZv wmw× †cj Ñ †hLv‡b bi-bvix m¤ú‡K©i ZxeªZvi AvKzjZvB Rqx n‡jv : e¨v‡Ûi SgvSg& evRbv Avi †fvi-iv‡Z ivDwUi euvwk Avi †Kv‡bvw`b fzwj‡q wb‡q hv‡e bv mvK©v‡mi †g‡q‡K| Rxe‡b euvPvi wbkvbv †c‡q †M‡Q †cÖgZviv| Zvivi Auvav‡ii †h bvqK, Zvi Rxe‡bi weivU Uª¨v‡RwWi g‡a¨ Av‡Q GKUv Avw¼K †Mvj‡hvM| †jL‡Ki K_vq : ÔcÖ‡qvRbÕ I ÔAw¯Í‡Z¡Õi †e-wn‡me| ÔGB wn‡me A‡bKUv A_©bxwZi ÔwWg¨vÛÕ I ÔmvcøvBÕ‡qi g‡Zv| †g‡c-†g‡c, †f‡e-†f‡e Pj‡Z nq| bB‡j Rxe‡bi RwUjZv nvwi‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv|Õ weRq `v‡ki Ôbvwm©mvm Kg‡cø·Õ wb‡q Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ| Z‡e †kl ch©šÍ weR‡qi AvZ¥nZ¨v AwZbvUKxq| weRq `v‡ki cwiYwZ †Zgb wkímdj gvÎv cvq bv| †hfv‡e †m wbwe©Kí-Aw¯ÍZ¡ aviY K‡i ev¯Íe RM‡Z Zv ïayB †Zvlv‡gv`x Avi åvwšÍ‡Z fiv| †gjv‡Z cv‡i bv wb‡R‡K| A_P wecix‡Z wb‡Ri †kÖôZ¡ Zv‡K DavI n‡q avq| GB k~b¨Zvi cwiYwZB GK A‡_© Zvi AvZ¥nZ¨v| wel‡qi wfbœZvq GwU Z…wßKi Dcb¨vm, GKcÖKvi ev¯ÍweK bZzb Pwi‡Îi A‡š^lYI e‡U| wKš‘ wUªU‡g›U `ye©j| ¯^í mg‡qi eëav‡b †jLv Auvavi gvwbK (1967) ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcb¨vm| GwU f‚wg gvwUi mywcb× ¯ú›`b| KvjcÖev‡ni MwZi †h kw³ Zv ¯úó Ñ KviY, wccvmvi Rj †Zv mvRv‡bv cv‡Îi wRwbm bq, Zv gvwUi R‡jB _v‡K; ZvB †Zv Auvavi gvwb‡Ki ¯ú›`b G‡Zv D¾¡j Av‡jvKgq| ewM©i AZ¨vPvi, ivRvi jovB, Rq-civR‡qi weeiY KZ wek¦vm-Awek¦v‡mi Zv‡i `„pfv‡e euvav| wbg©g BwZnvm ïay evRye‡Üi aŸwb, Z‡jvqv‡ii i³v³ Lv‡ci Av‡jL¨ eqb K‡i; wKš‘ mvaviY cÖRvi †kvlY-wbcxob wKsev kÖg-†kÖwYi BwZnvm ewM©i AZ¨vPvi Ak¦ÿz‡i f‚jywÉZ| ZvB GwU Ô†jvKe„‡Ëi BwZnvm| Ñ KjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK ga¨weË Rxeb M‡o IVvi cÖvK-gyn~‡Z©i BwZnvm|Õ Gi K¨vbfvm eo| Kvwnwbi †K›`ª ea©gv‡bi Auvavi gvwbK MÖvg| mgv‡jvPK e‡j‡Qb, ÔAuvavi gvwbK MÖv‡gi K‡qKwU cwievi w`‡q †h Kvwnbxi ïiæ, Zvi e„Ë eo n‡Z n‡Z a‡i †d‡j‡Q †g‡`bxcyi †_‡K gywk©`vev`, bMY¨ ivgvB evM`x †_‡K beve Avwje`x©, myivU mI`vMi †_‡K Ij›`vR, divmx, Bs‡iR KzwVqvj| Zv‡ì mevB‡K †eu‡a‡Q GKwUB m~Î, eMx©|Õ we¯Íi BwZnv‡mi cvLvq Gi Kvwnwb wewPÎMvgx| evM`xcvovi ivgvB, Avb›`xivg gy‡LvwU, msmvi-êivMx myiKÉ Gi cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj PwiÎ| ewM© Avµg‡Y ivgvB AvnZ n‡j eD cvix awl©Z nq Avi AvPv‡h©i wK‡kvix Kb¨v wbg©jvi †KvPo †_‡K ¯^Y©vj¼vi jyU nq Ñ d‡j ¯úk©‡`v‡l wbg©jv (hZ D”PeskxqB †nvK) wb¯Ívi cvq bv| Zß N„Zcv‡bi weavb gvb‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ G‡Z †Zv g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ| ZvB †KŠk‡j wbe©vmb †Ìqv nq| Gw`‡K Avb›`xiv‡gi ¯¿x dz‡jk¦ixi Rxe‡b myiKÉ Kxfv‡e G‡jv Rv‡b bv| Gevi †m cvjv‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ †invB †bB, KviY mg¯Í evsjvi c‡_-c‡_ GLb ZviB WvK| KviY, †h †Miæqvemb web¨¯Í Zvi kix‡i Ñ †mLv‡b c‡_i mevB Zvi Kv‡Q gyw³ Pvq| Gw`‡K ZLb Pv‡P© e‡m dv`vi Av‡šÍwb‡q Wv‡qwi‡Z †j‡Lb, G †Zv whïi R‡b¥i Av‡Mi BmªvB‡ji Kvj| ÔG‡·vWvmÕ| gvbyl Qz‡U P‡j ZLb KjKvZvi w`‡K, M½v-hgybv wKsev RvZ-cvZ-†kÖwY‡f` Avi _v‡K bv| mewKQz wg‡j mevB euvP‡Z Pvq, Pvq ÔbZzb AvkÖq, bZzb hy‡Mi mÜvb|Õ ewM© nvbvi BwZnvm PgrKvi gybwkqvbvq

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weRb fÆvPvh©, gnv‡k¦Zv †èx I beviæY fÆvPvh© to her immediate familial situation, she becomes aware of how she and Brati were not just fellow suffers but also soul mates.Õ wØZxq Ask Ô`ycyiÕ, GLv‡b cÖavb NUbv mgyi gv‡qi m‡½ mvÿvr Ñ †hLv‡b g„Zzï Av‡M †m Ae¯’vb KiwQj, Ges mgyi gv I myRvZv GKB cwiYwZi Ask| mgyi gv‡qi †fZi w`‡q myRvZvi Ab¨ GKwU Ask Ly‡j hvq Ñ `wi`ª, wW‡MÖ‡Wkb, mve-wnDg¨vb aviYv BZ¨vw`| Z…Zxq Ask Ôwe‡KjÕ Ñ †hLv‡b myRvZvi mvÿvr nq bw›`bxi m‡½| ÔIt is Nandini who reconstructs for Sujata all the events leading up to Brati’s betrayal and murder... It’s through Nandini that Sujata is finally able to understand the reasons for Brati’s political convictions and his rejection of the bourgeoisie code.Õ Kvh©Z G-mgv‡Ri Avgiv †KDB Ôdidn’t really know BratiÕ| †kl AskwU ÔmÜ¨vÕ| GLv‡b cwiewZ©Z gvZ…‡Z¡i GK g~wZ©gvb iƒc ¯^ZtPvÂ‡j¨ mywbcyY| †m bxwZMZfv‡e AvZ¥wek¦vmx Ges ivR‰bwZKfv‡e ¯úk©KvZi| wm×všÍ wb‡q †d‡j evwo †Q‡o P‡j hv‡e| KviY, eªZx †hLv‡b †bB †mLv‡b †m k~b¨, Aeg~j¨vwqZI| g„Zzï ciI †m Ae‡nwjZB †_‡K hv‡e Ñ IB ÔcyiælÕ wè¨bv‡_i msmv‡i| Avm‡j cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡R myRvZv Zvi wWK¬vmW, mv‡cÖmW Ñ †m Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³i cÖkœwU Dcb¨v‡m ¸iæZ¡en n‡q I‡V Ñ hwÌ cyÎ eªZxB Zvi cÖavb Av‡eMwe›`y| GKRb ÔgvÕI G wPišÍb mgv‡Ri KZ…©‡Z¡i Aaxb| Z‡e ey w S nvRvi Pz i vwki gv mgKv‡ji Ô†Rbv‡ikb M¨v‡cÕi

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Av‡›`vj‡bi S‡oi cÖfve, gnv‡k¦Zvi e¨w³MZ cwieZ©b, hv GKiK‡gi DËiY, †MvUv evsjv mvwn‡Zï G mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi †kÖô Ask| [iPbvmgMÖ 8, c„ 466] mgv‡jvPK Bivevb emyiv‡qi fv‡l¨ Av‡iv ejv hvq : mË‡ii `k‡Ki Dcb¨v‡m me †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b NUj Ab¨fv‡e| ivRbxwZi m‡½ cÖZ¨ÿ †hvM bv †i‡LI H cÖej Av‡›`vjb‡K Abyfe K‡i Zv‡K iƒc w`‡Z wM‡q GKB m‡½ ga¨weË †kÖYxi Rxeb‡K I wb‡Ri Dcb¨vm‡K fvO‡jb I bZzbfv‡e Mo‡jb GKRb Jcb¨vwmK Ñ wZwb gnv‡k¦Zv †èx| mËi †cwi‡q Avwk‡Z gnv‡k¦Zvi Mí-Dcb¨v‡m (ˆbF‡Z †gN MíMÖš’ cÖf…wZ) cÖvwšÍK gvbyl, Avwèvmx Rbc`, kÖgkxj Rxebe„‡Ë Rxe‡bi RqB †`Lv hvq| AiY¨-cvnvo-ebR½j Awaevmxiv wbR¯^ K…wó I †jvKvPv‡i mij I Zxeª Rxebev`x| mf¨Zvi êwPÎÏ Zviv| g‡b c‡o wef‚wZf‚l‡Yi AviY¨K Dcb¨v‡mi K_v| Avwk‡Z Ggb wewea M‡í gnv‡k¦Zvi Rxeb`k©‡bi cybive„wË NU‡jI GKcÖKvi BwZnv‡mi AvbyMZ¨‡K D”PZvq Qwo‡q †`b wbweo wkí‡KŠk‡j| Gi g‡a¨ Zuvi †U‡ivW¨vKwUj Avevi wd‡i Av‡m| †U‡ivW¨vKwUj, c~iY mnvq I wci_v Dcb¨v‡m wZwb †j‡Lb : Ôfvi‡Zi Avwèvmx‡ì †`‡ki gvbwPÎ †_‡K gy‡Q †djvi KvR cÖvq m¤ú~Y© AvR, bZzb kZ‡K|... †U‡ivW¨vKwUj‡K Avm‡ZB n‡Zv| c„w_ex‡Z Rxem„wói Avw`ce© †_‡K 1980-i `k‡K ga¨fvi‡Z Zv‡K Avm‡ZB n‡Zv Avwèvmx‡ì g„Z c~e©cyiæl‡ì AvZ¥vi D‡ØM Rvbv‡Z| wKš‘ †m G-K_vI Avgv‡ì ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q †h, Avgv‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡I wecbœ wQj, †ZvgivI AvR wejywßi m¤§yLxb| c~iY mnvq GK mvsevw`K|... Avi Ôwci_vÕ kãwU c„w_exi mgv_©K...|Õ †U‡ivW¨vKwUj GKB m‡½ wg_ I cÖZxK, GK we‡eKx mvsevw`K †h †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z G‡Kev‡i Amg_© Avi GB c„w_ex (fviZel©) GK Avw`Zg RvwZ‡ì RMr Ñ GB wb‡q G-Dcb¨vm|

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gnv‡k^Zv †`ex : AwMœMf© Rxeb I m„wó †nvm‡b Aviv

R msK‡í w¯’i _vK‡Z cvi‡jb bv gnv‡k^Zv| cÖvq `yB `kK c~‡e© 1996 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i XvKvq AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi m‡½ GK AvjvcPvwiZvq wZwb G-msKí e¨³ K‡iwQ‡jb †h, wZwb 2025 ch©šÍ euvP‡eb Ges cieZx©Kv‡ji GKRb cÖZ¨ÿ`kx© n‡eb| cÖK…wZi A‡gvN wbqgvbyeZx© n‡q bq eQi Av‡MB Zv‡K P‡j †h‡Z n‡jv 2016 mv‡ji 28 RyjvB, e„n¯úwZevi Aciv‡nè| 91 eQ‡ii `xN© Rxe‡b AdzišÍ w`‡q‡Qb wZwb evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K| hwÌ Rxe‡bi †kl wZb eQi †jLbx mPj wQj bv Zuvi Riv-eva©K¨-¯§„wZnxbZvi cÖ‡Kv‡c, Zey cÖvq Qq `kK a‡i wbcxwoZ gvby‡li AwjwLZ msMÖvgx Rxe‡bwZnvm‡K mvwn‡Zï Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ wZwb bZzb gvÎv †hvM K‡i‡Qb| Rxebwew”Qbœ fveKíbv ev wbQK cÖY‡qi Aa©KwíZ DcvL¨vb bq, cÖejfv‡eB Rxebm¤ú„³ mvwnwZ¨K gnv‡k¦Zv mgMÖ Rxeb gvbyl wn‡m‡e gvby‡li cÖwZ cÖej `vq‡ev‡a mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Rj-gvwU-k‡mï MÜevnx gnv‡k^Zv †èxi K_vmvwnZ¨ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †h ¯^Zš¿ avivi m~Pbv K‡i‡Q Zv engvb Av‡Q, _vK‡e Av‡iv eûKvj|

1.1

1926 mv‡ji 14 Rvbyqvwi gKimsµvwšÍi w`‡b XvKvi Avigvwb‡Uvjvi 15bs wR›`vevnvi †j‡bi gvgvevwo‡Z gnv‡k^Zv †èxi Rb¥| evev gYxk NU‡Ki ZLb cuwPk eQi Ges gv awiÎx †èxi AvVv‡iv| evev wQ‡jb GKvav‡i Kwe Ges mvwnwZ¨K; Ôhyebvk¦Õ QÙbv‡g evsjv †QvUM‡í GK bZzb hy‡Mi cÖ‡YZv| gvI Kwe wQ‡jb, hwÌ wj‡L‡Qb mvgvb¨ wKš‘ cov‡kvbvi †ÿÎ Zuvi wQj we¯Í…Z| gnv‡k^Zv-gvb‡m wcZ… I gvZ…Kz‡ji cÖfve wQj Amvgvb¨| gnv‡k^Zv †èxi cÖgvZvgn hvèP›`ª PµeZx© wQ‡jb ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi cÖ_g RxebxKvi; †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi, †KkeP›`ª †mb, CkîP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii m‡½ Zuvi mym¤úK© I NwbôZv wQj| Zuvi Kb¨v wKiYgqxi A_©vr gnv‡k^Zvi gvZvgnxi e¨w³MZ MÖš’vMvi, mvwnZ¨cvV I D`vi gvbwmKZv gnv‡k^Zvi gvb‡m my`~icÖmvix cÖfve †i‡LwQj| BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ wKiYgqx †èxi Uvb wQj Amvgvb¨, Zuvi MÖš’vMv‡i cÖvq cÖwZwU †Rjvi BwZnv‡mi msMÖn wQj; cieZx©Kv‡j mvwnwZ¨K gnv‡k^Zvi BwZnvmwcÖqZvi Ab¨Zg Drm m¤¢eZ Zuvi gvZvgnx| ˆkk‡e wZwb Zuvi KvQ †_‡K †`wk iƒcK_v QvovI ï‡bwQ‡jb †WwfW Kcviwdì I Awjfvi UzB‡÷i Mí| w`w`gv wKiYgqx †èxi J`v‡h©i GKwU wb`k©b gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi ¯§„wZPviYvq cvIqv hvq| Kwe †Mvwe›` `v‡mi (1855-1918) g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ mvnv‡hï Rb¨ G‡j wZwb wbR nvZ †_‡K GKMvwQ evjv Ly‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb; †Kbbv, †m-mg‡q Zuvi nv‡Z †Kv‡bv UvKv wQj bv (gnv‡k¦Zv 1996 : 14)| Kwe Awgq PµeZx© wQ‡jb wKiYgqx †èxi åvZz®úyÎ| gvZvgn b‡i›`ªbv_ †PŠayix †ckvq wQ‡jb DwKj; ¯^‡`wk, ivRew›`‡ì †Km Ki‡Zb e‡j h‡_ó cmvi wQj bv Zuvi| wZwb wb‡R cÖeÜ wjL‡Zb Ges Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil‡ìÕ XvKv kvLvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb| cvebv †Rjvi fv‡i½v MÖv‡g wQj Zuvi wcZ…wbevm| b‡i›`ªbv_-wKiYgqx †èxi Pvi cyÎ I Pvi Kb¨vi cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨‡KB hk¯^x n‡qwQ‡jb| eo †Q‡j kPx›`ªbvivqY B‡KvbwgK A¨vÛ cwjwUK¨vj DBKwj cwÎKvi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv I m¤úv`K wQ‡jb| wØZxq cyÎ c`v_©we` †èbvivqY

cwðge‡½i ÔB‡jKUªwbK wk‡íÕi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv| Z…Zxq cyÎ wnZbvivqY wPÎRMr I ivR‰bwZK gvby‡li Lye Nwbô wQ‡jb| †b‡niæ, Bw›ìv MvÜx, m‡ivwRbx bvBWz, w`jxcKzgvi mK‡ji m‡½B wZwb Nwbô wQ‡jb| me©Kwbô cyÎ bibvivqY (k•L †PŠayix) wQ‡jb fv¯‹i| wek^fviZxi m‡½ wZwb hy³ wQ‡jb Ges jwjZKjv AvKv‡`wgi †Pqvig¨vb n‡qwQ‡jb| eo †g‡q kvwšÍgqx M„nea~, †gR †g‡q awiÎx †èx gnv‡k^Zvi gv, Z…Zxq †g‡q kKzšÍjv jxjv iv‡qi m‡½ kÖxm•N I RqkÖx‡Z KvR Ki‡Zb, †QvU †g‡q ¯^cœgqx kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b msMxZfe‡bi ¯‹jviwkc jvf K‡ib| gnv‡k¦Zvi gvb‡m Zuvi mgMÖ wcZ… I gvZ…Kz‡ji cwiev‡ii mvs¯‹…wZK I HwZn¨-PP©v wbweofv‡e Kvh©Ki wQj| Zuvi wcZvgn my‡ikP›`ª NUK Bs‡iwR I BwZnvm wel‡q K…wZ‡Z¡i m‡½ Wej GgG cvk K‡ib| c‡i †e½j wmwfj mvwf©‡m GmwWI nb| Zuvi Avw` evwo wQj cvebv †Rjvi cyi‡bv fv‡i½vq| wcZvgnx B›`yevjv †èxI wQ‡jb †m-mg‡qi wkwÿZ Ges cÖej ms¯‹…wZgbv e¨w³Z¡| G `¤úwZi cuvP cyÎ I Pvi Kb¨v Ñ gYxk, myaxk, ZcZx, m¤úªxwZ, eªZZx, Avkxl, †jv‡Kk, FwZ¡K I cÖZxwZ| Guiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB evsjvi mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ †ÿ‡Î ¯^bvgab¨| gYxk NUK Kwe I K_vmvwnwZ¨K| myaxk NUK jÛ‡b wm‡bgv‡UvMÖvwd wk‡L ¯^í‰`‡N©ï Qwe ˆZwi K‡ib Ges K¨v‡givg¨vb wn‡m‡eI L¨vwZ cvb| Avkxl NU‡Ki cwiwPwZ N‡U msMxZ-AbyivMx iƒ‡c| †jv‡Kk NUK bvweK I ågYwccvmy Ñ †mBm‡½ cÖeÜKvi I Abyev`K wn‡m‡eI cwiwPZ| FwZ¡K NUK MíKvi n‡jI Awe¯§iYxq Pjw”PÎ-wbg©vZv wn‡m‡eB mgMÖ evsjvq L¨vZ| †g‡qiv mK‡jB msMxZ-mvwnZ¨ AbyivMx| A_©-weË bq, †gav-gb‡bi gvcKvwV‡Z G-`yB cwievi abx wQj wbtm‡›`‡n| ey×‡è emyi ¯§„wZPviYv‡ZI G-`yB cwiev‡ii mvwnZ¨PP©vi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| `yB cwiev‡iB †`k-we‡`‡ki eB cwVZ I Av‡jvwPZ n‡Zv| (ey×‡è 1976 :7)

1.2

gYxk NUK I awiÎx †`exi bq mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ gnv‡k^Zv mevi eo| c‡ii AvURb n‡jb Ñ kvk¦Zx (1929-95), Abxk (1930-78), Ae‡jvwK‡Zk (1933-73), Acvjv (1935-), kgxk (1938-81), ˆg‡Îq (1941-2003), †mvgv (1942-), kvix (1945-)| mnRvZ wkí-mvwnZ¨ cÖeYZvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb Guiv mK‡jB, GKv †Kej gnv‡k¦Zv †c‡q‡Qb mvwnwZ¨‡Ki L¨vwZ| G m¤ú‡K© e¨w³MZ ¯§„wZPvi‡Y gnv‡k¦Zv e‡j‡Qb, Ôeveviv me fvB‡evb †hgb Avgvi fvB‡evbivI Rb¥m~‡Î AuvKvi nvZ, Mv‡bi Mjv, Awfbq ÿgZv †c‡qwQj| DËivwaKvijä m¤úwË‡Z wKQy nq bv| wbišÍi †Póvq Zv‡K evov‡Z nqÕ (gnv‡k¦Zv †g 1996 : 26)| wbR m¤ú‡K©I wZwb GKB K_vi cybive„wË Ki‡Zb; wZwb ej‡Zb †h, wZwb wjL‡Z-wjL‡Z †jLK n‡q‡Qb| gnv‡k^Zvi evev gYxk NUK (1902-79) †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR †_‡K weG cvk K‡i AvqKi wefv‡M PvKwi‡Z †hvM †`b 1929 mv‡j| evevi e`wji PvKwi-m~‡Î Zuviv mcwiev‡i XvKv, gqgbwmsn, RjcvB¸wo, w`bvRcyi, dwi`cyi, †g‡`bxcyi, enigcyi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †_‡K‡Qb| Z‡e PvKwi‡Z DbœwZ Kiv Zuvi av‡Z wQj bv; mK‡ji c‡`vbœwZ n‡Zv, Zuvi NUZ c`vebwZ| ¯^‡`wk‡`i cÖwZ ¯‘wZg~jK KweZv ÔevOvwji †Q‡jÕ †jLvi Awf‡hv‡M GKevi Zvi c`vebwZ N‡U| GKvwaKevi c`vebwZ NU‡j Ges wg‡_¨ Awf‡hv‡M mvm‡cÛ Kiv n‡j wZwb miKvwi PvKwi †Q‡o ¯^vaxbfv‡e enigcy‡i cÖ¨vKwUm ïiæ K‡ib Ges †mLv‡b evwo K‡i ¯’vqx nb| hyebvk^ QÙbv‡g cUjWvOvi cuvPvjx wj‡L wZwb mvwnZ¨‡K AeÿwqZ gvby‡li Kv‡Q wb‡q Av‡mb|

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2.1

gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi wkÿvRxeb ïiæ nq XvKvi B‡Wb g‡›Umwi ¯‹z‡j gvÎ Pvi eQi eq‡m; wKš‘ ¯‹z‡j wZwb wbqwgZ nbwb| evevi e`wji m~‡Î gv‡S we`¨vjq-Rxe‡b †Q` co‡jI evwo‡Z cov‡kvbvi †Kv‡bv weivg wQj bv| 1935 mv‡j evev †g‡`bxcy‡i e`wj n‡j wZwb †mLvbKvi wgkb ¯‹z‡j PZz_© †kÖwY‡Z fwZ© nb| c‡ii eQi 1936 mv‡j Zuv‡K fwZ© Kiv nq kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b| gvÎ `k eQi eq‡m gv-evev‡K †Q‡o kvwšÍwb‡KZb †h‡Z gnv‡k¦Zv †Ku‡`wQ‡jb; wKš‘ wZb eQi ci kvwšÍwb‡KZb †Q‡o KjKvZvq Avm‡Z †Ku‡`wQ‡jb A‡bK †ewk| cÂg †_‡K mßg †kÖwY Ñ G-`yeQi kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b covi AwfÁZv Zuv‡K F× K‡iwQj A‡bKLvwb| iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k© AvmvUv I iex›`ªcÖfvweZ gvgvevwoi ej‡q †e‡o IVv gnv‡k¦Zvi Rxe‡bi we‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv| mßg †kÖwY‡Z iex›`ªbv_‡K wZwb †c‡qwQ‡jb evsjvi wkÿK wn‡m‡e| G-mgq ew¼gP‡›`ªi Rb¥kZel© D`hvcb Ki‡Z †`‡L‡Qb iex›`ªbv_‡K| kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡bi G-`yB eQ‡ii ¯§„wZPviY i‡q‡Q Zuvi `ywU eB‡q Ñ Avgv‡ì kvwšÍwb‡KZb (2001) I wQbœ cvZvi †fjvq (2006)| Zuv‡K kvwšÍwb‡KZb †Q‡o KjKvZvq wdi‡Z nq Amy¯’ gv I †QvU cuvP fvB‡ev‡bi †`Lv‡kvbv Kivi Rb¨| gvÎ †Z‡iv eQi eq‡m M„nKÎx©i K‡Vvi `vwqZ¡ wZwb cvjb Kiv ïiæ K‡ib myPviæfv‡e| cvkvcvwk cÖvwZôvwbK I mvwnZ¨ cvV _v‡K Ae¨vnZ| 1939 mv‡j kvwšÍwb‡KZb †_‡K †divi ci wZwb †ejZjv evwjKv we`¨vj‡q K¬vm GB‡U fwZ© nb| G-mg‡q eÜzmg mgeqmx KvKv FwZ¡K NU‡Ki mvwbœ‡a¨ wZwb Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx nb| †`k-Kv‡ji Aw¯’iZv I wek¦mvwn‡Zï ms‡hv‡M Zuvi †jLKRxe‡bi cÖ¯‘wZce© a‡i †bIqv hvq †m-mgq‡K| G-mgqB Zuvi cÖ_g †jLv cÖKvwkZ nq 1940-G isgkvj cwÎKvq| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†Q‡j‡ejvÕ m¤ú‡K© wj‡LwQ‡jb wZwb Ges GwU wQj Zuvi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ †jLv| 1942-G g¨vwUªK cvk K‡i Avï‡Zvl K‡j‡R fwZ© nb gnv‡k¦Zv| KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i m`m¨ bv n‡jI wZwb cvwU©i Kg©Kv‡Ði m‡½ hy³ nb| cvwU©i wgwUs‡q †h‡Zb wZwb, cvwU©i gyLcÎ People’s war Ges Rbhy× wewµ Ki‡Zb, cvVI Ki‡Zb| KwgDwbR‡gi cÖwZ Av¯’v M‡o D‡VwQj m¤¢eZ gvby‡li cÖwZ Mfxi fv‡jvevmvi Kvi‡YB| Z‡e cÖ_ve× ivR‰bwZK MwÐ‡Z Ave× wZwb nbwb| `jxq ivRbxwZ‡Z Zuvi Av¯’v wQj bv, ivRbxwZi Q‡Keuvav Rxeb Zuvi Awf‡cÖZ bq, gvbeZvev‡` wek¦vmx n‡jI ZË¡wbf©i n‡q I‡Vbwb wZwb| QvÎRxe‡b fvB‡ì m‡½ cvjøv w`‡q Mv‡Q Pov, mvB‡Kj Pvjv‡bv, muvZvi KvUvi ¯^Ztù‚Z©Zvq gnv‡k¦Zv wQ‡jb cÖvYešÍ| ˆ`wnKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x nIqvi cÖZ¨‡q nvRiv cv‡K© wZwb jvwV‡Ljv, †Qviv‡Ljv wkL‡Zb| Aek¨ gnv‡k¦Zvi gvZvg‡ni M„‡n Gi cÖPjb wQj eû Av‡M †_‡KB| Zuvi †QvUgvgv k•L †PŠayixi ¤§„wZPvi‡Y Rvbv hvq †h, Zuv‡ì evwo‡Z †g‡q‡ì AvZ¥iÿvi Rb¨ †Qviv‡Ljv, jvwV‡Ljvi K¬vm n‡Zv (k•L 2002 : 8-9)| myZivs cÖ_vewnf©~Z Kg©Kv‡Ði Rb¨ evB‡i mgv‡jvwPZ n‡jI gnv‡k¦Zv eivei gv-evevi c~Y© mg_©b †c‡q‡Qb gy³wPšÍv I ¯^vaxb Rxeb MV‡b| Av‡Z©i †mev †hgb wZwb K‡i‡Qb, mvsmvwiK `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡i‡Qb| gv‡qi cyi‡bv †mjvB †gwkb Pvwj‡q ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb RvgvKvco, gkvwi, evwj‡ki Kfvi| ivbœvevbœvI K‡i‡Qb| QvÎxRxe‡bB A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^wbf©i nIqvi Afxávq

1942 mv‡j mncvwVbx‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq ÔwPÎ‡iLvÕ bv‡g Kvco Qvcv‡bvi †`vKvb Ly‡jwQ‡jb| †`vKv‡bi g~jab wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë wZwik UvKvI Zuvi wb‡Ri DcvR©‡bi| n¨vÛwej †`‡L fvB Ae‡jvwK‡Z‡ki eyw× I gv‡qi mwµq mg_©‡b XvKv †_‡K Kvco is Kivi mvevb wfwc K‡i Avwb‡q K‡j‡R wewµ Ki‡Zb| †mB eëmv †_‡K R‡gwQj IB wZwik UvKv| G eëmv Aek¨ wZwb ¯^ímgqB Pvwj‡q‡Qb Ges Zvici Avev‡iv e¨¯Í n‡q‡Qb cov‡kvbv I eyw×e„wËK Kg©Kv‡Ð| evevi e`wjm~‡Î 1944-G gnv‡k¦Zv P‡j Av‡mb iscy‡i| †mLv‡b cÖL¨vZ KÉwkíx webq ivq I †iev ivq‡PŠayixi mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡m wZwb fviZxq MYbvU¨ ms‡Ni b„Z¨Mx‡Zi Abyôv‡b †hvM †`b| Zuvi G-AwfÁZv m¤¢eZ cieZx© Rxe‡b Zuv‡K bvUK iPbvq DØy× K‡iwQj| cybe©vi wZwb kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b weG co‡Z hvb 1944-Gi †k‡li w`‡K, mvsmvwiK `vwqZ¡ †_‡K wKQyUv Ae¨vnwZ †c‡q, †QvU †evb wgZzj †m-`vwqZ¡ †bIqvq| Gevi kvwšÍwb‡KZb Zuv‡K cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv AvcøyZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, Rxe‡bi iƒp ev¯ÍeZv, cÂv‡ki gš^šÍi Zuvi gvbm-MVb‡K cv‡ë w`‡qwQj A‡bKLvwb| wØZxqev‡i kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b cov‡kvbvi cvkvcvwk wZwb mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvq cÖwZev`-msMÖv‡g mwµq Ask wb‡q‡Qb| MvÜx wè‡m ¯^vaxbZv-msMÖvgx‡ì, K…lK-kÖwgK‡ì wb‡q †cv÷vi GK&wRwekb K‡i‡Qb| GmeB Zuvi msMÖvgx †PZbv‡K Av‡iv D¾xweZ K‡i‡Q Ges cieZx© mg‡q we‡`ªv‡ni Kvwnwb iPbvi c~e©m~Î wn‡m‡e wµqvkxj †_‡K‡Q| kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b _vW© Bqv‡i covi mgq †`k cwÎKvi m¤úv`K mvMigq †Nv‡li K_vq wZwb †QvUMí †jLv ïiæ K‡ib| †m-mg‡q Zuvi wZbwU †QvUMí †`k cwÎKvq Qvcv nq| cÖwZwU M‡íi Rb¨ wZwb cvwikÖwgK wn‡m‡e `k UvKv K‡i cvb; †jLv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi †cÖiYv ˆZwi nq G-mgqUv‡Z| 1946 mv‡j Bs‡iwR Abvm©mn weG cvk K‡i kvwšÍwb‡KZb †_‡K KjKvZv wd‡i Av‡mb gnv‡k¦Zv Ges KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q GgG (Bs‡iwR) K¬v‡m fwZ© nb| wKš‘ 1946 mv‡ji mv¤úª`vwqK `v½vi cwiYv‡g K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ n‡q hvIqvq mvgwqKfv‡e Zuvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †jLvcov ¯’wMZ n‡q hvq| Aek¨ ZvB e‡j wZwb †_‡g _v‡Kbwb, bvbv Kv‡R hy³ †_‡KI cÖvq m‡Z‡iv eQi ci 1963-†Z wZwb GgG cvk K‡ib|

2.2

cÖL¨vZ bvU¨Kvi I mvwnwZ¨K weRb fÆvPv‡h©i m‡½ cvwievwiKfv‡e Zuvi we‡q nq 10 †deªæqvwi 1947 mv‡j| †m-mg‡q KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i m`m¨ wn‡m‡e weRb fÆvPvh© †Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK Kv‡Ri m‡½ hy³ wQ‡jb bv| msmvi Pvjv‡bvi cy‡iv `vwqZ¡ Kuv‡a wb‡q gnv‡k¦Zv 1948 mv‡j cÙcyKzi Bbw÷wUD‡U wkÿKZvi Kv‡R †hvM †`b| RxweKvi ZvwM‡` wZwb wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ †ckvq wbhy³ nb; h‡_ó msMÖvgmsKzj wQj Zuvi Kg©Rxeb| 1949 mv‡j BbKvg U¨v‡·i Awd‡m PvKwi †c‡jI Zv Kiv nqwb, eo Awdmvi evev gYxk NU‡Ki Kb¨vi †Kivwb c‡` †hvM †`Iqv mvgvwRKfv‡e wb›`bxq e‡j| G-eQiB wZwb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii †cv÷vj AwW‡U Avcvi wWwfkb K¬vK© wn‡m‡e PvKwi cvb; wKš‘ GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Zuv‡K PvKwiPz¨Z Kiv nq ivR‰bwZK m‡›`‡ni ekeZx© n‡q ev ¯^vgx KwgDwb÷ nIqvi Aciv‡a| cÖL¨vZ AvBbwe` AZzj ¸‡ßi †Póvq A¯’vqxfv‡e cybe©nvj n‡jI 1950-G Zuvi Wªqv‡i gvK©m I †jwb‡bi eB cvIqvi Aciv‡a Zuv‡K wØZxqevi PvKwi †_‡K eiLv¯Í Kiv nq| Gici Avi miKvwi PvKwi‡Z †divi †Póv K‡ibwb wZwb| PvKwi hvIqvi ci wZwb msmvi Pvjv‡Z evwo-evwo Ny‡i Kvco KvPvi mvevb wewµ Ges mKvj-we‡Kj wUDkwb ïiæ K‡ib|

GKgvÎ mšÍvb beviæ‡Yi (23.06.48-31.07.14) AvMgb Zuvi Rxebhy×‡K Av‡iv KwVb K‡i †Zv‡j| 1957 mv‡j i‡gk wgÎ evwjKv we`¨vj‡q wkÿKZvi KvR cvIqvi ci wKQyUv w¯’wZ Av‡m Rxe‡b| 1963-†Z GgG cvk Kivi ci 1964-†Z weRqMo †R¨vwZl ivq K‡j‡R Bs‡iwR Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b wZwb| †jLv‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e †bIqvi ci 1984 mv‡j wZwb †mLvb †_‡K †¯^”Qvq Aemi †bb| Rxe‡bi G DÌvb-cZb, wewPÎ †ckv I gvby‡li m‡½ ms‡hvM Ges `vwi‡`ªï KÈKgq `xN© w`b¸‡jv e¨w³ gnv‡k¦Zv‡K F× K‡i‡Q, Rxeb I gvby‡li K_vKvi nIqvi c_ myMg K‡i‡Q| wb`viæY `vwi`ª¨ wbevi‡Yi Dcvq wn‡m‡e bvbv †ckvi cvkvcvwk mvwnZ¨ iPbv Pj‡Z _v‡K G-mg‡q cy‡iv`‡g| †`k cwÎKvq Zuvi cÖ_g RxebxMÖš’ Suvmxi ivYx 6 AvM÷ 1955 †_‡K 31 wW‡m¤î 1955 wLªóvã ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| 1956 mv‡j cy¯ÍKvKv‡i MÖš’wU gyw`ªZ nq wbD GR cÖKvkbv ms¯’v †_‡K| †`k cwÎKv‡ZB ÔhkešÍxÕ bv‡g GKwU Mí cÖKvwkZ nq 1958 mv‡j| Gi Av‡M 1951 †_‡K 1956-Gi g‡a¨ kÖxmywgÎv †èx/ kÖxgZx mywgÎv †èx I mywgÎv †èx QÙbv‡g wZwb A‡bK Mí †j‡Lb mwPÎ fviZ cwÎKvq| e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b G-mgq wech©‡qi m~ÎcvZ nq; 1961-62 mv‡j weRb fÆvPv‡h©i m‡½ weevn-we‡”Q` N‡U| 12-13 eQ‡ii beviæY‡K †d‡j P‡j Avm‡Z nq Zuv‡K| G-hš¿Yv Zuv‡K `xY© K‡i Zxeªfv‡e| AwZgvÎvq Ny‡gi U¨ve‡jU †L‡q AvZ¥nZ¨vi †Póv Pvjvb wZwb, wKš‘ Wv³vi‡ì cÖ‡Póvq †eu‡P hvb| †e`bv †fvjvi Rb¨B †hb wØZxqevi we‡q K‡ib 1963-64 mv‡j AwmZ ¸ß‡K| wKš‘ †m-we‡qI my‡Li nqwb; 1975-76 mv‡j Avevi weevnwe‡”Q`| Gici †_‡K GKvKx wbtm½ Rxeb| KvR‡K m½x K‡i GwM‡q hvIqv Rxe‡bi c‡_ Ges †m-c‡_ m½x wn‡m‡e cvIqv wbibœ, wbcxwoZ-Ae‡nwjZ Rb‡Mvôx‡K| 1979 mv‡j wcZvi g„Zzï ci gYxk NUK-m¤úvw`Z ewZ©Kv cwÎKvi m¤úv`bvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib gnv‡k¦Zv Ges G-cwÎKv‡K cwiYZ K‡ib ÿz`ª K…lK, K…wlgRyi, Avwèvmx, wkí-kÖwgK Z_v mgv‡Ri eªvZ¨ †kÖwYi gyLc‡Î| ewZ©Kvi ¯^Zš¿ PwiÎ wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GKwU bZzb êcøweK w`MšÍ D‡b¥vP‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖqvm gnv‡k¦Zv‡K evsjv wjUj-g¨vMvwRb Av‡›`vj‡b wewkó ¯’vb w`‡q‡Q| mvsevw`KZv Zuvi mvwnZ¨-iPbvi AšÍivq nqwb, eis mnvqK n‡q‡Q| 1982-84 mv‡j wZwb hyMvšÍ‡i åvg¨gvY mvsevw`K wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b K‡jR †_‡K `yB eQ‡ii QywU wb‡q; Avwèvmx Ges eªvZ¨ †kÖwYi gvby‡li RxebmsMÖv‡gi cÖZ¨ÿ`kx© n‡q Zv‡ì cÖwZ mngwg©Zv I fv‡jvevmvq mvwn‡Zï Avm‡i Dc¯’vwcZ K‡ib †m-Rxeb‡K|

3.1

Suvmxi ivYx Zuv‡K †jLK wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ G‡b †`q| f‚‡Mvj, BwZnvm I †jvKms¯‹…wZ Zuvi †jLvi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡q I‡V G-mgq †_‡KB| BwZnvm-AvwkÖZ G-Kvwnwb †jLvi BwZnvmI †ek Dc‡fvM¨| wnw›` wd‡j¥i wPÎbvU¨ †jLvi Rb¨ weRb fÆvPvh© gy¤^vB hvb 1952 mv‡j, gnv‡k¦Zv Zuvi mnhvÎx nb| gy¤^vB‡q eogvgv, Economic and Political weekly-Gi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K kPxb †PŠayix _vK‡Zb| gvgvi KvQ †_‡K wZwb BwZnv‡mi, we‡klZ wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni Kvwnwb c‡ob ALÐ Aem‡i| G-welq‡K MÖnY K‡i wZwb Suvmxi ivYxi RxebxMÖš’ iPbvq eªZx nb Ges Aí mg‡q Pvi‡kv cvZv wj‡L †d‡jb; wKš‘ Zv‡Z Z…ß n‡Z bv †c‡i iPbvi KvR ¯’wMZ †i‡L eÜz‡`i KvQ †_‡K UvKv avi K‡i 1954 mv‡j ey‡›`jL‡Ði D‡Ï‡k †ewi‡q c‡ob| K‡qK gvm GKv-GKv ey‡›`jL‡Ði Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P

Ny‡i msMÖn K‡ib ivwb-m¤úwK©Z AvÂwjK †jvKMxwZ Ges †jvKKvwnwb| ivwbi RxebxKvi e„›`vebjvj fvg©v I ivwbi fvB‡cv †Mvwe›` wPšÍvgwYi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Suvwmi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Av‡iv wKQy ¯’vb wbweofv‡e ch©‡eÿY K‡i KjKvZvq wd‡i G‡m bZzb K‡i †j‡Lb Suvmxi ivYx| G-mgq †_‡KB Zuvi †ckv`vwi †jL‡Ki c_ myMg nq| †jLKRxe‡b me©`vB wZwb Z_¨, DcvË, †jvKR Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i Ges welqwU‡K wbweofv‡e Aa¨qb K‡i mvwnZ¨ iPbvq eªZx n‡q‡Qb; mvwnZ¨-m„wó Zuvi Kv‡Q †kŠwLb gR`ywi bq, eis gvby‡li cÖwZ `vqe×Zvi cÖKvk| BwZnvm-AvwkÖZ RxebxMÖš’ Suvmxi ivYx mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e gnv‡k¦Zvi Ae¯’vb‡K GKwU k³ wfwË †`q| †mB wfwË‡ZB Zuvi cieZx© Rxe‡bi myD”P mvwnZ¨-wcivwgW ¯’vwcZ| 1957 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zuvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm bUxi cUf‚wg 1857-Gi gnvwe‡`ªvn; G-we‡`ªv‡ni SÅvmsKzj c‡U †Lv`ve· I †gvwZi cÖY‡qi AvL¨v‡b bUx HwZnvwmK Dcb¨v‡mi kZ©c~iY K‡i‡Q| gnvwe‡`ªv‡ni cUf‚wg‡Z G-mgq wZwb Av‡iv wj‡L‡Qb Dcb¨vm Ag„Z mÂqb (1962) I Mí ÔP¤úvÕ (1959); AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki ewM© AvµgY‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i‡Qb Auvavi gvwbK (1966) Dcb¨v‡m| G-Kvwnwb¸‡jv‡Z wZwb AvVv‡iv I Dwbk kZ‡Ki we‡`ªvn I mvaviY gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxeb‡K GKwe›`y‡Z wgwj‡q‡Qb| Zuvi HwZnvwmK K_vmvwnZ¨ ivRe„Ë bq, †jvKe„Ë‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡qB iwPZ| BwZnvm‡K wfbœfv‡e †`Lvi Zuvi †h cÖeYZv Zv Auvavi gvwbK MÖ‡š’i f‚wgKvq ¯úó K‡i‡Qb wZwb Ñ ÔBwZnv‡mi gyL¨ KvRB n‡”Q GKB m‡½ evB‡ii †Mvjgvj, msMÖvg I mgv‡iv‡ni AveR©bv Ges aŸsm¯Í‚c mwi‡q Rbe„Ë‡K A‡š^lY Kiv, A_© I Zvrch© †Ìqv| Avi ZLwb, GB wfZicv‡b †PvL †gjvi ìæbB Awbevh©fv‡e †ewi‡q Av‡m mgvRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ; †ewi‡q Avm‡Z eva¨| †Kbbv, mgvRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ †kl ch©šÍ ivRbxwZi cUf‚wg ˆZwi K‡i, Zvi wmw× I mvdj¨ G‡b †`q| GB mgvRbxwZ I A_©bxwZi gv‡b n‡jv †jvKvPvi, †jvKms¯‹…wZ, †jŠwKK Rxebeë¯’vÕ (gnv‡k^Zv 2002/5 : 19)| gnv‡k^Zvi BwZnvmPP©v ZvB c~e©vci mvaviY gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †NvlYvi evZ©v enb K‡i| HwZnvwmK Kvwnwbi cvkvcvwk wbR e„‡Ëi ga¨weË mvgvwRK Rxeb‡KI mvwn‡Zï welq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb gay‡i gayi (1958), GZUzKz Avkv (1959), wZwgi jMb (1959), Zvivi Auvavi (1960), jvqjx Avkgv‡bi Zviv (1962) cÖf„wZ Dcb¨v‡m| Z‡e ga¨we‡Ëi cvwievwiK NvZ-cÖwZNvZgq Rxeb bq, Rxeb`k©‡bi Awfbe msÁvqb I cÖwZkÖæwZ wb‡q ÔD¾¡j ga¨vý`xwßi c~e©vfvmÕ †hb cÖwZfvwmZ nq G-Kvjc‡e©i mvwn‡Z¨| cieZx©Kv‡j Kwe e›`¨NUx MvwTi Rxeb I g„Zz¨ (1967), nvRvi Pzivwki gv (1974) I Ai‡Yï AwaKvi (1977) mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e Zuvi Ae¯’vb‡K wfbœ GK D”PZvq †cuŠ‡Q †`q| Kwe e›`¨NUx MvwTi Rxeb I g„Zz¨ Dcb¨v‡mi cUf‚wg wn‡m‡e wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb †lvok kZ‡Ki ˆPZb¨-cÖfvweZ ivpevsjvi mvgšÍev`x mgvR I AviY¨K †KŠg †MvôxRxeb‡K| D”PvKv•ÿx GK Pzqvo hyeK Kjn‡Yi bvg-cwiPq †Mvcb K‡i Kwe e›`¨NUx n‡q IVv Ges mZ¨ cÖKv‡ki AwšÍgj‡Mœ me nvwi‡q Uª¨vwRK cwiYwZi m¤§yLxb nIqvi BwZe„‡Ë G-Dcb¨vm Abe`¨| gq~‡ii cy”Qavix Kv‡Ki DcK_vi †hb beiƒcvqY n‡q‡Q e›`¨NUxi RxebK_vq| cv_©cÖwZg e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi g‡Z, Ôgnv‡k¦Zv †hb iPbv K‡ib GKUv A¨vwjMwi, GKUv iƒcK, Jcwb‡ewkK I DËi Jcwb‡ewkK gvbmRM‡Zi GKwU c¨viv‡ej †hb| Avgv‡ì Bs‡iR nIqv Bs‡iwRfvlvi nvZ a‡i wØZxq RMr m„wói Jcwb‡ewkK D”PvKv•ÿvi GwjU ¯^‡cœi Uª¨v‡RwWB GB

c¨viv‡e‡j †`Lv‡bv nqÕ (D×…Z, gnv‡k^Zv 2002/6)| gnv‡k^Zv Zuvi K_vmvwn‡Z¨ me©`v ÔBwZnv‡mi Zvrc‡h© cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z Pvb mgKvj‡KÕ; G-Dcb¨v‡mI ZvB N‡U‡Q| eªvþY¨-kvwmZ mgv‡R AšÍ¨R-R‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡nxbZv I Aw¯ÍZ¡ev`x n‡q-IVvi msMÖvg †Kej †mKv‡ji bq, GKv‡jiI| bKkvjevwo Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf‚wg‡Z iwPZ nvRvi Pzivwki gv Dcb¨vmwU gnv‡k^Zv-K_vmvwn‡Zï GK gvBjdjK e‡j we‡ewPZ nq, hwÌ Gi Av‡M Ôis bv¤^viÕ, ÔkixiÕ, ÔcÖvZ¨wnKÕ M‡íI GKB welq Aejw¤^Z n‡qwQj| Ôis bv¤^viÕ M‡í bKkvj Av‡›`vj‡b wbnZ `xc¼‡ii evev Zx_©eveyi gvbm-RM‡Zi D‡b¥vP‡bi g‡Zv nvRvi Pzivwki gv Dcb¨v‡m bKkvjcš’x wbnZ ZiæY eªZxi gv myRvZvi AšÍ`©nb‡K we¯Í…wZ w`‡q mË‡ii DËvj mgq‡K aviY Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvZxq Rxe‡bi i³v³ GK Aa¨vq‡K mvwn‡Zï `wjjxKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q G-Dcb¨v‡m †jLK ga¨we‡Ëi AvZ¥Z…wß I gy» msKxY©Zvi cÖvKv‡i Zxeª AvNvZ nv‡bb| †MvwK©i gv‡qi g‡ZvB eªZxi gv myRvZvi AivR‰bwZK mËv iƒcvšÍwiZ nq wecøex †PZbvmg„× mËvq| Ai‡Yï AwaKvi Dcb¨vmwU gnv‡k^Zvi mvwnwZ¨K Rxe‡bi w`K cwiewZ©Z K‡i cÖejfv‡e| gyÛv we‡`ªv‡ni AvL¨vb‡K Dcb¨v‡mi K‡je‡i ¯’vb w`‡q, eximv gyÛv‡K bvq‡KvwPZ gwngv `v‡b m„ó G-Dcb¨vm hLb mvwnZ¨ AvKv‡`wg cyi¯‹vi cvq, gyÛviv GKgvm a‡i †gjv K‡i, †Xvj evwR‡q †b‡P-†M‡q Drme K‡iwQj Zv‡ì wb‡q iwPZ Kvwnwb cyi¯‹vi †c‡qwQj e‡j Ges †jLK gnv‡k^Zv‡K AvÿwiK A‡_©B †èx wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQj| G Dcb¨vm cÖKv‡ki ciB †jLK Avwèvmx‡ì Ôgvivs `vBÕ ev eow`w`‡Z cwiYZ nb Ges Zuv‡ì Rxe‡bi A›ìgn‡j cÖ‡ekvwaKvi cvb| 1974 mv‡j kvwšÍ †PŠayixi Aby‡iv‡a Pjw”P‡Îi Rb¨ eximv gyÛvi Ici wj‡LwQ‡jb gnv‡k¦Zv Ñ cieZx©Kv‡j Aek¨ PwiÎwU Zuv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Ges wZwb Kzgvi my‡ik wms‡qi Dust Storm and Hanging Mist eB I G-cÖmw½Z Av‡iv BwZnvm-MÖš’ Ges Avwèvmx GjvKvq wM‡q eû ARvbv Z_¨ I Mvb msMÖn K‡i Ai‡Yï AwaKvi Dcb¨vmwU †j‡Lb| Dcb¨vmwU ïiæ n‡q‡Q wm‡bgvi d¬¨vke¨vK ev mvwn‡Zï analepsis c×wZg‡Zv, †k‡li K_v mvg‡b wb‡q| eximvi g„Zz¨‡NvlYvi ga¨ w`‡q Dcb¨v‡mi m~Pbv, Zvici mgq‡K GwM‡q-wcwQ‡q wb‡q GB gnvbvq‡Ki Rxeb Z_v we‡`ªv‡ni BwZe„Ë‡K Aÿ‡ii gvjvq mvwR‡q‡Qb Jcb¨vwmK| AmvaviY Avw½K-êwk‡ó¨ iwPZ Dcb¨vmwUi Kvwnwb wZbwU ¯Í‡i MÖw_Z (†mvwnbx 2012 : 114)| GK. eximvi c~e©cyiæ‡li Kvwnwb, †hLv‡b gyÛv‡ì cÖvPxb mgvReë¯’v, MÖvgeë¯’v Ges DrLvZ nevi NUbv; `yB, eximvi Kvwnwb, †hLv‡b Dj¸jv‡bi Drm I Zvi cÖKv‡ki NUbv; Ges wZb, Ag~‡jï Wv‡qwi, †hLv‡b gyÛv mgv‡Ri evB‡i †_‡K †`Lv, Rvbv I †evSv eximv‡K I Dj¸jvb‡K| jÿYxq, Kvwnwbi wZbwU ¯Í‡iB Avwèvmx Rxebeë¯’v, †jvKvPvi, ms¯‹…wZ, ¯^cœ I mva-mv‡aï bvbv Z_¨ Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q i‡q‡Q| †PvwÆ gyÛv‡K eximvi DËim~wi wbe©vwPZ K‡i wfbœ ai‡bi msMÖv‡gi AvL¨vb i‡q‡Q gnv‡k^Zvi †PvwÆ gyÐv Ges Zvi Zxi (1980) Dcb¨v‡m| †PvwÆ PwiÎ‡K †K‡›`ª †i‡L †cŠ‡b kZvãxi Kvjcwim‡i G-Dcb¨v‡m wZwb ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z AšÍ¨R I Avwèvmx Rxe‡bi eÂbvi cÖvšÍ¸‡jv D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Qb| we‡`ªv‡ni Zi½weÿzäZv gnv‡k^Zv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i‡Q memgq| gvby‡li msMÖvgkxjZv‡K kÖ×vi `„wó‡Z wbixÿY K‡i Zv K_vmvwn‡Zï wel‡q A½xf‚Z K‡i gnv‡k^Zv i‡P‡Qb GKvwaK Mí-Dcb¨vm| kvjwMivi Wv‡K (1982) I ûjgvnv (1982)

Dcb¨vmØ‡q wZwb Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi weiæ‡× muvIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni gwngvKxZ©b K‡i‡Qb| kvjwMivi Wv‡K Dcb¨v‡m evev wZjKv gvwSi †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖ_g muvIZvj we‡`ªvn (1780-85) Ges ûjgvnv Dcb¨v‡m wmay-Kvbyi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1855-56 wLªóv‡ãi muvIZvj we‡`ªvn‡K DcRxe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bs‡iR Jcwb‡ewkK kw³i kvmb, †`kxq mvgšÍZvwš¿K †kvl‡Yi g~‡jvrcvUb, m‡e©vcwi ¯^vaxb muvIZvj ivR¨ Kv‡qg Kivi Rb¨ muvIZvjiv †Kej Zxi-abyK Ges ek©v-Uvw½i mvnv‡h¨ †h-hy× K‡i‡Q AvaywbK A‡¯¿ mw¾Z, mg‡i `ÿ Bs‡iR †mbvevwnwbi weiæ‡× Ñ BwZnv‡m Zv Abb¨| muvIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni KviY, Zv‡ì †kvlY-eÂbvi ¯îƒc Ges muvIZvjRxe‡bi bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv I Zv‡ì ¯^cœ-mvaAvKv•ÿvi Abycg Rxeb-fv‡l¨ we‡`ªv‡ni cUf‚wg Ges Zv‡ì we‡`ªv‡ni m¤ú~Y© BwZe„Ë wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb gnv‡k¦Zv †èx AmvaviY ggZ¡ I AvšÍwiK fv‡jvevmvq Ges BwZnv‡mi cÖwZ cÖvq cy‡ivcywi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i| Jcwb‡ewkK‡ì weiæ‡× Av‡iK msMÖv‡gi BwZe„Ë cvIqv hvq wZZzgxi (1984) Dcb¨v‡m| kvjwMivi Wv‡K Dcb¨v‡mi KvVv‡gvweb¨vm Abymi‡Y G-Dcb¨v‡m wZZzgx‡ii Rxeb I g„Zzï AvL¨v‡b Bs‡iRwe‡ivax msMÖvg‡K †hgb aviY Kiv n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb GKv`k-Øv`k kZ‡Ki ˆKeZ© we‡`ªv‡ni cUf‚wg‡Z iwPZ n‡q‡Q ˆKeZ© LÐ (1994)| ˆKeZ© fx‡gi m‡½ kvmK ivgcv‡ji jovB, AeavwiZfv‡e mcwiev‡i fx‡gi g„Zzï AvL¨v‡b G-Dcb¨v‡m †jLK †jvKvqZ Rxe‡bi AwjwLZ BwZnvm‡K we¯§„wZi Avovj †_‡K ¯úó K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| ¯^vaxb fvi‡Z cÖkvmwbK êixi cÖwZK‚‡j AšÍ¨R-Avwèvmx Rb‡Mvôxi msMÖvggyLi Rxeb‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i‡Qb gnv‡k^Zv eû Dcb¨v‡m| emvB UzWz (1978), gv÷vi mve (1979), AK¬všÍ †KŠie (1982), myiR MvMivB (1983), †U‡ivW¨vKwUj, c~iY mnvq I wci_v (1989), cÖ_g cvV (1989), ÿzav (1992) cÖf…wZ Dcb¨v‡m AšÍ¨R-cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôx we‡`ªv‡ni ùzwj½‡K aviY K‡i‡Q KL‡bv b~¨bZg gRywii `vwe‡Z, KL‡bv euva ˆZwii miKvwi wm×v‡šÍ wbR f‚wg nvivevi cÖwZev‡`, wkÿv‡K †gŠwjK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e cvIqvi cÖZ¨‡q, KL‡bv wbišÍi Ae‡njvi wkKvi n‡q †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z, KL‡bvev D”PeMx©q‡ì AgvbywlK Ae¨vnZ †kvlY-wbcxo‡bi cÖwZKv‡i| Dcb¨v‡mi g‡Zv †QvUM‡íI gnv‡k^Zv cÖwZev`-cÖwZ‡ivamsMÖvg‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i‡Qb Abvqvm `ÿZvq| Ô†`ªŠc`xÕ, ÔRvZzavbÕ, ÔwkKviÕ, ÔwkïÕ, Ômv‡MvqvbvÕ, ÔjvBdviÕ, ÔgvQÕ, ÔweQbÕ cÖf…wZ M‡í mgv‡Ri bvbv AwePvi-Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× wbcxwoZ RbZvi cÖwZev‡ì wkífvl¨ wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| Ô†`ªŠc`xÕ (1977) iPbvi ga¨ w`‡q gnv‡k^Zv GK Awe¯§iYxq Avwèvmx bKkvj bvixPwiÎ M‡o †Zv‡jb| bKkvj Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf‚wg‡Z MíwUi Kvwnwb we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q Ges GKB m‡½ Avwèvmx‡ì Rxe‡bi bvbv eÂbv I ms¯‹vi Ges †MŠi‡ei cÖvšÍ Kvwnwb-m~‡Î ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| bvixi wPišÍb `ye©jZv bMœZv‡K kw³ wn‡m‡e, we‡`ªvn wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q G-M‡í| welqweb¨v‡m, fvlvi m~² eq‡b Ges G·‡cÖk‡b Ô†`ªŠc`xÕ mgMÖ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Abe`¨ ¯^vZ‡š¿ï `vwe`vi| ÔRvZzavbÕ I ÔmvuSmKv‡ji gvÕ MíØ‡q Rxe‡bi `vwei Kv‡Q agx©q wKsev mvgvwRK ms¯‹v‡ii civRq‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÔRvZzavbÕ M‡íi mvRyqv I ÔmuvSmKv‡ji gvÕ M‡íi mvab Df‡qB fvZ AšÍtcÖvY| eb¨vq mvRyqvi g„Zz¨ n‡q‡Q †f‡e mK‡j Zvi kÖv‡×i Rb¨ †h Pvj †`q, RxweZve¯’vq wd‡i †m Pv‡ji e¯Ív Kuv‡a wb‡q AÜKv‡i cvjvq| Avi mvab N‡i †d‡i Zvi gv‡qi kÖv‡×i Pvj wb‡q, fv‡Zi M‡Ü †m gv‡K Abyfe Ki‡Z Pvq| wbibœ

gvby‡li ¯^cœ-mv‡ai Ggb mvgvb¨Zvi weei‡Y †jLK cÖwZgyn~‡Z© cvVK‡K †Kej PgwKZ K‡ib bv, eis Zv‡ì ZvwoZ K‡ib cÖej `vq‡ev‡a| kvj ebvg †m¸‡bi jovB‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i gnv‡k^Zv i‡P‡Qb Ômv‡MvqvbvÕ, Ôk~b¨¯’vb c~Y© K‡ivÕ cÖf…wZ Mí| kn‡ii BUfvUvq Avwèvmx bvix‡ì †Kej µxZ`vmx bq, †hŠb`vmx wn‡m‡e eëüZ nevi gg©¯úkx© ev¯Íe Kvwnwb wb‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q ÔB‡Ui c‡i BUÕ, ÔkwbPixÕ cÖf…wZ Mí| F‡Yi `v‡q µxZ`vm n‡q RxebcvZ Kivi AvL¨vbwfwËK Mí Ô†`ŠjZxÕ, ÔfvZzqvÕ, ÔAvRxiÕ, ÔivRvevmvi iƒcK_vÕ, Ôcvjv‡gŠÕ, Ô†MvûgwYÕ cÖf…wZ| ÔRjÕ, ÔwkïÕ, ÔbybÕ, ÔRM‡gvn‡bi g„Zz¨Õ Mí¸‡jv‡Z cÖvwšÍK Rxe‡bi AmnvqZ¡ cÖKwUZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†`ŠjZxÕ M‡í eb‡WW †jevi bv‡Mwmqv †g‡q †`ŠjZx mgMÖ Rxeb a‡i evevi wZb‡kv UvKv FY †kva K‡i †hŠb`vmx wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡q; ÔfvZzqvÕ M‡íi AšÍ¨R †kÖwYfz³ ceb Zvi evevi FYK…Z AvU‡kv UvKv ïa‡Z mvZ eQi eqm †_‡K weqvwjøk eQi ch©šÍ webv cvwikÖwg‡K kÖg w`‡q AÜ n‡q hvq, Zey FY †kva nq bv| fxlY Av‡µv‡k c„w_exi Av‡jv nviv‡bv cÖvqvÜ `„wó wb‡q †m gnvR‡bi av‡bi Uv‡ji Pvj †K‡U avb webó K‡i, †hb G-avb w`‡q gnvRb MivBevey MÖv‡gi Avi KvD‡K FYMÖ¯Í K‡i µxZ`v‡m cwiYZ Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| ÔAvRxiÕ MíwU Mfxi †`¨vZbvevnx; AvZ¥weµqKvix µxZ`v‡mi eskai cvZb wb‡R‡K `vm wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i, AvRxicvÆv ev ¯^vaxbZv cvIqvi Rb¨ †m gwbecZœx‡K Lyb K‡i, hwÌ †m ¯^vaxb| G-M‡í †jLK ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, †h wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb e‡j Rv‡b bv, Zvi `vmZ¡ †_‡K gyw³i †Kv‡bv c_ †bB| ÔRjÕ M‡íi AkxwZci gNvB †Wvg cvZv‡ji R‡ji mÜvb Rv‡b| Zvi GB ¸‡Yi cÖKv‡k iæÿcÖvšÍ‡i Kz‡qv nq; wKš‘ †m-R‡j Zvi ev Zvi †Mvôxi AwaKvi _v‡K bv| G GK cwinvm, R‡ji mÜvb`vZv wb‡RB RjewÂZ| G-ewÂZ gvby‡li Rxeb †jLK Zxeª e¨‡½i AšÍiv‡j wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| ÔbybÕ M‡í wenv‡ii cvjv‡gŠ AÂ‡ji SzSvi MÖv‡gi Avwèvmx‡ì fv‡Z bq, by‡b gvivi wm×všÍ †bq gnvRb DËgPuv`| by‡bi g‡Zv mvgvb¨ Dcv`v‡b ewÂZ Avwèvmxiv msiwÿZ R½‡ji eb¨cÖvYxi Rb¨ eivÏ jeY Pzwi Ki‡Z wM‡q nvwZi c`wcó n‡q gviv hvq| ÔwkïÕ M‡íi AvMwiqiv †L‡Z bv †c‡q wkïi g‡Zv AvK…wZ‡Z cwiYZ nq| gnv‡k^Zvi M‡í ewÂZ gvby‡li Rxebev¯ÍeZv cvVK‡K †hb GK ARvbv gnv‡`‡k wb‡q hvq; nZwenŸj cvVK gvbm RvMi‡Yi Zxeª †e`bv‡K aviY K‡i bZzb K‡i G-f‚L‡Ði Abvwe®‹…Z gvbeRxe‡bi cÖwZ mnvbyf‚wZ‡Z wm³ nq| BwZnvmwfwËK Mí, †hgb Ñ Ô†Ìqvbv LBgvjv I VvKzie‡Ui KvwnwbÕ, Ô†ivg_vÕ cÖf…wZ‡ZI gvby‡li AmnvqZ¡ I wbcxwoZ nIqvi BwZe„Ë‡K cÖvavb¨ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Ô†Ìqvbv LBgvjv I VvKzie‡Ui KvwnwbÕ M‡í mZx`vn cÖ_vi wbg©gZv D‡V G‡m‡Q| Ô†ivg_vÕ M‡í G‡m‡Q mvgšÍhy‡Mi fqsKi †ivg_v cÖ_vi Av‡jL¨| bxnviiÄb iv‡qi evOvjxi BwZnvm c‡o gnv‡k^Zv GKv`k kZ‡Ki GB wbg©g cÖ_v‡K wb‡q †j‡Lb Ô†ivg_vÕ| j²Y †m‡bi mg‡q my¯’ bx‡ivM †`‡ni ivRew›` ev g„Zz¨`ÐcÖvß Avmvwg‡ì dzUšÍ †Z‡j †f‡R Ôgnvgvm N„ZÕ ˆZwi n‡Zv, hv me©‡iv‡Mi g‡nŠla e‡j Kw_Z wQj| G we‡kl ew›`‡ì †ivg_v ejv n‡Zv Ges ey‡Ki Ici DËß †jvnvi cvZ w`‡q Ô†ivg_vÕ kãwU wj‡L †Ìqv n‡Zv| kiY bv‡g GK hye‡Ki Ô†ivg_vÕ nIqv Ges exfrm g„Zz¨ Gov‡bvi cÖ‡Póvq G-M‡íi Aeqe M‡o D‡V‡Q Ges gvby‡li wPišÍb gyw³i AvKv•ÿv‡K cÖZxKvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avwèvmx‡ì g‡aÏ Ae‡nwjZ †jvav-kei‡ì wb‡q gnv‡k^Zv GKvwaK Mí wj‡L‡Qb| ÔKz‡ovwbi †eUvÕ, Ô†PviÕ,

ÔARy©bÕ, ÔD×‡ei Rxeb I g„Zz¨Õ, ÔZviciÕ cÖf…wZ M‡í keiRxe‡bi bvbvcÖvšÍ wkíiƒc †c‡q‡Q| ÔWvBwbÕ I Ô†cÖ‡ZvrmeÕ M‡í Avwèvmx Rxe‡b WvBb-WvBwb wek^v‡mi ¯îƒc Ges Zvi m~Î a‡i D”P‡kÖwYi myweavev`x gvby‡li ¯^v_©wmw×i †KŠkj we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxb fvi‡Z hviv AvR b~¨bZg bvMwiK myweavUzKz †_‡KI ewÂZ; f‚wg, km¨ GgbwK R‡jI hv‡ì AwaKvi †bB, g~javivi gvbyl hv‡ì ÔAciÕ e‡j cÖv‡šÍ †V‡j †i‡L‡Q; gnv‡k¦Zv `vq‡eva K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì cÖwZ Ges Zv‡ì eÂbv-†kvlY I cÖwZev`msMÖv‡gi gyLcvÎ n‡q mvwn‡Z¨ Zv‡ì ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb Acvi ggZv I Mfxi AvšÍwiKZvq| GKzk kZ‡Ki cÖv‡šÍ G‡m K…wlcÖavb, avbëûj AÂ‡ji †h-mg¯Í gvby‡li Rxe‡b ÔfvZÕ ¯^cœgvÎ, †eu‡P _vKv hv‡ì Af¨vm Ñ AwaKvi bq; RjUzKzI hviv †ikb K‡i Lvq Ñ †m-mg¯Í Ae‡nwjZ, cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li Rxeb evievi D‡V G‡m‡Q gnv‡k¦Zvi K_vmvwn‡Z¨| mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e cÖej `vq‡ev‡a ZvwoZ n‡q mgvR I mf¨Zv‡K cÖkœwe× K‡i wZwb mvwnZ¨‡K mgvRe`‡ji nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i‡Qb Ges bZzb bv›`wbKZvq Zuvi m„wó‡K Dc¯’vwcZ K‡i‡Qb cvV‡Ki ìev‡i|

4.1

gnv‡k^Zv †èx Aa©kZK a‡i Mí, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ, wkïmvwnZ¨mn bvbvwea avivq mwµq †_‡K evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K `vb K‡ib AdzišÍ| †Kej evsjv mvwnZ¨ bq, Zuvi mvwnZ¨Kg© wewfbœ cÖv‡`wkK I we‡`wk fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b w`‡q‡Q cÖf‚Z cwiwPwZ| †ckvMZ Kvi‡Y †ekwKQy evwYwR¨K iPbv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q; wKš‘ wZwb KvjRqx n‡q‡Qb fviZelx©q eªvZ¨ gvbyl, we‡klZ Avwèvmx Rxe‡bi K_vKvi wn‡m‡e| mvsevw`K wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb, BwZnvmwcÖqZv I cÖK…Z A‡_© gvbeZvev`x †PZbv Zuv‡K Avwèvmx Rxe‡bi m‡½ mshy³ K‡i‡Q Ges cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K iwPZ Zuvi Avwèvmx-m¤úwK©Z iPbv¸‡jv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Awfbe‡Z¡i Av¯^v` G‡b‡Q| gvby‡li cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv I `vwqZ¡‡ev‡a mvwnZ¨-iPbvi cvkvcvwk wZwb Rwo‡q c‡ob wewfbœ RbKj¨vYgyLx Kv‡Ri m‡½| d‡j myweavewÂZ cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li mvnP‡h© Zv‡ì Rxeb‡KB Zuvi cieZx© Rxe‡bi mvwnZ¨-Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| eªvZ¨Rb I Avwèvmx Rxeb‡K †Kej K_vi gvjv †Mu‡_ gwngvwš^Z K‡i‡Qb gnv‡k¦Zv, Zv bq; eis mwµq †_‡K‡Qb Zv‡ì bvbv AwaKvi-`vwe Av`v‡q| AmsL¨ msMV‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Qb wZwb Ges mwµqfv‡e AšÍ¨R gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi msMÖv‡g kvwgj n‡q‡Qb; cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb ÔAvw`g RvwZ HK¨ cwil`Õ Ñ cwðge‡½i AvUwÎk †Mvôxmn mKj Avwèvmxi wgjbgÂ|

4.2

mvwn‡Z¨ ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc gnv‡k^Zv eû cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb| Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ñ ˆPZb¨ jvB‡eªwi cyi¯‹vi (1958), wkwkiKzgvi I gwZjvj cyi¯‹vi (1968), KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ`Ë jxjv cyi¯‹vi, KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi kirP›`ª ¯§„wZc`K (1978), mvwnZ¨ AvKv‡`wg cyi¯‹vi (1979), wbwLj fviZ e½mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jb KZ…©K †kdvwjKv ¯^Y©c`K (1981), KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ`Ë fzeb‡gvwnbx †`ex c`K (1983), fviZ miKv‡ii ÔcÙkªxÕ (1986), RMËvwiYx ¯^Y©c`K (1989), wef‚wZf‚lY ¯§„wZ msm` cyi¯‹vi (1990), ÁvbcxV cyi¯‹vi (1996), g¨vMmvBmvB cyi¯‹vi (1997), mv¤§vwbK W±‡iU iex›`ªfviZx (1998), †d‡jvwkc : †ev‡¤^, GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU

(1998), Bqvmwgb ¯§„wZ cyi¯‹vi, w`wjø (1998), mv¤§vwbK wW.wjU QÎcwZ kvûwR gnvivR BDwbfvwm©wU, Kvbcyi (2000), mv¤§vwbK wW.wjU ea©gvb wek¦we`¨vjq (2001), fviZxq fvlv cwil` m¤§vbbv (2001), BZvwji ÔwcÖwgI †bvwb‡bv wiwmU wW AvDiÕ (2005) Ges mgMÖ mvwnZ¨ iPbvi Rb¨ divwm miKvi KZ…©K ÔAwdmvi Ae w` AW©vi Ae AvU©m A¨vÛ †jUvimÕ m¤§v‡b f‚wlZ n‡q‡Qb|

GKRb `vwqZ¡evb mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e Ab¨vq-AwePvi-AbvPv‡ii weiæ‡× Ôm~h©-mg †µvaÕ wb‡q gnv‡k¦Zv †èx mgMÖ Rxeb Ôgvby‡li K_vÕ wj‡L‡Qb| wk‡íi †P‡q gvbweKZvi `vwe‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb wZwb me©`v; Z‡e Zv‡Z wkí wb®úÖvY nqwb eis gvbeZvi i‡m RvwiZ n‡q mcÖvY n‡q‡Q| eûcÖR GB †jLK msL¨vq bq, welqweb¨vm Ges wbg©vY-†KŠk‡ji Awfbe‡Z¡ evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K F× K‡i‡Qb Ges wb‡R‡K cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb G-A½‡bi GK Acwinvh© e¨w³‡Z¡| Rxe‡bi †kl ch©šÍ wZwb gvby‡li Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K wbt‡kl K‡i w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Ges hZw`b Avwèvmxiv †eu‡P _vK‡e ZZw`bB wZwb Zv‡ì gv‡S †eu‡P _vK‡eb e‡j Avkvev` e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gnv‡k^Zv †eu‡P _vK‡eb Zuvi mvwn‡Zï ga¨ w`‡q; Zuvi AwMœMf© Rxeb I m„wó ¯§wiZ n‡e eûKvj; fwel¨rKvj nq‡Zv bZzb g~j¨vq‡b bZzb `„wó‡Kv‡Y Zuvi mvwnZ¨cvV Ki‡e Ñ Kv‡ji M‡f© Zv nvwi‡q hv‡e bv|

MÖš’cwÄ

1. ÔQvqv `c©‡Y gnv‡k¦ZvÕ, KwYKv wek¦vm, Ges gyykv‡qiv, KjKvZv, 2011| 2. gnvAi‡Yï gv, K…cvksKi †PŠ‡e, fvlvšÍi : ksKi †Nvl, cÖ_g cÖKvk, cÖgv cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv, 1999| 3. gnv‡k¦Zv, Zvcm †fŠwgK (m¤úvw`Z), †KviK, KjKvZv, 2003| 4. gnv‡k¦Zv †èx Aciv‡Rq cÖwZev`x gyL, wbg©j †Nvl, KiæYv, KjKvZv, 1998| 5. ev½vjxi BwZnvm (Avw`ce©), bxnviiÄb ivq, cÂg ms¯‹iY, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 1412| 6. K_vwkíxi A¨vjevg, wbZvB emy, AwfRvZ cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv, 1999| 7. Ôgnv‡k¦Zv †èx : e¨w³ I BwZnv‡mi †gjeÜbÕ, cv_©cÖwZg e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Ges gykv‡qiv, 3q-4_© msL¨v, 1403, MÖš’fz³ gnv‡k¦Zv †èx iPbvmgMÖ, lô LÐ, 2002, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv| 8. gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi Dcb¨v‡m BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ, c¤úv gy‡Lvcva¨vq, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 2013 | 9. Avgvi †hŠeb, ey×‡è emy, wmM‡bU †cÖm, KjKvZv, 1976| 10. gnv‡k¦Zv †èx I AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqv‡mi Avjvc, AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm ¯§viKMÖš’, mgxiY gRyg`vi-m¤úvw`Z, Ag„Z‡jvK mvwnZ¨ cwil`, †g‡`bxcyi, 1997| 11. gnv‡k¦Zv †èx, ÔGK Rxe‡bBÕ, cÖgv, m¤úv`K myiwRr †Nvl, †g-Ryb, KjKvZv, 1996; ÔeKj‡gÕ, K‡jRw÷ªU, †g, KjKvZv, 1987; ÔeKj‡gÕ, K‡jRw÷ªU, GwcÖj, KjKvZv, 1988; gnv‡k¦Zv †èx iPbvmgMÖ, cÖ_g †_‡K weskLÐ, cÖ_g cÖKvk, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 2002-08| 12. ¯§„wZ we¯§„wZ, k•L †PŠayix, myeY©‡iLv, KjKvZv, 2002| 13. MímiwY, gnv‡k¦Zv †èx we‡kl msL¨v, Agi †`-m¤úvw`Z, †lvok el©, evwl©K msKjb, 1418, KjKvZv| 14. gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi Ai‡Yï AwaKvi : ev¯ÍeZvi mÜvb, †mvwnbx †Nvl (m¤úvw`Z), Aÿi cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv, 2005| r

kÖ×vÄwj

wkíx I Kgx© gnv‡k¦Zv †`ex `yB fze‡bi KvwiMi myiÄb wg‡Ï

KwU gyÛv‡g‡q! gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi Kv‡Q jvRyKfv‡e cÖkœ K‡iwQj| ¯‹z‡j Zv‡ì gnvZ¥v MvÜxi K_v, †bZvwR myfvlP‡›`ªi K_v co‡Z nq| Avwèvmx‡ì wK †Kv‡bv bvqK †bB? ALÐ wenvi cwiåg‡Y Avi AbymÜv‡b Ñ GB gyÛv‡g‡qi cÖkœwU Zuv‡K mvivRxeb fvwe‡q‡Q| ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb, Avwèvmx‡ì msMÖvg Avi Av‡›`vj‡bi gg©K_v wb‡q Mfxi PP©v| wj‡L †dj‡jb Avwèvmx-cÖvšÍRb‡ì wb‡q AmsL¨ Mí-Dcb¨vm| wZwb Avgv‡ì wPwb‡q w`‡jb, eywS‡q w`‡jb Avwèvmx A‡šÍevmx RMr‡K| AvR hv‡ì WvKv nq ÔPZz_© `ywbqvÕi Awaevmx| nvRvi eQi a‡i hviv Ae‡nwjZ, AcgvwbZ, jvwÃZ-ewÂZ cÖvšÍRb| ïay Zv‡ì nvnvKvi bq, DcRvwZ mgvRmf¨Zvi ms‡e`bkxj Ges m„Rbkxj ¯Íi‡K mvg‡b Avb‡jb| †hLv‡b eicY †Ìqvi A_ev †bIqvi cÖ_v †bB| weaevweevn cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| mZx`vn cÖ_v i` Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ivg‡gvn‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡owb| evK¨nviv, wbcxwoZ gvby‡li cv‡k †_‡K wZwb jovB K‡i †M‡Qb Ñ AvRxeb| wZwb ïay cÖvšÍRb‡ì K_v wj‡L †_‡g hvbwb| Zv‡ì gy‡Li fvlv RywM‡q‡Qb| Zv‡ì ey‡K R¡vwj‡q‡Qb cÖwZev` Avi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Av¸b| mg¯Í c„w_exi cÖvšÍRb‡ì Rb¨ †h gv Kuv‡`b Ñ Zuvi bvg gnv‡k¦Zv †èx| wZwb ïay evsjv mvwnZ¨, evOvwji gv bb, fviZxq mvwn‡Zï gv| wZwb fviZe‡l©i gvZv| wZwb AvZ¥cxwoZ fviZe‡l©i Abv_ Rbbx, †hLv‡b wn‡ivwkgv, c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi Bûw` Avi b›`xMÖv‡gi Rwgnviv GKB we›`y‡Z wg‡jwg‡k GKvKvi n‡q †M‡Q| wZwb Qy‡U †M‡Qb KjKvZv †_‡K w`wjø, gy¤^vB, e‡iv`v, QwËkMo, cvjv‡gŠ, nvRvwievM| mviv fvi‡Z Qwo‡q c‡owQj Zuvi mvwnZ¨‡cÖiYv| ïay mvwnZ¨ bq, msMÖvg| ¯^cœf‡½i gg©hš¿Yvq ùv‡Z ùvZ †P‡c jovB| G-jovB †kl nIqvi bq| GKUv msMÖvg †kl nq, ïiæ nq Av‡iv GKUv msMÖvg| Ai‡Yï AwaKv‡i G-wecø‡ei †kl †bB| G-wecøe †kl nIqvi bq| Dj¸jv‡bi †kl †bB Ñ wPišÍb|

eb‡`ex : gûje‡bi gv

AiY¨ gv‡b †ivgvw›UKZv bq, Mig fv‡Zi ¯^cœ| AiY¨ gv‡b ågY bq, byb Avi kv‡Ki Av‡›`vjb| beŸB eQ‡i †_‡g †M‡jI Zuvi AmsL¨ cÖwZev`x mvwnZ¨ i‡q †Mj| †_‡K †Mj Avw`g Kv‡jv gvby‡li `vwi`ª¨ Avi msMÖv‡gi Av¸bSiv K_vKvwnwb| 1956 wLªóv‡ã Zuvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Suvmxi ivYx‡ZB wQj we‡`ªvwnYxi AvZ¥ûsKvi| †mB we‡`ªvn G‡K-G‡K †`ªŠc`x, †`ŠjZx, †gwi IiuvI, h‡kv`v, mi¯^Zx, mxZv‡Z cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| cÖùzwUZ n‡q‡Q eûiƒcx AZ¨vPvwiZ bvix, hv gnvKv‡eï ivgvq‡Yi mxZv Avi gnvfvi‡Zi †`ªŠc`x‡ì RbRvwZ Avwèvmx bvix‡ì m‡½ wgwj‡q w`‡q‡Qb| AiY¨-cÖK…wZi m‡½ wg‡k Av‡Q Avwèvmx RbRvwZi Rxebhvc‡bi GKvZ¥Zv| DcRvwZ gvby‡liv ïay AiY¨-cÖK…wZi m¤ú` bq, Zviv AiY¨-cÖK…wZi iÿvKZ©v| ÎvYKZ©v eb‡èxi g‡Zv eb‡K g‡bi m‡½ AUzU eÜ‡b euvwP‡q iv‡L| Ai‡Yï AwaKvi †_‡K ûjgvnvi gv Dcb¨v‡m gyÛv-muvIZvwj bvixiv eviæ‡ì g‡Zv we‡ùvwiZ n‡q‡Q| ÔmvjxÕi g‡Zv gyÛv bvixiv †Zv Kv‡jv Av¸b| Avi ûjgvnvi gv ÔgnwbÕi Wv‡K ÔkZ mšÍvjÕ Av‡m| Zvici hy× nq| m¤§yLhy×| Amg †mB hy‡×

`wÿY Avwd«Kvi mv‡eK †cÖwm‡W›U †bjmb g¨v‡Ûjvi nvZ †_‡K ÔfviZxq ÁvbcxV cyi¯‹viÕ MÖnY Ki‡Qb gnv‡k¦Zv †èx e›`yK-Kvgv‡bi m‡½ Zx‡ii jovB| †mB fqsKi RjR½‡ji AwaKv‡ii jovB‡q Suvwmi ivwbi g‡Zv gyÛvmuvIZvwj †g‡qiv mvg‡b _v‡K| wc‡V wkïmšÍvb‡K †eu‡a e‡jvqv nv‡Z wb‡q Bs‡iR †mbv‡ì m‡½ m¤§yLhy‡× nvwRi nq| BwZnvm Avi Kíbvi ev¯ÍeZvq Avwèvmx bvix‡ì cÖwZev`-cÖwZ‡iva fviZxq mvwn‡Z¨ GK wfbœ gvÎv w`‡q‡Q| Bs‡iR †mbviv hLb e›`yK dvqvi K‡i ïU K‡i, ZLb cyiæl wKsev bvix †`‡L bv| Bs‡iR cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq| ïay IB gyÛvbvix bq, wc‡V euvav wkïI †mB ey‡j‡U we× nq| Ai‡Yï AwaKv‡i GB wbg©g eY©bv Zuv‡K GKRb wbcyY wkíx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| ïay gyÛv‡ì Rxeb bq, Zuvi K_vwk‡í wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q muvIZvj, kei, †jvav, IiuvI, †Lwoqv, Kzwg©, `ymv`, fvw½‡ì Amnvq RxebbvU¨| ïay RbRvwZ bq, `wjZ gymjgvb I wLªóvb‡ì K_vI| evOvwj Z_v fviZxq ga¨weË RxebPh©vq gnv‡k¦Zv †èx (1926-2016) GK wPišÍb Ô†i‡ejÕ| wZwb AvRxeb ivRkw³i weiæ‡× Avcmnxb jovB K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi m„wóm¤¢vi Avi msMÖvg GKB we›`y‡Z wg‡j †M‡Q| ZvB Zuvi RxerKv‡j wZwb n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb RxešÍ wKse`wšÍ| cvwievwiK DËivwaKvi evgcš’v wQj Zuvi i‡³i †fZ‡i; wKš‘ wm½yib›`xMÖv‡g K…l‡Ki Rwgi `vwe‡Z wZwb evgd«›U miKv‡ii weiæ‡× M‡R© D‡VwQ‡jb| ˆ`wbK †÷Umg¨v‡b wZwb Av¸b Swi‡q‡Qb Zuvi ewjô †jLbx w`‡q| Zuvi Ô¯Íb`vwqbxÕ M‡íi h‡kv`v iæM&Y ¯^vgx Avi mšÍvb‡ì gy‡L Abœ Zz‡j w`‡Z evievi Mf©aviY K‡i‡Q| Ôiæ`vwjÕ M‡íi kwbPixi ïK‡bv AkÖænxb †Pv‡L Rj Av‡m †g‡qi g„Zzï Le‡i|

Rswj †g‡q †`ªŠc`x †g‡Sb evievi awl©Z n‡Z-n‡Z, AZ¨vPvixi mvg‡b ÿZ-weÿZ bMœ awl©Z kixiUv wb‡q hLb ùvovq, ZLb fviZe‡l©i gwYcyi wKsev Kvwk¥‡ii mgvRwPÎ GK A`„k¨ my‡Zvq wg‡j hvq| Gme ebPvix bvixi Rb¨ ïay †j‡Lb bv, Zv‡ì Rb¨ kix‡ii †kl i³we›`y w`‡q, Zv‡ì Dbœq‡b D×v‡ii eª‡Z kvwgj nb| n‡q I‡Vb Zv‡ì Kv‡Q w`w`| wKsev Rbbx Ñ eb‡èxI| cyiæwjqvi kei‡ì Kv‡Q wZwb keiRbbx Avi †gw`bxcy‡ii †jvav‡ì Kv‡Q †jvavgvZv| cyiæwjqv ivRbIqvM‡o GKwU †MvcxaŸR MvQwUi wb‡P e‡m Ôkei‡gjviÕ Av‡qvRb †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Zb| Avi Kv‡Q †W‡K wb‡Zb kei igYx‡ì| Zv‡ì myL-`ytL fvM K‡i wb‡Zb| ï‡b wb‡Zb Zv‡ì gvb-Awfgv‡bi NiKbœvi K_vKvwnwb| gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi Kj‡g GB bvixKÉ M‡R© I‡V| wZwb KvQ †_‡K †`‡L‡Qb GB awl©Z bvix‡ì| wb‡Ri bvixmËv w`‡q Mfxifv‡e Abyfe K‡ib wZwb| WvBwb Acev‡` g‡iI Zviv| Zey Zvi g‡a¨ †KD-†KD D‡V †mvRv n‡q ùvovq| †mbvbvq‡Ki mvg‡b ùvwo‡q awl©Z bvix eRªK‡É GbKvD›Uv‡ii P¨v‡jÄ Qy‡o †`q| n‡q I‡V AvaywbK bvix|

gyÛvbvix : muvIZvj bvix

i³ R¡‡j I‡V| gyÛvbvixiv †eqvov, e`RvZ, nvZ ai‡j Ôe‡jvqvÕ w`‡q Kuva †_‡K gv_v bvwg‡q †`‡e| nvwZqvi gyÛvix‡ì cÖavb m½x| gyÛv †g‡qivI e‡jvqv Pvjv‡Z wbcyY| wc‡V †Q‡j‡g‡q †eu‡a e›`y‡Ki mvg‡b ùvov‡Z fq cvq bv| †MŠix gyÛvbxi wc‡V mšÍvb; nv‡Z cv_i| gnvwe‡`ªv‡ni Wv‡K gyÛvbvixiv mgvbfv‡e Ask wb‡q gyÛv Dj¸jvb‡K MwZ `vb K‡iwQj| †mvgv gyÛvi wPrKvi; Ô†g‡q †Qjv! wc‡V †Qjv evÜv Av‡Q!Õ wKš‘ ivB‡dj ejj ÔïUÕ! gyÛvix gv, gyÛvix †Q‡j‡K w`Kz‡ì KvQ †_‡K a‡i ivLvi AvcÖvY †Póv K‡iI memgq cviZ bv| Zvici GKw`b gyÛvix gv Ôcv_i gvÕ n‡q †hZ| gyÛvix gv‡qiv †QuovKvwbi g‡Zv msmviUv‡K w`‡bi Av‡jv wb‡f †M‡j gûqvi †Z‡j, evwZ †R¡‡j w`Z| ÔfMevb eximvi gvI nq‡Zv GKw`b Zuvi †Q‡ji g‡Zv mwZ¨mwZ¨B cv_igv‡q cwiYZ n‡e|Õ gyÛv‡g‡qiv Kvco c‡i DuPv K‡i; P‡j †eUv‡Q‡ji g‡Zv| †g‡q‡Q‡j hLb †g‡qgi` nq ZLb wK gyÛvix mgv‡Ri giY nq bv, Rxeb ev‡o| mvjxi g‡Zv Dj¸jv‡bi bvix †cU Kvc‡oi g‡a¨ welv³ Zx‡ii †evSv wb‡q cywj‡ki m‡½ QÙ Awfbq K‡i `v‡ivMv‡KI fq †`Lvq| mdj nq GKk kZvsk Ñ GB n‡”Q gyÛvbvixi `ytmvnm| Dj¸jv‡bi cÖwZ Amxg fv‡jvevmv| ¯^vgxmn cyÎ‡K Dj¸jv‡b †h‡Z D¾xweZ K‡i‡Q gyÛvbvix| †R‡ji evB‡i †_‡K Dj¸jvb‡K mÄxweZ †i‡L‡Q `yM©g Ai‡Yï †fZ‡i Amxg mvn‡m| Zviv Rv‡b Zv‡ì B¾Z euvPv‡Z| Ñ Ômvjxi †cUKvco Ly‡j GK †evSv welv³ Zx‡ii djv †hb B¯úv‡Zi m~wPgyL, gyÛvix hyeZxi g‡Zv Kv‡jv| gyÛvix hyeZx‡ì g‡ZvB †jvfbxq, †gvnbxq, D×Z|Õ gyÛvbvixi GB eY©bv GK Amvgvb¨ Dcgvq mvwnwZ¨K gnv‡k¦Zv †èx wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| Afv‡e, ÿzavZ© †c‡U eû gyÛv-gyÛvbx wgk‡b hvq Ñ wKš‘ Dj¸jv‡b AskMÖnYKvix eximvwnZ gyÛvbvix mvjx wµðvb n‡Z hvqwb| mvjx GLv‡b my›ìx, †WvbKvi Z…Zxq eD, Avivw›`‡Z †m myLx bv n‡qI gyÛv Dj¸jv‡b Zvi Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb, Zvi Zzjbv †bB| ïay mvjx bq, eû gyÛvbx †mB gnvwe‡`ªv‡n mewKQy AvZ¥Z¨vM K‡i GK Pig `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| gyÛvbvix ïay b„‡Z¨ cUxqmx bq, †mB hy‡× †m exiv½bvI e‡U| wkeb †g_‡ii Kv‡Q ùvwo‡q nvmj mvjx, ÔMfxi, gayi, Avðh©Õ †m nvwm| hvIqvi mgq e‡j †Mj Ñ ÔDj¸jv‡bi †kl bvB| fMev‡bi giY bvB|Õ gyÛvix bvixiv GKB m‡½ ggZvgqx gv Ges we‡`ªvnx exiv½bvI| †h-†Kv‡bv wecøe‡K mv_©K Kivi Rb¨ cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk bvix‡ì cÖ‡qvRb Avi †mRb¨B m¤ú~Y© e„ËwU cwic~Y© n‡q‡Q Ñ gyÛvbx‡ì AvZ¥Z¨vM Avi `ytmvn‡m| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GKRb msMÖvgx hye‡Ki gvÎ cuwPk eQ‡ii Kvwnwb MÖš’bv Ki‡Z wM‡q †jwLKv mgMÖ DcRvwZi cËb, cÖmvi, msKU, cZb I cÖwZev‡ì cvkvcvwk wPišÍb wecø‡ei GK Abb¨ Kvwnwb cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †mB RxešÍ wPÎ gyÛvRxe‡bi cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bv| Ai‡Yï AwaKvi Dcb¨vmwUi Avi¤¢ I †k‡li NUbv GKB| ZvB cÖkœ Rv‡M Ñ †kl †_‡K ïiæ, bv ïiæ †_‡K †kl? g„Zz¨ †_‡K R‡b¥i GB Kvwnwb †Kv‡bv Dj‡Uv hvÎv bq Ñ eis we‡`ªvnxi g„Zz¨‡Z we‡`ªv‡ni bZzbZi Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbvi Bw½Z `vb K‡i| AšÍnxb †mB jovB| gi‡Yi c‡iI wecø‡ei c_hvÎx †hv×v‡ì g‡bvej, GK RxešÍ cÖZxK n‡q I‡V| Ai‡Yï AwaKvi Dcb¨vm cÖm‡½ AviY¨K Dcb¨vmwUi K_v Avm‡e| AviY¨‡K Kvwnwbi MwZi cÖPÐZv †bB| AviY¨‡K ïay we‡kl †Kv‡bv RbRvwZ bq, bvbv Rv‡Zi gvby‡li wfo Av‡Q| gnv‡k¦Zv Zuvi K¨vbfvmwU GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvi g‡a¨ †eu‡a‡Qb Ñ

GKwU we‡kl Rxeb`k©‡b| Ai‡Yï AwaKv‡i ZvB ïay Avwèvmx RbRvwZ gyÛvix‡ì Z_v fMevb eximvB Zuvi Kj‡g Sj‡m D‡V‡Q| Ai‡Yï AwaKv‡i eximvi g„Zz¨‡ZB Kvwnwbi m~Pbv Ñ d¬¨vke¨v‡K Kvwnwbi wee„wZ, Dcmsnvi As‡k AvBwb jovB‡qi wek` eY©bv n‡jI mvaviYfv‡e Z_¨MZ åvwšÍ †bB| GgbwK mg‡qi wnmv‡eI †Kv‡bv Miwgj †bB| Dcb¨v‡mi gyÛvmgvR Avevi GKwU abZš¿x AvavmvgšÍZvwš¿K iv‡óªi kvm‡bi Aaxb| ZvB †mB gyÛvmgvR †_‡K we‡`ªvnx n‡Z †M‡j e¨w³ †bZvi g‡a¨ HkxZ¡ Ges Ôm‡¤¢vevwg hy‡M hy‡MÕ Reincarnation-Gi aviYv Av‡ivwcZ Ki‡Z nq| †kl ch©šÍ Zv m¤¢e nq GKK bq, †hŠ_| e¨w³i gwngvq bvgKiY bq| Dcb¨v‡mi bvg eximv bq, Ai‡Yï AwaKvi| hv g„Zzï ci †kl nq bv| Pjgvb _v‡K| wPišÍb Ñ AvMvgx cÖR‡b¥i w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ †cÖiYv _v‡K| †kl ch©šÍ ZvB GK mvgwMÖK gyÛvRxe‡bi RxešÍ `wjj n‡q I‡V| †`kKvjgvwU Qvwo‡q wPišÍb AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ Aciv‡Rq msMÖv‡gi K_vB cÖavb n‡q I‡V| ZvB Jcb¨vwmK ej‡Qb, eximv RvbZ bv, I †nu‡UwQj GKRb¥, GK Rxeb †_‡K Av‡iK Rxe‡bi w`‡K| GLv‡b eximv †K? eximv †Zv †`‡k-†`‡k, hy‡M-hy‡M wd‡i Avmv wPiwe‡`ªvnx| Ômg‡qi Av‡MÕ Ges ÔmgqÕ `yB-B eximv‡K m„wó K‡i‡Q| muvIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni BwZnvmI ZvB e‡j| e¯‘ev`x HwZnvwm‡Ki Kv‡Q GK bZzb `„wó‡Kv‡Yi gvÎv w`‡q‡Q| Ñ wKQyB dzivq bv c„w_ex‡Z gyÛvix †`k-gvwU-cv_i-eb-b`xFZzi ci FZzi AvMgb Ñ msMÖvgI dzivq bv, †kl n‡Z cv‡i bv| civR‡q msMÖvg †kl nq bv| Ai‡Yï AwaKvi Dcb¨v‡mi †d«g ZvB gnvKvwe¨K| gyÛvRxe‡bi GK mvgwMÖK Qwe N‡i e‡m †c‡q hvB| kvk¦Z Rxeb‡ev‡a Ai‡Yï AwaKvi gyÛvRxe‡bi gnvKv‡eï imfvl¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q|

RbRvwZi Rxebwkíx : wbgœeM© wbg©vY

nvRvi Pzivwki gv (1975) Qvov Av‡iv †ek K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm Zuv‡K we‡k¦i ìev‡i wb‡q †M‡Q| hv ïay evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ bq, fviZxq mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e GK bZzb w`M‡šÍi m~Pbv K‡i‡Q| †mBme RbRvwZ cÖvwšÍK gvby‡liv ïay e½‡`‡ki evwm›`v bb, Zviv mviv fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ cÖZ¨šÍ cÖ‡`‡ki Avwèvmx| Kwe e›`¨NUx MvwTi Rxeb I g„Zz¨ (1967), Ai‡Yï AwaKvi (1977), gv÷vi mve (1979), †PvwÆ gyÐv Ges Zvi Zxi (1980), kvjwMivi Wv‡K (1982), ûjgvnvi gv (1982) cÖf…wZ Dcb¨vm evsjv Z_v fviZxq mvwn‡Zï GK gvBj‡÷vb| nvRvi Pzivwki gv Avi ûjgvnvi gv `ywU wfbœ †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ n‡jI †Kv_vq †hb GKwe›`y‡Z wg‡j hvq| Z‡e ûjgvnvi gv ïay Abyfe K‡i bv, msMÖv‡g kvwgj n‡q muvIZvj exiv½bv igYxi GK bqv BwZnvm m„wó K‡i| Ñ Ñ Zvi †Q‡j mšÍvj Kvwgqviv,... Zvi cv‡q _v‡K miæ wkKj|... †Q‡j gv‡qi Kv‡Q cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj, †m n‡Z wkKj|... wkKj wb‡q gnwb jvjwWi w`‡K hvq| jvjwW‡Z hv‡e gnwb, wkKj †Quov †jvnv Kvgvi‡ì w`‡e| Kvgviiv evÜv‡eMvi‡ì Rb¨ nvwZqvi evbvq, bq? Zvici?... ûjgvnv hv e‡j †m Zv Ki‡e| ûjgvnvi KvR| ûjgvnvi gv gnwb †Q‡ji †Quov †kKj wb‡q Kvgvi‡ì Kv‡Q hv‡e| †mB nvwZqvi evwb‡q ûjgvnvi Rb¨ msMÖv‡g AskMÖnY Ki‡e| G †Zv g¨vw·g †MvwK©i gv`vi Dcb¨vm‡K AwZµg K‡i bqv m„wói bwRi Mo‡jb ûjgvnvi gv gnv‡k¦Zv †èx| Kwe e›`¨NUx MvwTi Rxeb I g„Zz¨ Dcb¨v‡m †jvKK_vi m‡½ wg_cyivK_vi wgkÖY N‡U‡Q| ga¨hy‡Mi GB AviY¨K Pzqvo hye‡Ki Kvwnwb G-Dcb¨vm| Pzqvo‡ì we‡`ªvn BwZnv‡mi cvZvq _vK‡jI

Zv‡K eënvi K‡i‡Qb Dcb¨v‡mi cUf‚wg‡Z| †gw`bxcy‡ii fxg`j ivR¨ I cvk¦©eZx© wb`qvi AiY¨ GB Kvwnwbi ¯’vwbK cUf‚wg| Pzqvo AšÍ¨R †kÖwYi gvbyl n‡qI Kwe e›`¨NUx MvwT cÖwZfvi ¸‡Y Kwe n‡Z †c‡iwQj| †kl ch©šÍ Kwe e›`¨NUx MvwTi eY©‡kÖô nIqvi AvKv•ÿv Ac~Y© †_‡K †M‡jI Zuvi jovB fwel¨r cÖRb¥‡K Aby‡cÖiYv w`‡q hvq| AZ¨vPv‡i ewÂZ exi Pzqvo hye‡Ki ¯^cœ I ¯^cœ fvOvi BwZnvm †hb GK Uª¨vwRK civRq| Kwe e›`¨NUx Pzqvo mgv‡Ri n‡qI Zuvi Kv‡e¨ Pzqvo‡ì K_v †j‡Lbwb| Zey Zuv‡K ew›` n‡Z n‡q‡Q| cwiYZ n‡q‡Q GK Uª¨vwRK bvq‡K| Kwei MwZ AvU‡K w`‡qwQj eY©‰el‡gï †eovRvj| Gfv‡e wbgœe‡Y©i wbg©vY‰kjx BwZnv‡mi nvnvKv‡i cwiYZ nq| †PvwÆ gyÐv Ges Zvi Zxi Dcb¨vmwU‡K wbgœe‡M©i wbqwš¿Z we‡`ªv‡ni ¯î wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| †PvwÆ gyÐv †Kv‡bv we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ…Z¡ †`b bv wKš‘ †PvwÆi Zxi wVK jÿ¨B †f` K‡i| †mB Zx‡ii g‡a¨ †PvwÆi K_v, gnvK_vi †hvM _v‡K| GgbwK gnvKv‡eï ivg ev AR©y‡bi ev‡Yi m‡½ †PvwÆi Zx‡ii wgj m„wó K‡ib| Gfv‡e wbgœe‡Y©i †PvwÆ gyÛv gnvKv‡eï bvq‡Ki g‡Zv n‡q I‡Vb| †PvwÆ gyÛvi ga¨ w`‡q wbgœe‡M©i ivRbxwZi bvbv wef‡½i ¯Íi wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxb fviZ miKvi I ey‡R©vqv †kÖwYi Avwac‡Z¨ wbgœe‡M©i gvby‡li wb‡®úlY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| me ai‡bi wecbœZvi g‡a¨ †PvwÆ mg¯Í gyÛv mgv‡Ri PvjKkw³ n‡q †KŠk‡j euvP‡Z wk‡L‡Q I wkwL‡q‡Q| D”Pe‡M©i ivRbxwZi †kvlK‡K kbv³ K‡i‡Q †PvwÆ gyÛv| gyÛv RbRvwZ‡K HKë× K‡i‡Q †PvwÆ| ZvB †PvwÆ cÖPÐ cÖZv‡ci weiæ‡× KL‡bv Avc‡m, KL‡bv eyw×e‡j, KL‡bv mk¯¿ msMÖv‡g wbgœe‡M©i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Q| †PvwÆ gyÛv Ges Zvi Zxi Dcb¨v‡m eximv gyÛvi Amgvß Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv I Zvi c‡ii BwZnvm e¨³ n‡q‡Q| 1900 wLªóvã †_‡K 1978 ch©šÍ ¯^vaxbZvDËi Kv‡ji gnvRb-miKvicÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ †kvlY wPÎ wea„Z n‡q‡Q| MvqÎx w¯úfvK G-Dcb¨v‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡gwiKvb †iW BwÛqvb‡ì wbRf‚wg‡Z cievmx nIqvi wgj Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qb| kvjwMivi Wv‡K Dcb¨v‡m wZjKv gvwSi Rb¥ 1750 wLªóv‡ã| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z Av‡m wenvi-Dwol¨vi fvi Ñ ïiæ nq ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi †kvlY| Avwèvmx AÂ‡j we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ…Z¡ †`b wZjKv gyigy| †Kv¤úvwbi †mbvevwnbxi m‡½ mivmwi msN‡l© wZjKv AvnZ nb| †kl ch©šÍ ew›Ì nb| 1785 wLªóv‡ã Zuvi duvwm nq| Ñ †Nvovi cv‡q euvav wZjKv| †Nvov QyU‡Q, wZjKvi kixi †QuP‡o hv‡”Q|... †PZbv Avm‡Q hv‡”Q| †Nvov _vgj|... Av‡i K_v ej‡Q| Kx ej‡Q? Kx ejj? wKš‘ ûjUv n‡e|... fvMjcy‡i eUMv‡Q evev wZjKv gvwSi i³v³ kixi duvwm‡Z †Svjvi Rb¨ Rjøv` †g‡j bv wKQy‡Z| †k‡l GK Bs‡iR ˆmb¨ D‡V G‡jv| wbg©g g„Zzï gy‡LvgywL ùvwo‡q we‡`ªv‡ni ¯^cœ †`wL‡q hvb| wZjKv gvwS‡K duvwm‡Z †Svjv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv muvIZvj‡K cvIqv †Mj bv| wZjKv gvwS, wmayKvby gyigy I eximv gyÛvi wZb we‡`ªv‡ni Kvwnwbi g‡a¨ GK avivevwnK RbRvwZi we‡`ªv‡ni BwZnvm‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| gnv‡k¦Zv †èx wbgœe‡M©i gvby‡li weKí BwZnvm Lyu‡RwQ‡jb Dcb¨v‡mi ga¨ w`‡q| †mB m‡½ Zuvi mgmg‡qi AwMœgq mgq †hb wg‡j wM‡qwQj AZxZ, eZ©gvb Avi fwel¨‡Z| RbRvwZ gvby‡li `ytmvn‡mi msMÖv‡gi BwZnv‡mi wecix‡Z

Bs‡iR kvm‡Ki wjwLZ BwZnv‡mi dvivK Av‡Q we¯Íi| we‡`ªvnxi mvnmx g„Zzï ga¨ w`‡q duvmy‡o kvm‡Ki BwZnvm mvwR‡q w`‡q‡Qb GK A‡gvN wewbg©v‡Yi BwZe„‡Ë| BwZnv‡mi wbgœe‡M©i ¯î †kvbv hvq Dcb¨v‡mi wkím¤§Z cv‡V| fviZe‡l©i wbgœe‡M©i BwZnvm Av‡iv GKevi mg‡qi Kwócv_‡i hvPvB nq| Zv‡ì DcK_v, cÖPwjZ Mvb Avi wKse`wšÍi g‡a¨ †mB BwZnv‡mi AbymÜv‡b gnv‡k¦Zv wkím¤§Z mgvR-êÁvwb‡Ki g‡Zv, Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li Rj Swi‡q †`b| ÔAcv‡ikb? emvB UzWzÕ mË‡ii `k‡Ki Kvwnwb| GLv‡b wbgœe‡M©i ivR‰bwZK KÉ mË‡ii `k‡Ki i³v³ ea¨f‚wgi ¯ú›`b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| emvB UzWz evgcš’x K…lK-Av‡›`vjb K‡i‡Qb Kvjx muvZivi m‡½; c‡i Zv‡ì gZ I c‡_i cwieZ©b nq| emvB UzWz A¨vKkb-Acv‡ik‡b P‡j hvb| wKš‘ emvB UzWzi evey‡ì A‡¯¿ wek¦vm wQj bv| e›`yK, cvBcMv‡b Zuvi Av¯’v M‡o I‡Vwb| Zuvi kw³ I wek¦vm wQj Zx‡i| BwZnv‡mi wØavivi Drm GLv‡b wea„Z n‡q‡Q| emvB UzWz bKkvj Av‡›`vj‡bi A¨vKk‡bi †bZv n‡q I‡Vb| wKš‘ Zuvi Rxeb I evievi g„Zz¨ cÖPwjZ ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi KvVv‡gvq aiv hvq bv| emvB UzWzi euvPvgivi _B cvq bv cywjkmn `ywU evg ivR‰bwZK `jI| emvB UzWzi m‡½ Kvjx muvZivi `‡ji we‡f` N‡U 1970 wLªóv‡ã| wKš‘ emvB UzWz‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z evievi WvK c‡o Kvjx muvZiv‡K| evgcš’x `j wef³ n‡jI emvB I muvZivi e‡M©i †Zgb cwieZ©b nq bv| wPwýZKi‡Yi g‡a¨ dz‡U I‡V Ab¨ ¯î, wbgœe‡M©i AvZ©bv`| emvB UzWz Pvievi g‡iI g‡i bv| wg‡_ cwiYZ nq emvB UzWz| ZLb Avi 1970-76-Gi NUbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K bv| emvB UzWz †`kKv‡ji euva‡b euvav _v‡K bv| mewKQyi E‡aŸ© P‡j hvq emvB UzWzi Av‡›`vjb| wPwýZ nq GK bZzb ¯î hv wbgœe‡M©i ivR‰bwZK KÉ¯î wn‡m‡e begvÎv G‡b †`q| e¨vaLÐ (1994) Dcb¨v‡m e¨va I kei Rxe‡bi Kvwnwb wPwÎZ| AiY¨wbf©i Avwèvmx keiiv Kxfv‡e mvgšÍZvwš¿K †kvl‡Yi wkKvi n‡qwQj, ZviB RxešÍ `wjj e¨vaLÐ| ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe gyKz›` PµeZx© Afqvg½‡ji e¨vaL‡Ði Kvwnwb‡Z keiRvwZ‡K wgwk‡q GK wbgœe‡M©i bqv BwZnvm m„wó K‡i‡Qb| 1871 wLªóv‡ã weªwUk miKvi †jvavkei‡ì ÔAcivacÖeYÕ RvwZ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| g~j mgvR †_‡K AcgvwbZ, weZvwoZ kei‡ì g~j‡mªv‡Z Avbvi eª‡Z keiPP©v e¨vaL‡Ð GK behvÎv †c‡q‡Q| gyKz›` PµeZx©i e¨va Kvj‡KZz‡K mgv‡Ri m¤§vbxq ¯Í‡i cÖwZôvi Rb¨ kei RvwZi GK myPviæ wPÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb Ñ e¨vaL‡Ð| gnv‡k¦Zv GKwU m¤ú~Y© †KŠgRxeb‡K Dc¯’vwcZ K‡i‡Qb e¨vaL‡Ð| GB †KŠgRxeb n‡jv wbgœe‡M©i fviZel©| PÐxg½j n‡q‡Q bZzb g½j|

Ai‡Y¨i AwaKvi : Rxe‡bi gnvKve¨

gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi Ai‡Yï AwaKvi (1977) Dcb¨vmwU †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖvq A‡jŠwKK e„ËvšÍ bq| eximv `vD` gyÛv GLv‡b †Kv‡bv AwZ‡jŠwKK bvqK bb| †`‡k-†`kvšÍ‡i Kvj-KvjvšÍ‡i Aciv‡Rq gvby‡li msMÖv‡gi RxešÍ `wjj| eximvi mn‡hvMx gyÛviv mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i AvgiY msMÖvg K‡i‡Q| †mB Rxeb, MYmsMÖvg †`Lv‡Z wM‡q G‡m‡Q gyÛvRxe‡bi cy•Lvbycy•L wPÎ| G‡m‡Q gyÛvmgv‡Ri mvgvwRKmn mvgwMÖK Rxebv‡jL¨| G‡m‡Q †jvKms¯‹…wZi bvbv ARvbv K_v| ÔgyÛvÕ Rb‡Mvôx Abvh© Ñ K…ò fvi‡Zi Avw`g Awaevmx| b„ZvwË¡K cwiP‡q Ai‡Yï AwaKv‡ii gyÛvmgvR Aw÷ªK †Mvôxi Avwèvmx| w`KzAvoKvwV‡ì †jvf, mvgšÍ cÖfz‡ì †kvlY, weªwUk iv‡Ri AZ¨vPvi, gnvR‡bi F‡Yi Pµe„w× my` Avi AvoKvwVi

duv‡K Ai‡Yï mšÍvb gyÛviv wbt¯^ n‡q †M‡Q| Amnvq w`kvnxb gyÛviv wLªóvb wgk‡b ag©všÍwiZ n‡q‡Q, bv nq AvRxeb `vmgRy‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Zey gyÛvmgv‡Ri êwkó¨¸wj Avgv‡ì Pg‡K †`q| Amvgvb¨ g‡bve‡ji `„pZv Avi kÖ‡gi mZZv wkwÿZ mf¨Zv‡K fvevq| gyÛv Rb‡Mvôxi avZ Avi RvZ Avjv`v Ñ †hb gyL cv_icviv _v‡K| duvwm‡Z P‡oI fqnxb, AkÖænxb GK Abb¨ RvwZ| GK_vjv Nv‡Uv‡Z Zv‡ì w`b P‡j| I‡ì mvg‡b w`Kziv fvZ †L‡jI GKUv †QvU †Q‡jI wfL gvO‡e bv Ñ GKgy‡Vv fv‡Zi R‡b¨ Ñ AvZ¥gh©v`vm¤úbœ gyÛvRvwZi AvwfRvZ¨ mnRmij Ai‡Yï m‡½ m¤ú„³| Avi gyÛv‡g‡qiv Ñ wc‡V †Q‡j‡K †eu‡a, e‡jvqv Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| Av¸bB gyÛvi kxZe¯¿| gyÛv Ab¨ kxZe¯¿ Rv‡b bv, cvqI bv| Zv‡ì weevnDrm‡e mvZwU wRwbm cÖ‡qvRb Ñ 1. Rj 2. Av¸b 3. avb 4. `ya 5. Z‡ivqvj 6. Zxi I 7. abyK| gyÛvcyiæl I †g‡qiv j¤^v Pzj iv‡L| G‡ì is AZ¨šÍ Kv‡jv; †g‡qcyiæl cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq bv| gyÛvmgvR cyiælkvwmZ bq| Iiv ¯¿xcyiæl mgvb Lv‡U| mgvb Avq K‡i; mgvb m¤§vb cvq| gv‡qi m¤§vb

†jLvq gMœ gnv‡k¦Zv †`ex

gyÛvmgv‡R mevi Ic‡i| eximvi gv Kiwg, wPiKvj †mB m¤§vb †c‡q‡Q| gyÛv Rb‡Mvôx kvšÍ, bgª, wbixn Ñ w`bv‡šÍ GK LyuwP wPbvNv‡mi `vbvi Nv‡Uvq †m Lywk| ci‡b mvgvb¨ †jswU, Av¸b Zv‡ì kxZe¯¿| nvwZqvi wZiabyK| Kuv‡a Zv‡ì F‡Yi Pµe„w× my‡ì fvi wKš‘ weªwUk wms‡ni D`¨Z fqvbK _vevi mvg‡b AKz‡Zvfq Ñ gi‡Yi gy‡LvgywL wbfx©K| gyÛviv RxešÍ eviæ`| cv_i, cvnvo Avi R½‡ji Avdjv gvwU‡Z dmj djvq gyÛviv AK¬všÍ cwikÖ‡g| R½‡j `vevbj, b`x‡Z nocvevb, ey‡bv nvwZi cvj G‡j gyÛviv bvMivq Nv †`q w`g&w`g&w`g&| gyÛv‡g‡qiv Kv‡jv Av¸b| †`L‡jI kix‡i i³ R¡‡j I‡V| †eqvov, e`&RvZI; nvZ ai‡j e‡jvqv w`‡q Kuva †_‡K gv_v bvwg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| gyÛv‡ì me‡P‡q eo êwkó¨ wZiabyKek©vejø‡gi †P‡q eo A¯¿ n‡jv gyÛvix HK¨| gyÛv hLb GKwÎZ nq Ñ †Q‡j‡g‡q, cyÎcyÎea~, wK‡kviwkïe„×e„×v mevB GKm‡½ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| gyÛv Rb‡Mvôx wek¦vm K‡i Ñ gyÛv‡ì fMevb Rb¥ †b‡e gyÛvN‡i| wm whï bq, wKò bq, wm gyÛv| nv‡U, R½‡j, cvnv‡o, kn‡i Ñ `yRb A‡Pbv gyÛv GKm‡½

n‡j Ñ GKRb e‡j ÔDjÕ! Ab¨Rb e‡j, Ô¸jvbÕ!

ïay K_vKvi bb, Kg©mvaK

ïay †j‡Lb bv| hv †j‡Lb, ZvB K‡iI †`Lvb| ZvB Zuvi mvwnZ¨ Avi Kg©Rxeb GKvZ¥ mvabvi GK Abb¨ cÖqvm| me©¯n^ viv‡ì Rb¨ †j‡Lb bv, Zv‡ì Rb¨ me©¯^ Z¨vMI K‡ib| m„wói cÖvwß A_© wb‡q KjKvZv kn‡i e‡m _v‡Kb bv| P‡j hvb cÖvwšÍK cyiæwjqvq| wZwb ïay f‡qm‡jm †mKk‡bi ivBUvi bb, wbiÿi evK¨nviv gvby‡li g‡bi mgªvÁx| †hLv‡b AZ¨vPvi, wbcxob †mLv‡bB mevi Av‡M Qy‡U †M‡Qb Rbbx gnv‡k¦Zv †èx| Kv‡ivi Kv‡Q wZwb w`w` wKsev ewnb, Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ggZvgqx gv| me©v‡_©B wZwb GKRb †hv×vKg©exi| wZwb Kg©mvaK| e¨w³MZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q mgv‡Ri Ae‡nwjZ‡ì msMwVZ Kivi `yev© i eªZ‡K AvRxeb cvjb K‡i‡Qb| AvwèvmxRbRvwZ mgvR I ms¯‹w… Zi åvšÍ fvebv‡K `~i Kivi Rb¨ Avcmnxb jovB K‡i‡Qb| cyiæwjqv †÷k‡b †b‡gB nvwmgy‡L Rwo‡q ai‡Zb cÖvwšÍK gvbyl‡ì| ey‡K †U‡b wb‡Zb A¯ú„këªvZ¨ gvbyl‡ì| g¨vMmvBmvB cyi¯‹v‡ii 10 jvL UvKv kei-Dbœq‡b w`‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| cyiæwjqvq Av‡qvRb K‡iwQ‡jb Ôkei‡gjvÕ| MVb K‡iwQ‡jb cwðge½ †Lwoqvkei Kj¨vY mwgwZ| Kvh©Kix mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e evievi †h‡Zb cyiæwjqvi MÖv‡g MÖv‡g| kei‡ì Dbœq‡b AvBwb msMÖv‡g ivR¨ miKv‡ii weiæ‡× nvB‡Kv‡U© gvgjv K‡i‡Qb| ÔAcivacÖeY RbRvwZÕ ZKgvUv kei-†jvav‡ì Ici †_‡K Zz‡j †dj‡Z RxebcY K‡i‡Qb| †Kv‡bv kei R‡ji Kj e‡mwb, †jvav hyeK‡K e¨vsK FY w`‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q Ñ KvD‡K WvBwb Acev‡` AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡Z n‡”Q Ñ m‡½-m‡½ wZwb miKvwi ¯Í‡i Av¸bSiv‡bv cÖwZ‡ivacÎ cvVv‡Z we›`ygvÎ †`wi K‡ibwb| kei‡ì wkïwkÿv, bvixwkÿvi cvkvcvwk kei‡ì g`¨cv‡bi weiæ‡× m‡PZb K‡iwQ‡jb| kei‡ì n¯Íwkí cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i ¯^wbf©i K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| Pzwb †KvUv‡ji AvZ¥nZ¨vi ci, ZrKvjxb gyL¨gš¿xi Kv‡Q †jvav‡ì PvKwii Rb¨ AuvPj †c‡Z wfÿv †P‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| ïay cyiæwjqv bq, euvKzov, cwðg †gw`bxcy‡ii †jvav-kei‡ì g~j‡mªv‡Z wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ wZwb me©¯^cY K‡ib| RbRvwZ‡ì n¯Íwk‡íi m„wóm¤¢vi wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M wecY‡bi eë¯’v K‡i GK Abb¨ bwRi m„wó K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv‡_i †mœ‡ni gnv‡k¦Zv MÖvgxY RbRvwZi Dbœq‡b GKK cÖ‡Póvq kn‡ii mg¯Í myL eR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|

GKB e„‡šÍ `ywU dzj : mgvRKgx© I mvwnwZ¨K

kei‡ì GKwU weevnvbyôvb| kn‡ii kZ e¨¯ÍZv m‡Ë¡I cyiæwjqvi cÖZ¨šÍ MÖv‡gi weevn Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡jb| kei‡ì weev‡n †c‡jb Ôgv kvwoÕ Dcnvi| keimgvR ¯^mgv‡Ri wbqg †f‡O gnv‡k¦Zv‡K Rbbxi Avm‡b ewm‡q w`‡jb| wek¦L¨vZ †jLK gnv‡k¦Zv cÖKv‡k¨ †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi Rxe‡bi †miv cyi¯‹vi †c‡jb| gnvÁvb cxV! wZwb GKvav‡i mgvRKgx© Ges †jLK| e½‡`k Z_v fviZmn wek¦‡ÿ‡Î Ggb `„óvšÍ cÖvq bwRiwenxb| †gav cvUKv‡ii g‡Z, gnv‡k¦Zv g~jZ mgvRKgx© c‡i mvwnwZ¨K| Avi Avgiv hviv Ô†U‡ivW¨vKwUj, c~iYmnvq I wci_vÕ c‡owQ, g‡b Kwi wZwb Av‡M mvwnwZ¨K c‡i mgvRKgx©| Z‡e Av‡eM ev` w`‡q wbi‡cÿ wePv‡i ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Ñ gnv‡k¦Zv †èx GK e„‡šÍ `ywU dzj| GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU‡K wQbœ Kiv Am¤¢e| mvwnwZ¨K gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi ¯úó gZ n‡”Q Ñ we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ wZwb Kjg a‡ibwb| ïay wk‡íi Rb¨ wkí m„wó Zuvi cÖavb mvabv

bq| ivRvi BwZe„Ë iPbv Kiv KvR bq, MYRxe‡bi `wjjxKi‡Y wZwb wek¦vm K‡ib| BwZnvmPh©v mvwnZ¨ mªóvi Avewk¨K Ges g~jK wkÿv| †mB wkÿv‡K BwZnv‡mi `c©‡Y, mgmvgwqK, GgbwK fwel¨r‡K Quy‡Z Pvb| BwZnvm‡K wewbg©v‡Yi †mªv‡Z AvaywbK K‡i w`‡jb| †mB BwZnv‡m ivRv _v‡Kb, wKš‘ †ewk K‡i _v‡Kb cÖRv| wbibœ cÖRv, cÖwZev`x cÖRv; cÖwZ‡ivaKvix ïay cyiæl cÖRv bq, †`ªŠc`xi g‡Zv bvix cÖRvI| †mB bvix cÖRvi ga¨ †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡m h‡kv`vi g‡Zv ¯Íb`vwqYx| hviv g„Zz¨kh¨vq K¨vÝv‡i gi‡Z-gi‡Z Abyfe K‡i Ñ mevB Zvi mšÍvb| fvZ, Rj, mewR Avi by‡bi Rb¨ hviv AvRxeb msMÖvg K‡i; ZvivB Zvi mvwn‡Z¨ †miv bvqK-bvwqKv| Zv‡ì K_vB wj‡L †h‡Z Pvb| ZvB Zuvi mvwnZ¨ n‡q I‡V gvby‡li Rb¨ mvwnZ¨| Pviw`‡K _v‡K ïay AL¨vZ gvbyl| Ag„‡Zi mšÍv‡biv| Zv‡ì cÖwZ cig wek¦v‡m, ggZvgvLv‡bv AwMœKjg M‡R© D‡V‡Q| wZwb †Kv‡bv `jxq ivRbxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx bb| ÔgvbylÕ bvgK ÔgZev`Õ‡K AvšÍwiK mngwg©Zvq Zuvi ivRbxwZi cvV| bxwZi ivRvq cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ ïayB gvbyl| †mB gvbyl Ae‡nwjZ gvbyl| Zuvi mvÿvrKvi¸‡jv‡Z evievi e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvwg ïay gvbyl †_‡K cvV wb‡qwQ|Õ e„nr fviZel©‡K Rvb‡Z n‡j, †h‡Z n‡e wbibœ-wbiÿi gvby‡li Kv‡Q| hviv GL‡bv g~j‡mªvZ †_‡K G‡Kev‡i wew”Qbœ| Zviv †Kb wew”QbœZvev`x n‡q †M‡jb? †Kb †`vc&w` (†`ªŠc`x) †m‡Sb, Zvi ¯^vgx kwn` nIqvi ciI KvD›Uv‡i cywj‡ki †gvKv‡ejv K‡i? †Kb †m Ô†gv÷ b‡Uvwiqvm †g‡q‡Q‡jÕ n‡q hvq? †Kb Zv‡ì ke‡`n †kqvjkKzbwcuc‡oK…wgi Lv`¨ nq? †Kb Zv‡ì ÔEiæ I †hŠwb‡K‡k Pvc Pvc i³Õ? †Kb Zv‡ì ¯Íb`ywUI ÿZweÿZ? Gme i³v³ cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb Ggbfv‡e Ñ hv m„R‡bi gnr ¸‡Y gnr mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q| Avevi 180 wWwMÖ wecixZ †giæ‡Z Ôh‡kv`vÕ Rbbxi ÔeyK dv‡U Z gyL †dv‡U bvÕ| Ñ Ôwek¦msmvi‡K `y‡a cvj‡j h‡kv`v n‡Z nq| wbe©vÜ‡e GKjv gi‡Z nq, gy‡L Rj w`‡Z †KD _v‡K bv|Õ wewPÎiƒcv bvixgyL‡K gg©¯úkx© K‡i dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Ñ mgvRKgx©-mvwnwZ¨K gnv‡k¦Zv †èx| wewPÎ m¤ú‡` fiv GB fviZ Dcgnv‡`k| Avwèvmx‡ì DbœZ mf¨Zv, ms¯‹…wZ‡PZbv, g~j¨‡ev‡ai wecbœZvi K_v Zuvi Kj‡g wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| Avwèvmx RbRvwZ‡ì fvlv Av‡Q, wjwc †bB| †gŠwLK mvs¯‹…wZK mvgªvR¨ g~j‡mªv‡Zi av°vq loh‡š¿ evievi †`kvšÍwi n‡Z-n‡Z nvwi‡q hv‡”Q| †g‡mv‡RvwqK hy‡Mi †mB †U‡ivW¨vKwUj‡K AvaywbK gvbyl eyS‡Z mg_© n‡Zv bv| byb Qvov hviv ïay Nv‡Uv wm× Lvq| Ôbv‡MwmqvivÕ cvnv‡oi Xv‡j evwo K‡i †Kb? Zviv Av‡Q, wKš‘ †bB| miKvwi ZvwjKvq †bB| Ô†nvÕ‡ì kÖ×vÁvcK k¥kvbcÖ¯Íi Kviv aŸsm Kij? ˆR¨‡ôi DËv‡c `vwg ej`‡K euvPv‡Z gvwjK hv‡ì eva¨ K‡i avb‡evSvB Mvwo Uvb‡Z Ñ Zv‡ì bvg Ôbv‡MwmqvÕ| †Rvqv‡ji wb‡P c‡o Kuv‡ai nvo †f‡O hvi bZzb bvgKiY nq Ñ Ô†Uovbv‡MwmqvÕ| `yj©f Avi weij cÖRvwZi Ô†U‡ivW¨vKwUjÕ‡ì mvwn‡Z¨ Ggbfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, hv wek¦e„‡Ë GK weij e„Ëv‡šÍi bewbg©vY n‡q D‡V‡Q| iex›`ªbv‡_i †mœnab¨ gnv‡k¦Zvi MÖvgxY fviZ we‡k¦i mvwnZ¨cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q wbg©vYmvwn‡Zï mÜvb w`‡q‡Q|

wek¦mvwn‡Z¨ gnv‡k¦Zv †`ex

gnv‡k¦Zv †èxi mg¯Í iPbvB BwZnv‡mi Dcv`v‡b mg„×| ïay BwZnvm bq, BwZnv‡mi m‡½ Av‡Q mgvRZvwË¡K Dcv`vb| Zuvi Mí-Dcb¨v‡m BwZnv‡mi m‡½ f‚‡Mvj, †jvKK_v, †jvKKvwnwb; GgbwK `wjj`¯Ív‡eR, GgbwK wPwVcÎI mvwn‡Zï bZzb ¯^v` wb‡q G‡jv| Ly ‡ j †Mj fviZxq mvwn‡Zï bZz b c_| Zu v i

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Aveyj gbmyi Avng` gqgbwms‡ni AvÂwjK eywj‡K mvwn‡Z¨i fvlv Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| GUv Zuvi AÂjcÖxwZi bgybv n‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ AvÂwjK eywjB fvlv‰kjxi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb, G-K_v

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cwiw¯’wZ cvðvZ¨ RMr †_‡K c„_K wQj| †mRb¨ GLvbKvi bvixev`x Av‡›`vjb¸‡jv wfbœfv‡e weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| g~jZ `ywU aviv‡K G‡ÿ‡Î MwZgvb n‡Z †`Lv hvq Ñ GK, BmjvgwfwËK ev Bmjvwg bvixev` (Islamic Feminism), `yB, cvðvZ¨ avivi AvaywbK ag©wegyL (Secular) bvixev`| Bmjvwg bvixev` †P‡q‡Q Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK Rxeb`k©‡bi g‡a¨ †_‡KB bvixi me AwaKvi Av`vq Ki‡Z Ñ Bmjvg my¯úóiƒ‡c bvix‡K †hme AwaKvi w`‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi c~Y© ev¯Íevqb Ges wewfbœ Bmjvwg weav‡bi cÖPwjZ fzj e¨vL¨vi Ac‡bv`b ev bZzb e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g| G‡mbwkqvwj÷ †dwgwbR‡gi A‡bK `„wófw½i m‡½ BmjvwgK †dwgwbR‡gi mwgjZv jÿ Kiv hvq| GB `y‡Uv avivB bvix‡K bvix wn‡m‡eB gh©v`vc~Y© Ae¯’v‡b cÖwZwôZ †`L‡Z Pvq, bvixZ¡ I gvZ…Z¡‡eva Ges cÖK…wZi m‡½ bvixi mvhyR¨‡K (Ecofeminism) we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ `vb K‡i| Ab¨ (Secular) avivwU wewfbœ Dcavivq wef³, hwÌ †Kv‡bv DcavivB my¯úóiƒ‡c msMwVZ bq, Giv g~jZ cvðv‡Zï AbyKviK| G‡ì g‡a¨ KL‡bv-KL‡bv a‡g©i m‡½ Avcm cwijwÿZ nq, Avevi KL‡bv-KL‡bv A¨vw›U-G‡mbwkqvwj÷ PvwiÎ¨ wb‡q †mv”Pvi n‡Z †`Lv hvq, gvK©wm÷, †mvk¨vwj÷, †mcv‡iwU÷ cÖf…wZ wewfbœ

†eMg †iv‡Kqv 1932 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zz¨Kvj ch©šÍ bvixmgv‡Ri wkÿv Ges mvwe©K gyw³i AvKv•¶vq evwjKv we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv K‡ib| cvkvcvwk †jLbx nv‡Z Zz‡j †bb| G-mgq RvZxq ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡›`vjb †eMevb nq| †m-Av‡›`vj‡b cyiæl‡ì cvkvcvwk wn›`y bvixivI h‡_ó msL¨vq AskMÖnY K‡ib; wKš‘ gymwjg bvixiv G‡ÿ‡Î G‡Kev‡iB wcwQ‡q wQ‡jb| ai‡bi †dwgwbR‡gi e³e¨ wb‡qI nvwRi nq G‡ì †Kv‡bv†Kv‡bv †Mvôx| AvaywbK A‡_© cÖvwZôvwbK bvixev`x Av‡›`vjb ej‡Z hv †evSvq Zv gymwjgwe‡k¦ ïiæ nq Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z, cÖ_‡g Bivb I wgk‡i| Gici Avie wek¦mn Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`‡kI Zv Qwo‡q c‡o| 1899 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ wgkixq AvBbwe` °vwmg Avwg‡bi Zvnwii Avj-gviÕAv (Women’s Liberation) eBwU G‡ÿ‡Î we‡kl f‚wgKv iv‡L| 1923 mv‡j †nvRv kvivwf ÔBwRcwkqvb †dwgwb÷ BDwbqbÕ MVb K‡ib| 1956 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U Mvgvj Ave`yj bv‡mi Ôivóªxq bvixev`Õ (State Feminism) cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Aviewek¦mn me gymwjg †`‡kB bvixev‡ì Bmjvwg I ag©wbi‡cÿ aviv cvkvcvwk weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| cvK-fviZ-evsjv‡`k Dcgnv‡`‡k wn›`y m¤úÖ`v‡qi mZx`vn cÖ_v (g„Z ¯^vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ ¯¿x‡K cywo‡q gviv) wQj me‡P‡q b„ksm I AgvbweK Kzms¯‹vi| PZz`©k, cÂ`k I †lvok kZ‡K cÖ_‡g gymwjg gyNj kvmKiv G-cÖ_v D‡”Q‡ì †Póv K‡ib| ev`kvn ûgvqyb, AvKei, kvnRvnvb Ges AvIi½‡Re G-cÖ_vi weiæ‡× bvbviKg AvBb Rvwi K‡ib| †lvok kZvãx‡Z cZz©wMR, Ij›`vR I divwmiv, Ges Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z weªwUkiv Zv‡ì ¯^kvwmZ GjvKvq G-cÖ_v wbwl× K‡i| 1812 mv‡ji w`‡K ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq weªwUk kvmK‡ì mnvqZvq G-cÖ_vi weiæ‡×

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†di‡`Šm gnj Ges LywR¯Ív AvLZvi †mvnivIqv`x© KjKvZvq †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ c„_K `ywU ¯‹zj cÖwZôv K‡ib| †eMg †iv‡Kqv 1909 mv‡j wenv‡ii fvMjcy‡i †g‡q‡ì ¯‹zj M‡o †Zv‡jb| †mwU 1911 mv‡j KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| wKš‘ msMwVZ bvixev`x Av‡›`jb ej‡Z hv †evSvq Zv ZL‡bv ïiæ nqwb, hwÌ †eMg †iv‡Kqv Zuvi mvwnZ¨PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q †m-KvRwU m¤ú~Y© GKvKxB Avi¤¢ K‡ib| wØZxq ch©v‡q (1915-47) gymwjg mgvRI wkÿv I bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖ‡kœ `ªæZ GwM‡q Av‡m| wKš‘ G-AMÖMgb g~jZ cyiælmgv‡Ri| gymwjg bvixmgv‡Ri mvg‡b g~j P¨v‡jÄ wQj Awkÿv I Ae‡ivacÖ_v| G-e¨vcv‡i gymwjg cyiælmgvR GwM‡q Av‡mwb, bvixivI msMwVZ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| †eMg †iv‡Kqv 1932 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zz¨Kvj ch©šÍ bvixmgv‡Ri wkÿv Ges mvwe©K gyw³i AvKv•¶vq evwjKv we`¨vjq cwiPvjbv K‡ib| cvkvcvwk †jLbx nv‡Z Zz‡j †bb| G-mgq RvZxq ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡›`vjb †eMevb nq| †m-Av‡›`vj‡b cyiæl‡ì cvkvcvwk wn›`ybvixivI h‡_ó msL¨vq AskMÖnY K‡ib; wKš‘ gymwjg bvixiv G‡ÿ‡Î G‡Kev‡iB wcwQ‡q wQ‡jb| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci, G‡`‡ki bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Z…Zxq ch©v‡q (1947-70) G‡m ax‡i-ax‡i bvixev`x wPšÍvi cÖmvi NU‡Z _v‡K; bvixiv PvKwi QvovI ivRbxwZ‡Z Ask wb‡Z _v‡Kb| 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡× bvixiv GgbwK hy‡×I AskMÖnY K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ciB (PZz_© ch©vq) ej‡Z †M‡j G‡`‡k ZvwË¡K Ges eënvwiK Dfq w`K †_‡KB bvixev` msMwVZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †eMg †iv‡Kqv‡KB G‡`‡ki bvixev`xiv cw_K…‡Zi Avm‡b ewm‡q KvR ïiæ K‡ib, hwÌ Zuviv cvðv‡Zï bvbv iKg bvixev`x ZË¡ I

Av‡›`vjb Ges †`kxq ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ Øviv fxlYfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡k †gvUv `v‡M bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi `ywU avivB MwZgvb Ñ cvðvZ¨vbymvix ag©wbi‡cÿZvev`x bvixev` I Bmjvwg bvixev`| we¯§‡qi e¨vcvi GB †h, GB DfqcÿB mvaviYfv‡e †eMg †iv‡Kqv‡KB Zv‡ì c~e©m~wii gh©v`v `vb K‡i| Zvi A_© n‡jv, †eMg †iv‡Kqvi wPšÍvi g‡a¨ Dfq ai‡bi Dcv`vbB Kg‡ewk we`¨gvb| `yB bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi GKwU eo dmj Ôbvixev`x mvwnZ¨ZË¡Õ (Feminist Literature ev, Feminist Literary Criticism ev, Literary Feminism)| GUv bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi wØZxq Zi½ †_‡K D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q| mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© cÖPwjZ aviYv‡K m¤ú~Y© e`‡j bZzb `„wófw½ m„wói cÖqvm †_‡K G-Z‡Ë¡i Rb¥| wesk kZvãxi mË‡ii `k‡Ki Av‡M mvwnZ¨Kg© Ges mvwnZ¨wePvic×wZ wQj †cŠiælxq-`„wófw½m¤úbœ| fvwR©wbqv Dj&d, †Rb Aw÷b, RR© GwjqU I kvj©U eªw›U wQ‡jb e¨wZµg| GB Aewa mvwnZ¨‡K wj½wbi‡cÿ fvev n‡Zv| ejv n‡Zv, G‡Z bvix‡ì AskMÖnY I mvdj¨ †h Kg Zvi KviY Zuviv †jLv‡jwL‡Z G‡m‡Qb Kg, Ges huvivI G‡m‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Lye Kg K‡qKRbB D”Pgvb AR©b Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Qb; GLv‡b wj½‰elg¨ KvR K‡iwb| wPšÍvi GB wg_ †f‡O w`‡Z m„wó nq bvixev`x mvwnZ¨Z‡Ë¡i| GB KvR Avm‡j Av‡iv Av‡MB ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb fvwR©wbqv Dj&d| Zuvi ÔGKR‡bi wb‡Ri NiÕ (A Room for One’s Own) cÖe‡Ü wZwb bvix‡ì †h wbR¯^Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, ¯^vZš¿¨ I AwaKv‡ii K_v e‡jb, mË‡ii `k‡K G‡m bvixev`x mvwnwZ¨Kiv ZviB avivevwnKZvq KvR ïiæ K‡ib| bvixev`x mvwnZ¨ZË¡ cÖ_gZ, AZx‡Zi bvix-†jLK‡ì iPbv Avwe®‹vi I g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g bvix‡ì mvwnZ¨PP©vi avivevwnK BwZnvm iPbvi cÖqvm K‡i| wØZxqZ, cyiæl I bvix-†jLK‡ì iPbvq wj½‰el‡gï †cÖwÿZ I PvwiÎ¨ we‡kølY K‡i †`‡L| Z…ZxqZ, bvixev`x `„wófw½‡Z †jLv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i| ïiæ‡Z bvix-†jLK‡ì iPbv ch©vß msL¨vq bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y cyiæl‡ì †jLvq bvix‡ì Kxfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv cixÿv K‡i †`Lv nq| †ev‡fvqv‡ii wØZxq wj½‡ZB G-cÖqvm cÖ_g †`Lv hvq| Zuvi c‡i 1969 mv‡j †KwU wg‡jøZ cÖKvk K‡ib Zuvi RbwcÖq MÖš’ †hŠb ivRbxwZ (Sexual Politics)| Zuviv mvwn‡Zï D`vniY †U‡b G‡b cÖgvY K‡ib †h, cyiæl-†jLK‡ì mvwn‡Z¨ bvix‡K AebwgZfv‡eB †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q me mgq| AweiZ, cybtcyb, wKQy-wKQy cÖZxK, Dcgv I wPÎKí Ges fvlv-eënv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q bvix‡K †Kvgj, `ye©j, j¾vebZ, fxiæ, Kg †gavm¤úbœ, AvZ¥mgwc©Z I Dc‡fvM¨ wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Zuviv mvwnZ¨‡K wj½wbi‡cÿ e‡j ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Am¤§wZ cÖKvk K‡ib Ges G-K_v cÖwZôv Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib †h, mvwn‡Z¨ wj½ wb‡q ivRbxwZ Av‡Q, hv cyiælZvwš¿K| myZivs bvix‡ì ev bvixev`x‡ì bZzb mvwnZ¨-iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e hvi g‡a¨ _vK‡e bvixev`x †PZbvi cÖwZdjb| 1986 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Wvwj †¯úÛv‡ii gv`vm© Ae `¨ b‡fj Ges †Rb †¯úÝv‡ii `¨ ivBR Ae `¨ g¨vb b‡fwj÷m M‡elYvMÖš’`ywU G‡ÿ‡Î gvBj‡÷vb¯îƒc| Zuviv †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, bvixiv, msMZ Kvi‡YB msL¨vq Aí n‡jI wj‡L P‡j‡Qb| mËi I Avwki `k‡K Ebwesk I wesk kZvãxi bvix-†jLK‡ì A‡bK eB I A¨vš’jwR cÖKvwkZ nq| lv‡Ui `k‡K bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi wØZxq Zi½ ïiæi ci bvixev`x

mvwn‡Zï cÖKvkbvq †Rvqvi Av‡m| G-mgq GgbwK cÖPzi bb-wdKkb Ges mv‡qÝ wdKkb iwPZ n‡Z _v‡K bvix-†jLK‡ì Øviv| bvixev`x mvwnZ¨ZË¡ GLb GKwU cÖwZwôZ mvwnZ¨ZË¡, hvi kvLv-cÖkvLvI Qwo‡q‡Q †ekwKQy, †hgb Ô†M mvwnZ¨Õ (Gay Literature) Ges Ô†jmweqvb mvwnZ¨Õ (Lesbian Literature)| DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (Post-colonial Literature) Ges DËi-AvaywbK mvwnZ¨ZË¡ (Post-modern Literature) bvixev`x mvwnZ¨ZË¡‡K kw³kvjx I eûgvwÎK K‡i †Zv‡j| wZb †eMg †iv‡Kqv cÖm‡½ Av‡jvPbvi ïiæ‡ZB bvixev`x Av‡›`vjb Ges bvixev`x mvwnZ¨ZË¡ wb‡q wek¦ Ges G‡`kxq †cÖÿvcU wb‡q GZ K_v ejvi KviY n‡jv, Zuvi g~j cwiPq ÔbvixRvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~ZÕ wn‡m‡e, Avi Zuvi GB cwiPq wea„Z n‡q‡Q Zuvi bvixwkÿvbyivMx Kg©h‡Ái g‡a¨ w`‡q †hgb, †Zgwb mvwnZ¨K…wZi ga¨ w`‡qI| wZwb GKvav‡i bvixwkÿv Av‡›`vj‡bi AMÖYx †bÎx, Ges bvixev`x mvwn‡Zï mªóvI| G‡`‡k G‡ÿ‡Î Zuv‡K cw_K…r ejv P‡j| Avgiv mvwn‡Zï wbwi‡L Zuvi bvixev`x wPšÍvi MwZcÖK…wZ, AvKv•¶v I KxwZ© ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lvi cÖqvm cve| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi Rb¥ 1880 mv‡j, iscy‡ii cvqive›` MÖv‡gi m¤£všÍ I abx iÿYkxj gymwjg cwiev‡i| wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib 1932 mv‡ji 9 wW‡m¤î, gvÎ 52 eQi eq‡m| ZLbKvi AwaKvsk m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwiev‡ii g‡Zv Zuvi cvwievwiK fvlvI wQj D`©y| evwo‡Z †g‡q‡ì wKQy agx©q wkÿv †Ìqvi Pj _vK‡jI †Kv‡bv cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv `~‡ii K_v, evwo‡Z e‡mI evsjv-Bs‡iwR covi my‡hvM †cZ bv †g‡qiv| mvaviYfv‡e †iv‡Kqvi cwieviI wfbœ wQj bv; wKš‘ wcZvi †mœngq Aby‡gv`b I eo fvB‡qi we‡kl c„ô‡cvlKZvq wZwb evwo‡Z evsjv †kLvi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| 1896 mv‡j Zuvi we‡q nq wenv‡ii fvMjcy‡ii AevOvwj Avgjv wecZœxK mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi m‡½| ¯^vgxi Drmv‡n Zuvi †jLvcov Ae¨vnZ _v‡K, wZwb evsjv I Bs‡iwR fvlvq `ÿ n‡q I‡Vb| eo †evb Kwigy‡bœmv Pzwi K‡i mvwnZ¨PP©v Ki‡Zb| nq‡Zv ZuviB cÖfv‡e wKQyUv, Ges wKQyUv ¯^wkÿv Zuv‡K †jLv‡jwLi cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j| wZwb wjL‡Zb wg‡mm AviGm †nv‡mb bv‡g| 1902 mv‡j Zuvi cÖ_g iPbv Ôwccvmv (gnig)Õ cÖKvwkZ nq n‡i›`ªjvj ivq I Áv‡b›`ªjvj ivq-m¤úvw`Z becÖfv cwÎKvi ˆPÎ I êkvL 1308-09 msL¨vq| 1904 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i cÖKvwkZ nq Zuvi cÖ_g MÖš’ gwZP‚i (cÖ_g LÐ)| mvZwU wPšÍvkxj cÖeÜ wb‡q GB eBwU iwPZ| `wÿYviÄb wgÎ G-MÖ‡š’i GKwU `xN© Av‡jvPbv wj‡LwQ‡jb| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb Ñ ...e½mvwnZ¨ fvÐv‡i G-†kÖwYi me©cÖ_g MÖš’ gwZPzi Ag~j¨ iZœLÐ| ... ÔgwZPziÕ cwo‡Z cwo‡Z ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔKgjvKvšÍÕ, Ô†jvKinm¨Õ Ges KvjxcÖm‡bœi ÔåvwšÍwe‡bv`Õ g‡b c‡o| AZzj Kve¨vj¼v‡i, wecyj inm¨weRwoZ imc~Y© †h myMfxi mgm¨v-cÖkœmgy”P‡q KgjvKvšÍvwì DrcwË nBqvwQj, ÔgwZPziÕI †mBiƒc AMY¨ mgm¨v-fve Avwbqv Dcw¯’Z Kwiqv‡Q| cv_©K¨ †Kej, Zvnv‡ì g~j cÖavbZt `k©‡b; Bnvi wfwË mgvR mgm¨vi Dc‡i| ÔgwZPz‡iÕi b¨vq MÖ‡š’i c‡ÿ Bnv Aí cÖksmvi welq b‡n| myZivs Bnvi ¸iæZ¡I mvgvb¨ b‡n| ÔgwZPziÕ ïay wn›`y-†gvm‡jg mgvR‡K b‡n, meŸ©‡kÖYxi cvVK‡K

Ñ fveZi‡½ Av‡jvwoZ Kwiqv‡Q| gymjgvb gwnjv wjwLZ meŸ©cÖ_g ev½vjv MÖ‡š’i G ÿgZv KZ`~i we¯§qKi, Zvnv fvlvq eySv‡bv myKwVb| (†iv‡Kqv iPbvejx, cwiewa©Z I cwigvwR©Z bZzb ms¯‹iY wW‡m¤^i 2006, evsjv GKv‡Wwg, c„ 562|) †eMg †iv‡Kqvi cÖ_g Bs‡iwR iPbv, e¨½imvZ¥K iƒcK iPbv SultanaÕs Dream cÖKvwkZ nq gv`ªvR †_‡K Kgjv mvZw_qv bv_vb I m‡ivwRbx bvBWz-m¤úvw`Z Indian Ladies Magazine cwÎKvq, 1905 mv‡j| GwU MÖš’iƒc jvf K‡i 1908 mv‡j| Bs‡iwR cwÎKv The Mussalman-G SultanaÕs Dream-Gi GKwU mgv‡jvPbv †ewi‡qwQj 1908 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i| Zv‡Z ejv n‡qwQj Ñ …We have found a genuine pleasure in the perusal of the booklet. It seems to us that Mrs. R. S. Hossain Ñ the able authoress is a lady of whom any nation may be proud.

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ïiæi 28 eQi Av‡M Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq| cÖ_g Zi‡½i Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j welq wQj weevn, wkïcvjb, cvwievwiK m¤úwË, wkÿv Ges †fvU cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î bvixi mgvbvwaKvi AR©b| †klw`‡K G‡m †KD-†KD †hŠbZv, mšÍvb Rb¥`vb Ges A_©‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii cÖkœI †Zv‡jb| wbDwRj¨vÛ I A‡÷ªwjqvq bvixi †fvUvwaKvi ¯^xK…Z nq h_vµ‡g 1893 I 1895 mv‡j| weª‡U‡b 1918 mv‡j Ôwi‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Ae `¨ wccj A¨v±Õ cv‡ki gva¨‡g, Ges 1919 mv‡j hy³iv‡óª msweav‡bi 19Zg ms‡kvabxi d‡j bvixiv †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡ib| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi bvixwkÿv I bvixgyw³welqK cÖ_g †jLv ÔAjsKvi bv Badge of Slavery?Õ cÖKvwkZ nq 1903 mv‡j wMwikP›`ª †mb-m¤úvw`Z gvwmK gwnjv cwÎKvq| c‡ii eQi ˆmq` Gg`v` Avjx-m¤úvw`Z beb~i cwÎKvq GwU ÔAvgv‡ì AebwZÕ bv‡g cybg©yw`ªZ nq| 1904 mv‡j gwZP‚i (cÖ_g LÐ) MÖ‡š’ GwU Ô¯¿xRvwZi AebwZÕ bv‡g msKwjZ nq| gwZP‚‡ii (cÖ_g LÐ) Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜI 1904-Gi Av‡MB †jLv| SultanaÕs Dream Qvcv nq 1905 mv‡j| MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nIqvi Av‡M GwU c‡o wQj A‡bKw`b| A_©vr ev¯Í‡e GwU †jLv nq Av‡iv Av‡M| Gme Z_¨ G-K_vB cÖgvY K‡i †h, †eMg †iv‡Kqvi bvixev`x wPšÍv Zuvi GKvšÍ wbR¯^, BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi Av‡›`vjb Øviv cÖfvweZ bq, wbR¯^ AwfÁZv I gvbmcÖeYZv †_‡KB D™¢‚Z| Z‡e †jLvcovi Kvi‡Y we‡klZ BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi AZxZ I mgKvjxb mgvReë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Zuvi Rvbv‡kvbv _vKv A¯^vfvweK bq| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi Av‡›`vj‡bi jÿ¨ wQj bvixi mvwe©K gyw³ Ges cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi AR©b| Z‡e wZwb KvR K‡i‡Qb g~jZ bvixwkÿvi cÖmvi Ges Ae‡ivacÖ_v we‡jvc‡K mvg‡b †i‡L| bvix wkwÿZ n‡q mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯’v‡b I ch©v‡q cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk KvR Ki‡e, Ae`vb ivL‡e, GB wQj Zuvi AvKv•¶v| GB welq¸‡jv BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g Zi‡½i AšÍfz©³| Ges Kvj we‡ePbvqI †eMg †iv‡Kqvi mgKvjxb, hwÌ †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM wQj bv| GB we‡ePbvq †eMg †iv‡Kqvi bvixgyw³ Av‡›`vjb‡K cÖ_g Zi‡½i fviZxq ev evOvwj ms¯‹iY wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv P‡j| Zvi m‡½ G-K_vI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, BD‡ivc-Av‡gwiKvi bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g Zi½ wQj g~jZ `vk©wbK I eyw×e„wËK PP©vi g‡a¨ mxgve×| wKš‘ †eMg †iv‡Kqv Gw`K †_‡K AMÖMvgx wQ‡jb †h, wZwb m„Rbkxj I eyw×e„wËK PP©vi cvkvcvwk Zvi ev¯Íe AbykxjbI K‡ib Zuvi mvsMVwbK Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki cwi‡cÖwÿZ we‡ePbvq Zuvi Av‡›`vjb‡K wØZxq ch©v‡q †djv hvq| mZx`vn cÖ_v evwZj Ges weaevweevn Pvjyi Av‡›`vjb n‡”Q cÖ_g ch©vq| Avi †eMg †iv‡Kqvi ¯^-m¤úÖ`vq, hv‡ì wb‡qB wZwb cÖavbZ KvR K‡i‡Qb, †mB gymwjg mgv‡Ri cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wZwb wQ‡jb cw_K…r| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi DÌvb †h-Kv‡j, †m-Kv‡j fviZe‡l©i mgvR, we‡klZ gymwjg mgvR, †Kej †h ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZKfv‡e cðvrc` wQj ZvB bq, Pig iÿYkxjI wQj| a‡g©i bv‡g evovevwo ZLb wQj mvaviY e¨vcvi| Avð‡h©i welq, Gme evovevwo A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB ag©j•Nb K‡iB Kiv n‡Zv, A_P Zv‡K hyw³wm× Kiv n‡Zv a‡g©iB †`vnvB w`‡q| bvixwkÿv Ges Ae‡ivacÖ_vi †ÿ‡Î G-cwiw¯’wZB ZLb weivRgvb wQj| †eMg †iv‡Kqv wkÿv‡KB bvixgyw³i cÖ_g I cÖavb Aej¤^b wn‡m‡e AuvK‡o a‡iwQ‡jb Ges Gi Rb¨ cÖvYcvZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_‡g Zz‡j wb‡q‡Qb †jLbx, Zvici cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb wkÿvcÖwZôvb I

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†h ch©¨šÍ cyiælMY kv¯¿xq weavb Abymv‡i ¯¿x‡jvKw`M‡K Zvnv‡ì cÖvc¨ AwaKvi w`‡Z ¯^xK…Z bv nq, †m ch©¨šÍ Zvnviv ¯¿x‡jvKw`M‡K wkÿvI w`‡e bv| hvnviv wb‡Ri mgvR‡K D×vi Kwi‡Z cvwi‡Z‡Q bv, Zvnviv Avi †`‡kv×vi wKiƒ‡c Kwi‡e? AaŸ©v½x‡K ew›`bx ivwLqv wb‡R ¯^vaxbZv Pv‡n, Giƒc AvKv•¶v cvM‡jiB †kvfv cvq! m`vkq e„wUk MfY©‡g›U †hgb fviZevmxi D”PvKv•¶v mn¨ Kwi‡Z Pv‡nb bv Ñ Avgvi g‡b c‡o cÖvq 21 ermi c~‡eŸ© wg÷vi gwj© ewjqvwQ‡jb, Òhw` Zvnviv Puv‡ì Rb¨ Ave`vi K‡i (If they cry for the Moon), Zvnv Avgiv w`‡Z cvwi bvÓ BZ¨vw` Ges Avgv‡ì Agymjgvb cÖwZ‡ekxMY GLb mvaviYZt †hiƒc gymjgvb‡ì `vex-`vIqv mn¨ Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv, †mBiƒc gymjgvb cyiælMYI bvixRvwZi †Kvb cÖKvi DbœwZi Awfjvl ¯^xKvi Kwi‡Z Pv‡nb bv| (e½xq bvixwkÿv mwgwZ mfv‡bÎxi AwffvlY, AMÖwš’Z cÖeÜ, c~‡e©v³, c„ 228) Ab¨Î wZwb e‡jb Ñ cyiæ‡li mgKÿZv jv‡fi Rb¨ Avgvw`M‡K hvnv Kwi‡Z nq, ZvnvB Kwie| (Ô¯¿xRvwZi AebwZÕ, gwZP‚i (cÖ_g LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 21) Ae‡iva-cÖ_vi weiæ‡× wZwb me‡P‡q †ewk †mv”Pvi wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi AwaKvsk †jLvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e GB cÖ_vi weiæ‡× K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi Ae‡ivaevwmbx MÖš’wU Ae‡iva-cÖ_vi Kzdj wb‡q iwPZ| wKš‘ wZwb DMÖcš’v Aej¤^b K‡ibwb| wZwb wb‡R c`©v Ki‡Zb| Zuvi ch©‡eÿY n‡”Q Ñ Avgv‡ì Z wek¦vm †h Ae‡iv‡ai mwnZ DbœwZi †ekx we‡iva bvB| DbœwZi Rb¨ Aek¨ D”Pwkÿv PvB| ... Ae‡iva-cÖ_v ¯^vfvweK b‡n Ñ ˆbwZK| †Kbbv cï‡ì g‡a¨ G wbqg bvB| gbyl¨ µ‡g mf¨ nBqv A‡bK A¯^vfvweK KvR Kwi‡Z wkwLqv‡Q|... Hiƒc gvby‡li ÔA¯^vfvweKÕ mf¨Zvi d‡jB AšÍtcy‡ii m„wó| †gv‡Ui Dci Avgiv †`wL‡Z cvB mKj mf¨RvwZ‡ìB †Kvb bv †Kvb iƒc Ae‡iva cÖ_v Av‡Q| GB Ae‡iva-cÖ_v bv _vwK‡j gvbyl I cï‡Z cÖ‡f` wK _v‡K? Ggb cweÎ Ae‡iva-cÖ_v‡K whwb ÔRNb¨Õ e‡jb, Zuvnvi K_vi fve Avgiv eywS‡Z Aÿg|... Z‡e mKj wbq‡giB GKUv mxgv Av‡Q| G‡`‡k Ae‡iva-cÖ_v †ewk K‡Vvi nBqv cwoqv‡Q| ...Avgiv Ab¨vq c`©v Qvwoqv Avek¨Kxq c`©v ivwLe| cÖ‡qvRb nB‡j Ae¸Éb (Ii‡d †eviKv) mn gv‡V †eovB‡Z Avgv‡ì AvcwË bvB| ¯^v‡¯’ï DbœwZi Rb¨ ˆkjwenv‡i evwni nB‡jI †eviKv m‡½ _vwK‡Z cv‡i| †eviKv cwiqv Pjv‡divq †Kvb Amyweav nq bv| Z‡e †m Rb¨ mvgvb¨ iK‡gi GKUz Af¨vm (practice) PvB; webv Af¨v‡m †Kvb KvR nq? [Ô†eviKvÕ, gwZP‚i (cÖ_g LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 43] Zuvi e¨w³MZ RxebvPiY Ges iPbvewj †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, †eMg †iv‡Kqv c`©vi we‡ivax wQ‡jb bv, c`©vi bv‡g bvix‡ì M„new›` K‡i ivLvi weiæ‡× Zuvi hZ AvcwË| Ñ ...†Muvov c`©vwcÖq fMœx‡ì AeMwZi Rb¨ `y GKUv K_v ewjqv ivLv Avek¨K †eva Kwi| Avwg Ae‡iva cÖ_vi

weiæ‡× `Ðvqgvb nB bvB| †Kn hw` Avgvi Ô¯¿xRvwZi AebwZÕ cÖe‡Ü c`©vwe‡Øl Qvov Avi †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ †`wL‡Z bv cvb, Z‡e Avgv‡K g‡b Kwi‡Z nB‡e Avwg wb‡Ri g‡bvfve DËgiƒ‡c e¨³ Kwi‡Z cvwi bvB, A_ev wZwb cÖeÜwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cvV K‡ib bvB| †m-cÖe‡Ü cÖvq mgMÖ bvixRvwZi D‡jøL Av‡Q| mKj mgv‡Ri gwnjvMYB wK Ae‡iv‡a ew›`bx _v‡Kb? A_ev Zuvnviv c`©vbkxb b‡nb ewjqv wK Avwg Zuvnvw`M‡K m¤ú~Y© DbœZ ewjqvwQ? Avwg gvbwmK `vm‡Z¡i (enslaved g‡bi) Av‡jvPbv KwiqvwQ| [A×©v½x, gwZP‚i (cÖ_g LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 25] Ab¨ GKwU cÖe‡Ü GKwU Pwi‡Îi evP‡b wZwb e‡jb Ñ Avgvi g‡b nq, wn›`yiv Avgv‡ì wbKU Ae‡ivacÖ_v wkÿv Kwiqv‡Qb, Ges KvU-†gvjøviv wn›`yi wbKU bvixi cÖwZ wbôzi eënvi Kwi‡Z wkwLqv‡Qb| bZzev †KvivY kix‡di weavb gvwb‡j Aejv-cxobI P‡j bv; Ab¨vq AšÍtcyicÖ_vI P‡j bv| (Ôbvixc~RvÕ, AMÖwš’Z cÖeÜ, c~‡e©v³, c„ 203) BD‡ivc Ges Av‡gwiKvq †h bvixev`x Av‡›`vjb MwZgvb n‡qwQj, we‡klZ cÖ_g Zi‡½i †k‡l Ges wØZxq Zi‡½i cÖ_gw`‡K, Zv wQj g~jZ eyw×e„wËK I `vk©wbK PP©v| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi bvixgyw³i wPšÍv wQj ev¯ÍeZv-wbf©i| Z‡e ZvwË¡K fvebvI Zuvi g‡a¨ c‡ivÿfv‡e wbwnZ wQj| Gme w`K †_‡K Av‡gwiKvi bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ Zuvi wgj i‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b †hgb 1966 mv‡j Ôb¨vkbvj AiMvbvB‡Rkb Ae DB‡gbÕ (NOW) MV‡bi ga¨ w`‡q bvixi mgvbvwaKvi cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq, GLv‡b †ZgbB †eMg †iv‡Kqv 1909 mv‡j ÔmvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvj Mvj©m ¯‹zjÕ Ges 1916 mv‡j ÔAvÄygv‡b LvIqvZx‡b BmjvgÕ ev ÔwbwLj e½ gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZÕ MVb K‡ib Zuvi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖmvi I ev¯Íe iƒc`vb Kvgbvq| †eMg †iv‡Kqvi bvixwPšÍvi MwZcÖK…wZ I Zuvi mvsMVwbK Kg©KvÐ Mfxifv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi, wZwb bvix I cyiæ‡li ga¨Kvi Rxe‰eÁvwbK cv_©K¨‡K ¯^vfvweK e‡j MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Gw`K †_‡K Zuv‡K Zuvi g„Zzï AšÍZ wZwik eQi c‡i D™¢‚Z ÔG‡mbwkqvwj÷ bvixev`Õ Av‡›`vj‡bi mg‡MvÎxq fvev P‡j| G‡mbwkqvwj÷‡ì g‡ZvB wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb, bvix nIqv †Kv‡bv A‡MŠi‡ei welq bq| cyiæl‡Kw›`ªK g~j¨‡eva Ges wek¦v‡mi Ici M‡o IVv mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK c×wZ I KvVv‡gv †_‡K gy³ n‡q bvix‡K Abb¨ bvix cwiP‡q cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡e| †hme hyw³ I welq‡K Aej¤^b K‡i bvix‡K AebwgZ I ew›` Rxebhvc‡bi w`‡K †V‡j †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K kbv³ I `~i Ki‡Z n‡e, †hb bvix-cyiæ‡li mgvbvwaKvi AR©b Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zuvi wek¦vm Ñ Avgiv cyiæ‡li b¨vq mywkÿv I Abykxj‡bi mg¨K myweav bv cvIqvq cðv‡Z cwoqv AvwQ| mgvb myweav cvB‡j AvgivI wK †kªôZ¡ jvf Kwi‡Z cvwiZvg bv? Av‰kke AvZ¥wb›`v ïwb‡ZwQ, ZvB GLb Avgiv AÜfv‡e cyiæ‡li †kªôZv ¯^xKvi Kwi, Ges wb‡R‡K AwZ Zz”Q g‡b Kwi| [A×©v½x, gwZP‚i (cÖ_g LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 31] 1969 mv‡j †KwU wg‡jøZ Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ †hŠb ivRbxwZ (Sexual Politics) wj‡L cÖgvY K‡ib †h, cyiæliv memgq wKQy-wKQy cÖZxK, Dcgv I wPÎKí Ges fvlv-eënv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q

bvix‡K †Kvgj, `ye©j, j¾vebZ, Kg †gavm¤úbœ, AvZ¥mgwc©Z I Dc‡fvM¨ wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ K‡i _v‡Kb| †mB fvebv‡K †eMg †iv‡Kqv Zvi A‡bK Av‡MB (1905) aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb GK cÖe‡Ü cvÎ-cvÎxi K‡_vcK_‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GB fvebvi cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e Ñ MI| wQ! Zzwg cv_y‡i c_‡K fq Ki, Xvjyc‡_ MovB‡Z PvI bv, Ñ Bnv †Zvgvi womanishness (¯¿xfve)|! b~i| womanish k‡ã Avwg AvcwË Kwi! ÔfxiæZvÕ KvcyiælZv ej bv †Kb? [Ô†mŠiRMrÕ, gwZP‚i (wØZxq LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 61] bvix Ges cyiæ‡li ¯^vaxbZv I mxgve×Zvi cÖkœwU‡KI wZwb `xN© Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g hvPvB K‡i‡Qb| Ñ Mini ewjqv hvB‡Z jvwM‡jb, Ò†Kej Aejviv mxgv AwZµg Kwi‡j wek„•Ljv N‡U BnvB b‡n, cyiæ‡livI ¯^xq Kÿ j•Nb Kwi‡j wek„•Ljv N‡U|Ó Rvd| cyiæl‡ì MšÍe¨c_ Z mxgve× b‡n Ñ Zvnv‡ì Avi KÿPz¨Z nIqv wK? MI| cyiæ‡livI †¯^”PvPvix nB‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvnv‡ìI KË©e¨ Av‡Q| Zzwg wK ¯¿xcyÎ‡K AiwÿZ Ae¯’vq †dwjqv †Kv_vI hvB‡Z cvi? Rvd| bv| MI| Z‡e wKiƒ‡c ej, †Zvgvi c_ mxgve× b‡n? Rvd| Zey Avgvi h‡_ó ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q| MI| KË©‡e¨ Ae‡njv Kwievi ÿgZv bvB| [Ô†mŠiRMrÕ, gwZPzi (wØZxq LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 98] cÖK…wZi m‡½ bvixi msMwZ I mgš^q Ges bvixZ¡ I gvZ…Z¡‡K †eMg †iv‡Kqv A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb, eis m¤§v‡bi welq e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi GB êwkó¨ Zuv‡K B‡Kv‡dwgwbR‡gi (Ecofeminism) m‡½ mshy³ K‡i| wZwb g‡b K‡ib Ñ mgv‡Ri wewa eë¯’v Avgvw`M‡K Zvnv‡ì Ae¯’v nB‡Z m¤ú~Y© c„_K ivwLqv‡Q| Zuvnv‡ì myL `ytL GK cÖKvi, Avgv‡ì myL `ytL Ab¨ cÖKvi| [ÔA×v½xÕ, gwZP‚i (cÖ_g LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 27] wKš‘ wZwb Ô†mcv‡iwU÷ †dwgwbRgÕ (Separatist Feminism)Gi cÖe³v‡ì g‡Zv bvix‡K cyiæl †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i wb‡Z Pvbwb| †m-Kvi‡Y Ô†jmweqvb †dwgwbR‡gÕi (Lesbian Feminism) wPšÍvI Zuvi g‡a¨ wQj bv| Zuvi wPšÍvavivq gvK©mev`x I mgvRZš¿x bvixev`x‡ì g‡Zv cuywRev‡ì Nv‡o me †`vl Pvcv‡bvi †PóvI cwijwÿZ nq bv, hwÌ wZwb bvixi Kg©ms¯’vb Ges A‡_©vcvR©‡bi c‡ÿ gZ e¨³ K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K, a‡g©i e¨vcv‡iI †eMg †iv‡Kqvi D”P aviYv wQj| wZwb e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b ag©cvjb Ki‡Zb| †gwi Wvwji g‡Zv DMÖ bvixev`x‡ì g‡Zv wZwb ag©, AvBb Ges weÁvb‡K cyiælZvwš¿K wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ibwb| eis a‡g©i cÖwZ Zuvi cÿcvZB cwi`„ó nq| wZwb e‡jb Ñ cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki RvZxq DbœwZ, Ava¨vwZ¥K DbœwZ I ˆbwZK DbœwZi hveZxq KviYmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖavb KviY nB‡Z‡Q Ñ a¤§©| a¤§© e¨wZ‡i‡K gvbyl Ava¨vwZ¥K I ˆbwZK DbœwZ wK¤^v mf¨Zv jvf Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv| [Ôb~i-BmjvgÕ, gwZP‚i (wØZxq LÐ), c~‡e©v³, c„ 61] wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb Ñ ...GKgvÎ Bmjvg a¤§©B bvix‡K Zvnvi cÖvc¨ AwaKvi

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K‡i‡Qb| cy‡ivcywi bZzb GK †nigvb †n‡m‡K Avgv‡ì mvg‡b Avbv n‡q‡Q| cwÐZRb Pg‡K †h‡Z eva¨ n‡eb, eva¨ n‡eb †n‡mi e¨vcv‡i Zuv‡ì AwfgZ cybwe©‡ePbv Ki‡Z| 1. A¨vwjm wjD‡_vì‡K (Alice leuthold) †jLv wPwV, 26 RyjvB 1919 : †dvj‡Ki wg‡Pj&m-m¤úvw`Z Materialien Zu Hermann Hesses Siddhartha-†Z D×…Z| cÖ_g LÐ, mynK©v¤ú cÖKvkbx (Suhrkamp Verlag), d«vsKdzU© 1986, c„ 89| 2. cÖ_g cÖKvk : 1913, †jL‡Ki kÖxjsKv md‡ii `y-eQi c‡i| †dvj‡Ki wg‡Pj&‡mi m¤úv`bvq bZzb cwiewa©Z ms¯‹iY : mynK©v¤ú cÖKvkbx, d«vsKdzU© 1980| 3. Hermann Hesse : Siddhartha Abyev` : wnìv †ivR‡bi (Hilda Rosner), ešÍg& eyKm& (Bantam Books), wbDBqK© 1971, c„ 32| 4. Z‡è, c„ 34| 5. Z‡è, c„ 53| 6. Avgvi Abyev`| wnìv †ivR‡bi h_vh_ Abyev` bv K‡i welqUv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Ôeyw×gZx, my›ìx ivRbZ©KxÕ, c„ 66| 7. `ªóe¨ Kamasutra II, 2, 14-16. 8. Hermann Hesse : Siddihartha, Abyev` : wnìv †ivR‡bi, c„ 53| 9. Reden Gotomo Buddhos, Abyev` : Kvj© BD‡Rb bBgvb (Karl Eugen Neumann), Avi. cvB‡ci cÖKvkbx, RywiL 1918| 10. ch©v‡jvPbvwU cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj Neue Rundschau cwÎKvq| †dvj‡Ki wg‡Pj&m-m¤úvw`Z Materialien zu Hermann Hesses Siddhartha-†Z D×…Z| cÖ_g LÐ, mynK©v¤ú cÖKvkbx (Suhrkamp Verlag), d«vsKdzU© 1986, c„ 147| 11. Z‡è, c„ 199| 12. Z‡è, c„ 148| r

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Avðh©, cvoUv †hLv‡b DuwP‡q D‡V‡Q wVK Zvi Zjv †_‡K b`x Zvi cvofvOv _vwg‡q w`‡q‡Q| Avevi †mB DPjUv †hLv‡b Mwo‡q †M‡Q cv‡o, †mLv‡b Avevi cvo LvIqv ïiæ K‡i‡Q b`x| †hb, Rviæj MvQUv‡K wkKo Mvo‡ZB IB DPjUzKz Qvo| RviæjI Zv †ev‡S| †m wkKo Pvwo‡q w`‡q‡Q gvwU‡Z, gvwUi wfZ‡ii gvwU AuvKov‡Z-AuvKov‡Z Ñ gvwU bv n‡j GZeo Mv‡Qi IRb eB‡e †K? wKš‘ Zvi KvÐ µ‡gB b`xi Ici †Kr‡i †M‡Q Avi Kv‡Ði †h-RvqMv †_‡K Wvjcvjv †e‡iv‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q †mLvb †_‡K Zvi AvKvk‡Rvov gv_v G‡Kev‡i b`xi Ic‡i, †hb b`xi †mªv‡Zi mgvšÍivj n‡q D‡V‡Q| ev, Rviæj †hb b`x‡Z ivZw`b, w`bivZ, Zvi wb‡Ri Qvqv †`‡LB hvq| ev, b`x †hb Rviæ‡ji †mB Qvqv ivZw`b, w`bivZ, wb‡Ri R‡j e‡q-e‡q w¯’i n‡q _v‡K| Kx A™¢zZ, bv? b`x †Zv e‡qB hv‡”Q| bv eB‡j †Zv b`x Avi b`x _v‡K bv| eo‡Rvi nvIo n‡q hvq| Rviæ‡ji Qvqv wb‡q b`x e‡q hvq A_P QvqvUv b‡o bv| eis m~h© IVvi ci †_‡K c‡ii m~h© IVv ch©šÍ Rviæj Zvi AZ eo gv_vi Qvqv Zvi b`xi Ici w`‡q †Nviv‡ZB _v‡K| Rviæ‡ji wkKo †Zv gvwU‡Z Mvov| †m †Zv B‡”Q Ki‡jI wb‡R‡K Gov‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Zgb B‡”Q Zvi n‡eB-ev †Kb? Agb †Kv‡bv B‡”Q ˆZwi nIqvi gZ gbB †bB Rviæ‡ji| ev, †Kv‡bv Mv‡QiB| wKš‘ Rviæ‡ji gv_vi Ic‡i, I b`xi Ic‡iI, I †`Lv hvq bv Ggb Acv‡i, †h-AvKvk, Avi †mB AvKv‡k †h-Av‡jv, m~‡h©i, †iv‡ì, Puv‡ì, †g‡Ni, Zvivi, Qvqvc‡_i, eRªcv‡Zi, we`y¨‡Zi, †mBme Av‡jv †Zv b`xi Ici, R‡ji Ici, †mªv‡Zi Ici Rviæ‡ji QvqvUv‡K mwi‡q-mwi‡q †`q Avi b`xi Rj I †mªvZ †h †mB bvbv iK‡gi Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb Nb K‡i †Zv‡j ev cvZjv K‡i †Zv‡j, Zv‡Z GgbUvB †Zv mZ¨ n‡q I‡V †h, IB b`xi R‡j Qvqvgq Rviæj, b`xi †mªv‡Z, wbwkw`b †f‡mB Av‡Q, †f‡mB Av‡Q, †hb Rviæ‡ji wkKoUv gvwU‡Z Muv_v bv, †hb Rviæj b`xi R‡ji wfZiB Zvi wkKo Pvwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| AvKv‡ki ZvivivB hLb Av‡jvi GKgvÎ Drm Avi †mB Zviviv mviv ivZ Ry‡o †h Zv‡ì RvqMv e`jvq Ñ Zv‡Z R‡ji wfZ‡ii Rviæ‡ji QvqvUvI RvqMv e`jvq| b`xi wfZ‡ii `~‡ii †Kv‡bv †bŠ‡Kv †_‡K hLb †KD cv‡oi w`‡K ZvKvq, ZLb †m Ggb A™¢zZ `„kÜv †`‡LB wb‡R †Kv_vq Av‡Q, Zvi GKUv Av›`vR †Pv‡Li cjK †d‡j K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i Ñ IB †Zv b`xi wfZi Rviæj MvQUv ey‡ov AvOz‡ji gZ Lvov n‡q Av‡Q| ey‡ov AvOzjUv Kvi Ñ †mUv Awewk¨ Lye ¯úó bq, gvbylRb ¯úó K‡i Dcgv †`q bv, A¯úóZv‡K Dcgvq †ev‡S, wb‡Ri g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ fvev| Rviæj MvQUv ey‡ov AvOz‡ji gZB g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, hw` Pvi-AvOzj †Rvov †i‡L ey‡ov AvOzjUv‡K Avjv`v Kiv hvq Ñ duvK¸‡jv n‡q hvq b`x Avi ey‡ov AvOzjUv Rviæ‡ji mxgvbv| Avi b`xUv Zv‡K euvwP‡q †i‡L, Zv‡K wb‡Ri wfZi †i‡L Zv‡K wN‡i Avevi fvOv cv‡oi w`‡K Ny‡i hvq| IB Rviæj MvQ b`xi AZUv wfZi †_‡K wbkvbv †`q Ggb GK A™¢zZ euv‡Ki, †hLv‡b b`x Zvi MvQ fv‡O wb| †h-MvQ b`xI fv‡O bv, †m †Zv ïay MvQ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi Ici †Kv‡bv wKQy fi K‡i, Ggb †Kv‡bv wKQy hv b`xI Rv‡b| b`xI †h-MvQ‡K gvb †`q, gvbylRb †Zv Zv‡K gvb †`‡eB, hw` gvbyl eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, G-Mv‡Qi Ici fi Av‡Q| Ggb fi eyS‡Z gvbyl memgqB GZB ˆZwi _v‡K! b`xi fvO‡bi d‡j cv‡oi MÖvg Lvwj K‡i, gvbylRb hLb

†ek cÖvšÍ‡ii gZ RvqMv b`xQvo w`‡q m‡i wM‡q bZzb MÖvg emvq cyi‡bv MÖv‡giB bv‡g, Avi wb‡R‡ìB ˆZwi cÖvšÍ‡ii mxgvq †mB Rviæj Mv‡Qi gv_v dYv DuwP‡q b`x‡K Zvi cvo fvO‡Z wb‡la Ki‡Q e‡j †`‡L Ñ ZLb Avi Zvi gvb‡Z evav †Kv_vq †h Rviæj MvQUv‡Z wKQy fi Av‡Q| GKB Rb b`xi wfZi †_‡K Rviæj MvQUv‡K ey‡ov AvOz‡ji Dcgvq †`‡L, Zvi cÖvšÍ‡ii cÖvšÍ †_‡K †KD‡U mv‡ci dYvi Dcgvq †`‡L| MvQ Avi b`xi m¤úK© †`Lv I †evSvi †hb †kl †bB| gvbylRb †mB Rviæj MvQUv‡K Zv‡ì gZ K‡i hLb cy‡Rv †`q ZLb b`x Avi Mv‡Qi wfZi †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ K‡i bv| ïay wb‡Ri AÁvbZv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pvq| †mUvB †hb cy‡Rv Ñ Avwg hv Rvwb bv| †Zgb c~Rvi †Kv‡bv ixwZbxwZ ˆZwi nq bv| †hb, ixwZbxwZ ˆZwiB _v‡K| ˆPÎ gv‡mi K…ò Î‡qv`kx‡Z eviæYx c~Rvi w`b †hLv‡b †h-Rj _v‡K, Lvj-wej-cyKzi-†Wvev-nvIo-euvIo Ñ †QvU, eo, miæ, †gvUv, R¨všÍ, giv, bZzb, cyi‡bv, me b`x n‡q hvq, †mB wb‡Ri b`x‡Z mœvb Ki‡Z nq, †gjv emv‡Z nq| hvi †h-b`x, †mLv‡bB Zvi eviæYx| ˆPÎ †Zv me‡P‡q Livi mgq| †mB ïLvi mgq wb‡Ri R‡ji Kv‡Q cy‡Rv w`‡q ej‡Z nq Ñ Zvi GB RjUzKz‡Z †hb †gN †f‡O c‡o Ñ hLb †gN Avm‡e, Zvi GB RjUzKz‡Z †hb evb Wv‡K Ñ hLb evb Avm‡e, Zvi GB RjUzKz †hb Zvi cvo fv‡O Ñ hLb fvOb Avm‡e, Zvi GB RjUzKz †hb Zvi N‡i †Xv‡K Ñ hLb Rj Avm‡e| Ggb eviæYx cy‡Rvi w`b IB ˆPÎ gv‡mi K…ò Î‡qv`kxi w`b GB ey‡ov AvOzj I †KDwUqv euv‡Ki Kv‡Q MÖv‡gi gvbylRb b`x‡K c~Rv †`q, Rviæj MvQUv‡KI †`q| Rviæj Mv‡Qi cvZv w`‡q †bŠ‡Kv evwb‡q b`x‡Z fvmvq Avi b`xi Rj w`‡q Rviæ‡ji KvÐ ay‡q †`q| Avjv`v gš¿I c‡o Ñ ÔhvI b`x, eI wMqv/ hvI Rviæj, LvovI wMqv/ b`x‡i Qvqv w`‡qv Rviæj/ Rviæj‡i euvK w`‡qv b`x|Õ GB Ggb Rviæ‡ji Zjv †_‡K b`x hw` Qy‡U hvq, Zv n‡j b`xQyU Rviæ‡ji `kv Kx ùvovq? Rviæ‡ji †Zv Avi-†Kv‡bv wb‡Ri euvPvB _v‡K bv| †m †Zv Avi-`kUv Rviæj Mv‡Qi gZ GKUv Rviæj MvQ wQj bv| †m †Zv gvSb`x †_‡K wQj ey‡ov AvOz‡ji gZ Rviæj| †m Lvov _vKZ Avi Zv‡K wN‡i, wKš‘ Zv‡K ev` w`‡q, b`xi fvOb PjZ| †mB fvOv cv‡o gvwUi †Kvb Mfx‡i wkKo AuvK‡o, b`xi †Kvb wfZ‡i Qvqv †djvi †LjvB †Zv _vKj bv| bZzb GK fvO‡bi cÖvšÍ‡ii mxgv †_‡K dYv Zz‡j b`x‡K kvm‡bi fimvB †Zv _vKj bv| Rviæ‡ji †Zv †Kv‡bv wb‡Ri gZ K‡i euvPvB _vKj bv| b`xi Qy‡U-hvIqv cÖ_‡g ev GKev‡i †evSv hvq bv| †Kv‡bv GK eo eb¨vq nq‡Zv b`x bZzb w`‡K e‡q hvq| †m †Zv cyi‡bv Lv‡Z Zvi Rj ai‡Q bv e‡jB bZzb GKUv Lv‡Z e‡q hvIqv| evb †b‡g †M‡j, †Zv Avi bZzb Lv‡Zi ìKviB co‡e bv Ñ ZLb b`x Zvi cyi‡bv Lv‡ZB eB‡e Ñ cyi‡bv gv‡b, wPiKv‡ji Lv‡Z, †hb me cyi‡bvB wPiKv‡ji| GK-eQ‡i hw` N‡ii Ici †gN †f‡O c‡o evwoNi †f‡O fvwm‡q †`q, Zv n‡jB wK †mB evwoNi †Q‡o Ab¨ RvqMvq P‡j hvIqv hvq? GK el©vq †gN †f‡O‡Q e‡j wK c‡ii el©v‡ZI †gN fvO‡e? GK eb¨vq b`xi Rj Ab¨ Lv‡Z †M‡Q e‡jB wK c‡ii eQiI b`xi Ab¨ LvZ ìKvi n‡e? b`xi LvZ †Zv b`xi evwoNi| gvbylRb wb‡R ey‡S wb‡Z Dcgv †Luv‡R| wKš‘ b`xi †mªvZ †Zv †m-Dcgv †g‡b P‡j bv| eo evbvi Rj eIqv‡Z bZzb Lv‡Z b`xi Rj †h-e‡q

†M‡Q, †mB e‡q hvIqvi †eM †Zv b`xi ¯^vfvweK MwZi `k¸Y-GKk¸Y| †mB `k¸Y-GKk¸Y †mªv‡Zi av°vq bZzb Lv‡Zi Zjvi gvwU Dc‡o †M‡Q| †mB `k¸Y-GKk¸Y †mªv‡Zi av°vq bZzb Lv‡Zi Wvb-euv `yw`‡Ki me bZzb cvo bZzb b`x‡Z †f‡O c‡o b`xi bZzb †mªvZ‡K c_ K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Avi `y‡Uv cvo ˆZwi Ki‡Z-Ki‡Z fvO‡Z-fvO‡Z b`x †hb †MvUv GKUv b`x n‡q eû `~‡ii Avi-GK A‡cÿgvY b`x‡Z wM‡q c‡o Zvi †mªv‡Z wb‡Ri †mªvZ Xv‡j| cyi‡bv b`xi gvbylRb, MvQcvjv, Rviæj MvQ wKQy‡ZB gvb‡Z Pvq bv, b`x P‡j †M‡Q, Zviv b`xQyU n‡q c‡o Av‡Q| c‡ii el©vq wbðq b`x wd‡i Avm‡e| †Kb Avm‡e bv? ZviI c‡ii el©vq? Zvici b`xi cyi‡bv Lv‡Z cyi‡bv Rj AvUKv c‡o hvq| †Kv‡bv †mªvZ _v‡K bv, †XD _v‡K bv, Rj Kv‡jv n‡q hvq wKš‘ Rj _v‡K †ek Mfxi| Zv‡Z †Kv‡Ì‡K me fvj-fvj bZzb-bZzb gv‡Qi msmvi nq| nq‡Zv cyi‡bv b`xi R‡jB GB gvQiv wQj Ñ euvIo n‡q hvevi ci w¯’i R‡j Zv‡`i msmvi eo n‡q‡Q, bZzb n‡q‡Q| cyKz‡ii PvB‡Z eo, w`wNi PvB‡ZI j¤^v, b`xi PvB‡Z A‡bK wbwðZ| †Kv‡bv ARvbv †bB, b`xi gZ †Kv‡bv Awbðq †bB, fvOb †bB, †mªvZ nviv‡bv †bB, gvQPvl Kivi, aivi KvR mnR, i‡qm‡q Kiv hvq| †hb b`x wb‡R m‡i wM‡q euvIo evwb‡q w`‡q †Mj Ñ Zv‡Z DcKviB nj| emZ cvKv nj, evwYR¨I evoj| GZ jv‡fi g‡a¨ Li‡Pi LvZvq †Zv GK b`x|

Rviæj Mv‡Qi †Zv †ÿZ nq bv| Rviæj MvQ †Zv GKv MvQ| wKš‘ Zv‡KI †Zv Lvov _vK‡Z nq gvwUi wfZ‡i wkKo XzwK‡q, gvwU AuvK‡oB| Rviæj MvQ †Zv eo MvQ Ñ Zvi wkK‡oi †Rvi _v‡K, KuvUv _v‡K, Zv‡K wQu‡o †dj‡Z †M‡j Mv‡qi †Rvi jv‡M, Avi hw`-ev †Quov hvq, †h †Qu‡o Zvi AvOy‡jI KuvUv Xz‡K hvq Avi hw` Zvi nv‡Zi †P‡Uv k³ Avi LoL‡o n‡q wM‡q bv _v‡K, Zv n‡j, wkKo †h †Qu‡o, hw` †KD †Qu‡o, Zv n‡j i³viw³I N‡U| Z‡e, †Kv_vI GKUv Rviæj Mv‡Qi Pviv †`L‡j †mUv Dc‡o wQu‡o †dj‡Z hv‡eB-ev †Kb GKRb| eis †KD-†KD †Zv Rwg _vK‡j Rviæj Mv‡Qi Pviv cuy‡Z †`q Ñ Rviæj †Zv jv‡fi MvQ, GKUv eo Rviæ‡ji `vg KZ? wKš‘ Rviæj †Zv ey‡bvI LvwbKUv| †Kv_vq †Kvb b`xcv‡o wKsev cÖvšÍ‡ii g‡a¨ ev MÖv‡gi †kl Av‡j, wkKo †Mu‡_ eo n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K, wb‡RiB †Rv‡i gvwUi wfZ‡i wkKo Pvov‡Z-Pvov‡Z| Rviæj MvQ jvMv‡e e‡j †KD †Zv Avi wZb-Pvi gvm a‡i †ÿZ ˆZwi K‡i bv| GB b`xI †Zv GB Rviæj‡K wbgš¿Y K‡i Zvi cv‡o wkKo Pvov‡Z e‡j wb| †Kb GB Rviæj GB b`xcv‡oB wkKo Pvwo‡qwQj Zvi †Kv‡bv wn‡me nq bv| wKš‘ hLb IB b`x GB Rviæ‡ji cvoUv fvO‡Z ïiæ K‡i, Zvi GKUv †mvRv wn‡me nq| b`x hLb cvo fv‡O ZLb wK b`x †Kv‡bv wn‡me Kl‡Z cv‡i Ñ cv‡o Kx-Kx co‡Q Zvi fvO‡bi gy‡L? b`xi wK †Kv‡bv evQvB _vK‡Z cv‡i? b`xi Rj Avi †mªvZ

b`x wb‡Ri m¤ú~Y©Zv bó K‡i, wb‡Ri cÖKvk¨Zv w`‡q me †MvcbZv †kl K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i, gvwUi Zjv w`‡q Zvi Ab¨ GKUv hvÎvI _vK‡Z cv‡i, †mB AšÍtmwjjv b`xi m‡½ f‚Z‡j cÖengvb b`xi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© bv-B _vK‡Z cv‡i, Avevi wecixZ m¤úK©I _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Rviæj MvQUvi Kx nj? Rviæj MvQUv †Zv b`xi G‡Kev‡i wfZi †_‡K AvKv‡k D‡VwQj| mwZ¨ K‡iB G‡Kev‡i wfZi †_‡K b`xi G‡Kev‡i wfZi †_‡K, b`xi R‡ji G‡Kev‡i wfZi †_‡K| gvwU bv n‡j †Zv Avi gvwUi wfZ‡i †Kv‡bv MvQB wkKo Mvo‡Z cv‡i bv| †m `~e©vNvmB †nvK, Zzjmx MvQB †nvK Avi avb MvQB †nvK| avb Mv‡Qi gZ dj‡bi MvQ hv‡Z gvwUi wfZi wkKo Pvov‡Z cv‡i †mB Rb¨ kxZ †kl nIqvi Av‡M †_‡K gvwU Plv ïiæ nq| jvOj w`‡q RwgUvq †h GKUv k³‡cv³ Av¯Íi c‡o‡Q Avi †mB Av¯Í‡i MZ© Luy‡o-Lyu‡o †cvKvgvKo, †QvU-eo jvjKv‡jv me wcuc‡o †h evmv †eu‡a‡Q, †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv RvqMvi gvwU †h RgvU †eu‡a k³ n‡q †M‡Q, wKQy †QvULv‡Uv †SvcI †h MwR‡q‡Q avbKvUv gv‡V Ñ †mme jvO‡ji †LuvPvq Dc‡o w`‡q gvVUv‡K Ge‡ov‡Le‡ov K‡i w`‡Z nq, hv‡Z, hw` GKUv e„wó cvq, Zv n‡j gvVUv Kv`vKv`v n‡q _v‡K| avbPviv †ivqv Mvo‡Z †Zv †mB kÖve‡Yi †kl| wKš‘ me †Póv †ivqv Mvovi ci av‡bi IBUzKz †ivqv †hb wkKo MwR‡q Zzj‡Z cv‡i| †ivqv av‡bi wkKo? †m †Zv dyu w`‡j D‡o hvq, i³ †bB, mv`v| wKš‘ †mB wkKoB †Zv gvwUi Zjvi gvwU‡K AuvKov‡e, AuvK‡o gvwUi Zjv †_‡K im ï‡l gvwUi Ic‡i Zvi j¨vZ‡c‡Z Kv‡Ð cvVv‡e Avi gvwUi Zjvi gvwUUv‡K AuvK‡o ai‡e hv‡Z †mB gvwUI IBUzKz GKUv wkKo‡K Lvov ivLvi Rb¨ GKUz-GKUz Pvc †`‡e| GB KvRUv hv‡Z me‡P‡q wbwe©‡Nœ N‡U Zvi Rb¨B †Zv hZ †gnbZ|

Zvi c_ †K‡U P‡j‡Q| †mB cvoUv †f‡O †m GKUv Xvj cv‡e e‡j cvo fvO‡Q| gw›ìI fvO‡Q, ivRevwoI fvO‡Q, cÖvšÍiI fvO‡Q| b`xi cvo-fvOvi g‡a¨ b`xi †Kv‡bv B‡”QI KvR K‡i bv, †Kv‡bv jÿÏ KvR K‡i bv| b`x †Zv gvwUi Xvj †g‡b e‡q hvq| Avi, Zvi Rj †Zv †mªv‡Zi wbq‡g Xvj ˆZwi K‡i ev Luy‡R cvq| †m-†mªvZ †Zv ˆZwi nq Ñ b`xi LvZ Ry‡o KZ e„wói Rj KZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Rgv n‡q‡Q, †Kvb wngevn †_‡K KZUv Rj, KZUv Rj, M‡j, KZUv mg‡q b`xi GB Lv‡Z †b‡g G‡m‡Q| Gme †Zv wn‡me-wb‡K‡k †ei K‡i †djv hvq| Ggb †ei Kivi g‡a¨ GKUv fzj wbðqZv KvR K‡i, hv me mgqB b`xi LvZfvOv, cvofvOv, cvnvofvOvi ci mwµq nq| †mB wbðqZv b`xi ev b`x¸wji Ggb eënvi‡KI †Kgb ¯^vfvweK K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i hLb Ggb Kx cvnv‡oi gv_v †f‡O c‡o, Ggb Kx wMwic_ jyß n‡q hvq wMwi‡mªv‡Zi Z‡j, Ggb Kx ce©ZwkLi †f‡O c‡o AvU‡K †`q cvnvo †_‡K †mªv‡Zi †b‡g Avmvi c_, hLb W¨vg †d‡U hvq R‡ji Pv‡c, Rj †hb iæ×Zvi cÖwZ‡kva †bq| b`x cÖwZ‡kva †bq| A_P Ggb cÖwZ‡kva ÿgZv‡KI cÖwZ‡iva¨ †f‡e wb‡q gvbyl †mB b`xi cv‡o Zvi NiemZ evwb‡q b`xi Ici Rxe‡bi ¯^fve Av‡ivc K‡i| †hb, b`xi B‡”Q Av‡Q, ¯^fve Av‡Q, ivM Av‡Q, Awfgvb Av‡Q, mbœ¨vm Av‡Q, Avmw³ Av‡Q, J`vm¨ Av‡Q, wbqwZI Av‡Q|

b`x †hb Kv‡Q Avm‡Z cv‡i, `~‡i P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i, wd‡iI Avm‡Z cv‡i, wb‡Ri gyLUv‡K kix‡ii MwZi D‡ëv w`‡K †div‡Z cv‡i, wdwi‡q ivL‡ZI cv‡i, nvwi‡qI †h‡Z cv‡i, wb‡RiB GKUv Ask jywK‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i Ñ wb‡Ri m¤ú~Y©Zv bó K‡i, wb‡Ri cÖKvk¨Zv w`‡q me †MvcbZv †kl K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i, gvwUi Zjv w`‡q Zvi Ab¨ GKUv hvÎvI _vK‡Z cv‡i, †mB AšÍtmwjjv b`xi m‡½ f‚Z‡j cÖengvb b`xi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© bv-B _vK‡Z cv‡i, Avevi wecixZ m¤úK©I _vK‡Z cv‡i| GB Rviæj †Zv Avi †e‡Q-†U‡Q cQ›` K‡i GB b`xi †mªv‡Zi wfZ‡ii gvwU‡Z Zvi wkKo Pvovq wb| hLb Rviæ‡ji PvivUv gv_v Pvwo‡qwQj ZLb nq‡Zv †mªvZ GLv‡b wQjB bv| b`x †hgb el©vq-el©vq cvo e`jv‡Z cv‡i, Rviæ‡ji gZ eo MvQ, ev †Kv‡bv MvQB, †Zv Avi GK R‡b¥ Zvi RvqMv e`jv‡Z cv‡i bv| †hLv‡b Zvi Pviv cÖ_g MRvq, †mLv‡bB Zvi gv_v AvKvk †Quvq, w`K Avovj K‡i, AvKvk I Rj †_‡K hZ iKg Av‡jv Zv‡K †e‡q bv‡g I I‡V Zvi m‡½ wgwj‡q †mB R‡j¯’‡j Zvi Qvqv bvbv AvKv‡i ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K I gy‡Q †h‡Z _v‡K Ñ Rviæ‡ji †Zv mviv Rxe‡bi e¨vcvi Avi Zvi mviv Rxeb †Zv GKUvB Rxeb| b`xiI mviv Rxe‡biB e¨vcvi e‡U wKš‘ b`xi mviv Rxeb †Zv A‡bK Rxe‡bi e¨vcvi| b`x hLb Rviæ‡ji euv-nvwZ Rwg fvOwQj ZLb †Zv mevB-B w`b ¸bZ, K‡e b`x Rviæ‡ji gvwUi Zjvi wkKo Dcov‡e| Z‡e b`x Avi b`xcv‡oi

b`xi †mªv‡Zi wfZi| IB †jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ GgbI †KD-†KD †Zv b`xi wfZ‡ii gvwU GK-Wz‡e Zz‡j wb‡q Av‡m kx‡Zi mgq, Zv‡ìI †KD-†KD Ggb mvÿÏ †`q †h, Rviæ‡ji `y‡Uv †gvUv wkKo b`xi Zjvq euv‡ai gZ Lvov Ñ †mªvZ hv‡Z Rviæ‡ji wfZ bv Kv‡U| wKš‘ †mme †Zv Ggb mvÿ¨, hvi †Kv‡bv cÖgvY ìKvi nq bv| cÖgvY QvovB †jvKRb Lye ZvovZvwo †g‡b †bq, †g‡b †bIqvUv GZB Riæwi n‡q I‡V| Ggb GKUv hyw³i Avfvm †c‡j, †jvKRb, Rviæ‡ji wf‡UUv‡K †mªv‡Zi wfZi †_‡K ey‡ov AvOz‡ji gZ, ev cÖvšÍ‡ii cÖvšÍ †_‡K †KD‡Ui dYvi gZ, †`L‡Z cv‡i I eviæYx mœv‡bi w`b b`xi Rj w`‡q Rviæ‡ji KvÐ ay‡q Rviæj-cvZvi †bŠ‡Kv evwb‡q b`xi †mªv‡Z fvwm‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| Dcgv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j I †mB Dcgvi cÖkÖ‡q b`xi cvo-fvOvi gZ mv¤^rmwiK wbZ¨ NUbv‡K wb‡R‡ì wbZ¨ †evaeyw×i evB‡ii e¨vcvi e‡j †g‡b wb‡Z PvB‡j, Ggb †Kv‡bv mvÿ¨‡K hyw³hy³ g‡b K‡i wb‡ZB nq †h, b`xi AZj Z‡j, Rviæj, Zvi wkK‡oi euva †eu‡a †i‡L‡Q| †mB AZj Z‡ji A`„k¨ wkKo, b`x I Rviæj‡K wb‡q †h-wek¦vm ˆZwi K‡i Zz‡j‡Q †m-wek¦vm KL‡bv fv‡O bv| †mB wek¦vm‡K AfMœ I ALÐ ivL‡Z Av‡iv KZ bZzb wek¦vm ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K| wek¦vm ZLbB wek¦vm n‡q I‡V hLb Zv cyiælvbyµwgK nq| wek¦v‡mi †Kv‡bv webvk n‡Z w`‡Z †bB| GKUv wek¦vm ˆZwi n‡Z Ñ KZ Rb¥ †K‡U hvq| me R‡b¥B †Zv bZzb K‡i GKUv

Rviæ‡ji gZ eo MvQ, ev †Kv‡bv MvQB, †Zv Avi GK R‡b¥ Zvi RvqMv e`jv‡Z cv‡i bv| †hLv‡b Zvi Pviv cÖ_g MRvq, †mLv‡bB Zvi gv_v AvKvk †Quvq, w`K Avovj K‡i, AvKvk I Rj †_‡K hZ iKg Av‡jv Zv‡K †e‡q bv‡g I I‡V Zvi m‡½ wgwj‡q †mB R‡j¯’‡j Zvi Qvqv bvbv AvKv‡i ˆZwi n‡Z _v‡K I gy‡Q †h‡Z _v‡K MvQ †`Lv gvbylRbI RvbZ †h, Rviæ‡ji wkKo Icov‡Z b`xi mgq jvM‡e| Rviæ‡ji wkKo gvwUi A‡bK Mfx‡i Rv‡ji gZ Qov‡bv I Rov‡bv| Kzo–j w`‡q, KivZ w`‡q, KvÐ †_‡K †K‡U bvgv‡ZI, Ggb GKUv mviv Rxe‡bi Rviæj Mv‡Q, mgq †bq, hwÌ †mB KvUvKzwU †Zv †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`Lv hvq, gvcv hvq I hLb †hgb ìKvi KvUvKzwUi aib ZZ e`jv‡bv hvq| `wo w`‡q Zvi gv_vi Wvj¸‡jv‡K, gvwU‡Z, †hw`‡K Rviæ‡ji gv_vUv †dj‡j mywe‡a, †mw`‡Ki gv‡V †cuvZv Luy‡Uvi m‡½ †eu‡a, GKUv Uvbv ˆZwi Kiv hvq| †m †Zv Rviæj DrcvUb bq, Rviæj †K‡U †ei Kiv| gvwUi Zjvi †h-wkKo Rviæ‡ji GZ eo AvKv‡ii IRb‡K gvwU‡Z Qwo‡q †`q, †mB wkKoUv‡K gvwU‡ZB, gvwUi wfZ‡iB, †i‡L †Ìqv nq| Avi, b`x †Zv †mB wkKoUv‡KB gvwU †_‡K wQuo‡e Ñ bB‡j b`x c_ cv‡e Kx K‡i| b`xi Ggb MvQ-Dco‡bv hviv GK-Avaevi †`‡L‡Q, ev ï‡b‡Q, ev KvQvKvwQ †Kv‡bv b`xi cv‡o, †`‡L G‡m‡Q †h Agb GK gnxiæn b`xi R‡j cuwPk eQi c‡iI †Kgb Sz‡j Av‡Q, †hb evR c‡o Zv‡K Ici †_‡K Zjvq †`vdvjv K‡i w`‡q‡Q| wKš‘ evR †Zv Ici †_‡K c‡o wb, evR b`xi †mªv‡Zi wfZi †_‡K †mB gnve„‡ÿi gv_v ch©šÍ D‡V AvKv‡k wgwj‡q †M‡Q| †mB gnv`ªæg †mB eRªwQbœ kixi wb‡q GL‡bv, AvRI, cuwPk eQi, †mB †mªv‡Z ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| b`x †h Rviæ‡ji Zjvq gvwU‡Z Nv bv w`‡q, K‡qK nvZ kvšÍ †_‡K, cv‡oi Ici Suvcvq, Zv‡Z †jvKRb †hb GKUv hy‡×i AuvP cvq Ñ R‡ji Z‡j †m-hy× PjwQj Rviæ‡ji wkKo Avi

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MvQUvi gv_v w`‡q †Kv‡bv evR †Zvgv‡K gvwU‡Z †Mu‡_ †`q| ZLb †Mu‡_ †h‡Z-†h‡ZB †Zvgv‡K fve‡Z nq IB †ZcvšÍ‡ii e„wó, †ZcvšÍ‡ii MvQ, Avi †ZcvšÍ‡ii eRªcvZ GKUvB NUbv| MvQ †hgb †ZcvšÍ‡i gv_v DuwP‡q wQj, ZzwgI †Zgwb me‡P‡q gv_v DuPz K‡i _vK‡Z cvi‡Z GB Mv‡QiB gZ me‡P‡q DuPz, _vK‡Z cvi‡Z eRªUv‡K gv_vq wb‡Z| GB me KL‡bv gvcvgvwc Ki‡Z †bB| gvcvgvwc Ki‡jB wek¦v‡m wPo a‡i hvq| wek¦v‡m wPo ai‡Z w`‡jB †Zv A‡bK iK‡gi me©bvk| †h-wek¦vm¸‡jv evc VvKzi`vi KvQ †_‡K †c‡qQ, †m¸‡jviI me©bvk, Avi †h-wek¦vm¸‡jv Zzwg wb‡RB †c‡Z cvi‡Z, †m¸‡jviI me©bvk| b`x, gvbyl, fvO‡bi gy‡LI †eu‡P _vKv Rviæj MvQ, m‡ihvIqv b`xi ey‡KI Rviæj Mv‡Qi Syu‡K _vKv, b`xi AZj Z‡j Rviæj Mv‡Qi A`„k¨ `yB †gvUv wkK‡oi euv‡ai †mªvZkvmb Ñ hv‡Z †mB fvO‡bi †mªvZ Rviæj Mv‡Qi wkK‡oi gvwU †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K, b`xi wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ A‡cÿv, ˆPÎ gv‡mi K…òPZz`©kx‡Z †hLv‡b †h-Rj Av‡Q, Zv‡KB b`x K‡i wb‡q ZviB cv‡o eviæYx †gjv| GLb ˆPÎ gv‡mi K…ò PZz`©kx‡Z †mB b`xi cv‡o †Q‡o-hvIqv b`xi Rj †h-euvIo n‡q c‡o Av‡Q, kv`v †mªvZ n‡q †M‡Q Kv‡jv Rj, gvby‡li emZfvOv †h-b`x n‡q †M‡Q Kv‡jv i‡Oi gv‡Qi msmvi, †mB b`xi wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ †mB euvI‡oi cv‡oi evjyf‚wg wbR©b I A‡cÿgvY b`xZj n‡q Av‡Q Ñ †hb b`x hLb wdi‡e ZLb cy‡iv b`xUv‡K †m ey‡K wb‡q b`xi R‡ji Zjvq Avevi AvZ¥‡Mvc‡b P‡j †h‡Z cvi‡e I †mB AvZ¥‡Mvc‡b Rviæj Mv‡Qi †mB `y‡Uv †gvUv wkKoI _vK‡e †mªv‡Zi weiæ‡× euva wn‡m‡e| b`xi Ici w`‡q †hme nvIqv e‡q G‡m, Rviæj Mv‡Qi Ici w`‡q e‡q wM‡q, AócÖni Ggb GKUv w`Kfzj ˆZwi Ki‡Z _vKZ, †hb Rviæj MvQUvB Zvi Wvjcvjv cvZv-cjøe †_‡K nvIqv‡`i b-`k w`‡K eB‡q w`‡”Q Avi †mB Rj‡gkv‡bv nvIqv Rviæj Mv‡Qi cvZv¸‡jv‡K ayB‡q w`‡q me mgq Ggb Sjg‡j ivLZ,

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AjsKiY : iwdKzb bex

w¯’i Avb›`

†mv

mg‡ik gRyg`vi

gjZv e‡jwQj, ÔAvcbvi m‡½ †dv‡b K_v e‡j myL nq bv|Õ †kvfbjvj wRÁvmv K‡iwQ‡jb, Ô†mwK! †Kb?Õ ÔGB †h †`Lyb, KLb dzo–r K‡i KzwoUv wgwbU P‡j †Mj A_P g‡b n‡”Q gvÎ `ywgwbU K_v e‡jwQ| mva wgwU‡q hw` AbšÍKvj Avcbvi K_v ïb‡Z †cZvg|Õ †mvgjZvi K_vq cyjK Gj g‡b, †kvfbjvj M`M` n‡jb, ÔAvgvi K_v ïb‡Z †Zvgvi fvj jv‡M?Õ ÔLy-D-e| KL‡bv g‡b nq Sibvi cv‡k e‡m AvwQ, KL‡bv g‡b nq †g‡Ni †fjvq †f‡m †eovw”Q| Abvqv‡m cÖwZwU k‡ã iæwPi †gvoK jvwM‡q †`b| Avgvi KvQvKvwQ eq‡mi †Kv‡bv cyiæ‡li GB †hvM¨Zv †bB|Õ 63

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hvwgbx

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AjsKiY : me¨mvPx nvRiv

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Rxeb GKUvB ivZzj †èeg©Y hLb êa wek¦v‡mi Wvbv †f‡O c‡o kix‡ii c‡j¯Íviv me L‡m hvq ZLywb ey‡Ki wfZ‡i G‡m bxjKÉ cvwL Wvbv SvcUvq †P‡c a‡i mg‡qi bMœ AmyL ey‡K †j‡M _v‡K †fv‡ii wkwki †hb Wv‡K †gŠbx wPZv mgb Rvwi K‡i ÔKv‡Q AvqÕ mevB wK Avi Rv‡b Rxe‡bi me gv‡b Ñ ïay Zv‡K †KD wb‡q hvq bxie †bkvf‚Z ivwÎi w`‡K †Ku‡c I‡V ˆkk‡ei w`b eûiƒc gyL Q‡›ì eÜb Kv‡Pi ¸nvq AkvšÍ Av‡jv gy‡Lv‡ki Auvk¸wj Qwo‡q c‡o

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†e`bvi †ejvf‚wg Ñ AvBjvb †div †Zv n‡jv bv, †cQ‡b ¯^‡`k Wv‡K A`~‡iB wg‡_¨ cÖ‡Yv`bv| GKevi GB WvK ï‡bwQj m‡dvwK¬m Kwe, Avi hZ Awfevmx †nivK¬vm Uª‡qi wecøex|

†hB fvejvg Ô†k‡liÕ weÁvc‡bi †g‡qiv †n‡m KzwUKzwU Avev‡iv GKwU jvB‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡”Q Av‡iKwU jvBb wKš‘ †dvb †e‡R DV‡Q bv Gi g‡a¨B f‚K¤ú‡bi Lei¸wj Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q DrcwËi K_v ej‡Q †Kv‡bv GK †`‡ki gyL¨gš¿x bM‡ii, gnKzgvi bvg e`‡j w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Qb †Kv_vq †K Ki‡eb `ywbqvi ¶wZc~iY Zv wb‡q mfv †W‡K‡Qb d¬¨vU mwgwZi m‡f¨iv divwm K¬vm GLb Avi fv‡jv jvM‡e bv ev”Pv-ev”Pv †g‡qB †duvm-†duvm K‡i-K‡i cov e‡j †`‡e ev`jevey‡K Ges B›`ªwRr‡K g‡b co‡e AvVv‡iv NÈvB

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wej¤^ k¨vgjKvwšÍ `vk Avgv‡K nq‡Zv wKQy`~i wb‡q †M‡j Avgv‡K nq‡Zv Av‡iv `~i wb‡q hv‡e Ifv‡e cvjv‡Z cvie bv Avwg Avi Avgv‡K †Kv_vI cyu‡Z †i‡L †hI Zzwg| MÖv‡gi `ycv‡k D`vË euvkeb Ñ †Kv‡bv DrcvZ av‡iKv‡Q †Nul‡e bv| †PvL dzu‡o-dzu‡o †hw`b DV‡e MvQ eyK LvgwP‡q †hw`b MRv‡e cvZv gv_v Pzigvi, †hw`b Do‡e QvB †`‡Lv †Zv Avgvi D™¢vm KZLvwb| AvwgI wQjvg †Zvgv‡`i fvOv `‡j AvwgI wQjvg myMfxi K¼vj gyL †`LZvg Kvwjcov jÉ‡b Rvbv‡Z GKUz wej¤^ n‡q †Mj! 76

wfwWI dz‡URgvLv †nbix ¯^cb ei‡di K_v †f‡O-†f‡O †kvbv‡Z PvBwQ †m-K_vq M‡j hvq m~h©v‡¯Íi Zvc, ivwÎi Mfxi MÜ Av‡iv AÜKvi w`‡q †X‡K †dwj ey‡K Rwo‡q w`B d‡Uvi A¨vjevg Ly‡j †b‡MwUf¸‡jv j¨vcU‡c Avc‡WU ivwL...! Sibvi KjZv‡b... eo †ewk †KvgjZv S‡i cv_i-cvnvo a‡m c‡o me©v½ fvO‡Z _v‡K| †mLv‡bB fqsKi n‡q I‡V m¤ú‡K©i Lv‡` c‡o D‡V `uvovq wk‡kœi dYv dzu‡m-dzu‡m †eiæ‡”Q mwc©j we‡li avZz‡Z †Qvej †jcUv‡bv †`wL : ÿZR¡vjv Si‡Q i³ÿi‡Y al©‡Yi wfwWI dz‡URgvLv|

Auvav‡ii †Pv‡L Rj

mvc

kviwgb myjZvbv ixbv

bvmixb bCg

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GKwU Kzovj Kuv‡a Szwj‡q `yg& `ygv`yg cv Pvwj‡q hvw”Q †nu‡U Lvw”Q †L‡U Zvic‡iI Kj&‡RUv‡Z †jc‡U Av‡Q `y‡a fv‡Z GKwU Kv‡jv mvc| Agvem¨vq cywY¨ †`‡L RxebUv‡K evwR †i‡L PjwQ Qy‡U wbw”Q jy‡U †Zvgvi †`Iqv `ytLey‡K Avi KZw`b ay‡Kcy‡K D`¨Z AB mv‡ci gy‡L w`‡Z n‡e Suvc? 77

m¤úK© mvR&Rv` Av‡iwdb `~iZ¡ KL‡bv KL‡bv GKjv cvnvo wbR©b Ñ †Kvjvnjgq Av‡jv-Qvqvi `vM †R‡M _v‡K AbvMwiK Ñ

kvgxg †nv‡mb †jŠwKK ivav G‡m Ny‡i †M‡Qb cve©Zxcyi! †m GK cÖvPxb eU Ñ Szwi w`‡q wewQ‡q‡Q c_ †PvLeÜ AÜKv‡i avIqv K‡i †gvnbxq myi... AmsL¨ cÖvYKYv mv‡ci jKj‡K wRnŸvi g‡Zv wbk¦v‡mi evqyRy‡o †Ljv K‡i ey‡Ki †fZi| cv_‡ii †cÖg †M‡Q Ñ †`nfwZ© hgybvi R‡j †`‡Lv Ñ Kvi my‡i †K bv‡P my`~i gvaebM‡i! kZeQ‡ii cÖZœivZ Nyg cv‡o kvwoi AuvP‡j Kx gvqv e‡q hvq †hvRb ü`‡q-ü`‡q... K…‡òi R¡i n‡j ivav †cv‡o kx‡Zi Av¸‡b!

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mRj KiæYvaviv kvgmyj d‡qR nVvr `ycy‡i e„wói b~cy‡i †b‡g Av‡m mRj KiæYvaviv| njy` RwÛm, k¦vmKó †Q‡o †R‡M I‡V Nvmcvov| Avqbv n‡q hvq fvOv iv¯Ívi bqvbRywj; Avb›`aŸwb‡Z †b‡P I‡V ew¯Íi Kgjvdzwj; mRj †mvnv‡M bvP‡Z _v‡K Abve„Z wkï¸wj; UvUKv i³‡mªv‡Z Pv½v nq n‡Zv`¨g kZg~jx| 79

ey‡bvdzjwU dviRvbv Kwig muv‡Si †ejv wdi‡ev hLb evwo ey‡bvdzjwU ej‡j †n‡m : hvI, †Zvgvi m‡½ Avwo| Avwg nVvr wdmwdmvwb ï‡b †hB-bv wd‡i ZvKvB GKUzLvwb PzwcPzwc nvIqvi †`vjwU †L‡q Ki‡j ïiæ †Kgb KvbvKvwb|

Rxeb D‡o †M‡Q ay‡jvq k¨vgj P›`ª bv_

muv‡Si †ejv Mwo‡q bv‡g ivZ, ay‡jvq `y‡j ej‡j †n‡m : hvI, †Q‡oB w`‡jg nvZ| Avwg ejjvg, GË †Zvgvi PvIqv, Avgvi mv‡_ hv‡e A‡bK `~‡i? bvgwU †Zvgvi Av‡Rv †Zv ARvbv iƒcwU †`‡L bqb ïay f‡i|

Avgvi Rxeb D‡o †M‡Q ay‡jvq, hvK, hvK bv Ñ †m-K_v †kvbv‡Z †P‡q cÖZxÿvq †P‡q †P‡q nvwi‡qwQ KLb| †Kv_vq Zvi GZ e¨_v, †Kb †m jyKvq Awfgv‡b? Avgvi `„wó Avi KZ`~i †h‡Z cv‡i? ivwÎ ZLb gvÎ †Kej n‡jv, †Pv‡Li wfZ‡i ¯^‡cœiv ev‡iev‡i fv‡O Ñ GKjv Zv‡i †d‡jB hLb wdwi ZvB Rxe‡bi KvQvKvwQ Kvb †c‡Z AvwQ, Awfgv‡b byB‡q kixiLvbv `y-cv‡q PiwK euvav, Kx K‡i nB Avwg gvqve„‡ÿi cvZv Ñ ej‡j †Ku‡` : hvI Avwg eo GKv, Avgvi Mwj‡Z G‡jB †Kej cv‡e Avgvi †`Lv Ñ ùvwo‡q †_‡Kv bv| †m Avgv‡K fv‡jvev‡m, Avwg Zv‡K fv‡jvevwm bv, Zv‡K Kv‡QI WvwK bv Avwg GL‡bv A‡cÿvq AvwQ, AvwQ eû`~‡ii Avwg ejjvg, gy³ GLb Av‡Qv †hLv‡b mevB Avgv‡K fv‡jvev‡m bxi‡e, we¯§‡q! wgwó nvIqv wb‡”Qv f‡i eyK KviY G A™¢zZ kn‡i Avgvi evwoi e¨vjKwb‡Z G‡m Kv‡jv †Nvovi wc‡V P‡j hvIqv †evev Rxeb fv‡jvevmv †ev‡S bv| ew›` n‡qB _vK‡e †Zvgvi myL| eyS‡e Kx K‡i? GLv‡b `vjv‡bi wecix‡Z `vjvb I‡V, gvby‡li wecix‡Z gvbyl †Kv_vq? Zey GK K¬všÍ †Nvov cv‡q kw³ RvwM‡q †`Šov‡Z Pvq Rvwb R‡b¥i Rb¥ Av‡Q, g„ZzïI g„Zz¨, Rvwb G wb‡q `yt‡Li wKQy †bB, wbtm½ hy‡×i g‡Zv †hb †Kvgj Rxeb Avi wKQy bq GB we`xY© evMv‡bi ìRvq ay‡jv D‡o hvq, gvby‡li Rxe‡b wK‡mi G‡Zv fq! 80

RvB Bqswgs‡qi KweZv gynv¤§` mvgv` Kwe RvB Bqswgs Px‡bi wmPzqvb cÖ‡`‡ki †Ps`y‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib 1955 mv‡j| BDwbfvwm©wU Ae B‡jKUªwbK mv‡qÝ A¨vÛ †UK‡bvjwR Ae Pvqbv †_‡K mœœvZK wWwMÖ AR©b K‡i KvR †bb †Ps`yi c`v_©weÁvb Bbw÷wUD‡U| †jLv‡jwL Ges Kg©m~‡Î evm K‡ib †Ps`y I †eBwRs‡q| wek kZ‡Ki Avwki `k‡Ki ïiæ †_‡K Px‡bi cÎ-cwÎKv I mvwnZ¨ mvgwqKx‡Z Zuvi †jLv cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Px‡bi GKRb mycwiwPZ Kwe| cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’ `kwUi †ewk, M`¨msKjb AvUwU| Zuvi KweZv Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q Bs‡iwR, BZvwjqvb, Ij›`vR, Rvg©vb, divwm, ¯ú¨vwbk cÖf…wZ fvlvq| Kve¨‡ÿ‡Î K…wZ‡Z¡i R‡b¨ wbR †`‡k I we‡`‡k cyi¯‹…Z n‡q‡Qb| Avgvi Av‡gwiKvb-PvBwbR KweeÜz R¨vwg ky¨ Kwe RvB Bqswgs‡qi Bs‡iwR Abyev`K| R¨vwgi AvMÖ‡n Avi Avgvi fv‡jvjvMvq Zuvi Bs‡iwR Abyev` †_‡K RvB Bqswgs‡qi mvZwU KweZv Ab~w`Z n‡jv|

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AjsKiY : me¨mvPx nvRiv

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P›`ªgwjøKvi g‡Zv jÉb

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hLb †Zvgvi †`n nvjKv I cjvq‡bi evmbv Zxeª ZLb cvwLi Wvbv †Qu‡U †Ìqvi ìKvi †bB; cÖ‡qvRb †bB fv‡jvevmvi g‡Zv mZ¨wbô nIqvi; cÖ‡qvRb †bB cyi‡bv ev bZzb †Ljv‡K cÖkÖq †èvi; Ae‡k‡l, wbKUeZx© RvqMv †_‡K Zzwg Aek¨B P‡j hv‡e GUv Ggb wbKUZg ¯’vb hv Zzwg †`L‡Z cvI `~i †_‡K; P‡j hvevi evmbv cvwbi g‡Zv Zv ev®ú n‡q D‡e hv‡e gvby‡li c„w_ex‡Z| GKwU †`nI K‡qK gyn~‡Z© D‡e hv‡e ev®ú n‡q GKv| †_‡K hvq †Kej mgq| wkjvi wfZi w`‡q gš’i Ae‡jvKb| Avi GKvwK‡Z¡i m‡½ Kzw¯Í jov| GB wZ‡bi wfZ‡i GK †gN Avi Kzqvkvi e~¨n †f‡O AwZµg K‡i nv‡Z nvZ aivi AvKv•ÿv wb‡q AvZ¥iÿv‡_© GKwU Xvj nIqvi B‡”Q Zzwg Gov‡Z cv‡iv bv|

QÙ‡ek

(Avwg hLb Rvbvjvi KvM‡Ri dz‡Uv‡Z †jnb Kwi GB mœvbvMviwU Avgvi †PvL Rywo‡q †`q ) Avwg Ggb bvix‡K †`wL †h wKQy-bv-wKQy K‡i| †m Zvi `„wó‡K cÖmvwiZ K‡i Zvi †Kk wb‡P jywU‡q co‡Z `vI Avqbvi gy‡LvgywL n‡q mgy‡`ªi ¯úÄ w`‡q †m Zvi mg¯Í †`ngv‡S †hb cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Ri †`‡ni Auvk; A™¢zZ welq, †m wb‡Ri nv‡Z Zvi gv_v wbPz K‡i; GLb †m Zvi åƒ iwÄZ K‡i; (wbR †`n‡K weg~Z© †f‡e Kx K‡i Ggb cwinvm Ki‡Z cv‡i †m? GKRb gvby‡li gvsm‡cwk I A½cÖZ¨½ wefvRb Kivi g‡Zv wb‡R‡K Kxfv‡e wefvRb K‡i †m?)| mœvbvMvi †_‡K Rj †duvUvq †duvUvq N‡ii evB‡i e‡q hvq †duvUvq †duvUvq e‡q hvq wb‡Pi Zjvq †duvUvq †duvUvq Rj Mwj‡Z †ewi‡q hvq 84

AB e„ÿ Avi BU, Kswµ‡Ui cÖvšÍi BwZg‡a¨ Zviv †R‡b‡Q Ñ Avgvi fxiæ †cÖg iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q f‡q; GLb Avgvi †`‡ni wfZi †_‡K ax‡i-ax‡i S‡i c‡o| Avwg AweiZ fv‡jv‡e‡m hv‡ev fv‡jv‡e‡m hv‡ev Avgvi fq‡K hLb †`L‡ev Zvi †`n cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ, ZLb Lywj‡Z cvDWv‡ii P‚Y© Qwo‡q †`‡ev; †hb-ev †m mv`v is †g‡L wb‡”Q Zvi Z¡‡K †h‡nZz m¤ú~Y© bZzb †`Lvq Zv‡K †m AwaK kw³gZx nq Zvi †cÖZvZ¥v, Mij Avi cÖLiZv we›`y-we›`y K‡i wd‡i Av‡m Zvi †`‡n| Gfv‡eB Avwg wb‡R‡K eyS‡Z cvwi Ñ ax‡i-ax‡i Avgvi †cŠiæl ÿq nq evB‡i †ewi‡q hvq Aí Aí K‡i wb‡R‡K iÿvi K_v Avwg fvwe bv eis AweiZ Dc‡fvM Kwi Avb›`‡K| g„Zz¨ Aewa wbwðZ n‡Z cvi‡ev bv Kv‡K Avwg fv‡jv‡e‡mwQjvg; m‡¤§vwnZ n‡q hv‡K Kíbv K‡iwQ GgbB GKRb A_ev ZzwgB Ñ hZUzKz Luy‡R †c‡qwQ we‡li cøve‡bi ci|

AvKv‡ki Icv‡i

cÖwZwU gvbyl G‡KKwU wkïi AvZ¥vi cybtiƒc ki‡Zi cy®úivwR S‡i g‡i hvq DB‡jv Mv‡Qi K¨vUwKb dz‡jiv AvKvk f‡i hvq AvZ¥viv AvKv‡k I‡o Ñ GB c„w_ex‡Z wKQy-bv-wKQy RvqMv cÖZxÿvq _v‡K Avgvi fvebv hLb Avgvi ü`‡q Avmxb †Zvgvi a¨vbgMœ gb b‡o I‡V †hb AvR †_‡K eû eQi Av‡Mi AvKv‡ki Icv‡ii †KD gyn~‡Z© N‡ii QuvB‡Pi wb‡P †cuŠ‡Q hvq; †kl cÖ¯’v‡bi w`‡K †h‡Z †h‡Z Avwg †Kej GKwU Zj‡cU e¨envi Kwi GB c„w_exi Zzwg ei‡d iƒcvšÍwiZ nI Avi M‡j Rj n‡q hvI Ab¨Î 84

Ges Avwg ¯^cœ †`‡L †Ku‡c DwV, D‡V ewm Avi cÖv_©bvq Kcv‡j †VKvB nvZ|

wkï n‡q hvIqvi gv‡b

wmwf‡Ujv‡Z åg‡Y †M‡j Avwg wkï n‡q hvB †PvL eÜ n‡j Avgvi gbb cÂ PwiÎ aviY K‡i GKwUi hvÎv †gw·‡Kv‡Z GKwU wbDBq‡K© GKwU Bsj¨v‡Ûi w`‡K GKwU eªvwR‡j hvq Ges AewkówU BZvwj‡Z Gw`K-†mw`K Ny‡i †eovq KY©Kzni eÜ nq Pvwiw`‡K cvwLi K‚Rb GB Avw`g fvlvwU Avwg eywS c„w_ex‡Z cuvP nvRv‡ii †ewk fvlv GKRb KqUv eyS‡Z cv‡i? Avwg cvwLi g‡Zv Zv‡ì †cQ‡b QywU fvlv‡ì g‡i hvevi `ªæZMwZi m‡½ Zvj †gjv‡Z cvwi bv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ ms‡KZixwZ Av‡Q gvbeZvi D‡b¥¥lKv‡j Avgv‡ì K_v ejvi GKwU gvÎ fvlv wQj µgea©gvbfv‡e c„w_ex we¯Í…Z n‡”Q `ye©‡ji Ici Suvwc‡q cov mv`v-Kv‡jv ev‡Ni g‡Zv kni gw_Z K‡i µgea©gvbfv‡e fvlv cÖej ÿzavZ© n‡”Q Am¤ú~Y© n‡qI Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv Avgv‡ì †gav wM‡j †L‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i‡Q fvlv hLb GKwU fvBiv‡m iƒc †bq RbmgvR msµwgZ n‡e c„w_ex wb‡RB wbtm½ n‡q hv‡e †Kej wkïiv wU‡K hv‡e cuvP nvRvi fvlvi g„Zz¨ n‡e gvÎ GKwU Qvov| GKRb wkï n‡q hvIqvi gv‡b cuvP nvRvi‡K GKwU‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv c„w_ex AbymÜvb Ki‡Z wkïi ü`q‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡”Q : nv‡Zi K_v ejvi g‡Zvb Av‡jvi cy¯ÍK cv‡Vi g‡Zvb Ñ †hfv‡e Qvqviv cÖK…wZ I †cÖZvZ¥vi m‡½ K‡_vcK_b K‡i; AvKv‡k IVvi R‡b¨ Avwg Nv‡mi wbKU Avgvi `„wó‡K bZ Kwi GKRb wkï n‡q hvIqvi gv‡b wb‡R‡K GKwU fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv|

†dvbK‡ji gy‡LvgywL

Avgvi GKUv w`b P‡j hvq fq Zvwo‡q DV‡Z cÖwZw`b Avgv‡K mZK© Kiv nq mg¯Í c„w_exi AvKv‡ki wb‡P Avwg wKQy RxebK_vq is wQwU‡q w`‡Z PvB cÖ‡Z¨K c_wb‡`©‡k 86

Nvm †eu‡K hvq †h‡nZz evqy‡K fq cvq ¸wjiv cwZZ nq †h‡nZz Zv‡ì fq jÿë¯‘¸‡jv †dvb †e‡R hvq †h‡nZz Zv‡ì †SuvK evK ¯^vaxbZvi Ici †ek, Av‡iKwU bv‡Pi ¯^vMZm¤¢vl‡Y jvd w`‡q DV‡e wRnŸv; Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi cwi‡e‡ki c~e©vfvm Rjevqyi cwieZ©b hy‡×i AMÖMwZ Avi Amy¯’Zv eû †jvKRb mK‡jB GK c_ AbymiY K‡i Ñ AšÍa©vb Ab¨ A‡b‡KB GK c_B AbymiY K‡i Ñ nvgv¸wo w`‡q Av‡m G‡K ejv n‡Zv fqvbK cZ‡bi Kvj m¤ú~Y© cZb msNwUZ Ki‡e me‡P‡q MwZkxj iƒcvšÍi me wVK Av‡Q, GB †h hyeK fv‡jvev‡m Avgv‡K Ges fvMvfvwM K‡i Rxeb Avgvi m‡½ †m †Zv GKRb AKg©Y¨ fMœwPË bq †m †Zv ÿ‡q hvIqv evwZj ÿz`ªvsk w`‡q ˆZwi bq †m Ggb †KD bq hv‡K wb‡q Avwg †gvnMÖ¯Í n‡Z PvB †eva nq Avgiv †cÖgmËvi KvQvKvwQ nw”Q Avgiv †mme RxeRš‘i g‡Zv n‡ev hviv ci¯úi MÖvm K‡i GKwU e„nr †g‡Ni wKbv‡i Avgv‡ì Zz‡j †b‡e Ges enb K‡i wb‡q hv‡e `~‡i GwU GiKg fvebvnxb NUbv nIqv DwPZ; hLbB Avwg GKwU †dvbK‡ji gy‡LvgywL nB Avwg Avev‡iv fvivµvšÍ nB|

Iivj Uª¨vwWkb-3 A¨vwµwjK, 2016

åg I Avwe®‹vi, wb‡Ri m‡½ K_v

wniY wgÎ

_vKw_Z AvKvinxb AvKvi, †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †f‡m-IVv GKUv RwUj wµqv| mvaviY hyw³nxb, KZ¸‡jv AvKvi, ci‡Z-ci‡Z †f‡m †eov‡Z jvMj, KL‡bv Kv‡Q G‡jv, KL‡bv `~‡i m‡i †Mj, A-†`Lv, †mªv‡Zi Uv‡b, Kx GK MwZ, A`„‡k¨ wµqv K‡i P‡j‡Q| Ggb me Aí eq‡m, †mBfv‡e NUZ bv| hv cÖexY eq‡m NU‡Z jvMj|

hyw³¸‡jv wkw_j n‡q †h‡Z jvMj| †hfv‡e †eu‡P _vKv, wbk¦vm-cÖk¦vm †bIqv hvwš¿K eva¨Zvg~jK, kixi e‡q wb‡q hvIqvi g‡Zv, iƒc e‡q wb‡q hvIqv| GwK iƒ‡ci †evSv? A_ev iƒ‡ci m‡½ bZzb †evSvcov? bZzb `„k¨ K‡_vcK_b? Kv‡`i cÖfve? †Kb Ggb fw½? Avk¦¯Í nIqvi, AvkÖq cvIqvi fw½UvB ev Kx? Avav kn‡i, †hLv‡b Avgvi Rb¥, ˆK‡kvi KvUv‡bv,

†mLv‡b RwUjZv cÖvq †bB, wewPÎ GK ¯^cœ Av‡Q| fwel¨r e‡j wKQz GKUv KvíwbK e¨vcvi Av‡Q| GKmgq Rvbv †Mj, Ime wKQzB †bB, wd‡i †`LviI †bB, mvg‡b †`LviI †bB| Mv_v ev wg_ wbg©vYB Avmj wbg©vY| †mB wbg©v‡Y wKQz Dcjÿ jv‡M| GB gvÎ| g‡bi bvbv Av‡jv-Auvavi bvbv iƒc †`Lv‡Z cv‡i, GB fvebviI Rb¥ Rvbv wQj bv| nVvrB cvIqv| GKmgq iƒc‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqv| GB ¯^xKvi K‡i †bIqviI †Kv‡bv c~e© cÖ¯Íve wQj wKbv ejv hv‡”Q bv| wKš‘ †`Lv hv‡”Q, AvKv‡i-AvKv‡i msNvZ, hvcb-wewPÎZv, gbyl¨Rb, Zv‡ì AvPvi-eënvi, bvbv gva¨‡gi wbR¯^ wbqg, †e-wbqg, G¸‡jv cÖwZcv`¨ n‡q †h‡Z jvMj ARv‡šÍB| Z‡e IBfv‡eB †`Lv hvK| mvg‡bi iv¯ÍvUv Auvav‡i, in‡mï Rvj eyb‡Q| IB c_UvB †kÖq, D‡ËRbv Av‡Q, AwbðqZv Av‡Q, êwPÎ Av‡Q, GKUv myL-Abyfe Av‡Q| wg‡k †Mjvg IB R‡ji †mªv‡Z| AvkÖq †KD †`qI bv, AvkÖq †KD cvqI bv| GKUv `„k¨ AvkÖ‡qi Kíbv Avgiv evwb‡q Zzwj| fvwe gv_vi Ici Qv` Av‡Q| Avm‡j åg| GKevi KjKvZvi eB‡gjvq, A‡bK wÎc‡ji QvDwb w`‡q †X‡K ivLv, †h-RvqMvUvq †cuŠQjvg, †mLvbUvq †Kv‡bv QvDwb wQj bv| Kv‡jv AvKvk wQj| wKš‘ Avwg mvivÿY †f‡e †Mjvg, GKUv Qv‡ì Zjvq e‡m AvwQ| GKeviI g‡b nqwb GKUv Qv`nxb, Kv‡jv AvKvk, KwíZ Qv` e‡b Av‡Q| eû c‡i D‡V covi Av‡M, nVvrB eySjvg, gnvk~b¨ GKUv cÖKvÐ Qv`| Avgvi wPÎ Abyl½ GgbB nVvr Avwe®‹vi| nVvr GKw`b Rvbjvg, Avm‡j Avwg wPÎxB bB| wPÎ bvgK wKQz `„k¨ Af¨vm nq‡Zv Av‡Q, Qwei g‡Zv †`L‡Z wKQz Qwe nq‡Zv Avwg AuvwK, Avm‡j hv meB åg, Kv‡jv AvKvk| gnvk~b¨! †Zgwb fv¯‹h© iPbv, GiKgB åg| wkíxiv gkKiv K‡i, fr©mbv K‡i| gvbylRb, `k©K, ZvivI GB å‡g AvµvšÍ| ZvivI fv‡e, I¸‡jv Qwe| Avm‡j Qwei g‡Zv †`L‡Z| huviv wkíx, huv‡ì Kì Av‡Q, evRviìI Av‡Q, Zuv‡ì †`‡L, Avgiv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Agb Qv` iPbv Kwi| g~j¨gvb wVK Kwi| `k©K LyuwR| meB åg| GB wPÎ-åg bvbv wPÎ †`Lvq| GKwU ev`v‡gi Lv`¨ ev g~j e¯‘ †mB †Lvmvi †fZ‡i _v‡K| evB‡ii †Lvmv‡K eR©b Kiv nq| Zv‡K fvO‡Z nq| wKQz cvIqvi Rb¨ wKQz †f‡O †djv| Avgiv Z_vKw_Z wkíxiv, wkí‡eva cvIqvi Rb¨ Ggb K‡iB wb‡R‡ì fvwO| Avgiv n‡q hvB †Lvmv, †fZ‡ii djwU Dc‡fvM K‡ib cÖwZwôZ wkíxiv| †mB cÖwZwôZ wkíx‡ì aviY Kivi Rb¨ Ggb mvgvwRK Avavi, †Lvmv, AveR©bvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †Lvmv †eva wb‡q wb‡R‡ì Kv‡Ri AveR©bvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z-_vK‡Z, åg‡K mZ¨ e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡Z-Ki‡Z, jÿ Kwi, †Lvmvi Mv‡qi wewPÎ KviæKvh©| †fZ‡ii djwU †Kgb, Zvi MÜ †Kgb, ¯^v` †Kgb †mme fvebv cv‡k mwi‡q †i‡L, †Lvmvi Mv‡qi Ac~e© wPÎ, Nywi‡q-Nywi‡q †`‡L hvB| †gvwnZ nB| B‡”Q K‡i bv, djwU nvZ w`‡q fvwO| IB bKkvi Q›`‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡e wewNœZ Kwi, wPÎi‡mi Avb›` †_‡K wb‡R‡K ewÂZ Kwi| Gme wKQzB B‡”Q K‡i bv| AbšÍKvj IB bKkv, KviæKvh©, nv‡Z a‡i e‡m _vwK| Avgvi Avi wPÎx nIqv n‡q I‡V bv| wkíx, cÖwZwôZ, cÖw_Zhkv, Gme K_vi g‡a¨ GKUv †køl Av‡Q, nq‡Zv mZ¨, nq‡Zv mZ¨ bv, GKUv bv-cvIqvi †e`bv †hb DuwK gvi‡Q| wKš‘ †mB †e`bv †_‡K wPÎ Rb¥vq bv| GB †e`bv ev `ytL †Kv‡bv h_v_© cÖKvk bq| †hfv‡e †Lvmvi Mv‡qi KviæKvh© Avgv‡K †gvwnZ K‡i, †mfv‡eB, `„k¨ Rb¥vq Avgvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv hyw³ ev c~e©vci f‚wgKv QvovB| †Kgb k~b¨Zvq `„k¨ †`wL‡q hvq `„k¨| GKwU †QvÆ MÖv‡g wM‡qwQ GKwU Abyôv‡b|

Iivj Uª¨vwWkb-5 A¨vwµwjK, 2016

wimvBRW-2 wM‡q emjvg| PzgyK w`jvg Pv‡q| Avt! GgbB eoB Avivg wPÎ iPbvq| wPÎ evwZ‡j| ïay †R‡M _v‡K GKUv †eva| iPbvq Qzu‡q _v‡K| †Kv‡bv c~e©cwiKíbv †bB| KL‡bv mv`v AvKvk, KL‡bv Kv‡jv AvKvk, `„k¨ Zvi g‡Zv Wvbv †g‡j| †Kv_v †_‡K Av‡m, †Kv_vq hvq, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó QK †bB| †Kv‡bv GKRb wfb‡`wk wkíx e‡jwQj, AÜKvi AvKv‡k cvwL †hgb †Pv‡L bv †`L‡jI †cuŠ‡Q hvq Zvi MšÍe¨¯’‡j, †Zgwb weg~Z©Zv iƒc Lyu‡R †bq| wKš‘ GK_v Zvi Rvbv wQj bv, IB cvwL e‡q P‡j‡Q GK A`„k¨ †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ, hv Zv‡K Zvi Afxávq †cuŠ‡Q w`‡”Q| wKš‘ weg~Z©ZviI Ggb †Kv‡bv Afxáv †bB| nq‡Zv †Kv‡bv A`„k¨ †PŠ¤^K †ÿÎ ZviI g‡a¨ cÖwZwôZ Av‡Q| GB cÖwZôv †mB cÖwZôv bq, GUvB hv Zdvr| GB cÖwZôv‡K Avwe®‹vi Kivi g‡a¨, Ask †bIqvi g‡a¨B Rb¥ †bq IB cvim¨ bxj, i³jvj, AÜKvi-Kv‡jv, AwZD¾¡j mv`v, ga¨v‡ýi njy`, X‡jcov m~h© Av‡jvi Kgjv, ab¨ev` Zv‡`i, cÖYvg|

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†h AvNv‡Z Kwei g‡bi Øvi hvq Ly‡j, D”Q¡wmZ n‡q I‡V i‡mi cÖmªeY Ñ Zuvi iPbvi g‡a¨I †mB aŸwb Ges †mŠ›`h© wewfbœ cÖKv‡i iƒc jvf K‡i| cvV‡Kiv wb‡R‡`i g‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Ges cwi‡eó‡bi m‡½ wgwj‡q †bb Kwei iPbvi †mB we‡kl cwi‡eób|

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mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq

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100

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Kwe‡ì msKj‡b ¯’vb †c‡qwQj|6 dzwRIqviv †bv Zv‡g‡ZvwK 968 wLªóv‡ã †QvU c‡` ivRKxq PvKwi‡Z †hvM †`b| 996 mv‡j Mfb©i wbhy³ nb| wZwb 1014 (gZvšÍ‡i 1018) mvj Aewa PvKwi‡Z wbhy³ wQ‡jb| gyivmvwKi gv GKB †MvÎ †_‡K A_©vr DËi dzwRIqviv †Mv‡Îi GKwU kvLv †_‡K G‡mwQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì wZb mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU †Q‡j Ges `ywU †g‡q|7 †nBqvb mvgªv‡R¨ ¯^vgx Ges ¯¿x Avjv`v evwo‡Z _vK‡Zb| mšÍv‡biv gv‡qi Kv‡Q jvwjZ-cvwjZ n‡Zv| GiKg eë¯’v GL‡bv Rvcv‡b Pvjy Av‡Q|8 gyivmvwKi Rxe‡b Zvi e¨wZµg N‡U| wZwb Zuvi †QvU fvB †bvey‡bvwimn wcZvi m‡½ wKD‡Uvi †ZivgvwP †j‡b _vK‡Zb| m¤¢eZ Zuvi gv‡qi g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj Zuvi evj¨Kv‡jB| wZwb Zuvi †ev‡bi m‡½ Nwbô wQ‡jb| †evbwU gviv hvq hLb Zuvi eqm we‡ki †KvVvq|9

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cuvP

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cuvP (GK)

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cuvP (`yB)

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cuvP (wZb)

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cuvP (Pvi)

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cuvP (cuvP)

109

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110

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cuvP (Qq)

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cuvP (mvZ)

mgªvU BwP‡Rv g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib 1011 wLªóv‡ã| mgªvÁx †kvwk mgªv‡Ui cÖvmv` †Q‡o weIqv n«‡`i cv‡o dzwRIqviv cÖvmv‡` P‡j hvb| gyivmvwK Zuvi m½x nb Ges †iKW©g‡Z 1013 mvj ch©šÍ †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb K‡ib|41 †mLv‡b wM‡q wZwb Avev‡iv BwkBqvgv-†Wevi m‡½ m¤ú„³ n‡q c‡ob| RvqMvUv wQj

bv›`wbK, mvwnZ¨PP©v Ges ag©PP©v Df‡qi Rb¨B AbyK‚j| gyivmvwK 1014 mv‡j gviv hvb| ÔA¨v weªR Ae wWªgm : A¨v c‡qwUK&m Ae `¨ †Uj Ae †MwÄÕ wk‡ivbv‡gi GK †jLvq nviæwk‡ib e‡jb, 1014 mvjB MÖnY‡hvM¨|42 Z‡e G wb‡q gZ‡f` Av‡Q| evIwis‡qi we‡ePbvq Zv aviYv gvÎ, Zuvi g‡Z †kvwki m‡½ wZwb 1025 mvj ch©šÍ emevm K‡i‡Qb|43 Zvi Av‡M Iqv‡j GgZB cÖKvk K‡i w`‡jb, gyivmvwK Lyem¤¢e †kvwkcyÎ mgªvU †Mv-BwP‡Rvi ivR¨vwf‡l‡K †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| ivR¨vwf‡lKwU nq 1025 mv‡j|44 Zv‡ì e³‡eï †cQ‡b Aek¨ †Kv‡bv Kvh©KviY ev hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiv nqwb| 1014 mv‡j gyivmvwKi g„Zz¨msev` †c‡qB m¤¢eZ Zuvi wcZv BwP‡Mv cÖ‡`k †_‡K wKD‡Uv‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb| gyivmvwKi fvB by‡ev‡bvwi gviv hvb wZb eQi Av‡M A_©vr 1011 mv‡j| cyÎ-Kb¨vi g„Zz¨‡Z Zuvi wcZv wegl© Ges nZvk n‡q c‡owQ‡jb| evwK RxebUv PvKwi †Q‡o wZwb Dcvmbvi Kv‡R wg‡ìv c¨v‡MvWvq KvwU‡q †`b Ges 1029 mv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib| 1014 mv‡ji ci gyivmvwKi Wv‡qwi ev †Kv‡bv †jLvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq bv| RxweZ _vK‡j Zuvi †jLv‡jwL KiviB K_v| RxweZ _vK‡jI nq‡Zv Amy¯’ wQ‡jb A_ev GZUvB agx©q Kv‡R m¤ú„³ n‡q c‡owQ‡jb †h, m„wókxj †jLv †Q‡o †Ìqv Qvov MZ¨šÍi wQj bv| Zuvi Kb¨v Aek¨ Kwe n‡q I‡Vb Ges Kwe `vBwb †bv mvbwg bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| ivRcÖvmv‡` 1025 mv‡j PvKwiI jvf K‡ib| †m-mgqUv wQj mgªvU †Mv-†iB‡SB‡qi (1025-68) kvmbKvj|45

cuvP (AvU)

gyivmvwK wkwKey Zuvi Avmj bvg bq, QÙbvg| Zuvi QÙbvgUv Lye m¤¢e mgªv‡Ui cÖvmv‡` †Kv‡bv GK ˆbk‡fvRmfvq NUbvµ‡g cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G-m¤ú‡K© Zuvi Wv‡qwi‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, 1008 mv‡j ZLbKvi myL¨vZ mfvKwe dzwRIqviv †bv wKš‘ †MwÄ Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ ÔgyivmvwKÕ‡K c‡iv¶fv‡e †jwLKv wb‡R wKbv Zuvi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡ib|46 †mB †_‡K m¤¢eZ Zuvi bvg gyivmvwK n‡q hvq| wgwPbvMvi

1007 mv‡ji Wv‡qwi‡K AbymiY K‡i †KD-†KD g‡b K‡ib, Zuvi bvg wQj dzwRIqviv ZvKvKz| Z‡e wZwb gyivmvwK wkwKey bv‡gB mviv we‡k¦ cwiwPZ|

gyivmvwK wkwKey Jcb¨vwmK Ges Kwe| Zuvi †jLv Wv‡qwiI mvwnwZ¨K g~j¨m¤úbœ| gyivmvwK wkwKeyi cÖavb KxwZ© n‡”Q †MwÄ g‡bvMvZvwi ev †MwÄ Dcb¨vm, Bs‡iwR‡Z `¨ †Uj Ae †MwÄ| we‡k¦i cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ejv nq G‡K| wZb L‡Ð Pzqvbœ Aa¨vq wewkó GMvi‡kv c„ôvi wekvj Dcb¨vm GwU|

Qq (GK)

Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb Lye ms‡¶‡c GiKg : mgªvU wKwiZmy‡evi wØZxq mšÍvb †MwÄ| wZb eQi eq‡m †MwÄi gvZ…we‡qvM N‡U| DccZœxi mšÍvb n‡jI mgªvU Zv‡K Lye cQ›` Ki‡Zb| mgªvU Zuvi mšÍv‡bi gv‡qi K_v fzj‡Z cv‡ib bv| mgªvU Ggb GK igYxi K_v ïb‡jb, †h wKbv †`L‡Z Zuvi ci‡jvKMZ DccZœx, †MwÄi gv‡qi g‡Zv| GB gwnjvi bvg dzwRZmy‡ev| wZwb c~e©eZx© GK mgªv‡Ui Kb¨v| mgªvU Zuv‡K we‡q Ki‡jb| †MwÄ G-gwnjv‡K gvb¨ K‡i| Zuvi Kv‡Q jvwjZ-cvwjZ nq| †hŠe‡b DcbxZ nq †MwÄ| AZ¨šÍ my`k©b, ÔwnKv‡ivÕ ev mvBwbs †MwÄ| Z‡e ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y AebwgZ gh©v`vq wbgœ ch©v‡qi ivRKg©Pvix wn‡m‡e Zv‡K Kg©Rxeb ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| G mgq wnKv‡iv †MwÄ Zuvi mrgv dzwRZmy‡evi †cÖ‡g c‡o hvq| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ˆ`wnK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| Zvi Av‡M †bv Aqx bv‡gi GK hyeZxi m‡½ we‡q nq †MwÄi| mrgv‡qi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i K_v †R‡b †M‡j Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ N‡U| †MwÄi m‡½ dzwRZmy‡evi A‰ea m¤ú‡K©i K_v cÖKvk †c‡q †M‡j †MwÄ Lye nZvk n‡q c‡o| ¯¿xi m‡½I m¤úK© Lvivc| ZLb †m A‡bK bvixi m‡½ AZ…ß I Am¤ú~Y© †cª‡gi m¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡j| Z‡e †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB Zv‡K AeÁv I †evKvwgi wkKvi n‡Z nq| †KD-†KD Zv‡K nZvk K‡i Amg‡q gvivI hvq| GKevi †m †`L‡Z cvq GK my›ìx gwnjv Zvi Rvbvjvq ùvwo‡q Av‡Q| †MwÄ

111

AbygwZ QvovB Zvi K‡¶ cÖ‡ek K‡i| gwnjv‡K weQvbvq †h‡Z eva¨ K‡i| ¶gZvai e¨w³ e‡j gwnjv †MwÄ‡K evav †`q bv| Av‡iKevi †MwÄ DËi cwjøi wKZvBqvgv cvnvwo GjvKvq åg‡Y hvq| wKZvBqvgv wK‡qv‡Uv‡Z Aew¯’Z| †mLv‡b †m `k eQi eqmx GK †g‡q‡K †`L‡Z cvq| †g‡qwU †`L‡Z wVK dzwRZmy‡evi g‡Zv| †m G-evwjKv‡K AcniY K‡i wbR evwo‡Z wb‡q Av‡m Ges dzwRZmy‡evi g‡Zv Zv‡K wkw¶Z I gvwR©Zfv‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó nq| †g‡qwUi bvg gyivmvwK| G-mgq †MwÄ †Mvc‡b mgªvÁx dzwRZmy‡evi m‡½ mv¶vr K‡i| Zv‡Z mgªvÁx mšÍvbm¤¢ev n‡q c‡ob| mšÍvb f‚wgô n‡j GB †Q‡ji bvg ivLv nq †iB‡SB| Giv `yRb Qvov mevB Rv‡b GB †Q‡ji wcZv mgªvU wKwiZmy‡ev| c‡i GB †Q‡j µvDbwcÖÝ Ges †jwW dzwRZmy‡ev mgªvÁx nb| †MwÄ Ges dzwRZmy‡ev cÖwZÁv K‡i †h, Giv G †Mvcb Z_¨ KL‡bv duvm Ki‡e bv| mewKQy †Mvcb ivL‡e| G †MvcbxqZvi g‡a¨ †MwÄ Ges Zvi ¯¿x Aqxi m¤úK© ¯^vfvweK nq| Zvi ¯¿x GKwU mšÍvb Rb¥ †`q| Z‡e mšÍvbwU gviv hvq| †MwÄ `ytL †c‡q Avevi nZvk n‡q c‡o| `ytL fz‡j hvIqvi Rb¨ †MwÄ Gevi gyivmvwK‡K Kv‡Q cvq| Zv‡K wb‡q †fvMwejv‡m gË n‡q I‡V Ges GK mgq Zv‡K we‡q K‡i| †MwÄi wcZv mgªvU wKwiZmy‡ev G-mgq gviv hvb| Zvi eo †Q‡j my‡R‡Kv mgªvU nb| mgªv‡Ui gvZv †KvwK‡Wb wKwiZmy‡evi ivR‰bwZK kÎæ‡`i m‡½ nvZ wgwj‡q cy‡Îi ¶gZv msnZ K‡ib| †MwÄ ivR`‡Ði e¨vcv‡i †gv‡UI Drmvnx bq| G-mgq Zvi Av‡iKwU †Mvcb †cÖ‡gi Z_¨ cÖKvk n‡q c‡o| mgªvU my‡R‡Kv †MwÄi m‡½ Zvi GK iw¶Zvi wgjb`„k¨ †`‡L †d‡jb| mgªv‡Ui GB †Mvcb iw¶Zvi K_v ïay †MwÄ RvbZ| mgªvU iw¶Zv‡K Dc‡fv‡Mi welqwU ïay Zvi fvB †MwÄ‡K e‡jwQ‡jb| mgªvU wek¦vmf‡½i Kvi‡Y †MwÄ‡K kvw¯Í¯^iƒc cÖZ¨šÍ nvwigv cÖ‡`‡ki mygv bMix‡Z cvwV‡q †`b| mygv bMix‡Z AvKvwk bwfm bv‡g cwiwPZ GK f`ª‡jvK †MwÄ‡K AvwZ_¨ †`b| †MwÄ AvKvwki GK Kb¨vi †cÖ‡g c‡o hvq| †m-†cÖ‡gi dmj wn‡m‡e GK Kb¨vmšÍv‡bi Rb¥ nq|

112

Gw`‡K ivRavbx‡Z mgªvU my‡R‡Kv Zvi evev‡K ¯^‡cœ †`‡L gvbwmK wech©‡qi wkKvi nb| Zvi ü`q †f‡O hvq| gv †KvwK‡Wb Amy¯’| Zvi wmsnvmb a‡i ivLvi ¶gZv †bB| GB gvbwmK Ae¯’vq mgªvU †MwÄ‡K ¶gv K‡i †`b| †MwÄ ivRavbx wK‡qv‡Uv‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i| G ch©v‡q mgªv‡Ui åvZv †iB‡SB mgªvU nb| †MwÄ ivRKg©Pvixi Kv‡R B¯Ídv †`q| GK mgq bZzb mgªvU Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h, †MwÄB Zvi Avmj wcZv| mgªvU wcZvi gh©v`v mgybœZ ivL‡Z †MwÄ‡K m‡e©v”P ivRc` cÖ`vb K‡ib| eq‡mi Kvi‡Y †MwÄi ¯^v‡¯’¨i AebwZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| `ye©j ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ivRKxq gh©v`v ÿzYœ bv n‡jI †MwÄi †cÖg I Av‡eMgq Rxe‡b ax‡i-ax‡i AatcZb †b‡g Av‡m| †m Av‡iKwU we‡q K‡i| Zv‡K ÔIb¨v mvb †bv wgqvÕ A_©vr _vW© wcª‡Ým ev Z…Zxq ivRKzgvix ejv nq (G-bv‡g Rvcv‡bi KvbmvB‡Z GKwU kni i‡q‡Q)| GB ivRKzgvixi m‡½ †MwÄi fvB‡cvi †cÖg Ges ˆ`wnK m¤úK© ˆZwi nq| Zv‡Z Rb¥ nq wcÖÝ KvI‡ivi| mevB Rv‡b KvI‡iv †MwÄi mšÍvb, Avm‡j Zv bq| e„× eq‡m †MwÄi we‡q gyivmvwKi m‡½ m¤úK©‡”Q` NUvq| gyivmvwK ÔweKzwbÕi (mbœ¨vwmbx) Rxeb †e‡Q †bb| mbœ¨vwmbx Ae¯’vq gyivmvwK gviv hvb| G g„Zz¨ †MwÄ‡K Mfxifv‡e fvwe‡q †Zv‡j| Rxe‡bi wK Zv n‡j GB cwiYwZ? g„Zz¨wPšÍv Zv‡K †c‡q e‡m| †MwÄ GK mgq gviv hvq| Dcb¨vmwU GLv‡b †kl n‡Z cviZ| wKš‘ Zv evov‡bv n‡q‡Q †MwÄi cieZx© Av‡iv `yB cÖRb¥ ch©šÍ| Dcb¨v‡mi 45 †_‡K 54 Aa¨vq ch©šÍ Zvi e¨vwß| G Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Ô†Ub DwR P¨vÞviÕ| DwRi cUf‚wg‡Z G Aa¨vq¸‡jv iwPZ e‡j GiKg bvg| G Aa¨vq¸‡jvI †cÖg Avi wei‡ni|

Qq (`yB)

Dcb¨vmwU GK nvRvi eQi Av‡M †jLv n‡jI Zvi K‡qKwU w`K we¯§‡qi D‡`ªK K‡i| GwU ïay cÖ_g Dcb¨vmB bq, cÖ_g AvaywbK Dcb¨vmI| cÖvPxb mvwn‡Z¨ Avgiv ïay †`wL ag© Avi †è-†èx‡ì cÖvavb¨| †mLv‡b gvbyl †MŠY| cÖvPxb Rvcvb A_©vr gyivmvwKi mgmvgwqKKv‡j †hme DcvL¨vb ev g‡bvMvZvwi iwPZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvq †è-†èxi cÖvavb¨,

Kg K‡i n‡jI iƒcK_v A_ev d¨v›Uvwm‡Z ficyi| Rvcv‡bi HwZn¨MZ Ôg‡bvMvZvwi mvwn‡Z¨Õ cvVK G meB †`‡L G‡m‡Q|47 GB avivq e¨wZµg wb‡q G‡jb gyivmvwK| GLv‡b cÖvavb¨ †cj gvbyl Ges gvby‡li ev¯Íe Rxeb| †mB gvby‡liv n‡”Q Zuvi Pvicv‡ki gvbyl, hv‡ì m‡½ Zuvi cÖwZw`bB mv¶vr N‡U| mgªvU, mgªvÁx, hyeivR Ges ivRbëM©| Avi wjL‡jb †ivgvw›UK †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm| Ggb Dcb¨vm, hv Avgv‡ì †Ljv ivg †L‡j hv Dcb¨vm‡KI nvi gvbvq| MÖš’wU cÖ_g gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨v‡miI †MŠie †cj| AvaywbK gvby‡li †h gb¯ÍvwË¡K msKU Zv D‡V G‡jv GB Dcb¨v‡m| e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY¸‡jv GKB m‡½ ˆbwZK I wbqwZwbf©i Ges êÁvwbK| mgv‡jvP‡Kiv g‡b K‡ib, GB Dcb¨vm AvR ch©šÍ Av`k© K¬vwmK¨vj Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZf‚|

Qq (wZb)

Dcb¨v‡mi cUf‚wg `kg-GKv`k kZ‡Ki mg„× †nBqvb mvgªvR¨| mgªvU Ges Zuvi ìev‡ii AwfRvZ gvbyl, †hgb : mgªvÁx, ivRcyÎ-ivRKb¨v, gš¿x, Mfb©i, †mbv Kg©KZ©v, ivRKg©Pvix, ivRKwe cÖf…wZ D”Pch©v‡qi gvby‡li RxebwPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Qb wZwb| Z‡e Zv ev¯Í‡ei Av`‡j KvíwbK wPÎ| PwiÎ-wPÎ‡Y gyivmvwK AmvaviY `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| †nBqvb ivRmfv‡Kw›`ªK Dcb¨v‡m ivRKxq cUf‚wg I Ave‡ni cvkvcvwk ivRKxq Pwi‡Îi AeZviYv †hgb LyeB cÖvmw½K wQj, †Zgwb Zv‡ì wbw`©ó `vwqZ¡ I e¨w³Z¡‡K dzwU‡q †Zvjv wQj Dcb¨v‡mi ev¯ÍweK I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zvi cwiPvqK| Zv Kiv n‡q‡Q mZK©Zvi m‡½| Zvi †P‡qI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq GB †h, gyivmvwK PwiÎ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ø›Ø-msNvZ, †fvM-jvjmv, ¶gZvi cwiYvg, we‡kl K‡i †ivgvÂ I m‡¤¢v‡Mi gb¯ÍvwË¡K e¨vL¨v †hfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb, Zv ZLbKvi a¨vb-aviYvq weijZg| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ wnKviæ †MwÄ| †m mgªv‡Ui cyÎ, hyeivR| DccZœxi mšÍvb| gvZvi g„Zzï ci wegvZv dzwRZmy‡evi Kv‡Q gvbyl nq| †bv Aqx bv‡g †lv‡jv eQi eq‡mi GK hyeZxi m‡½ Zvi we‡q nq gvÎ ev‡iv eQi eq‡m| eq‡mi eëavb †MwÄi

Rxeb‡K cÖ_g RwUj GK c‡_i mÜvb †`q| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b cv w`‡qB †m wegvZv dzwRZmy‡evi †cÖ‡g c‡o, Zvi m‡½ ˆ`wnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i Ges GK cyÎmšÍv‡bi Rb¥ †`q| †jv‡K Rv‡b GB mšÍvb mgªv‡Ui| †MwÄ Lye my`k©b| mrgv †hgb Zvi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡q‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡iv eû bvixi mvwbœa¨ †c‡q‡Q †m| †MwÄi †fvM gvbwmKZvi g‡a¨ AvaywbKKv‡ji d«‡qWxq gb¯Í‡Ë¡i weKvk my¯úó| Zvi †fvMRxeb ¯^vfvweK bq| wfbœc‡_ cwiPvwjZ| e‡qv‡R¨ô cÖ_g ¯¿x †hb Zvi †fvMRxe‡bi g~j KzuwowU †f‡O w`‡q eû Kzuwo MRv‡bvi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q| cÖvmv`-loh‡š¿ †m ¶gZv‡jvfx bq, Z‡e †fvM gvbwmKZvq my‡hvM-mÜvbx| †Kv‡bv my‡hvMB nvZQvov Ki‡Z Pvq bv| Jcb¨vwmK †fv‡Mi cvkvcvwk ˆbwZK‡eva Ges wbqwZwbf©i Kg©djev‡`i Ici †MwÄi cwiYvg wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| `ye©j ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ †MwÄi †cÖg I Av‡eMgq Rxe‡b ax‡i-ax‡i AatcZb †b‡g Av‡m| †m Av‡iK igYx‡K we‡q K‡i| Zv‡K ejv nq Ô_vW© wcÖ‡ÝmÕ| GB ivRKzgvixi m‡½ †MwÄi fvB‡cvi ˆ`wnK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq Ges Zv‡Z Rb¥ nq wcÖÝ KvI‡ivi| †jvKRb Rv‡b †m †MwÄi mšÍvb| Avm‡j ev¯Í‡e Zv bq| †MwÄi g‡Wj g‡b Kiv nq wgwPbvMv‡K| wgwPbvMv m¤ú‡K© gyivmvwKi Wv‡qwi †_‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ Rvbv hvq| †MwÄ †Rvi K‡i †h gyivmvwK‡K ivRcÖvmv‡` Zz‡j Av‡b, A‡bK mgv‡jvPK Zuvi g‡a¨ Jcb¨vwmK gyivmvwK wkwKey‡K Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| ZLb wgwPbvMv‡KI Giv mvg‡b wb‡q Av‡mb| Z‡e wgwPbvMv g‡Wj wn‡m‡e mvg‡b _vK‡jI gyivmvwKi wbg©vY Kiv †MwÄ PwiÎ A‡bK DuPz`‡ii, hvi m‡½ wgwPbvMvi Zzjbv P‡j mvgvb¨B|

Qq (Pvi)

mgKvjxb welq wb‡q KvR Kivi g‡a¨ Sv‡gjvI wQj| Zv wQj Lye ¯úk©KvZi welq| wZwb ivRcÖvmv‡` KvR Ki‡jI ivRKwe wKsev KvwnwbKvi‡`i g‡Zv ivRv ev mgªv‡Ui cÖkw¯Íg~jK mvwnZ¨ iPbv Ki‡Z hvbwb| †jLvi †¶‡Î ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| GK iv‡Zi †fvRmfvq mfvKwe (†KvU©c‡qU) dzwRIqviv †bv wKš‘ gyivmvwK‡K weeªZKi

Ae¯’vq †djvi Rb¨ nVvr K‡iB cÖkœ K‡ib, †Zvgvi †MwÄ g‡bvMvZvwi‡Z GB ivRcÖvmv‡ì †Kvb-†Kvb Pwi‡Îi K_v e‡j‡Qv? gyivmvwK Zvr¶wYK Reve †`b, Avgvi †Kv‡bv PwiÎ GLv‡b evm K‡i bv|48 wZwb Zuvi Wv‡qwi‡Z welqwU D‡jøL K‡ib| mgªvU, mgªvÁx I wgwPbvMv wbqwgZB Zuvi †jLv co‡Zb| ZviciI PwiÎ m„wó wKsev Mí eY©bvq KvD‡K Lywk Ki‡Z Zrci nbwb| eis hv †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Zv n‡jv ¶gZvi wbg©g ev Ab¨vq eënv‡i bk¦i myL ïay gvbe Aw¯Í‡Z¡ `ytLB e‡q Av‡b| Dcb¨v‡mi AšÍZ GK nvRvi RvqMvq wZwb Ô†gv‡bv †bv GIq¨viÕ A_©vr Ô`¨ m‡iv Ae wnDg¨vb Gw·mU¨vÝÕ K_vwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb|49 gyivmvwK PvB‡j ivRcÖvmv‡` Zuvi Ae¯’v‡bi K_v we‡ePbvq G‡b myweav‡fvMxi g‡Zv AvBwWqvwjw÷K fvebvq Dcb¨vm‡K cwic~Y© K‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡Zb, wKš‘ wZwb Zv bv K‡i †MwÄ Dcb¨v‡m gvbeRxe‡bi ev¯Íe wKQy w`‡Ki cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b †fvM, ¶gZv, evmbv, ev¯ÍweKfv‡eB cwi`„k¨gvb| Zuvi Rb¨ Av‡Q wbwj©ßZv, AvZ¥-cÖ‡¶ck~b¨Zv (PwiÎ m„wó‡Z, Kvwnwb iƒcvq‡Y wKsev NUbvi eY©bvq) hv bvq‡Ki Rb¨ mnvbyf‚wZ _vKv m‡Ë¡I AbvKvw•ÿZ †Kv‡bv fve‡jv‡Ki Rb¥ †`qwb Ges Dcb¨v‡m Zv Awf‡cÖZI bq| Z‡e †Uj‡ii g‡Z, gyivmvwK Pwi‡Î wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi cÖwZdjb NUv‡jI wZwb Jcb¨vwmK wn‡m‡e Zuvi bZzb m„wói Ck¦iB _vK‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, wb‡R Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎ n‡Z hvbwb|50

Qq (cuvP)

Dcb¨v‡mi me©Î †nBqvb mvgªv‡R¨i AvwfRvZ¨, Hk¦h© Ges D”PZi Rxebgv‡bi cwiPq Av‡Q| D”P mgv‡Ri cwic~Y© GKwU mgvRwPÎ Av‡Q| GB mgv‡Ri m‡½ gyivmvwKi cwiPq wQj cÖZ¨¶| GKRb †gavex I cÖwZfvgqx †jwLKv wn‡m‡e Zuvi Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨ welq I cUf‚wg wbe©vP‡bi g‡a¨ hZUv cwiPq cwie¨vß Zvi †P‡q †ewk cÖwZfvi mv¶vr †g‡j wPÎKí I PwiÎ-m„wó‡Z| †MwÄ Dcb¨v‡mi 45Zg Aa¨v‡q GKwU `„k¨eY©bv GiKg : GK `viæY emšÍw`b| Aóg hyeivR DwRi ivRcÖvmv‡` e‡m cÖvK…wZK evMv‡bi w`‡K ZvwK‡q Av‡Qb| †mLv‡b cyKz‡i mšÍiYkxj GK‡Rvov

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Qq (Qq)

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113

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Qq (mvZ)

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114

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Qq (AvU)

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Qq (bq)

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1. Rb wiPvW© evIwis (1996), ÔBb‡UªvWvKkbÕ Bb `¨ Wv‡qwi Ae †jwW gyivmvwK jÛb, †c½yBb, c„ 4| 2. nviæwk‡ib (1987), `¨ weªR Ae wWªgm : A¨v c‡qwUKm Ae Ô`¨ †Uj Ae

†MwÄÕ, ÷¨vb‡dvW©, c„ 215| 3. †Kwb_ †nb‡kj (1999), A¨v wnw÷ª Ae Rvcvb, wbDBqK©, c„ 24-25| 4. nviæwk‡ib (1987), c„ 293| 5. Rb wiPvW© evIwis (2004), `¨ KvjvPvivj e¨vKMÖvDÛ Bb `¨ †Uj Ae †MwÄ, †KgweªR BDwc, c„ 4| 6. †PB‡Kv gyjnvb© (1994), RvcvwbR I‡gb ivBUvi : A¨v ev‡qvwµwUK¨vj †mvm©eyK, I‡q÷ †cvU© wmwU, c„ 257| 7. †PB‡Kv gyjnvb© (1991), wn‡ivwqK DB_ †MÖm : wj‡RbWvwi I‡gb Ae Rvcvb, Avi‡gvbK, c„ 79| 8. wPwS‡Kv I †q‡bv (2009), gWvb© d¨vwgwj Bb Rvcvb : BUm ivBR A¨vÛ dj, †gj‡evb©, c„ 254| 9. wgLvBj G‡Wvjd&mb (2007), †nBqvb Rvcvb : †m›Uvim A¨vÛ †cwi‡dwiR, nbjyjy, c„ 111| 10. GWDBb †imPvIqvi (1999), Rvcvb : `¨ wnw÷ª Ae A¨v †bkb, wbDBqK©, c„ 29| 11. _gvm Bb‡R (1990), †jwW gyivmvwK A¨vÛ `¨ µvdU Ae wdKkb, AvUjvw›UK wiwfD, c„ 9| 12. wk‡ib (1987), c„ 218| 13. IB| 14. IB| 15. IB| 16. gyjnvb© (1991), c„ 84| 17. †µBM jKvW© (2008), †mvmvBwUR, †bUIqvK©m A¨vÛ UªvbwRkvbm, fwjDg-1, †ev÷b, c„ 292| 18. R‡kvqv †gvm‡Zv (2001), gv`vi Uvs A¨vÛ dv`vi w¯ŒÞ, nbjyjy, c„ 130| 19. Av_©vi Iqv‡j (1960), Bb‡UªvWvKkb Bb wkwKey, gyivmvwK, `¨ †Uj Ae †MwÄ : A¨v b‡fj Bb wPµ cvU&m, wbDBqK©, c„ 7| 20. †nb‡kj (1999), c„ 25| 21. Iqv‡j (1960), c„ 7| 22. †Wvbvì wKb (1988), †cøRvm© Ae RvcvwbR wjUv‡iPvi, wbDBqK©, c„ 414| 23. Iqv‡j (1960), c„ 10| 24. gyjnvb© (1994), c„ 260| 25. wk‡ib (1987), c„ 222| 26. gyjnvb© (1994), c„ 258| 27. gyjnvb© (1994), c„ 259| 28. Iqv‡j (1960), c„ 7| 29. Iqv‡j (1960), c„ 7| 30. Iqv‡j (1960), c„ 7|

115

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wKš‘ cÖKiY-m¤úwK©Z ev wkí-BwZnvm I Av‡›`vjb-m¤úwK©Z kã¸wji †ÿ‡Î weKíeR©b nq‡Zv ZZUv mgm¨vi bq| Rjis, †Zjis BZ¨vw` kã weKínxbfv‡eB eëüZ nq| Zey Bs‡iwR kãI †h †KD-†KD G‡Kev‡i eënvi K‡ib bv, Zv bq| wKš‘ Ô†U¤úvivÕ ev Ô¸qv‡kÕi evsjv cwifvlvi eënvi LyeB mxwgZ| †U¤úviv‡K ÔAb”Q eY©Õ †j‡Lb †KD-†KD, ev Ô¸qvkÕ‡K A¯^”Q Rjis| kixd Av‡jvP¨ eB‡Z Ô¸qvkÕ‡K Ô¸qvkÕ-B ivL‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Ô†U¤úvivÕ kãwUi D‡jøLB †bB Zuvi eB‡Z| weÁv‡bi †ÿ‡Î `xN© cÖwµqv I wPšÍv-fvebv P‡j‡Q evsjv cwifvlv wb‡q| 1818 mv‡j DBwjqg †Kwii †bZ…‡Z¡ kÖxivgcyi wgkbvwi K‡jR cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| 1823-G †mLvb †_‡KB cÖKvwkZ nq †Kwii cyÎ †dwjKm †Kwii †jLv eë‡”Q` we`¨v| GwUB weÁvb-cy¯ÍK I evsjvq êÁvwbK cwifvlv iPbvi cÖ_g cÖqvm| Gici †_‡K Jcwb‡ewkK I DËi-Jcwb‡ewkK c‡e© eû cÖKí MwVZ n‡q‡Q êÁvwbK cwifvlv wba©vi‡Y| Zv †_‡K myôz I mywPwšÍZ cwifvlv M‡oI D‡V‡Q| wewfbœ cÖK‡í cwifvlv MV‡bi †h-mg¯Í m~Î wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q, wk‡íi cwifvlv wba©vi‡YI Zv mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i| †miKg `y-GKwU cÖK‡íi D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i GLv‡b| 1315 e½v‡ã (1908) e½xq mvwnZ¨ mw¤§jbxi wØZxq evwl©K ivRkvnx Awa‡ek‡b AvPvh© cÖdzjøP›`ª ivq‡K mfvcwZ K‡i ÔêÁvwbK cwifvlv KwgwUÕ MwVZ n‡qwQj| cwifvlv wbg©v‡Y cÖdzjøP‡›`ªi A‡bK Ae`vb Av‡Q| 1313 e½v‡ãi (1906) mvwnZ¨ cwil` cwÎKvi PZz_© msL¨vq Zuvi ÔêÁvwbK cwifvlvÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖeÜ †e‡ivq| Zv‡Z cwifvlv iPbvi PviwU m~Î †`b wZwb| †m¸wj n‡jv Ñ 1. Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖPwjZ Dchy³ kã MÖnY; 2. b~Zb kã cÖYqb; 3. Ab¨vb¨ †`kxq êÁvwbK kã ¯’vbwe‡k‡l wKwÂr cwiewZ©Zfv‡e MÖnY; 4. Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ †h mg¯Í kã ev mvs‡KwZK wPý †Kv‡bv GK we‡kl A‡_© eënvi Zrmgy`q †Kv‡bv ¯’‡j †Kej AÿivšÍwiZ K‡i MÖnY I †Kv‡bv we‡kl ¯’v‡b AÿivšÍwiZ bv K‡i MÖnY| ZuviB gZ wQj †h, oxygen BZ¨vw` kã evsjvq iƒcvšÍwiZ bv K‡iB MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| ¯^vaxbZv-cieZx©Kv‡j cwðge½ miKvi 1948-G MVb K‡ib Ôcwifvlv msm`Õ Ges 1964-†Z Ôcwðge½ ivR¨fvlv

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weavb KwgkbÕ| 1961-†Z fviZ miKv‡ii wkÿv gš¿‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ nq Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology| cwifvlv ˆZwii `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv nq Gi Ici| Gi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb W. wW.Gm †KvVvwi| cwifvlv wel‡q †KvVvwi Kwgk‡bi cÖavb m~Î¸wj wQj GiKg : 1. AvšÍR©vwZK kã¸wji PwjZ Bs‡iwR iƒc h_vm¤¢e AweK…Z ivLv n‡e| 2. êÁvwbK Kíbvg~jK kã¸wj (conceptual terms) fvlvšÍwiZ n‡e, MwVZ kã¸wj mij, h_v_© A_©en I mnR‡eva¨ nIqv ìKvi| 3. cwifvlviƒ‡c MwVZ kã¸wj ms¯‹…Z †_‡K ey¨rcbœ n‡j Ab¨ cÖ‡`‡kI Pj‡Z cv‡i| 4. Ab¨ fvlv †_‡K M„nxZ kã h_v BwÄb, †gwmb, UP©, wcÖRg BZ¨vw` AweK…Z eRvq ivLv hv‡e| 5. ms¯‹…Z we‡kl¨, we‡klY c` avZzi g‡Zv eënvi K‡i Dchy³ cÖZ¨q †hv‡M bZzb kã MVb Kiv Pj‡e| †hgb, wkjb (freezing), ev®úb (vaporization) BZ¨vw`| 6. †`kR bem„ó I Ab¨vb¨ k‡ã mijZvi Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi wKQy wbqg wkw_j Kiv Pj‡e| G ch©šÍ evsjv cwifvlv wbg©v‡YI GB m~Î¸wj Kv‡R †j‡M‡Q| †Mvj‡K›`y †Nv‡li msm` weÁvb cwifvlv †Kvl MÖš’wU GB mg¯Í m~‡Îi wfwË‡ZB iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GwU AZ¨šÍ wbf©i‡hvM¨ GKwU MÖš’| êÁvwbK cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© GB †h we¯Í…Z KvR n‡q‡Q, †mUv AbymiY Ki‡j wk‡íi cwifvlv-msµvšÍ fvebvq Avgiv wKQy m~Î †c‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ wk‡íi cwifvlv wb‡q †miKg wbf©i‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv KvR nqwb| kixd Av‡jvP¨ eB‡qi f‚wgKvq evsjv‡`‡ki evsjv GKv‡Wwg KZ…©K 1985 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv I b›`bZË¡ cwifvlv bv‡g MÖš’wUi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, hvi b›`bZË¡ cwifvlvi AskwU iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb †m-†`‡ki AMÖYx wkí-mgv‡jvPK ˆmq` gbRyiæj Bmjvg| G-evsjvq †miKg †Kv‡bv cÖ‡Póv nqwb| LyeB fv‡jv nq hw` `yB evsjv †hŠ_fv‡e GiKg †Kv‡bv cwifvlv †Kvl ˆZwii D‡`¨vM †bq| Z‡e 1874-G k¨vgvPiY kÖxgvbx †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvR ch©šÍ A‡bK †jLK evsjv fvlvq wkíKjv wel‡q wj‡L‡Qb| Zuv‡ì PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv cwifvlv h‡_ó mg„×I n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GLb ch©šÍ weKíewR©Z me©RbMÖvn¨ †Kv‡bv iƒc Zvi ˆZwi nqwb| Avgiv GLb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKRb †jL‡Ki cwifvlv cÖeYZv‡K GKUz †`‡L †bIqvi †Póv Kie|

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