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ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b (ev eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k) b‡fivi fv¯‹i cwiPq Aek¨B e¨wZµgx, GRb¨ nq‡Zv †h wZwb gymwjg bvix, wKš‘ gRvi welq n‡jv, ZLb †Kv‡bv cyi“l wkíxI fv¯‹hP© P©v Ki‡Zb bv| GgbwK Agymwjg ev wn›`y wkíxivI, hw`I cÖwZwbqZ AmsL¨ cÖ_vMZ AvKl©Yxq cÖwZgv Mov n‡Zv| myZivs ag©xq Kvi‡Y G‡`‡k AvaywbK fv¯‹hP© P©v n‡Z cviZ bv, Ggb hyw³ †U‡K bv| †bnvZB NUbvµ‡g XvKvq Rqbyj Av‡ew`b‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv fv¯‹i bv _vKvq ïi“ †_‡K fv¯‹h© wk¶vi D‡`¨vM †bIqv hvqwb| Ab¨ A‡bK wefvMI ZLb ïi“ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| fv¯‹hP© P©vq A_©‰bwZK c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afve Aek¨B MÖvn¨| b‡fivi cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki XvKvq e‡m wbwg©Z Kswµ‡Ui fv¯‹h¸© ‡jv AmvaviY| Zuvi wbR¯^ ÷vBj ZLbB GK D”Pgvb AR©b K‡iwQj| GKK wdMvi, gv I mš—vb, gv-evev-mš—vb, cyi“l I Mi“, cwievi I Mi“, G-ai‡bi welq mnR Avw½‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb, G¸‡jv‡K †mwg-wdMv‡iwUf ev AeqewfwËK Avav-ev¯—eag©x Avw½‡Ki e‡j aiv hvq| gva¨‡gi Kvi‡YB Avw½K ev wdMvi-Mo‡b mnRZv G‡b‡Qb| †nbwi gy¨‡ii g‡Zv k~b¨ †¯úm (†KvUi) †i‡L‡Qb| gvby‡li gv_v AvKv‡i †QvU †`wL‡q‡Qb, A‡bKUv evsjvi gvwUi cyZz‡ji g‡Zv Avevi †nbwi gy¨‡ii Avw½‡Ki g‡Zv ejv hvq| cÖvq GKB Avw½‡K fv¯‹h© M‡o‡Qb Zuvi mgKvjxb cvwK¯—vwb wkíx bvwmi kvgwm I IqvwRi Rywe| Guiv `yR‡bB KvQvKvwQ mg‡q cvwK¯—vb I BD‡iv‡c fv¯‹h© wk¶v wb‡qwQ‡jb| b‡fiv welq we‡ePbvq wQ‡jb Abb¨, wZwb evsjvi K…lK cwiev‡ii Aš—i½ cwi‡ek PgrKvifv‡e wkívwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wKQy Kv‡R mv`v I Kv‡jv i‡Oi wm‡g›U e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †QvU Kv‡R wm‡g‡›U †iW A·vBWI e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Gme Kv‡Ri wKQy `„óvš— eZ©gv‡b RvZxq Rv`yN‡i msiw¶Z i‡q‡Q| mv`v wm‡g›U I gv‡e©j KYv e¨envi K‡i fv¯‹h© wbg©vY evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯—eZv‡K †g‡b wb‡q ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb| b‡fivi cÂv‡ki `k‡Ki AZ¨š— eogv‡ci GKwU KvR ZrKvjxb cvewjK jvB‡eªwii (eZ©gv‡bi XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †K›`ªxq jvB‡eªwi) †`qv‡j wbwg©Z wm‡g‡›Ui wiwjd K‡¤úvwRkb| G‡Z gvbyl, Mi“, nvwZ BZ¨vw`i GKwU cwievi Mov n‡q‡Q mg-weg~Z© Avw½‡K| b‡fivi fv¯‹‡h©i †gŠwjK Avw½K G‡Z cÖZ¨¶ Kiv hvq| b‡fivi 1957-60 Gi fv¯‹h© wb`k©‡bi m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki wkívbyivMx‡`i cÖ_g cÖZ¨¶ cwiPq| G¸‡jv wQj h_vh_B AvaywbK avivi| wZwb lv‡Ui `k‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K wKQyUv ev¯—eag©x cÖwZK…wZ M‡o‡Qb (ÔPvBì wd‡jvmdviÕ 1961), cvwK¯—v‡b RvZxq cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb, lv‡Ui `k‡K avZe fv¯‹h© K‡i‡Qb, A‡bKUv Kb÷ªvª KwUf ixwZ‡Z Zuvi GKwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKK cÖ`k©bx AbywôZ n‡qwQj e¨vsK‡K (1970 m‡bi A‡±vei gv‡m)| G‡Z wf‡qZbvg hy‡× e¨eüZ wegvb I hy×v‡¯¿i fMœve‡kl I‡qwìs c×wZ‡Z †Rvov jvwM‡q bvbv K‡¤úvwRkb M‡o‡Qb| Av‡Mi KvR †_‡K GB KvR¸‡jv wQj h‡_ó wfbœ Avw½K I †KŠk‡ji| 1956 m‡b †`‡k wd‡i b‡fiv I nvwg` †hŠ_ cÖ`k©bx K‡i‡Qb 1957 m‡b| 1957-58‡Z †K›`ªxq knx` wgbvi wbg©v‡Y b‡fiv nvwg`yi ivngv‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡qwQ‡jb| wgbv‡ii g~j bKkv wQj nvwg`yi ivngv‡bi, †mfv‡eB wZwb mivmwi Pzw³e× n‡qwQ‡jb miKv‡ii m‡½| Z‡e b‡fiv wZbwU fv¯‹h© Ki‡eb, Ggb e¨e¯’vI nvwg` †i‡LwQ‡jb| ¯’vcwZ¨K bKkvi m‡½ BD‡ivcxq bMi-wk‡íi

gv I wkï

b‡fiv Avn‡g` I †MÖ‡Mvqv `¨ eª“bm c¨vwim, 1986

Av`‡j PZ¡‡i cvwbi †dvqviv _vK‡e, Ggb aviYvI bKkvq ms‡hvRb K‡iwQ‡jb b‡fiv| ZvQvov knx` wgbv‡ii †em‡g‡›Ui †`qv‡j GK nvRvi eM©dUz gy¨ivj AuvKvi cwiKíbv wQj nvwg`yi ivngv‡bi| cvwikÖwgK wn‡m‡e nvwg‡`i cÖvc¨ wQj cuwPk nvRvi Avi wZbwU fv¯‹‡h©i Rb¨ b‡fivi cÖvc¨ wQj `k nvRvi UvKv| wZwb Zuvi fv¯‹h© K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb, †m¸‡jv wgbvi PZ¡‡iB ivLv wQj; wKš‘ Õ58-†Z mvgwiK kvmb cÖeZ©b-cieZ©x mg‡q Avi †mm‡ei †LuvR cvIqv hvqwb, nvwg`yi ivngv‡bi gy¨ivj wPθ‡jvI aŸsm Kiv n‡qwQj| G‡Z `yB wkíxB gg©vnZ nb| cÖvc¨ A‡_©i mvgvb¨ AskB Zuviv †c‡qwQ‡jb| cieZ©x mg‡q knx` wgbv‡ii bKkv I wbg©v‡Y A`j-e`j n‡q‡Q Avi Zv‡Z nvwg`yi ivngv‡bi bvg ejv n‡jI cÖvqkB b‡fivi f~wgKvi K_v Abywj­wLZ _v‡K| welqwU AZ¨š— `ytLRbK| Qvàvbœ m‡b b‡fiv I nvwg` GKm‡½ jÛb †_‡K XvKvq wd‡i Av‡mb, knx` wgbvi wb‡q GKm‡½ `xN© mgq KvRI K‡ib| `yR‡bi NwbôZvi K_v A‡b‡KiB Rvbv wQj| 1958-59 m‡b nvwg` †d‡jvwkc wb‡q hy³iv‡óª hvb| †mLvb †_‡K †`‡k †divi ci 1960 m‡b wZwb Avkivd Rvnv‡bi m‡½ cwiYqm~‡Î Ave× nb (nvwg`yi ivngvb cieZ©xKv‡j KvbvWvq Awfevmx nb, †mLv‡b wk¶KZv I wkíPP©v K‡ib| wZwb 1988 m‡b gviv hvb| knx` wgbv‡ii m‡½ m¤ú„³ `yRb wkíxB NUbvµ‡g `xN© cÖevmx nb I

we‡`‡kB g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib)| 1960 m‡bi ci †h-†Kv‡bv Kvi‡YB †nvK, b‡fiv XvKv ev c~e© evsjv †Q‡o cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b P‡j hvb, jv‡nv‡i GKvwaK cÖ`k©bx‡Z Ask †bb, RvZxq cyi¯‹viI AR©b K‡ib| †mLvb †_‡K gv‡S fiZbvU¨g †kLvi Rb¨ †ev‡¤^ hvb, Zvici Amy¯’ Ae¯’vq P‡j hvb jÛb, Zvici c¨vwim| 1970 m‡b e¨vsK‡K GKwU GKK cÖ`k©bx K‡ib| ZLb m‡½ wQ‡jb d‡UvMÖvdvi †MÖ‡Mvqv `¨ eª“bm| ZLb †_‡K g„Z¨z i mgq ch©š— b‡fiv c¨vwi‡mB Rxeb KvUvb| †PŠÏ-c‡b‡iv eQi eq‡m cvwievwiK B”Qvq, m¤¢eZ Zuvi Ag‡ZB, Zuvi cÖ_g we‡q n‡qwQj, hv Aek¨ K‡qK gv‡mi †ewk †U‡Kwb, c‡i c¨vwi‡m Zuvi Avg„Z¨z m½x wQ‡jb †MÖ‡Mvqv `¨ eª“bm| wkíPP©vq cÖ_g †_‡KB b‡fiv wQ‡jb h‡_ó ˆewkó¨gq, e¨w³MZ Rxebhvc‡bI wZwb wQ‡jb LyeB e¨wZµgx| AvMv‡MvovB wfbœ †gRv‡Ri wkíx| GKch©v‡q wZwb †`k †Q‡o P‡j †M‡Qb, Avi †d‡ibwb, KviY †`‡ki Ici Awfgvb bvwK †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Ici, bv Ab¨ wKQy, Avgiv Rvwb bv| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl Zuv‡K Zuvi cÖvc¨ kÖ×v ev m¤§vb ev fv‡jvevmv Rvbvqwb| Z‡e Zviv Zuv‡K G‡Kev‡i fz‡j †M‡Q ZvI bq| cw_K…r AvaywbK fv¯‹i wn‡m‡e Zuv‡K memgqB ¯§iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| ivóªxq m¤§vbI †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ (1998) nq‡Zv Zuvi A‡bK Av‡MB cÖvc¨ wQj| 

Puv‡`i Av‡jv 1978

b‡fiv : Kv‡Qi n‡qI `~‡ii i wd Kz b b ex

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‡k AvaywbK fv¯‹‡h©i cÖe³v, cieZx© cÖR‡b¥i wkíx‡`i Aby‡cÖi K, wbf„ZPvix wkíx b‡fiv Avn‡g` wPiwe`vq wb‡jb| †mBm‡½ BwZ NUj wkíKjvi cxV¯’vb c¨vwi‡m Zuvi `xN© cÖevmRxe‡biI| mgvwß NUj †`‡ki m‡½ Zuvi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi fvebviI| †kvbv wM‡qwQj, †`‡k †divi Uvb Abyfe KiwQ‡jb| kvixwiKfv‡e my¯’ _vK‡j AwP‡iB Aš—Z GKev‡ii R‡b¨ n‡jI Avm‡eb, GgbUvI †kvbv hvw”Qj| GB AvmvUv Rxe‡bi †kl c‡e© LyeB Aviva¨ wQj wkíKjvRM‡Zi mevi| †f‡ewQjvg, †`‡ki mv¤úÖwZK PgrKvi Kg©Pv‡j¨ ficyi wkíKjv PP©vi RMrwU‡K

cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, †`Lv n‡q hv‡e fv¯‹h© PP©vi mycwi‡e‡ki w`KwUI| cvkvcvwk wZwb †h KZUv wcÖq, Av`iYxq Ges wbR †¶‡Îi R‡b¨ †kÖô‡Z¡i AvmbwU‡Z AwawôZ ZvI wZwb ¯^P‡¶ cÖZ¨¶ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ Zv Avi n‡q DVj bv| my`xN©Kvj we‡`‡k cÖevmRxeb hvcb Ki‡jI ev †`‡k Abycw¯’Z _vK‡jI wZwbB fv¯‹i wn‡m‡e me©vwaK Av‡jvwPZ e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi ewjô KvR, Avayw bK RxebvPvi, A`g¨ g‡bvej Ges hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkífvebv‡K wb‡q †`‡k Kjv‡ev×viv A‡Xj wj‡L‡Qb, Av‡jvPbvi cvÎx wQ‡jb eÜz-evÜe I ïfvbya¨vqx gn‡j| cÎcwÎKvq †jLv‡jwL n‡q‡Q cÖPzi, cvV¨eB‡Z

cwievi

Av‡jvKwPÎ : Avwgi“j ivwRe

Av‡jvKwPÎ : gbRyi“j AvwRg cjvk

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ey× b‡fiv Avn‡g`

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†gŠmyg 1991

m~h©gyLx bvix 1973

wkíxi bv †SuvKvi KviY †evanq wQj gva¨gwUi cÖwZ wb‡ew`Z †Kv‡bv wkíxi Abycw¯’wZ| KjKvZv †_‡K huvivB G f‚L‡Ê G‡mwQ‡jb (Rqbyj Av‡ew`b, Av‡bvqvi“j nK, mwdDÏxb Avn‡g`, LvRv kwdK Avn‡g`, Kvgi“j nvmvb, nweeyi ingvb), Zuviv wQ‡jb cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wPÎKi| b‡fiv mÁv‡b †mB ¯’vbwU cÂv‡ki `k‡K c~iY Ki‡Z GwM‡q G‡mwQ‡jb| Z‡e fv¯‹‡h©i g‡Zv KwVb w`K‡K gwnjv n‡qI †e‡Q †bIqv †Kv‡bv †`ªvn-we‡`ªv‡ni e¨vcvi wQj bv| wZwb wbqwgZ fv¯‹h© PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb ZLb| ms¯‹…Zgbv cwiev‡ii m`m¨ nIqvq †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB Qwe AuvKv Avi gvwU w`‡q cyZzj evbv‡bvi Af¨vmwU AvkKviv †cZ| Zuvi gv N‡i e‡m GB PP©v Ki‡Zb †bnvZB k‡Li e‡k| Rvbv hvq, bvP-Mv‡bI b‡fivi PP©v wQj| †mB cÖwZfvi w`KwUi ùziY N‡U wkíx‡`i m‡½ NwbôZvi Kvi‡Y| we‡kl K‡i wkíx nvwg`yi ivngv‡bi mvwbœa¨ I cÖksmvi Kvi‡Y| wZwb fv¯‹‡h©i w`‡KB Szu‡K c‡ob| nvwg`yi ivngv‡bi m‡½ Zuvi cwiPq N‡U jÛ‡b| Z‡e G‡Kev‡iB †kŠwLb wkíx ev ¯^wkw¶Z wkíx ej‡j †h A_© enb K‡i Zv b‡fivi †¶‡Î N‡Uwb| wZwb 1951 †_‡K 1955 mvj ch©š— wejv‡Z K¨v¤^viI‡qj ¯‹zj Ae AvU©m A¨vÛ µ¨vdUm wk¶vcÖwZôvb †_‡K wW‡c­vgv K‡ib| fv¯‹‡h© Zuvi wk¶K wQ‡jb †P‡Kv‡¯­vfvwKqvi K¨v‡ij †dv‡Mj|

cieZx© mg‡q †nbwi gyi I evieviv †ncIqv‡_©i KvR Ges fv¯‹h© msµvš— `k©b ev wPš—vfvebvq AvK…ó nb| Zuv‡`i Kv‡Ri fvefw½ Ges wbg©vY-†KŠkj‡K Zuvi fv‡jv jv‡M| ev¯—e e¯‘i AvKvi‡K mnwRqv I AvaywbKx K‡i cÖKv‡ki w`‡K †Suv‡Kb| 1960-Gi cÖ`k©bx‡Z cÖ`wk©Z KvR¸wj Zuvi †mB c‡e©i| †nbwi gyi‡`i g‡ZvB wel‡qi I gva¨‡gi KvwVb¨‡K cvi‡dv‡iU K‡i mwjW mvi‡dm †f‡O †cQ‡bi `„k¨‡KI wel‡qi Aš—M©Z K‡i fv¯‹h© M‡o‡Qb| GiKg Kivi KviYwU `yiK‡gi| GKwU wel‡qi KvwVb¨‡K mywkÖZv cÖ`vb Ges wØZxqwU wbmM©‡K me w`K †_‡K m¤ú„³ K‡i `„wóMÖvn¨Zv †`Iqv| cÖ`k©bxi g~j KvR¸wj wQj cvewjK jvB‡eªwii PZ¡iRy‡o Qov‡bv-wQUv‡bv| †`qv‡j wQj gy¨ivj| †ek RuvKRg‡Ki n‡qwQj cy‡iv cÖ`k©bx| D‡Øvabx Abyôv‡b hvBwb| wM‡qwQjvg †ek K‡qKw`b ci| cÖPzi †jvKmgvMg n‡Zv| Zv GZUvB †h jvB‡eªwii DËi w`‡K Pv-we¯‹z‡Ui †`vKvb e‡m wM‡qwQj| cieZx© mg‡q †`vKvbwU kixd wgqvi K¨vw›Ub bv‡g iƒcvš—wiZ n‡qwQj| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ Ges AvU© K‡j‡Ri QvÎivB wQj g~j †µZv| GB NUbvwU D‡j­L Kijvg b‡fivi Qov‡bv-wQUv‡bv fv¯‹h©¸wj‡K wb‡q wKQy †Mvjgvj nIqvi Kvi‡Y| Pv-we¯‹zU LvIqvi R‡b¨ Avmv †jvKRb †ewkifvMB gv‡V emZ| GKmgq

j¶ Kiv †Mj, A‡b‡KB fv¯‹h©¸wji Mv‡q †njvb w`‡q e‡m AvÇv †`q| AvU© K‡j‡Ri QvÎiv Gi cÖwZev` Ki‡j wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi QvÎiv weev‡` Rwo‡q c‡o| ejv evûj¨, IB fv¯‹h©¸wj †h gnv g~j¨evb wkíKg© Zv †evaM‡g¨ wQj bv A‡b‡KiB| GLb Aek¨ Ab¨ K_v| e`‡j †M‡Q A‡bK wKQyB| fv¯‹h© ewj ev wPÎKjv| GLb wkívbyivMx †e‡o‡Q| wkíKjvi K`i †hgb †e‡o‡Q, †Zgwb Gme wb‡q ÁvbI e„w× †c‡q‡Q A‡bKUvB|

¯^‡M©v`¨v‡b nvIqv 1992

hvB †nvK, b‡fiv P‡j †M‡jb| wKš‘ Zuvi †ekwKQy wkíKg© †`‡k i‡q †M‡Q| †m¸wj Avgv‡`i m¤ú`| b‡fiv‡K eyS‡Z n‡j, Zuv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z †M‡j Zuvi KvR¸wj msi¶‡Yi `vwqZ¡ ivóªxqfv‡eB †bIqv DwPZ e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi Ges Avgvi Rvbv g‡Z †mB `vwe †`‡ki wkíx, wkívbyivMx ev wkí‡ev×v meviB| Z‡e gb Lvivc Kiv Av‡¶cwU i‡qB †Mj| Avi Zv n‡jv †h, wkíx b‡fivi †`‡k †div Avi n‡jv bv| wZwb cÖevmRxebUv‡K Av‡iv `~‡ii bv-†divi gnvcÖev‡m mwi‡q wb‡jb wPiKv‡ji g‡Zv| 

¸‡qwb©Kv 1937

`ywe©bxZ GK bvixi †Pv‡L wcKv‡mv Av ›`v wj e iv k `x [wcKv‡mv gvbe bv `vbe Ñ G weZK©wU‡K mvg‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Qb Zuvi fv‡jvevmvi Ges D‡c¶vi bvixivB| wcKv‡mvi bvix‡`i Aš—Z GKRb d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv wb‡R‡K GB wkíxi Kv‡Q kZfvM mu‡c †`bwb| Rvg©vb †jvKM‡íi e­y †eqv‡W©i KvQ †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m‡Qb| d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jvi wcKv‡mvi m‡½ Rxeb, †R‡bU nvD‡ji mv¶vrKvi, Avwiqvbv nvwdsU‡bi wcKv‡mv : mªóv I aŸsmKvix Ges Av‡iv wKQy iPbv AbymiY K‡i Ô`ywe©bxZ iw¶Zvi †Pv‡L wcKv‡mvÕ wjwLZ| m‡½ †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Clr AcÖvmw½K wfbœ cv`UxKv|]

wc

Kv‡mvi cÖYwqbx I Drmvn`vÎx‡`i g‡a¨ GL‡bv GKRb RxweZ Av‡Qb Ñ d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv| Zuvi Rb¥ 26 b‡f¤^i 1921 m”Qj GK divwm cwiev‡i| evev e¨emvqx I K…wlZË¡we` Avi gv Rjiswkíx| wZwb wjL‡Z ïi“ K‡ib evg nv‡Z wKš‘ evev Zuv‡K wjL‡Z eva¨ K‡ib Wvb nv‡Z| wZwb `ynv‡ZB mgv‡b wj‡L †h‡Z cv‡ib| cuvP eQi eq‡mB wVK Ki‡jb wPÎwkíx n‡eb| wKš‘ evev PvB‡jb †g‡q‡K Zuvi g‡Zv D”Pwkw¶Z Ki‡Z, Zuv‡K n‡Z n‡e ˆeÁvwbK wKsev AvBbRxex| wZwb AvBb Aa¨qb ïi“ Ki‡jb, wKš‘ my‡hvM †c‡j K¬vm †d‡j P‡jb hvb †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv wgDwRqv‡g| w`bfi weL¨vZ me wkíxi AuvKv Qwe †`‡Lb, wd‡i G‡m hZUv AvBb c‡ob Zvi †P‡q †ewk c‡ob mvwnZ¨ Ñ GWMvi A¨v‡jb †cv, kvj© †ev`‡jqi| Dwbk eQi eq‡m wkíx nevi ¯^cœ GwM‡q wb‡Z AvBb Aa¨qb wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv †Q‡o †`b| 1943| c¨vwim ZLb Rvg©vwbi `L‡j| wcKv‡mvi m‡½ †`Lv| wcKv‡mv ZLb GKlwÆ Avi GB QwecvMj Zi“Yx GKzk| 1943-53 cÖvq `k eQi d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv wcKv‡mvi wgm‡Uªm I †cÖiYv`vÎx wQ‡jb; ˆeaZvi msKU †g‡b wb‡qB wZwb

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IjMv †LvK‡jvfv wnw÷wiqvMÖ¯— n‡q‡Q Avi †Wviv gvi †Zv e× Db¥v`| gb‡gvwnbx d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv hLb PweŸk, Zuv‡K wb‡q wcKv‡mvi AuvKv eû Qwe Zuv‡K AgiZ¡ w`‡q‡Q| Ôcve‡jv Avgvi m‡½ Abe`¨ GK gvbyl Ñ Zvi m½ AvZkevwRi m‡½ _vKvi g‡Zv| cve‡jv we¯§qKi ai‡bi m„Rbkxj, †gav`xß Ges Rv`yKix e¨w³‡Z¡i gvbyl| Zvi gb hLb †gvwnZ Ki‡Z Pvq, GgbwK cv_iI Zvi my‡i bvP‡Z PvB‡e| wKš‘ cve‡jv GKB m‡½ A‡b¨i cÖwZ wbg©g, gl©Kvgx I wb`©q, KL‡bv wb‡Ri cÖwZI| cve‡jv PvBZ mewKQyB Zvi B‡”Q Abyhvqx n‡e, bvix‡K _vK‡Z n‡e Zvi †mevq| †m bvixi Rb¨ bq| cve‡jv fveZ †m Ck¦i Ñ wKš‘ †m †Zv Ck¦i bq Ñ GUv Zv‡K wePwjZ KiZ| cve‡jv Avgvi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q eo †cÖg,

d«vu ‡mvqvR wR‡jvi †cv‡UªU©

bvix cy®ú (1946) d«vu ‡mvqvR wR‡jv‡K wb‡q AuvKv

wKš‘ (Zvi g‡Zv Hk¦wiK `vb‡ei m‡½ †_‡K) wb‡R‡K i¶v Kivi c`‡¶cI †Zv wb‡Z n‡e| Avwg wb‡qwQ| aŸsm n‡q hvevi Av‡M Avwg †ewi‡q G‡mwQ| Ab¨iv cv‡iwb| Zviv cÖej kw³kvjx wg‡bvUvi (wMÖK DcK_vi A‡a©K gvbe, A‡a©K luvo) AuvK‡o †_‡K‡Q Ges †mRb¨ Pig g~j¨ w`‡q‡Q|Õ 1953 mv‡j d«uv‡mvqvR hLb `yB mš—vb Ñ K¬` (1947) Ges cv‡jvgv‡K (1949) wb‡q wcKv‡mv‡K wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv †Q‡o hvb, wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K mZK© K‡i w`‡q‡Qb, ÔAvgvi g‡Zv gvbyl‡K †KD Gfv‡e †Q‡o hvq bv|Õ Zuvi K_vq cÖ”Qbœ wQj : Gi cwiYwZ fv‡jv n‡e bv| †kl ch©š— d«uv‡mvqvR I Zuvi mš—vb‡`iI A‡bK g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| 1964 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡jv d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jvi jvBd DB_ wcKv‡mv| wbiš—i m„Rbkxj wkíx‡K wZwb †hgb Gu‡K‡Qb, †Zgwb mvg‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Qb Zuvi †hŠbjvjmv Ñ ¯¿x, wgm‡Uªm/†cÖ iYv`vÎx/g‡W‡ji m‡½ m¤úK©, Zv‡`i wbR cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨envi Ges `iRvi cv‡cvk wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i Qy‡o †djvi Kvwnwb| Zuvi †fZ‡ii Av‡MœqwMwii DòZv I kw³, wbZ¨Kvi bvixm½, Auvavi AwjMwji Ici wZwb Av‡jvKm¤úvZ K‡i‡Qb| ¶zä wcKv‡mv Zuvi GB mv‡eK wgm‡Uª‡mi m‡½ †Zv e‡UB, `yB mš—v‡bi m‡½I †hvMv‡hvM eÜ K‡i †`b| 1973-G GKvbeŸB eQi eq‡m g„Zz¨ ch©š— wcKv‡mv Zuvi Rxe‡bi d«uv‡mvqvR Aa¨vqwUi w`‡K Avi wd‡i ZvKvbwb| †R‡bU nvD‡j hLb d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jvi mv¶vrKvi Pvb, evievi cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i GKmgq e‡j I‡Vb : ÔG‡Z Avgvi g~j¨evb mg‡qi AcPq NU‡e| wcKv‡mv Avgvi AZxZ Rxe‡bi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| wKš‘ Avwg †Zv AZxZ wb‡q RxebaviY Kwi bv| Avgvi wb‡Ri wkíKg© i‡q‡Q, Avwg cÖwZw`bB Qwe AuvwK|... Avwg hv wj‡LwQ ev e‡jwQ Zv †Zv †jLv ev ejv n‡q †M‡Q| Gme wb‡q Avevi K_v e‡j Avwg mgq bó Ki‡Z PvB bv|Õ †R‡bU †`L‡jb, Zuvi evwofwZ© eB I Qwe| wKš‘ wcKv‡mv †bB| ÔAvgvi Kv‡Q wcKv‡mvi GKwU QweB wQj Le Femme-Fleur, wKš‘ KeQi Av‡M GwU †e‡P w`‡qwQ, Avgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q GB Qwe Avgvi Rb¨ `yf©vM¨ †W‡K Avb‡Q|... Avwg wcKv‡mvi Avi †Kv‡bv Qwe KL‡bv wb‡Z PvBwb| Zvn‡j wcKv‡mvi ejvi my‡hvM n‡Zv ZzwgI †Zv Avgvi Ab¨ bvix‡`i g‡ZvB; Avwg wKQyB wbBwb| Avwg ¯^vaxb _vK‡Z †P‡qwQ| ZvQvov GUv †Zv Avgvi RvbvB, wcKv‡mvi KvQ †_‡K wKQy wb‡j Zuvi Kv‡Q FYx n‡q hve, Avi †mRb¨ Avgv‡KI g~j¨ w`‡Z n‡e| †m †P‡q‡Q Zvi Avi me bvixi g‡Zv wb‡R‡K wewQ‡q w`B, wKš‘ Avwg KL‡bv Zv Kwiwb| Avwg wcKv‡mvi wkíxRxe‡bi ÔwR‡jv Aa¨vqÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡Z PvBwb dvb©v‡›`/Bfv/IjMv/g¨vwi-†_‡im/ †Wviv gvi Aa¨v‡qi g‡Zv| m‡¤¢vM I A¼‡bi Rb¨ wcKv‡mv †Kgb K‡i GKR‡bi ci GKRb bvix‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q Zv Avgvi Rvbv|Õ wcKv‡mvi ïf`„wó I mvbyMÖn †Quvqv †_‡K †h KRb bvix ev` c‡o‡Qb wZwb Zuv‡`i wbg©gfv‡e Gu‡K‡Qb : IjMvi `uvZ ¶z‡ii g‡Zv, kixi `ygov‡bv-†gvPov‡bv Avi avZe c`v_© KvUvi Kiv‡Zi g‡Zv †hvwb Ñ Avi G Qwei †cÖ¶vc‡U jvm¨gqx

nvZjIqvjv †Pqv‡i bvix (1913) Bfv ¸‡qj‡K wb‡q AuvKv

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Ki‡jb Ges †NvlYv w`‡jb, ÔAvwg d«uv‡mvqvi †cv‡U©ªU Kie| Zvi kixi n‡e cvÊyi bxj, Avi Pzj n‡e meyR cvZvi i‡Oi|Õ gvwZ‡mi AvMÖ‡n wcKv‡mv ¶zä n‡jb| evwo wd‡i wZwb d«vu ‡mvqv‡Ri WªBs Ki‡Z ïi“ Ki‡jb, ej‡jb, wZwbB cÖ_g †cBw›Us Ki‡eb Ñ Avgvi †mB QweB n‡q DVj Le Femme-Fleur Ñ dzjbvix, gyLgÊj cvÊyi bxj Avi Pzj cvZv i‡Oi| ÔwcKv‡mvi m‡½ Avgvi m¤úK©Uv wQj hy×Kvjxb †ivgvÂ Ñ GKwU Pig cwiw¯’wZ Avgv‡`i Ggbfv‡e wgwj‡q w`‡jv, hv kvwš—Kvjxb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KL‡bv nevi bq Ñ ZLb wØZxq gnvhy× Pj‡Q, Avgiv ZLb Rvg©vwbi `L‡j †bIqv c¨vwi‡m, mgqUv fqsKi wec` I aŸsmh‡Ái|Õ ÔAvgvi cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q wcKv‡mv GKRb bvqK; wcKv‡mv ¸‡qwb©Kv Gu‡K‡Q| d¨vwmev` I d«v‡¼vi ivR‡Z¡i wei“‡× cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖZxK GB Qwe| Av‡gwiKvq cvwj‡q bv wM‡q ZLb c¨vwi‡m _vKv Zvi Rb¨ Amg mvn‡mi KvR| †h-†Kv‡bv w`b †MÖßvi n‡Z cviZ, AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× cÖwZev` Kivi GUvB Zvi c_|Õ ÔAvgvi cwiev‡ii A‡b‡KB cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z wM‡q wbnZ n‡q‡Q| QvÎQvÎx‡`i we‡¶vf †_‡K AvwgI †MÖßvi n‡qwQjvg| Avgvi Aw¯—Z¡I wecbœ n‡Z cviZ|Õ wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K wR‡Ám K‡iwQ‡jb, ÔZzwg †Kb memgq Avgvi K_vi we‡ivwaZv K‡iv?Õ wZwb ej‡jb, ÔKviY †Zvgvi Avi Avgvi g‡a¨ K‡_vcK_b n‡”Q Ñ GUv WvqjM, g‡bvjM bq| ivRvi Pvicv‡ki †jvKRb †hgb Zvi Kv‡Q †Kej nu¨v e‡j, mevB memgq †Zvgvi mvg‡bI Zv-B K‡i| †mRb¨ Avwg bv ewj| hLb mevB †Zvgvi K_vq nu¨v e‡j Zzwg wbðqB wb‡R‡K ¶gZvai g‡b K‡iv| wKš‘ ZzwgI †Zv wbtm½| †mB cve‡jv‡K Avwg †`wL AZ¨š— wbtm½ GKwU AvK…wZi g‡Zv|Õ ˆbtm½¨ I wb‡Ri †fZ‡i wbR©bZvi K_v wkíxI ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb, Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb, †KD Zuv‡K eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| GKwU we‡kl cÖvÁZv w`‡q d«uv‡mvqvRB Zuvi fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ib| d«uv‡mvqvRI g‡b K‡ib, wZwb mwZ¨B Zv †c‡i‡Qb Ges wcKv‡mv‡K Avk¦¯— †i‡L‡Qb| wcKv‡mv Nyg †_‡K welYœZv I nZvkvi g‡a¨ †R‡M DV‡Zb mKvj `kUvi w`‡K| D‡VB ej‡Zb, Rxeb `ywe©ln n‡q †M‡Q, Nyg †_‡K †R‡M IVvi †Kv‡bv KviY Lyu‡R cv‡”Qb bv, †Kv‡bv wKQy AuvKvi †Póv Kivi †Kv‡bv gv‡b †bB| d«uv‡mvqvR Zuv‡K Avk¦¯— Ki‡Zb Ñ ÔhZUv Lvivc ejQ, †Zgb Lvivc wKQy †Zv N‡Uwb| AvR we¯§qKi wKQy AuvK‡Z cvi‡e| eÜziv G‡j Zv‡`i m‡½ ev`vbyev` K‡i Zv‡K wRZ‡Z n‡Zv, Zvi e¨vUvwi we`y¨ZvwqZ n‡Zv, Avevi mgªv‡Ui g‡Zv n‡q †hZ, †k‡l †ejv GKUvi w`‡K cÖmbœ g‡b ÷zwWI‡Z XyKZ|Õ ÔwcKv‡mv ivZ `kUv ch©š— GKUvbv KvR KiZ; memgqB wbtk‡ã, †Kv‡bv msMxZ evRv‡Z n‡Zv bv wKsev †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨Kvix jvMZ bv| `kUvq _vgZ iv‡Zi Lvev‡ii Rb¨| w`‡b Pwj­kwU wmMv‡iU UvbZ; wKš‘ KL‡bv g`cvb K‡iwb| KL‡bv Avevi KvR ïi“ KiZ, weQvbvq wdiZ ivZ `yUvq| GKB i“wUb ciw`‡bi Rb¨|Õ wcKv‡mvi ¯¿x I iw¶Zv‡`i wb‡q d«uv‡mvqvR ej‡jb, e¨vcviUv e­y †eqv‡W©i mvZRb ¯¿xi g‡Zv (divwm †jvKK_vi e­y

wMUvi (AvB jvf Bfv) Bfv ¸‡qj‡K wb‡q AuvKv, 1912

†eqvW© KzrwmZ bxj `vwoIqvjv GK abx e¨w³, whwb G‡Ki ci GK Zuvi mvZ ¯¿x‡K Lyb K‡ib Ñ Zuv‡K we‡q Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Zi“Yx Avi m¤§Z nq bv) Ñ mevB †`qv‡j Sz‡j _vK‡e, Zvi †ejv‡ZI GKB NUbv NUZ| wcKv‡mvi cÖ_g `xN©Kvjxb iw¶Zv wPÎwkíx I g‡Wj dvb©v‡›` Awjwf‡q‡K (1904 †_‡K 1912 ch©š— wcKv‡mvi m½x) wKsev wcKv‡mvi cieZx© bvix Bfv ¸‡qj, 1915 mv‡j h²vq hvi g„Zz¨ N‡U Zv‡`i KvD‡K du«v‡mvqvR wPb‡Zb bv, wKš‘ Ab¨‡`i wZwb Rvb‡Zb| wZwb g‡b K‡ib wb‡R‡K †K‡›`ª †i‡L Zvi bvix‡`i Ici weK…Z AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡i AveZ©b Kiv‡Z wM‡q ÔwcKv‡mv Zv‡`i m‡½ Aweivg wg‡_¨ K_v e‡j †M‡Qb|Õ wcKv‡mv hLb 34, Zi“Yx M¨vwe †jmwcbvm‡K AwaKvi K‡i †bb| Z‡e GB Aa¨vqwU LyeB Aí Av‡jvwPZ| 1918 mv‡j wkíx i“k e¨v‡jwibv IjMv †LvK‡jvfv‡K we‡q K‡ib| IjMvi mvgvwRK D”PvKv•¶v I gvbwmK Aw¯’iZv Ges GKB m‡½ wcKv‡mvi D‡c¶v I eûMvwgZv msmvi †f‡O †`q| wKš‘ ZLb †¯ú‡b ZvjvK AvBbvbyM bv nIqvq †kl ch©š—

ZvjvK m¤úvw`Z nqwb| IjMv `w¶Y d«v‡Ý G‡m Zvjv‡Ki gvgjv K‡ib, wKš‘ wcKv‡mv m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ eȇb m¤§Z bv nIqvq cÖwµqvwU Sz‡j hvq| 1955-†Z Kvh©Z gw¯—®‹ weK…Z I K¨vÝvi Avµvš— n‡q IjMvi g„Zz¨ ch©š— wcKv‡mvi m‡½ we‡q envj wQj| wcKv‡mv I IjMvi cyÎ cvI‡jv, Rb¥ 1921, AwZwi³ A¨vj‡Kvnj Avm³, 54 eQi eq‡m wjfvi wm‡ivwm‡m g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| d«uv‡mvqvR e‡jb, ÔAvwg cvI‡jv‡K fv‡jv K‡iB wPbZvg, Avgiv `yRb mgeqmx| PgrKvi GB hyeK evev I gv `yR‡bi Kvi‡YB KwVb KóKi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| wcKv‡mv KL‡bv Pvqwb GB †Q‡j eo n‡q DVyK, Zv‡K memgq †QvU K‡i †i‡L‡Q, Zv‡K wb‡Ri Mvwoi WªvBfvi evwb‡q‡Q (wcKv‡mv Mvwo PvjvZ bv)| Avgiv hLb `w¶Y d«v‡Ý P‡j hvB cvI‡jv Mvwo Pvwj‡q Avgv‡`i luv‡oi jovB †`L‡Z wb‡q †hZ| luv‡oi jovB wcKv‡mvi Lye cQ‡›`i, Zvi aviYv Rxeb n‡”Q Ô†Kvwi`vÕ (luv‡oi jovB‡qi ¯ú¨vwbk cÖwZkã), g„Zz¨ ch©š— i³v³ hy×| Zv‡K jovB‡qi wis‡qi †fZi luvomn hZ PwiÎ Av‡Q me¸‡jvi m‡½B kbv³ Kiv hvq|Õ 1927| wcKv‡mvi †PvL c‡o m‡Z‡iv eQ‡ii Zi“Yx g¨vwi-†_‡im Iqvëv‡ii Ici| wcKv‡mv ZLb cuqZvwj­k| c¨vwi‡mi M¨vjvwiR j¨vdv‡qZ wWcvU©‡g›U †÷v‡i g¨vwi wcUvic¨vb Kjvi Rvgv LyuR‡Q (1905 mv‡j Pvjy, Rvgvi `ycv‡k eo Kjvi)| wkíx GwM‡q wM‡q ej‡jb, Ô†Zvgvi †PnvivUv Lye gRvi| Avwg †Zvgvi GKwU †cv‡Uª©U Ki‡Z PvB| Avgvi g‡b nq Zzwg Avi Avwg wg‡j GKUv eo wKQy Ki‡Z hvw”Q| Avgvi bvg wcKv‡mv|Õ wKš‘ Zi“Yx KL‡bv Zuvi bvgB †kv‡bwb| wkíx Zv‡K cv‡ki GKwU eB‡qi †`vKv‡b wb‡q †M‡jb| Zuvi AuvKv Qwe wb‡q cÖKvwkZ GKwU g‡bvMÖvd †`Lv‡jb| Avi mgq jv‡Mwb| g¨vwi-†_‡im Iqvëvi AwP‡iB Zvi †cÖ‡g coj Ges wgm‡Uª‡m iƒcvš—wiZ n‡jv| wkíxi Rxe‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb †cÖg Ñ m¤¢eZ cÖavbZg †cÖg GwUB| d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv †Lvjv‡gjvfv‡eB ej‡Qb, ÔAvm‡j `yR‡bi m¤úK©Uv wQj g~jZ kvixwiK| wcKv‡mvi AuvKv Zvi Qwe¸‡jv †hŠbZvagx©, MxwZgq, †Kvgj, cvÊyi Ges mgy`ªeiY i‡O QvIqv| †g‡qwUi Rb¨ Avgvi gvqv nq, KviY †m wb®úvc Ñ †Zgb PvZzh© †bB Zvi, Awµq, gayi Ges my›`i| †m wcKv‡mv‡K AP©bv KiZ, Zvi Rxe‡b Avi wKQy wQj bv| 1935-G Zv‡`i GKwU Kb¨vmš—vb R‡b¥, gvqv Zvi bvg|Õ wcKv‡mvi †jLv GKwU KweZvi Dj‡Uv wc‡V g¨vwi-†_‡im wj‡L‡Qb : ÔAvwg †Zvgv‡K fv‡jvevwm| Avgvi hv wKQy Av‡Q Zvi meB †Zvgv‡K w`‡qwQ|Õ wKš‘ Zvi Rb¨ wcKv‡mvi AbyivM `ª“Z wgwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| 1936-G wZwb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib civev¯—eev`x d‡UvMÖvdvi †Wviv gvi‡K| †µv‡qwkqvb evev I divwm gv‡qi mš—vb †Wviv †e‡o D‡V‡Qb Av‡R©w›Ubvq, PgrKvi ¯ú¨vwbk K_vejv Kjv‡KŠkj iß K‡i‡Qb, wcKv‡mv wb‡R ¯ú¨vwbk, G‡Z Av‡iv †gvwnZ nb| c¨vwi‡m †j `y¨ g¨v‡Mv Kv‡d‡Z AvOy‡ji duv‡K `ª“Zj‡q aviv‡jv Qywi Pvjv‡bvi ˆbcyY¨ †`Lv‡Z wM‡q AvOyj †K‡U †d‡jb| cÖ_g †`Lvi ¯§„wZ a‡i ivL‡Z wcKv‡mv Zuvi nv‡Zi i³v³ M­vfm

dzj nv‡Z R¨vKzwjb (1954)

wb‡Ri Kv‡Q †i‡L †`b| g‡b Kiv nq †Wvivi evg ivR‰bwZK Kvh©µg wcKv‡mv‡K 1937 mv‡j ¸‡qwb©Kv AuvK‡Z AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q| †Wvivi eb¨ AmbvZb AvPiY wcKv‡mv‡K AvK…ó K‡i‡Q e‡j d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv g‡b K‡ib| Ô†Wviv Qvov Avi †KD Lye eyw×gZx wQj bv, Zviv G‡m‡Q cvwZ-ey‡R©vqv †cÖ¶vcU †_‡K, Zviv †Zgb wkw¶ZI wQj bv| †Wviv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q axgwZ, Zey †m wcKv‡mvi †PvL w`‡q †`L‡Z Pvqwb; wKš‘ †kl ch©š— wkíxi m‡½ gl©Kvgx †Ljvq †g‡Z I‡V| Zvi gb¯—vwË¡K msKU ïi“ nq, 1943 mv‡j wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K cvMj †NvlYv K‡ib| nv‡gkvB Av‡eMRwbZ Ø›Ø I msK‡U fyM‡Z _vKv †Wviv‡K wb‡q wcKv‡mv e‡j‡Qb, Avgvi Rb¨ †m-B µ›`mx igYx Ñ `¨ DBwcs I‡gb| eQ‡ii ci eQi Avwg Zvi wbcxwoZ hš¿YvwK¬ó Qwe Gu‡KwQ Ñ Zv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi gl©Kvg ev Avb›`RvZ bq, Avwg welq‡K †hfv‡e †`‡LwQ ZvB Avgv‡K w`‡q AuvwK‡q wb‡q‡Q|Õ wcKv‡mv hLb ¸‡qwb©Kv AuvK‡Qb †Wviv Zuvi K¨v‡givq Qwe

Zz‡j ivL‡Qb; wkíxi †µva Ges hy‡×i fqvenZv meB Zuv‡K mB‡Z n‡q‡Q| DBwcs I‡gb Zvi †mB hš¿Yvi mv¶¨B †`q| d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv wj‡L‡Qb, 1943-G wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K Avk¦¯— K‡i‡Qb g¨vwi-†_‡im Ges †Wviv gv‡ii m‡½ Zuvi m¤ú‡K©i BwZ N‡U‡Q, hw`I `ymßv‡n `yevi †g‡q gvqv Ges Zvi gv‡K †`L‡Z †h‡Z n‡”Q| mš—vb †`L‡Z hvIqv‡K wK wR‡jv ¯^vfvweK wcZvi mdi wn‡m‡e †`L‡Qb? Ôm¤¢eZ Zv-B| GUv Zvi Rxe‡bi GKwU Ask| Avwg G‡K ûgwK wn‡m‡e †`LwQ bv Ñ wcKv‡mv hw` g¨vwi-†_‡i‡mi m‡½ Av‡iv GKevi mnevm K‡i Zv‡Z Ae¯’vi Kx Ggb cwieZ©b NU‡e? GUv †Zv †m 1927 †_‡KB K‡i Avm‡Q Avi GLb †Zv 1950-Gi `kK Pj‡Q| Avgvi m‡½ cve‡jvi m¤úK©Uv m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ai‡bi| g¨vwi-†_‡im wKsev †Wviv gvi‡K wb‡q Cl©vwš^Z wQjvg bv| `yR‡bB wcKv‡mvi Qwe‡Z D‡V G‡m‡Q Ges Zv‡Z fv‡jvB n‡q‡Q|Õ ÔAvwg RvbZvg wcKv‡mv n‡”Q eo b`xi g‡Zv, hvi †mªvZ K¼vj I aŸsmve‡kl enb Ki‡e| Zvi cÖPzi †hŠb Z…wß `iKvi wQj, wcKv‡mv †hfv‡e ˆZwi Zv‡Z GUvB †gŠj Zvobv|Õ wcKv‡mv wK eogv‡ci †cÖwgK wQ‡jb? Ônu¨v, hw` wcKv‡mv Zv n‡Z PvBZ Z‡eB|Õ hLb d«v‡Ýi `w¶Yv‡j Zv‡`i evm, wcKv‡mvB Zv‡K mš—vb wb‡Z DØy× Ki‡jb, ej‡jb, G‡Z wb‡R‡`i †RvowU Av‡iv Ave× n‡e Ges Zvi bvix‡Z¡i †lv‡jvKjv c~Y© n‡e| ÔAvwg wPwš—Z wQjvg KviY wcKv‡mv ZL‡bv IjMvi m‡½ AvBbm¤§Zfv‡e weevwnZ| wKš‘ †m cÖwZkÖ“wZ w`‡jv memgq Avgv‡`i mš—vb‡`i fv‡jvevm‡e Ges †`Lfvj Ki‡e|Õ `yR‡bi mš—vb K¬‡`i Rb¥ 1947 mv‡j Ges cv‡jvgv 1949-G| wR‡jv g‡b K‡ib, wcKv‡mvi Ab¨ bvix‡`i †P‡q wZwbB GB wkíx‡K me‡P‡q fv‡jv cwigvc Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| ÔAvwg RvbZvg, †h wkíx ¸‡qwb©Kv Gu‡K‡Q †m †Kv‡bv †QvÆ my›`i †`e`~Z bq| gvSvwi †gavi gvbyl‡K †h gvb`‡Ê wePvi Kiv nq †mB GKB cÖgvY gv‡c, GKB ˆbwZK wePv‡i AZ¨š— m„Rbkxj GKRb wkíx‡K wePvi Kiv wVK n‡e bv|Õ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Aeq‡e wcKv‡mv m‡e©v”P fv‡jv I me©wbæ g‡›`i AwfÁZv jvf K‡i‡Qb Ñ Zv bv _vK‡j †hfv‡e wZwb Gu‡K P‡j‡Qb, Zv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| Zuvi AvPiY Avw`g g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Ôcve‡jvi AvMÖn wkïi AvMÖ‡ni g‡Zv AcwicK¡ Ñ †fZ‡i Kx Av‡Q †`Lvi Rb¨ GKUv Nwo nv‡Z †bq Ges Zvici †f‡O †d‡j|Õ ÔhLb hv gb †P‡q‡Q cve‡jv cwiYwZi K_v fv‡ewb, K‡i †d‡j‡Q|Õ wR‡jv g‡b K‡ib, wcKv‡mvi AvPiY Ab¨vh¨ I wbg©g n‡q D‡V‡Q; mš—vb‡`i Ici Gi Kx cÖfve Zv wb‡q Zv‡K `ywðš—vMÖ¯— _vK‡Z n‡q‡Q| cvwievwiK m¤úK© i¶v K‡i Pjv µ‡gB KwVb n‡q DVwQj| Ô†hLv‡b wcKv‡mv n‡”Q Ck¦i Ges Avgvi mš—vbiv Avi Avwg mvaviY gvbyl gvÎ|Õ wcKv‡mv AnsKvi K‡i wR‡jv‡K e‡j‡Qb, hviv Zv‡K fv‡jvev‡m Zv‡`i fywM‡q wZwb Avb›` cvb| ÔGKevi Avwg cve‡jv‡K wR‡Ám Kijvg, Zvi †h †m‡µUvwi Zv‡K ixwZg‡Zv c~Rv K‡i †mB mvev‡Z©‡mi m‡½ Ggb †bvsiv AvPiY †Kb Kij?Õ

¯^cœ (1932), g¨vwi-†_‡im Iqvëvi‡K wb‡q AuvKv

wcKv‡mv Reve w`‡jb, ÔAvwg hv‡`i fv‡jvevwm Zv‡`i cÖwZ †bvsiv AvPiY Kwi, hv‡`i Avwg cvËvB w`B bv Zv‡`i m‡½ fv‡jv e¨envi Kwi|Õ GB n‡”Q wcKv‡mv Ñ ÔGfv‡e Avgv‡`i fv‡jvevmvi cix¶v †bq| i¨vkbvj ev hyw³cÖeY nIqv Qvov Avi hv hv nIqv hvq meB †m n‡q‡Q|Õ †m mg‡q Zuv‡K wb‡q AuvKv wcKv‡mvi Qwe wb‡q d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv ej‡Qb, Ôcve‡jv †Nvovq mIqvi ga¨hy‡Mi m¤£vš— bvB‡Ui GKwU wmwiR Gu‡K‡Q| Qwe¸‡jv Avgv‡K wb‡q| †m e‡j‡Q, Avwg KL‡bv wbi¯¿ nB bv|Õ Avwg ejjvg, Ônu¨v, Avwg PvB bv, Avwg Lyb nB|Õ †m A‡bK¸‡jv eo wPswo Gu‡K‡Q| wPswoi evB‡i k³ Av¯—i, wb‡R‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨| †m¸‡jvI Avwg Ñ AvgviI Pviw`‡K myi¶v Av¯—i| µ‡gB Av‡iv †ewk K‡i Zvi Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q DVj, wcKv‡mv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Z Ges eyS‡Z wZwb Zuvi m¤ú~Y© Rxeb w`‡q w`‡q‡Qb wKš‘ wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K KL‡bv wPb‡Z cv‡iwb| wcKv‡mv hLb Zuvi m‡½ cÖ_g fv‡jvevmvevwm Ki‡Qb, wZwb Zuvi m‡½ Ggb Av‡óc„‡ô Rwo‡q wQ‡jb, ÔGgbI gyn~Z© wQj,

Avgvi g‡b n‡q‡Q Zvi Dcw¯’wZ Gwo‡q Avgvi c‡¶ k¦vm-cÖk¦vm Pvwj‡q hvIqv kvixwiKfv‡eB Am¤¢e|Õ Zvici wZwb gvbweK DòZvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v K‡i‡Qb Ges †R‡b‡Qb Zv KL‡bv wcKv‡mvi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv m¤¢e bq| Ôfv‡jvevmv wb‡q wcKv‡mvi aviYvwU g~jZ kvixwiK Ges AwaKv‡ii, wKQy †`evi bq| Avevi GKB m‡½ Zvi eyw×`xß fv‡jv w`K n‡”Q hLb †KD Zvi m‡½ Zvi fvebvi K_v ïb‡Q, Zv‡K i‡Oi KvR Ki‡Z †`L‡Q †m GZB wew¯§Z n‡e †h, fve‡e, eywS A‡jŠwKK wKQy †`L‡Q| GB Abyf~wZ wcKv‡mv w`‡Z cv‡i Ñ Avi GUv hvi †evSvi ¶gZv Av‡Q †m-B GB Abyf~wZ‡Z fvM emv‡Z cv‡i|Õ Avi †Kv‡bv bvixB wcKv‡mv‡K †Q‡o hvqwb| wR‡jv hLb Qq eQ‡ii K¬` I Pvi eQ‡ii cv‡jvgv‡K wb‡q `vw`i w`K †_‡K DËivwaKvim~‡Î cvIqv m¤ú‡`i A‡_© †Kbv c¨vwi‡mi GKwU A¨vcvU©‡g‡›U wM‡q I‡Vb, wcKv‡mv †µva I Awek¦vm †_‡K dzu‡m DVwQ‡jb| wR‡jv ej‡jb, ÔAvgvi euvPvi g‡Zv UvKv-cqmv wQj, wb‡Ri GKwU K¨vwiqvi wQj; Avgvi AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I Avgvi e„‡Ëi eÜziv Avgvi Rxeb cybM©Vb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q|Õ K¬` I cv‡jvgv ¯‹zj QywUi w`b¸‡jv wcKv‡mvi m‡½ KvUvZ| wZwb ZL‡bv d«v‡Ýi `w¶Yv‡j evm Ki‡Zb| GKvËi eQi eq¯‹ wegl© wkíx wkMwMiB Zuvi m‡½ _vK‡Z AvMÖnx, mvZvk eQi eq¯‹ g„rwkí-mnKvix R¨vKzwjb †ivK‡K Kv‡Q †U‡b †bb Ges IjMvi g„Zz¨i ci ms‡Mvc‡b we‡q K‡ib| wR‡jv N„Yv I AeÁv wgwk‡q R¨vKzwj‡bi K_v e‡jb| ÔR¨vKzwjb duvcv, wb‡e©va, cvwZ-ey‡R©vqv GK bvix, hvi ¯^vfvweK eyw×i NvUwZ i‡q‡Q, Avi wcKv‡mvi e¨vcv‡i Zvi f~wgKv `Lj`vwii| cve‡jv Zv‡ZB Lywk| KviY GB bvix †Zv wb‡e©v‡ai g‡Zv wb‡R‡K wewQ‡q w`‡q‡Q Ñ Zv‡K ej‡Q Zvi hv wKQy KvR meB Abe`¨; KL‡bv mgv‡jvPbv K‡iwb|Õ Zvw”Qj¨f‡i wR‡jv ej‡Qb, ÔwcKv‡mv hLb R¨vKzwjb‡K †cj Zvi wkíxRxe‡bi †kÖô mg‡qi Aemvb NUj| Av‡M †m †hŠbZvkÖqx wPÎKí e¨envi K‡i‡Q wKš‘ R¨vKzwjb‡K cvIqvi ci c‡b©vMÖvwdK n‡q I‡V Ñ Zvi bZzb wkíK‡g© †hLv‡b †mLv‡b †hvwb I cvqy AuvK‡Z ïi“ K‡i|Õ e¨vcviUv †hb Zvi Rb¨ Lye Dc‡fvM¨ Ggb ¯^‡iB d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv e‡j‡Qb, Ôï‡bwQ, ZZw`‡b wcKv‡mvi †cŠi“‡li mgm¨v `uvwo‡q †M‡Q| Avgvi m‡½ †ek kw³kvjx cyi“lB wQj| GLb ey‡ov n‡”Q| GLb R¨vKzwj‡bi KvQ †_‡K m‡i †h‡Z PvB‡jI GUv Zvi Rb¨ RyZmB n‡e bv| GUv wbðqB Zvi Kv‡Q Lye weiw³Ki, Zvi gb Zv‡K R¨vKzwj‡bi cÖwZ hZ bv wek¦¯— K‡i‡Q, Zvi †P‡q †ewk wek¦¯— K‡i Zz‡j‡Q Zvi kixi| Avn, Kx `yf©vM¨!Õ wR‡jv ej‡Qb, ÔR¨vKzwjb Avmvi Av‡M ch©š— wcKv‡mvi Kv‡Q Zuvi Avi me bvix I mš—vb‡`i wKQyUv RvqMv wQj| Avwg Rvwb Ab¨ bvixiv wcKv‡mvi Kv‡Q †cÖgcÎ cvVvZ, wcKv‡mv ReveI w`Z| Avgv‡`i m‡½ ¯‹zj QywUi w`b¸‡jv KvUv‡Z Avwg memgqB gvqv‡K Avgš¿Y RvbvZvg; gvqv, cvI‡jv, K¬` I cv‡jvgv‡K eÜz‡Z¡i w`‡K DrmvwnZ KiZvg| wKš‘ R¨vKzwjb wcKv‡mv‡K †P‡q‡Q †Kej wb‡Ri Rb¨|Õ 1964 mv‡j bZzb †gvPo jvMj Ñ cÖKvwkZ n‡jv

nvZjIqvjv †Pqv‡i IjMv (1913)

d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jvi jvBd DB_ wcKv‡mv| evRv‡i bvgvi m‡½ m‡½B bb-wdKkb eB‡qi †e÷ †mjvm© wj‡÷| `k j¶vwaK wewµ n‡jv| eB‡qi wewµ I d«uv‡mvqv‡Ri cwiwPwZ hZ evo‡Q ZZB w¶ß n‡q D‡V‡Qb wcKv‡mv I R¨vKzwjb| 1964-†Z K¬` ¯‹zjQvÎ, eqm †lv‡jv eQi| K¬` Zuvi `yf©vM¨RbK AwfÁZvi K_v ej‡Q : ÔZLb B÷v‡ii QywU| cv‡jvgv I Avwg †Uª‡b †P‡c P‡j hvB d«v‡Ýi `w¶‡Y Ñ †mLv‡b Avgvi evev| †mLv‡b Avgvi gv‡qi †i‡L Avmv GKwU evwo‡Z D‡V evevi evwo‡Z Av‡Mi g‡Zv †dvb Kwi| Mvwo †hb Avgv‡`i wb‡Z Av‡m| wKš‘ †KD Av‡mwb| Avgiv K‡qKw`b A‡c¶v Kwi, ZeyI Avgv‡`i wb‡Z †KD G‡jv bv|Õ †kl ch©š— wcKv‡mv I R¨vKzwj‡bi m‡½ Avgv‡`i GKwU ˆeVK nq Ñ cÖvq me K_v R¨vKzwjb GKvB e‡j| Avgv‡`i Rvbvq Ñ Avgvi gv‡qi eB‡qi Kvi‡Y wcKv‡mv wbg©g AvNvZ †c‡q‡Qb| Avi Gi Rb¨ AvgivB `vqx| KviY Avwg I cv‡jvgv

gv‡K GB eB †jLv †_‡K wbi¯— Kwiwb| `yR‡bB eywS‡q w`‡jv Avgv‡`i m‡½ evevi m¤úK© †kl n‡q †M‡Q| Avwg evevi Ici Lye ¶zä njvg| Avgvi g‡b n‡jv, evev LyeB †evKv‡U I `ye©j e„‡×i g‡Zv AvPiY Ki‡Q| cv‡jvgv G‡Kev‡i †f‡O coj Ges m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cÖZ¨vL¨vZ †eva Kij| Avgiv wd‡i G‡m Avevi †dvb Kijvg, wPwV wjLjvg; wKš‘ meB †h A_©nxb| evevi eqm wZivwk eQi, g‡b n‡jv evev †mLv‡b wbwe©Kvi mbœ¨vmxi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q| Avwg cÖwZeQi †mLv‡b wM‡qwQ, Zv‡K †`L‡Z †P‡qwQ, Zvi m‡½ †`Lv Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ| Avwg †`qvj wWwO‡q †fZ‡i wM‡q wmu‡a‡ji g‡Zv XyK‡Z †P‡qwQ, wKš‘ KL‡bv Zv‡K †`wLwb| d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv ej‡jb, ÔwcKv‡mv Avgvi divwm cÖKvk‡Ki wei“‡× gvgjv Kij| gvgjvq †n‡i †Mj| iv‡qi wei“‡× Avwcj Kij, Zv‡ZI †n‡i †Mj| †hw`b Avwc‡ji ivq †ei n‡jv wcKv‡mv Avgv‡K †dvb K‡i ejj, ÔZzwg wR‡Z †M‡j| †ek! Avwg †Zvgv‡K Awfev`b RvbvB|Õ GUvB Zuvi ¯^fve Ñ weRqx‡K Awfb›`b Rvbvq, Zvi cÖksmv K‡i, wKš‘ †n‡i †M‡j Avwg Zvi N„Yv I wb›`vi wkKvi nZvg|Õ †gavexiv Zv‡`i Pvicv‡k hviv Av‡Q Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K eÇ †ewk Av`vq K‡i †bq Ñ hš¿YvUv †i‡L hvq Zv‡`i Rb¨| wcKv‡mvi cv‡k hviv wQj GB Uª¨v‡RwWi wkKvi Zviv mevB| wcKv‡mvi g„Zz¨i ci cÖ‡f‡Ýi DuPz †`qvj‡Niv k¨v‡Uv‡Z (cÖvPxb mvgš— feb) Zuvi †klK…Z¨ AbywôZ nq, mgvwnZ nb †mLv‡b| K¬` ¯§iY Ki‡Q Ñ ÔZLb Zzlvi Si‡Q| Zvici e„wó ïi“ n‡jv| cv‡jvgv I Avwg wZb w`b a‡i `y‡M©i evB‡i `uvwo‡q iBjvg, Avgiv †fZ‡i †XvKvi AbygwZ cÖv_©bv K‡i hvw”Q| wKš‘ R¨vKzwj‡bi Kov Av‡`k, Avgv‡`i †hb †fZ‡i XzK‡Z †`Iqv bv nq|Õ wcKv‡mvi †`ŠwnÎ cvI‡jv wcKv‡mvi (IjMv I wcKv‡mvi mš—vb) cyÎ cvewj‡Zv †fZ‡i XzK‡Z †P‡qwQj, Zv‡K XzK‡Z †`Iqv nqwb, iv‡M-Awfgv‡b evwo wd‡i GK †evZj we­P MjvatKiY K‡i| wZb gvm Uvbv hš¿Yvi ci cvewj‡Zvi g„Zz¨ nq| KeQi ci wcKv‡mv‡K Qvov euvP‡Z Amg_© `yB bvix R¨vKzwjb I g¨vwi-†_‡im AvZ¥nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bq| eiveiB g„Zz¨f‡q AvZw¼Z wcKv‡mv †Kv‡bv DBj †i‡L hvbwb| G wb‡q Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci cvwievwiK Ø›Ø-msKU Av‡iv †e‡o hvq| ZLbKvi divwm AvB‡b we‡qewnf~©Z m¤úK© †_‡K Rb¥ †bIqv mš—vb m¤úwˇZ AwaKvi `vwe Ki‡Z cviZ bv| d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv Av‡MB wb‡Ri `~i`wk©Zv Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zuvi mš—vb‡`i Rb¨ Av`vjZ †_‡K ÔwcKv‡mvÕ mvi‡bBg e¨env‡ii Av‡`k wb‡q †i‡L‡Qb| K¬` ejj, Ôev‡iv eQi eqm ch©š— Avwg wQjvg K¬` wR‡jv, Zvici †_‡K K¬` wcKv‡mv|Õ R¨vKzwj‡bi g„Zz¨ †d«Â wiwf‡qivi †h k¨v‡Uv‡Z wesk kZ‡Ki †kÖô wPÎwkíxi g„Zz¨ nq †m evwo‡ZB Zuvi †kl m½x R¨vKzwjb †ivK (c‡i wcKv‡mv) AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| 15 A‡±vei 1986 Zuvi evwoi M„nKgx© mKvj bqUvq Zuv‡K Zuvi †eWi“‡g g„Z Ae¯’vq †`L‡Z

dzj wb‡q bvix (1932), IjMv‡K wb‡q AuvKv

cvq| GKwU ¯^qswµq wc¯—j c‡o wQj Zuvi wb_i †`‡ni cv‡kB| cywjk e‡j, wb‡Ri gv_v Uv‡M©U K‡i wUªMvi †Ucv GKwU ¸wjB Zuvi cÖvY ni‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj| 8 GwcÖj 1973 wcKv‡mvi g„Zz¨ ch©š— `yRb G evwo‡ZB wQ‡jb| R¨vKzw jb wcKv‡mvi wØZxq ¯¿x| Zuv‡`i m¤úK©wUI Ø›ØmsKzj I SÅvwe¶zä n‡q D‡VwQj, mvgwqK we‡”Q` I mg‡SvZv ¯’vcb GKvwaKevi N‡U‡Q| Z‡e R¨vKzwjb Avg„Zz¨ wcKv‡mvi AbyMZ wQ‡jb| 1953 mv‡j AvUvk eQi eqmx ZvjvKcÖvß R¨vKzwjb †ivK wcKv‡mvi g‡Wj wn‡m‡e wkíx‡K m½ w`‡Z _v‡Kb| wcKv‡mvi eqm ZLb evnvËi eQi| R¨vKzwjb fqsKi wW‡cÖk‡b fyMwQ‡jb, NwbôRb‡`i e‡jI †M‡Qb Ñ Gfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi †P‡q eis Avgvi g‡i hvIqv fv‡jv| wcKv‡mvi cv‡kB wZwb mgvwnZ nb| wbqwZi GB cwinvmUzKz Dc‡fvM K‡iB †hb d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv ej‡jb, jvBd DB_ wcKv‡mv wj‡L Zuvi nv‡Z †h A_© G‡m‡Q Zv-B

Kv‡R †j‡M‡Q wcKv‡mvi ˆea DËivwaKvix n‡Z K¬` I cv‡jvgvi `v‡qi Kiv gvgjvq| ÔK‡qK eQi †j‡M †M‡Q Ñ AvBb axiMwZ‡Z e`jvw”Qj, wKš‘ GB gvgjvi GZ cÖPviYv n‡jv †h AvBb e`‡j †h‡Z Avi †ewk mgq jvMj bv| K¬`, cv‡jvgv I gvqv Av`vj‡Zi iv‡q evevi m¤úwˇZ ˆea DËivwaKvi jvf Kij|Õ hLb gvgjv Av`vj‡Z Movq wcKv‡mv ZL‡bv RxweZ| Ô†m fqsKi †L‡c †Mj| mš—vb‡`i fv‡jvevmvi I hZœ Kivi †h cÖwZkÖ“wZ w`‡qwQj, †m K_v ivLj bv|Õ iw¶Zvi mš—vb e‡j wfbœ †Pv‡L †`Lvi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB, wcKv‡mviB JimRvZ, Zuvi Kvi‡YB d«uv‡mvqv‡Ri M‡f© K¬` I cv‡jvgv Ges †Wviv gv‡ii M‡f© Rb¥ †bIqv gvqvi AvBwb AwaKvi cÖwZôvi ga¨ w`‡q divwm i¶Ykxj mgv‡Ri nvRvi eQ‡ii U¨vey †f‡O †Mj| ˆea we‡qi evB‡i hv‡`i Rb¥ Zv‡`i Rxe‡b Drme G‡b w`‡jb `ywe©bxZ wcKv‡mv iw¶Zv d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv| b¨vh¨fv‡eB †nvK wK Ab¨vqfv‡e, A‰ea mš—vb hv‡Z wcKv‡mvi wekvj-mvgªv‡R¨ XyK‡Z bv cv‡i, †jŠnKcvU eÜ K‡i R¨vKzwjb †ivK Zv eiveiB wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| Rb wiPvW©mb R¨vKzwjb‡K ¶gvq I fv‡jvevmvq wgwk‡q †`‡L‡Qb| wZwb hLb wcKv‡mv‡K MÖnY Ki‡jb Zuvi eqm mËi, Avi wZwb mvZvk| Zuv‡`i cÖY‡qi `yeQ‡ii g‡a¨ d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv mš—vb‡`i wb‡q wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ `~‡i P‡j †M‡jb| R¨vKzwjb wcKv‡mv‡K QvÎ, f³, Uz¨wi÷, Qwei wWjvi, cwÊZ, Awf‡bZv-Awf‡bÎx, Zuv‡K †`L‡Z †ec‡ivqv Db¥v` Ñ mevi nvZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i‡Qb| wcKv‡mv‡K †kl eQi¸‡jv‡ZI is-Zzwj‡Z wZwb mwµq †i‡L‡Qb| wcKv‡mv‡K wN‡i Zuvi †h wbg©g KuvUvZv‡ii †eóbx Zv-B Zuv‡K evB‡ii RM‡Z WvBwb wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q| wiPvW© Wi‡g›U wj‡L‡Qb, wcKv‡mv‡K Zuvi cÖ_g wgm‡Uªm dvb©v‡›` Awjwf‡q e­¨vK‡gBj K‡i‡Qb| wZwb d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jvi wek¦vmNvZKZvi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb| d«uv‡mvqvR wcKv‡mvi `vbe g~wZ©wU c„w_exi mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡jI †Rvi w`‡qB e‡j‡Qb, Ôcve‡jv IqvR `¨ †MÖ‡U÷ jvf Ae gvB jvBdÕ Ñ cve‡jvB Avgvi Rxe‡bi me©‡kÖô †cÖg... Avwg aŸsm n‡q hvevi Av‡MB Zuv‡K †Q‡o G‡mwQ| wcKv‡mvB Zuv‡K e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgvi Kv‡Q bvix nq Ck¦ix, bv nq `iRvi cv‡cvk|Õ d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jvi Kv‡Q wcKv‡mvi AuvKv GKwU QweI †bB, wZwb ivL‡ZI Pvbwb| wKš‘ wcKv‡mv‡K wb‡q †jLv WRb WRb eB Av‡Q| Zuvi wb‡Ri weZwK©Z eBwU †Zv Av‡QB| wZwb ej‡Qb, ÔwcKv‡mv n‡”Q RbM‡Yi Aviva¨ †`eZv| Avwg Zv‡`i mvg‡b mgv‡jvPK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ _vK‡Z PvB bv| Zuvi m‡½ Avgvi †h mgq †K‡U‡Q †m mg‡qi GKwU gyn~Z© wb‡qI Avgvi †Kv‡bv †L` †bB| Zuvi wkí AmvaviY, wKš‘ gvbylwUi †`vlΓwU Av‡Q... Avwg wcKv‡mvi Ggb wKQy welq Rvwb hv Ab¨ Kv‡iv Rvbv †bB Ñ Avwg Ggb wKQy ej‡Z cviZvg hv Zuv‡K †µv‡a Db¥Ë K‡i ZzjZ|Õ wcKv‡mv‡K ¶zä Kivi g‡Zv wZwb A‡bK wKQy K‡i‡Qb| Ôcve‡jv e‡jwQj, hLb Avwg Zuv‡K †Q‡o Gjvg Avgvi Rxeb wbwðý n‡q hv‡e| c„w_ex‡Z †m Qvov Avgvi cv‡k Avi †KD `uvov‡e bv| wKš‘ Avwg `yevi we‡q K‡iwQ|Õ

µ›`biZ igYx, †Wviv gvi‡K wb‡q AuvKv, 1937

Gevi Zuvi mgeqmx divwm wPÎwkíx jyK wm‡gv‡K| Zuv‡`i `v¤úZ¨Rxeb 1955-62, mvZ eQ‡ii, Zv‡`i Kb¨v Awi‡qbv ¯’cwZ| Zvici †cvwjI f¨vKwmb Avwe®‹v‡ii Ab¨Zg AMÖYx weÁvbx †Rvbvm m¨v‡Ki m‡½ †K‡U‡Q cy‡iv wmwK kZvãx| 1995-†Z Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq| d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv Me©f‡iB e‡j‡Qb, Gi meB †Zv wei“×vPiY| ÔGUv ag©‡`ªvn! K_v wQj Avgvi Rxeb Zuvi Rb¨ DrmM© Kie, wKš‘ Zvn‡j †Zv G‡Kev‡i †jvKK_vi e­y †eqv‡W©i MíB n‡q †hZ| Avwg Zv bó K‡i w`‡qwQ|Õ Avwiqvbv nvwdsU‡bi †jLv weiƒc RxebxMÖš’ wcKv‡mv : mªóv I aŸsmKvixi Ici wfwË K‡i fviZxq es‡kv™¢~Z BmgvBj gv‡P©›U Qwe evwb‡q‡Qb| wcKv‡mvi f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q‡Qb A¨vš’wb ncwKÝ| Rb wiPvW©mb †`wL‡q‡Qb, bvixi cÖwZ wcKv‡mv hZUv wbg©g wQ‡jb, fv‡jv‡e‡m‡Qb, †Kvgj nv‡Z jvjb K‡i‡Qb, cÖv‡Yi AvwZ© w`‡q K¨vbfv‡m dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb Zvi †P‡q †ewk| wiPvW©mb g‡b K‡ib, Ôbvixi m‡½ Zuvi m¤ú‡K©i aib Zuvi

wkíK‡g©B cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| wZwb hLb Zv‡`i m‡½ †Kvgj I bgbxq, Zuvi Qwe‡Z wcKv‡mvi bvixiv †mfv‡eB D‡V G‡m‡Qb|... hLb Ab¨ GKRb cyi‡bv bvixi ¯’jvwfwl³ n‡”Qb wcKv‡mv ZLb †h bvix‡K AuvK‡Qb Zuvi Pz‡ji A‡a©K Ask Kv‡jv A‡a©K †mvbvwj Ñ `ycv‡k `yB is Ñ hv‡Z cyi‡bv bvix wb‡RB †`L‡Z cvb Ab¨ †KD Zuvi ¯’jvwfwl³ n‡Z hv‡”Qb|Õ wcKv‡mvi bvix AwaKvsk mgqB weg~Z© n‡q K¨vbfv‡m D‡V G‡m‡Qb Ñ 1910-Gi ci Zuvi wgm‡Uªmiv g‡Z©¨i kixi †Q‡o KL‡bv wMUvi wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ev`¨hš¿ n‡q Aw¼Z n‡q‡Qb Ñ †hb wcKv‡mviB µxobK|

wcKv‡mvi g„Zz¨ 8 GwcÖj 1973 †fvi wZbUv ch©š— 91 eQi eqmx wcKv‡mv Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb| Zvici Nywg‡q c‡ob| mKv‡j weQvbv †_‡K bvg‡Z Kó nw”Qj| wZwb R¨vKzwjb‡K bvg a‡i Wv‡Kb| `k wgwbU ci Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq| g„Zz¨i KviY eogv‡ci nvU© A¨vUvK| wb‡R‡K w`‡q AuvKv me©‡kl †mjd †cv‡Uª©U †kl K‡ib 30 Ryb 1972| †m †cv‡Uª©‡Ui bvg : Ô†mjd †cv‡Uª©U †dBwms †W_Õ Ñ g„Zz¨i gy‡LvgywL AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ| KvM‡Ri Ici †µq‡b AuvKv GB †cv‡Uª©U wcKv‡mv Zuvi wb‡Ri gy‡Li Ici ¯’vcb K‡i Zuvi eÜz wc‡q‡i `vB‡K †`wL‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡b n‡q‡Q, GLv‡b fxwZi Awfe¨w³ Avm‡j wcKv‡mvi GKwU †KŠkj| wZb gvm ci wc‡q‡i Avevi hLb wcKv‡mvi Kv‡Q hvb, †`L‡Z †c‡jb Qwei iƒp `vM¸‡jv Av‡iv Mfxi n‡q Av‡Q, wZwb AcjK ZvwK‡q Av‡Qb, Zuvi g‡b n‡q‡Q wcKv‡mv mivmwi wb‡Ri g„Zz¨i w`‡K ZvwK‡q Av‡Qb|

nvZjIqvjv †Pqv‡i bMœ bvix, g¨vwi-†_‡im‡K wb‡q AuvKv

bvixi Qwe Qwei bvix dvb©v‡›` Awjwf‡q : wcKv‡mv hLb Zuvi wkíxRxe‡bi bxj Aa¨vq AwZµg Ki‡Qb, jv‡ji Avfv DuwK w`‡Z ïi“ K‡i‡Q, Ggwb mgq 4 AvM÷ 1904 AcÖZ¨vwkZ SoSÅvi g‡a¨ Av‡iv AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e Avwef~©Z nb wcKv‡mvi †P‡q Pvi gv‡mi eo e„wó‡fRv dvb©v‡›` Awjwf‡q| wZwb ZLb Ab¨ wkíx‡`i g‡Wj wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K †eu‡a †dj‡jb cÖY‡qi e܇b| 1904 †_‡K 1912 Ñ mvZ eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq wZwb wkíxi m‡½ wQ‡jb, wgm‡Uªm wn‡m‡eB| †m mgq wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K Ab¨ Kv‡iv g‡Wj n‡Z wbi¯— K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡K wb‡q AuvKv wcKv‡mvi fv¯‹h© : bvixi gv_v (1909) Bfv ¸‡qj : dvb©v‡›` Awjwf‡q 1912 mv‡j wcKv‡mv‡K †Q‡o hvb| †m mgq Zuvi Rxe‡b Av‡mb mvZvk eQi eqmx gv‡m©j nvgevU© wKsev Bfv ¸‡qj| wcKv‡mv ZLb GKwÎk| 1915 mv‡j h²v wKsev K¨vÝv‡i Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq| wcKv‡mv e¨w_Z n‡q †f‡O c‡owQ‡jb| Bfv‡K wb‡q ÔAvB jvf BfvÕ bv‡g K‡qKwU QweI Gu‡K‡Qb| 1913-†Z AuvKv ÔI‡gb Bb Avg©‡PqviÕ Bfv‡K wb‡q AuvKv Ab¨Zg †kÖô †ZjwPÎ| IjMv †LvK‡jvfv : e¨v‡j b„Z¨wkíx IjMvi m‡½ wcKv‡mvi †`Lv †iv‡g| wkíx ZLb e¨v‡j b„Z¨bvU¨ Ôc¨v‡i‡WÕi wWRvBb

KiwQ‡jb| c¨vwi‡mi GK i“k A‡_©vW· Pv‡P© 1918-†Z Zv‡`i we‡q nq| we‡qi mv¶x wQ‡jb Ru¨ KK‡Zv| we‡qUv my‡Li nqwb| `yRb wfbœ †gRv‡Ri wkíxi Ø›Ø †j‡MB wQj| Zuv‡K wb‡q AuvKv wcKv‡mvi Qwei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : nvZjIqvjv †Pqv‡i IjMv (1913) g¨vwi-†_‡im Iqvëvi : IjMvi m‡½ weevwnZ _vKv Ae¯’vq 1927 mv‡j †QPwj­k eQi eqmx wcKv‡mvi m‡½ m‡Z‡iv eQi eqmx g¨vwii †`Lv| 1927 †_‡K 1936 cÖvq `k eQi wcKv‡mvi wgm‡Uªm I wgDR| Zuv‡K wb‡q wcKv‡mvi nv‡Z D‡V G‡m‡Q wKQy AmvaviY wø» Qwe| Ô¯^cÕœ I ÔNygš—Õ GiKg `ywU Qwe| †Wviv gvi : hy‡Mv¯­vwfqvb d‡UvMÖvdvi †Wviv gvi‡K wcKv‡mvi evg ivRbxwZi cÖwZ Avmw³ I cÖwZev`x wP‡Îi †cÖiYv e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| 1936 mv‡j wcKv‡mv Pzqvbœ, †Wviv EbwÎk; †Wviv ¯ú¨vwbk MYhy‡×i fqvenZv wb‡q AuvKv ¸‡qwb©Kvi n‡q IVvi wewfbœ c‡e©i wPÎ aviY K‡ib| wgm‡Uªm wn‡m‡e wcKv‡mvi m‡½

KvwU‡q †`b 1936 †_‡K 1944 ch©š— AvU eQi| wkíx Zuv‡K wb‡q Auv‡Kb Zuvi Ôµ›`mxÕ wmwi‡Ri eû Qwe| ewÂZ †Wvivi Rxe‡b wcKv‡mv Aa¨vq †kl n‡j wb‡R Qwe AuvK‡Z ïi“ K‡ib, c¨vwi‡m cÖ`k©bxI K‡i‡Qb| wbtm½, Rbwew”Qbœ I `wi`ª Ae¯’vq Zuvi †kl w`b¸‡jv Kv‡U| †Wviv‡K wb‡q wcKv‡mvi me‡P‡q Av‡jvwPZ Qwe Ô`¨ DBwcs I‡gbÕÑ µ›`mx bvix| d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv : 1943-G wcKv‡mv evlwÆ Avi wPÎKjvi wk¶v_x© d«uv‡mvqvR wR‡jv gvÎ evBk; Ae¯’vcbœ cwiev‡ii d«uv‡mvqvR‡KI iw¶Zvi RxebB hvcb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q; K¬` I cv‡jvgv Ñ GK cyÎ I GK Kb¨vi Rbbx n‡q‡Qb| wZwb cÖwZev`x wQ‡jb Ges Zuvi fvlvq, ÔAb¨ bvix‡`i g‡Zv wb‡R‡K wcKv‡mvi Kv‡Q wewQ‡q †`bwb| wZwbB wcKv‡mv‡K Z¨vM K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡K wb‡q AuvKv Qwei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : I‡gb d¬vIqvi| †Rbwf‡qf †jvcvZ© : 1944 mv‡j m‡Z‡iv eQi eqmx GB Zi“Yx ¯‹‡z ji msev`c‡Îi Rb¨ wcKv‡mvi mv¶vrKvi wb‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb| 1951 mv‡j wcKv‡mvi eqm mËi eQi Ñ †Rbwf‡qf Zuv‡K †`L‡Z Zuvi ÷zwWI‡Z Av‡mb| MÖx‡®§ Zv‡K wb‡q P‡j hvb †mB›U †Îv‡cR| Zv‡K wb‡q †mLv‡bB _vK‡Z Pvb| wKš‘ GB Zi“Yx †h‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbvb| 1953 mv‡j Zv‡K †Q‡o hvb| GKB mg‡q d«vu ‡mvqvRI wcKv‡mv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡ib| Zuv‡K wb‡q wcKv‡mvi Qwe : †Rbwf‡q‡fi †cv‡Uª©U (1951) Pablo Picasso - Harlequin Head (1971)

R¨vKzwjb †ivK : g„rwkí cÖ`k©bx I †ePv‡Kbvi †`vKv‡bi †mjmMvj© R¨vKzwj‡bi m‡½ 1953 mv‡j wcKv‡mvi cÖYq ce© hLb ïi“ nq; Zuvi eqm EbAvwk eQi| wZwb R¨vKzwjb‡K we‡q K‡ib| wcKv‡mv Zuv‡K wb‡qB me‡P‡q †ewk Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb| †Kej †cv‡Uª©‡Ui msL¨v mËi Qvwo‡q| wZwb wcKv‡mv‡K Zuvi wgm‡Uªm I Zuv‡`i Mf©RvZ mš—vb‡`i KvQ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †d‡jwQ‡jb| Zuv‡K wb‡q wcKv‡mvi GKwU weL¨vZ Qwe : R¨vKzwjb DB_ d¬vIqvm©|

wfbœ cv`UxKv †cBw›Us wb‡q wcKv‡mv Kx ej‡Qb? ÔmevB †cBw›Us eyS‡Z Pvb| Zuviv cvwLi Mvb †Kb eyS‡Z Pvb bv? bv ey‡SB †Kb †KD ivZ, dzj, Pvicv‡ki mewKQy fv‡jvev‡mb? wKš‘ †cBw›Us‡qi †ejvq gvbyl‡K Zv eyS‡Z n‡e|Õ (wµwðqvb Rvi‡fvm, wcKv‡mvi m‡½ K‡_vcK_b, 1935) †R‡ivg †¯­Kvi wR‡Ám Ki‡jb, ÔAvcwb †Kb Ggbfv‡e Qwe Auv‡Kb, hv RbM‡Yi c‡¶ †evSv GZ KwVb?Õ wcKv‡mv Reve w`‡jb, ÔAvwg Gfv‡e Qwe AuvwK, KviY G¸‡jv Avgvi wPš—vi djvdj| GLv‡b †cuŠQ‡Z Avwg eQ‡ii ci eQi KvR K‡iwQ| Avi Avwg hw` GLvb †_‡K GK cv wcwQ‡q hvB, Zvn‡j RbMY‡K Acgvb Kiv n‡e Ñ KviY Avgvi QweB Avgvi fvebvi djvdj| †Kej †evSv‡Z cvivi cwiZ…wßi Rb¨ Avwg mvaviY †Kv‡bv c×wZi AvkÖq wb‡Z cvwi

fuvi gv_v, 1971

bv|Õ (1945) Av‡iv A‡bK c‡i Av‡`ª gvj‡iv e‡j‡Qb, Ôgvbyl‡K RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv wKQy kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i e¨eüZ c×wZ ¸uwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq Ggb wPÎKí wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|Õ (1974) eªvmvBi wcKv‡mvi m‡½ K‡_vcK_‡b (1974) wkíx †ek wKQy cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡q‡Qb : memgqB ï×Zvi cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgvi †ejvq Zv n‡”Q `~i †_‡K Av‡iv `~‡i P‡j hvIqv, GK K¨vbfvm †_‡K Ab¨ K¨vbfv‡m| Avwk eQi eq‡m wcKv‡mv ej‡jb, Avgvi cyi‡bv †cBw›Us Avgv‡K AvMÖnvwš^Z K‡i bv| †h Qwe Avwg GL‡bv AuvwKwb Avgvi AbymwÜrmv †mw`‡KB| Av‡iv Av‡MB e‡j‡Qb, Avwg GKwU welq‡K †hfv‡e †`wL †mfv‡e AuvwK bv, †hfv‡e fvwe, †mfv‡eB AuvwK| †cBw›Us n‡”Q AÜ gvby‡li †ckv; hv †`‡Lb Zv wZwb Auv‡Kb bv, hv Abyfe K‡ib, welq m¤ú‡K© wZwb wb‡R‡K hv

Avj‡Rwiqvi bvix (fvm©b Ô0Õ ) 1955

d· P¨v‡b‡j ¯—b Svcmv weK…Z wcKv‡mv

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Ru¨ KK‡Zv‡K †jLv wPwV

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`¨ I‡gb Ae AvjwRqvm© Les Femmes d'Alger Ñ `¨ I‡gb Ae AvjwRqvm© wPÎKg©

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Ru¨ KK‡Zv‡K †jLv wPwV

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MviUªW y †÷Bb‡K †jLv wPwV

g¨v· R¨vKe‡K g¨v· R¨vKe (1876-1944) Rvg©vb Kwe, Jcb¨vwmK, wPÎwkíx Ges wcKv‡mvi cÖ_g Rxe‡bi `ytmg‡qi w`b¸‡jvi eÜz| Zuvi wk‡íi AvkÖq cÖZxKxev` I civev¯—eev`| wcKv‡mv I g¨v· R¨vK‡ei `kwU wPwV cvIqv †M‡Q| 1903/GKwU mwPÎ wPwV ev‡m©‡jvbv †_‡K †jLv : Avgvi wcÖq g¨v·, Avwg hw` GLv‡b (ev‡m©‡jvbv) KvR Ki‡Z cvwi Zvn‡j †_‡K hve, wKš‘ wKQy Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j c¨vwi‡m wd‡i hve| GB wPwVi Ici AuvKvAuvwKi bgybvB e‡j †`q, GUv wcKv‡mvi bxj Aa¨v‡qi m„wó| wPwVi †k‡l wj‡L‡Qb, Ô†Zvgvi fvB wcKv‡mvÕ| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib g¨v· †mmgq wkíxi †kÖô eÜzB wQ‡jb bv, wZwb wkíx‡K Avwe®‹viI K‡i‡Qb| wcKv‡mv R¨vKe‡K †h KUv wPwV wj‡L‡Qb, `kwU †Kej D×vi Kiv †M‡Q| GB wPwVwUi †¯‹‡P GKRb bvix e‡m _vKv GKRb cyi“l‡K myLvbyf‚wZ w`‡”Q, GKwU nvZ evov‡bv, †jvKwUi cv‡k nuvUz †M‡o emv GK wkï, wKQy cÖvYx ZvwK‡q Av‡Q, bvix I cyi“l Wy‡e Av‡Q Mfxi K‡_vcK_‡b|

MviUªyW †÷Bb‡K AZ¨š— Nwbô wcÖq eÜz GB Av‡gwiKvb bvix, wk‡íi AZzj mgS`vi Ges gbbkxj †jLK MviUªyW †÷Bb (1874-1946)| wcKv‡mv I gvwZ‡mi †cBw›Us‡qi cÖ_g w`KKvi †µZv wZwb| GB wkíx‡K wb‡q GKwU eBI wj‡L‡Qb| bvg Ñ wcKv‡mv, 1938 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ| wZwb wjL‡Qb, Ô†m mgq Avwg GKvB wcKv‡mv‡K ey‡S DV‡Z cviwQ Ñ KviY AvwgI mvwn‡Z¨ GKB K_v ejvi †Póv KiwQ, Avm‡j Avwg Av‡gwiKvb Avi I †¯úwbqvW©... †Kv‡bv welq wb‡q Avgv‡`i aviYv GKB ai‡bi|Õ Zuvi Kv‡Q wcKv‡mvi wPwV : Zzwg †`L‡Z cv‡e| cÖwZwU w`b Av‡iv RwUj, Zzwg †Kv_vq kvš— _vK‡e? Avwg GKwU †QvU †g‡q‡K wb‡q Ni mvRv‡bvi gvSvgvwS‡Z i‡qwQ| Zv‡`i Szwo‡Z dzj, Zvi cv‡k `y‡Uv wWg Avi Mg Ñ GiKg GKUv wKQy| †Zvgv‡K I †Zvgvi †evb‡K Avgvi †kÖôZg ï‡f”Qv| †Zvgvi eÜzi KvQ †_‡K wcKv‡mv

Uzbv gvQ aiv †Zjis, 1966-67

mvjfv`i `vwj

LÊwP‡Î AvZ¥cwiPq fvlvš—i : nv mv b †d i ‡`Š m

cÂg Aa¨vq

ˆkke¯§„w„ Z Avwg Avgvi †PvL eÜ Kwi I g‡bv‡hvM wbweó Kwi `~‡ii †mB me ¯§„wZi cÖwZ, hv ¯^Ztù‚Zf © v‡e cÖKvwkZ nq Ges hv me©vwaK D¾¡j| Avi †mB meB n‡jv Avgvi ˆkk‡ei cÖKZ … ¯§„wZ| Avgvi bR‡i Av‡m `ywU mvB‡cÖm MvQ, †ek eo, MvQ`ywU ˆ`‡N©¨ cÖvq mgvb| euvw`‡KiwU mvgvb¨ Lv‡Uv, Zvi gv_vUv Aci MvQ, †hUv GK`g Lvov, Zvi w`‡K wKQyUv by‡q cov| wd‡Miv‡mi wLªðvb eªv`vm© ¯‹‡z ji 1 b¤^i K‡¶i Rvbvjv w`‡q Avwg MvQ`ywUi w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vwK| wmbi †ÎB‡Zi we`¨vj‡q Avgvi †jLvcovi †eRvq ¶wZ n‡q‡Q, GB aviYvi wfwˇZ Avgv‡K wk¶vjv‡f GLv‡b cvVv‡bv nq| GB Rvbvjv, hv Avgvi `„wóc‡_ Ô†d«gÕ-Gi KvR KiZ, Zv †Lvjv n‡Zv ïay we‡Kj‡ejvq, Avi ZLb †_‡K evwK cy‡iv mgq Avwg e¨q KiZvg Rvbvjv w`‡q IB `yB Mv‡Q w`‡bi Av‡jvi is Kxfv‡e e`jvq Zv ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z|

Avgv‡`i ¯‹jz fe‡b †m Av‡jvi Qvqv coZ, hv µgk `xN© n‡q DVZ| wVK m~h© †Wvevi Av‡M Wvbw`‡Ki mvB‡cÖ‡mi AvMvq m~‡h©i Av‡jv wVK‡i coZ, Zvi is n‡Zv Nb jvj, †`‡L g‡b n‡Zv †KD eywS Zv‡K iw³g gw`ivq Pzwe‡q G‡b‡Q| Avi euvw`‡Ki mvB‡cÖmwU, hv ZZ¶‡Y Qvqvq †X‡K †M‡Q, g‡b n‡Zv Nb K…òe‡Y©i| Avi ZLbB wMR©vi NÈv †e‡R DVZ| ZLb Avgiv `uvwo‡q `yB nvZ gy‡o ag©‡¯—vÎ cvV KiZvg| MvQ`ywU †`‡L Avwg K¬v‡mi GK‡N‡qwg KvUv‡Z †Póv KiZvg| wmbi †ÎB‡Zi K¬v‡m myweav wQj wZwb Ny‡gv‡Zb, Zvi d‡j Avwg hv Lywk Ki‡Z cviZvg| wKš‘ GB ¯‹z‡ji eªv`viiv Avgvi g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ hZ iKg wbg©g c×wZ Av‡Q, Zvi meB AbymiY Ki‡Zb| Zvi dj Aek¨ n‡Zv Dj‡Uv, Avgvi ewnwe©k¦‡K m¤ú~Y© D‡e †`Iqvi ¶gZv Zv Av‡iv eû¸‡Y evwo‡q w`Z| Avwg Kv‡iv m‡½ K_v ejZvg bv, KvD‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z w`Zvg bv, Avgvi gw¯—‡®‹i †fZi ZLb Kx Pj‡Q, †m-K_v KvD‡K we›`ywemM© eyS‡Z w`Zvg bv| wmbi †ÎB‡Zi K¬v‡m †h myLKíbv ïi“ n‡qwQj, GLv‡b Zv †hb wظY ZxeªZvq ïi“ n‡jv| GB myLKíbv GLb wec`MÖ¯—, †m-K_v †Ui †c‡q Avwg †hb Zv‡K Av‡iv Mfxifv‡e AuvK‡o aijvg| mܨvi wMR©v NÈvi ci mvB‡cÖm MvQ `y‡Uv AÜKv‡i Wy‡e †hZ| wKš‘ Auvav‡i Wy‡e †M‡jI Zv‡`i †iLv Avgvi g‡b aiv _vKZ, Avwg wd‡i wd‡i Zv‡`i w`‡K ZvKvZvg, hw`I Zv‡`i Avi †`Lv †hZ bv| wMR©vi NÈvaŸwbi m‡½ m‡½ KwiW‡i I K¬v‡m Av‡jv R¡‡j DVZ| `iRvi Kv‡Pi †fZi w`‡q bR‡i AvmZ KwiW‡ii †`qv‡j mvRv‡bv ˆZjwPθ‡jv| Avgvi K¬vm †_‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †`Lv †hZ `ywU ˆZjwPÎ, Zvi GKwU wQj GK †kqv‡ji, hvi gy‡L aiv g„Z nuvm, †Kv‡bv ¸nv †_‡K †m gv_v †ei Ki‡Q| Ab¨wU wQj wg‡ji Av‡Äjvm1-Gi GKwU Abywjwc| Qwe `y‡Uv Avgvi g‡b GK wewPÎ D‡Ø‡Mi m„wó KiZ, A‡bK w`b c‡iI †m Abyf~wZ i‡q wM‡qwQj| IB Qwe †`‡L g‡b n‡Zv †KD eywS Avgv‡K cvnviv w`‡”Q, †m †eva †_‡K GK ai‡bi †Mvcb I ï× Avb›` Avwg Abyfe KiZvg, hv wQj aej †Kv‡bv Qywii g‡Zv, hv Acivax n‡jI m~h©v‡jv‡K R¡jR¡j KiZ| K¬vm KLb †kl n‡e, Zvi Rb¨ hLb Avwg Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡c¶v KiZvg, Avi GB cy‡ivUv mgq cuvPwU AwZ AbyMZ I wek¦¯— i¶x Avgv‡K cvnviv w`‡q ivLZ| Avgvi euv‡q evB‡ii mvB‡cÖm MvQ`ywU, Wv‡b Av‡Äjv‡mi `yB Qvqv, Avi mvg‡b whï wLª‡ói cÖZx‡K Ck¦i Ñ wk¶‡Ki †Uwe‡ji †cQ‡b Kv‡Vi µz‡k hv †Svjv‡bv _vKZ| whïi `yB cv‡q `ywU Mfxi ¶ZwPý, A¨vbv‡g‡j AuvKv †m ¶Z †f` K‡i †`Lv †hZ nvo| whïi cv wQj †Q‡j‡`i ˆ`wbK nv‡Zi †Quvqvq weeY©, †bvsiv| wbqg wQj cÖwZw`b K¬vm †_‡K we`vq †bIqvi Av‡M wk¶‡Ki †jvgk nvZ Py¤‡^ bi ci Ges ey‡K µykwPý AuvKv †kl n‡j Avgv‡`i whïi ¶Zv³ c`hyMj nvZ w`‡q Qy‡u Z n‡Zv| Avwg †h GK`„‡ó evB‡i ZvwK‡q _vwK, ¯‹‡z ji eªv`vi‡`i Zv bRi Govqwb| ¯‹‡z j Avwg wQjvg GKgvÎ QvÎ, hvi Ici RvbvjvLvwbi Ggb wbi¼zk cÖfve wQj| †m Kvi‡Y Zviv Avgvi emvi ¯’vb e`j K‡i w`‡jb, d‡j mvB‡cÖm `ywU Avgvi `„wó mxgvbvi evB‡i P‡j †Mj| Zv‡Z wK, Avwg ZeyI bv‡Qvoev›`vi g‡Zv Zv‡`i w`‡K ZvwK‡q _vKZvg, wVK †hLv‡b MvQ`ywU wQj Zvi Ae¯’vb g‡bi g‡a¨ †Mu‡_ wbZvg| B”Qvkw³i cÖve‡j¨ Avwg †hb †`qvj †f` K‡i †`L‡Z m¶g nZvg, Avgvi Kíbvi †Pv‡L Zver wKQyB cybM©wVZ

n‡Zv| KLb †Kvb cÖni, Zv Vvn‡ii Rb¨ Avgv‡K wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv K¬v‡mi Af¨š—‡i ZLb Kx N‡U P‡j‡Q, Zvi Ici| †hgb, GLb cÖ‡kœvËi cvjv, Zvi gv‡b Qvqv GLb Wvbw`‡Ki mvB‡cÖ‡mi Ici w¯’i n‡q‡Q, †m Mv‡Qi Mv‡q R¡‡j hvIqv †h †dvKi i‡q‡Q, Qvqv †mBZK †cuŠ‡Q‡Q, †mB †dvKi †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m‡Q ïK‡bv GKUv Wvj, Avi †mB Wv‡ji Ici i‡q‡Q mv`v GK UyK‡iv Kvco| Avwg wVK †`L‡Z †cZvg wc‡iwbm2 cvnv‡oi is, hv GLb wbðq †e¸wb, Avi GLb Ñ †hgb Avwg w`b K‡qK Av‡M †`‡LwQjvg Ñ eû `~‡ii MÖvg, wfjv †eiÎvb Ñ Gi GK GKUv Rvbvjv w`‡q wVK‡i †e‡iv‡”Q Av‡jv| Avi GBfv‡e wbKl Kv‡jv AÜKv‡iI wVK‡i DVZ

welv`MÖ¯— µxov 1929

Av‡Äjvm †Zjis, Ru-d«v‡mvquv wg‡j (1857-59)

wn‡ii `y¨wZi g‡Zv nVvr Av‡jvi SjKvwb| Av¤úvi`v‡bi mgZj f~wg, hv cieZx©Kv‡j Avgvi wkí I `k©b fvebv‡K wbg©vY Ki‡e, Zv‡K †`L‡Z bv †`Iqvi G wQj GK †gv¶g Reve| eªv`vi‡`i c‡¶ eyS‡Z †`wi n‡jv bv Avgv‡K Rvbvjvi `„wó mxgvbvi evB‡i wb‡q hvIqvq Lye GKUv jvf nqwb| eis NUj wVK Dj‡Uv| Zviv Avgvi GB GKvMÖ e¨w³MZ Avb›`‡K ixwZg‡Zv N„Yv Kiv ïi“ Kij| GKw`b iv‡Z †L‡Z e‡m Avgvi ¯‹‡z ji wi‡cvU© KvW© co‡Z wM‡q Avgvi evev ixwZg‡Zv AvZ¼MÖ¯— n‡q co‡jb| wi‡cv‡U© Avgvi mykxj ¯^fve I k„•Ljv‡ev‡ai K_v D‡j­L Kiv n‡jv| ejv n‡jv ˆn‰P Gwo‡q Pjv Avgvi ¯^fve| P‡Kv‡j‡Ui KvM‡R †gvov †Kv‡bv Qwe

†`‡L Avwg nq‡Zv gk¸j n‡q hvB (†Kvb QwewUi K_v ejv n‡jv Zv †evSv Avgvi Rb¨ KwVb wQj bv)| wKš‘ Gici gš—e¨ wn‡m‡e Ry‡o †`Iqv n‡jv †h, Avwg Ggb GKai‡bi gvbwmK Avj‡mwg‡Z GZUv Wy‡e AvwQ †h Avgvi c‡¶ †jLvcovq Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv AMÖMwZ AR©b m¤¢e bq| g‡b Av‡Q †m-K_v ï‡b gv †eRvq †Ku‡`wQ‡jb| mwZ¨ K_v n‡jv, cy‡iv GKUv eQi KvUv‡bvi c‡iI Avwg Ab¨ Qv·`i Zyjbvq cÖvq wKQyB wkwLwb| Ab¨iv †hLv‡b ZiZi K‡i mvg‡b G‡Mvw”Qj, Avwg †mLv‡b GKB K¬v‡m c‡o wQjvg| Avwg B”Qv K‡iB evievi fyj KiZvg, Rvbv wRwbmI fve KiZvg Rvwb bv| GKw`b GK UzK‡iv PKP‡K KvM‡Ri GK †bvUeyK cvIqvi ci Avwg nVvr K‡iB †hb h_vh_fv‡e †jLvi Avb›` Avwe®‹vi Kijvg|

`yi“`yi“ e‡¶, ejc‡q›U Kj‡gi AvMv evi K‡qK wb‡Ri wRnŸvq wfwR‡q Ggb PgrKvi K‡i nv‡Zi †jLv †kl Kijvg †h Avwg †mevi nv‡Zi †jLvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †miv njvg Ges Avgvi nv‡Zi †jLv Kv‡Pi †d«‡g euvwa‡q ivLv n‡jv| Avgvi n¯—v¶‡ii GB Rv`yKix cwieZ©b Avgv‡K ÔAZxw›`ªqZv I AbyKiY cÖeYZviÕ c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z AbycvÖ wYZ Kij| GB `yB

Kvco †avqv N‡i ÷zwWI 1939-41

c×wZ wQj ÔmvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡MÕ Avgvi AbymZ „ `yB c×wZ| K¬v‡m †Kv‡bv cvV wel‡q cÖkœ Kiv n‡j Avwg nv‡Z aiv LvZv ev eB, hv weMZ NÈvLv‡bK cÖej Awfwb‡e‡k cv‡Vi fvb KiwQjvg, Zv Qy‡o †d‡j Ggb GKUv fw½ KiZvg †h cy‡iv e¨vcviUv Avgvi bL`c©‡Y i‡q‡Q| Avwg †e‡Âi Ici D‡V `uvovZvg, Avevi PU K‡i †b‡g coZvg, †hb Kx GK fq Avgv‡K MÖvm K‡i‡Q, Avi `yB nvZ w`‡q

`vwji gv †Zjis, 1920

wb‡R‡K AÁvZ †mB fxwZ †_‡K AvMjvevi †Póv KiZvg| Zvici fxZmš¿¯— n‡q †W‡¯‹ e‡m coZvg, Avgvi `yB nvZ w`‡q XvKv _vKZ Avgvi gv_v| GB g~Kvwfb‡qi d‡j wew¯§Z eªv`vi Ñ Avwg Amy¯’ †eva KiwQ GB aviYv †_‡K Ñ Avgv‡K evMv‡b wKQy mgq †nu‡U Avmvi AbygwZ w`‡Zb| K¬v‡m wd‡i G‡j Avgv‡K myMÜhy³ GK †flR Pv‡qi cvbxq cvb Ki‡Z †`Iqv n‡Zv| Avgvi evev-gv‡K Avgvi GB `„wóweå‡gi K_v wbðq Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj, Zv‡`i Aby‡iv‡aB ¯‹‡z j Avgvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM Av‡iv K‡qK¸Y †e‡o †Mj| d‡j, µgvš^‡q ¯‹‡z j Avgvi Ae¯’v Ab¨ mevi †P‡q Av‡iv †ewk Avjv`v n‡q Ggb Ae¯’vq †cuŠQvj †h, wk¶KKzj Avgv‡K we`¨v`v‡bi mKj †Póv †_‡K weiZ _vKv ïi“ Ki‡jb| Avgv‡K Amy¯’ we‡ePbv K‡i cÖvqB Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q hvIqv n‡Zv| G wQj †mB Wv³vi, Avgvi †evb‡K Kvb dz‡Uv Kivi mgq GKevi hvi Pkgvi KvP Avwg †f‡O w`‡qwQjvg| Gw`‡K evi K‡qK wmuwo a‡i IVvbvgv Kivi d‡j Avgvi gv_v Nyi‡Q| bvK w`‡q i³ cov I KÉbvwji cÖ`v‡ni mgm¨vqI Avwg fyMZvg| cÖwZeviB NUZ GKB NUbv : GKw`‡bi R¡i, mvZw`b wbivg‡qi Rb¨ QywU| GB mg‡q Avwg Avgvi N‡iB wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK wµqv-Kg© mviZvg| N‡ii `yMÜ © `~i Ki‡Z Avgvi N‡i cvwV‡q †`Iqv n‡Zv †e¸wb i‡Oi Av‡g©bxq KvM‡R †gvov GK ai‡bi AvMievwZ| KL‡bv Av‡g©bxq KvMR bv cvIqv †M‡j wPwb †cvov‡bvi e¨e¯’v n‡Zv, hv wKbv wQj

Av‡iv my¯v^ `y| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, cÖ`vn e¨vcviUv Avgvi fv‡jvB jvMZ| GB †iv‡Mi AvMgb Avwg AvMÖn wb‡q A‡c¶v KiZvg| jywmqv, Avgvi cyi‡bv `vBgv, †m-mgq Avgvi m‡½ m‡½ _vKZ| `vw`gvI Zuvi Dj eybwy bi KvR wb‡q Avgvi N‡i Rvbvjvi Kv‡Q em‡Zb| Avgvi gv-I KL‡bv KL‡bv Zuvi evÜex‡`i wb‡q G‡m em‡Zb| Avwg GK Kvb w`‡q jywmqvi ejv Mí ïbZvg, Ab¨ Kvb w`‡q †kvbvi †Póv KiZvg eo‡`i MvjMà| Avi KL‡bv hw` R¡i †e‡o †hZ, Zvn‡j gv_vUv wSgwSg KiZ, ZLb ev¯—e-Aev¯—‡ei †f`‡iLv `~i n‡Zv, Avi Avwg †`L‡Z †cZvg mv`v †cvkvK civ GK †`e`~Z‡K, jywmqv hv‡K cwiPq KivZ Ny‡gi †`eZv wn‡m‡e| jywmqv I Avgvi `vw`gv Avgvi Rvbv g‡Z me‡P‡q cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ `yRb gvbyl, Zv‡`i ïå Pyj I bvRyK wKš‘ KzPu ‡K Avmv Pvgov Avgvi †Pv‡L wQj Ac~e© my›`i| jywmqv †`L‡Z eomo AvKv‡ii wQj, A‡bKUv †cv‡ci g‡Zv| Avi `vw`gv wQj †QvULv‡Uv, A‡bKUv GK KvwUg mv`v my‡Zvi g‡Zv| Gu‡`i †`‡LB eva©K¨ e¨vcviUv Avgvi Kv‡Q `vi“Y g‡b n‡Zv! e¯‘Z, Avwg njvg A¨vw›U-dvD‡÷i Rxeš— AeZvi, Zvi cybtcÖKvk| ˆkk‡e Avwg e„ׇ`i †mŠg¨ `k©‡b GZUv gy» wQjvg †h, AbwZwej‡¤^ e„× n‡q †M‡j wb‡Ri †`n Avwg Abvqv‡m `vb Ki‡Z cÖ¯Z ‘ wQjvg| nu¨v, AvwgB wQjvg A¨vw›U-dvD÷| †mB †jvK Ñ

A_©vr dvD÷ e¯‘Z wQj †bnvZB nZfvMv| eva©‡K¨i wecyj Ávb AR©b m‡Ë¡I †m wb‡Ri AvZ¥v kqZv‡bi Kv‡Q wewµ K‡iwQj ïay Zvi †`‡ni Ae‡PZb †hŠeb wd‡i cvevi Rb¨| eva©‡K¨ Avgvi †Kv‡bv AvcwË wQj bv, hw` AvZ¥vi axkw³, Zvi eyw×gËv, Avwg msi¶‡Y m¶g nZvg| ˆkk‡e Avwg gm„Y Z¡‡Ki GK Rv‡bvqvi wQjvg, Zv‡K N„Yv KiZvg, m¤¢e n‡j Zv‡K `y-cv‡q gvwo‡q †kl K‡i w`Zvg| Avgvi Kv‡Q evmbv I weÁvb GB `yB‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cÖ‡f` wQj bv| Avwg G-I RvbZvg, †`‡ni f½yiZvi †fZi w`‡qB AwR©Z nq cybi“Ìv‡bi AwfÁvb| gvbwQ, MwYZkv¯¿ ev MYbvwe`¨vq Avwg KL‡bv cvi½g wQjvg bv, †m we`¨v AR©‡b Avwg eiveiB wcwQ‡q wQjvg| wKš‘ bq eQi eq‡mB Avwg, GB mvjfv`i `vwj, wg‡gwmm ev AbyKiY ZË¡ †Kej Avwe®‹viB Kwi Zv bq, †m Z‡Ë¡i c~Y©v½ e¨vL¨v‡ZI cvi½g n‡q DwV| Kv`v‡K‡m †m eQi Avgvi bR‡i Av‡m GK ai‡bi ¸j¥, mgy`Z ª xi eivei G¸‡jv wecyj msL¨vq †`Lv †hZ| KvQ †_‡K †`L‡j bR‡i AvmZ GB ¸j¥¸‡jv Lye mi“ GK Wv‡ji Ici fi w`‡q wU‡K Av‡Q| Zviv GgbB f½yi, †hb mvgvb¨ evZv‡mB †bwZ‡q co‡e| GKw`b Avwg j¶ Kwi, †m Mv‡Qi †MvUvKq cvZv evwK Mv‡Qi mg_©b Qvov wb‡Riv GKvB `yj‡Q| GgbwK Avgvi GgbI †eva n‡jv †h Zviv nuvU‡Q! Avwg †m Mv‡Qi wKQy †cvKv-cvZv Avjv`v K‡i ivLjvg Aemig‡Zv wbKU †_‡K ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨| †cQb †_‡K †`L‡j GB cvZv¸wj‡K Mv‡Qi Ab¨ cvZvi †_‡K wfbœ wKQy g‡b n‡Zv bv, wKš‘ Zv‡`i Dj‡U ai‡j g‡b n‡Zv †Kv‡bv ¸e‡i‡cvKv, Z‡e Zv‡`i cv-¸wj LyeB f½yi, Avi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †Pv‡L †`Lv †hZ bv| mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, GB †cvKv-cvZv Avwe®‹v‡ii ci Avgvi g‡b n‡jv cÖKw… Zi GK Rv`yKix †Mvcb Z_¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ| (fj‡Zqv‡ii A`„k¨ cÖwZ”Qwe †cvKv-cvZvi GB wg‡gwm‡mi m‡½ Zzjbxq, MVb [wdMvi] I cðv™¢w~ gi [e¨vKMÖvDÛ] g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I weåvwš—i `i“b hv `„wói evB‡iB i‡q hvq|) Avgvi g‡b we›`ygvÎ m‡›`n wQj bv, wg‡gwm‡mi GB †ivgnl©K Avwe®‹vi Avgvi wPÎK‡g© A‡b‡K †h A`„k¨ I åvwš—gj~ K cÖ”Qvqv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Zvi cÖfv‡eiB dj| wb‡Ri GB Mwe©Z Avwe®‹vi Avwg wb‡Ri wPÎKjvi A‡jŠwKK ˆewkó¨ wbg©v‡Y e¨envi K‡iwQ| ZLb †_‡K GB `vwe Kiv ïi“ Kijvg †h, e¨w³MZ A‡jŠwKK ¶gZve‡j Avwg Roe¯‘‡K Rxee¯‘‡Z cwiYZ Kivi ¶gZv AR©b K‡iwQ| †m Mv‡Qi †MvQv †MvQv cvZv †_‡K †MvUv K‡qK wQu‡o Avwg nvZmvdvB‡qi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i ¯’‡j †cvKv-cvZv e`‡j ivLZvg, Zvici Lvevi †Uwe‡ji gvSLv‡b GK UyK‡iv †MvjvKvi cÖ¯i— LÊ, hvi Rv`yKix ¶gZv Av‡Q e‡j Avwg `vwe KiZvg, Zv w`‡q evievi AvNvZ KiZvg GBRb¨ †h, Gi d‡j †m cvZvq Rxeb †R‡M DV‡e| cÖ_g cÖ_g mevB fveZ Avgvi `ª“Z nvZPvjbvi Rb¨B cvZv¸‡jv bo‡Q| wKQy¶Y ci Avwg nvZ bvov‡bv µgk Kwg‡q w`Zvg, wKš‘ ZviciI cvZv¸‡jv w_iw_i K‡i boZ, †Kv‡bv evB‡ii cÖfve QvovB wbR¯^ kw³‡Z Zviv MwZ mÂv‡i m¶g n‡Zv| cvZv¸‡jv mwZ¨ mwZ¨ nuvU‡Z cv‡i †`‡L †jvKRb mwe¯§‡q wPrKvi K‡i DVZ| Avwg GB G·‡cwi‡g›U bvbv mgq Ñ we‡kl K‡i †R‡j‡`i Kv‡Q Ñ K‡i †`LvZvg| GB MvQ Ges Gi †cvKv wel‡q A‡b‡KB RvbZ, Kv`v‡K‡m G Mv‡Qi †Zv Avi Afve wQj bv, wKš‘ Zvi cvZv †h Gfv‡e nuvU‡Z cv‡i, GK_v Zv‡`i AÁvZ wQj| A‡bK c‡i, 1914 mv‡j cÖ_g gnvhy× ïi“i mgq, Kv`v‡K‡mi

mgy`mª xgvq Avgvi bR‡i Av‡m ÔK¨vgyd¨¬ vRÕ ev QÙ‡e‡k _vKv hy×RvnvR| ZLb Avgvi †bvUey‡K Avwg wj‡LwQjvg, cvZv-†cvKv, hvi bvg Avwg w`‡qwQjvg Ôg‡iv `¨ KuÕ (KvZv‡jvbxq fvlvq GB kãwU Lye Ak­xj, Ab¨ fvlvq Zv Abyev`I Am¤¢e| bvix‡`‡ni †hŠbv‡½i cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i †R‡j I K…l‡Kiv kãwU e¨envi KiZ KvD‡K AwZ a~Z© GB K_v e‡j wb›`v Ki‡Z) Zvi GK e¨vL¨v Avwe®‹v‡i m¶g njvg| Avgvi MvQ-†cvKv‡K †Kb, Kvi nvZ †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z Ggb QÙ‡ek wb‡Z n‡qwQj? ˆkk‡e QÙ‡ek aviY wQj Avgvi GK Mfxi AvMÖ‡ni welq| GKevi †hgb ivwkqvi K_v †f‡e ZylvicvZ `k©‡bi cÖej B”Qv †R‡MwQj, wVK †mB iKg nVvr Avwg ev‡m©‡jvbvq GK wcZ…‡e¨i KvQ †_‡K GK Dcnvi †cjvg, hv‡Z QÙ‡ek avi‡Yi bvbv DcKiY wQj| Dcnvi cvIqvi w`b mܨvq Avwg mvRf‚lv c‡i Avqbvq wb‡R‡K †`Ljvg| gv_vq gyKUy , Avgvi ¯‹Üve„Z †RveŸv; wKš‘ kix‡ii evwK Ask m¤ú~Y© D`vg| Avwg ZLb wb‡Ri wkkœ †P‡c a‡i `yB cv‡qi gvSLv‡b †i‡L Zv `„wói evB‡i wb‡q †Mjvg, †`‡L †hb g‡b nq Avwg GKwU evwjKv| ZZw`‡b wZbwU wRwb‡mi cÖwZ Avgvi Avmw³ M‡o D‡V‡Q : `yej© Zv, eva©K¨ I wejvwmZv| G mgq cÖvqB Avgvi gv Avgv‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡Zb, †LvKv, †Zvi Kx PvB, †Kvb wRwbmUv †Zvi cÖ‡qvRb? Avwg RvbZvg †KvbUv Avgvi PvB| Avwg PvBZvg evwoi Qv‡` ivLv `ywU Kvco‡avqv Ni, hv

MvjvwZqv Ad wùqvm© †Zjis, 1952

K¨vev‡i `„k¨ †Zjis, 1922

ZZw`‡b Kvco‡avqvi e`‡j †÷vi i“g wn‡m‡eB e¨eüZ n‡Zv| †m Ni †_‡K Abvqv‡m PZ¡‡i †b‡g Avmv †hZ| GKw`b †m Ni‡K Avgvi ÷zwWI wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii AbygwZ †`Iqv n‡jv| †`Ljvg, M„ncwiPvwiKv GK GK K‡i †m N‡ii me wRwbm mwi‡q Ab¨Î wb‡q hv‡”Q| LyeB †QvU wQj K¶wU, GZ †QvU †h Kvco †avqvi cvKv _vjv ev †Uª ev` w`‡j †m N‡i Aewkó †Kv‡bv RvqMvB _vKZ bv| wKš‘ †m ¶z`ª K¶B c~ee© wY©Z gvZ…M‡f©i ¯§„wZi Avb›` Avgv‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`j| Avwg NiUv g‡bi g‡Zv K‡i mvRvjvg| wb‡Ri †K`vivLvwb ivLjvg †mB cvKv †U«i Ici| Dj­¤^ Kv‡Vi †evW©wU ivLjvg AvovAvwo K‡i, hv †m †U«i A‡a©K Ry‡o _vKZ| GB wQj Avgvi ÷zwWI| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Lye Mi‡gi w`‡b Avwg D`vg n‡q emZvg, cvwbi Kj †Q‡o †mB †Uª‡Z cvwb †evSvB K‡i wbZvg| m~‡h©i Zv‡c †m cvwb _vKZ Cl`yò| A‡bKUv †gvRv‡U©i ev_Uv‡ei g‡ZvB| †mB †QvU N‡ii †`qvjRy‡o _vKZ wewfbœ e¯‘i Ici Avgvi Aw¼Z wPÎvewj| †ewki fvMB wQj Avgvi dzdiz Mg gvovB‡qi †`vKvb †_‡K Pzwi Kiv KvM‡Ri ev·, Zvi Ici AuvKv Qwe| †mB kvbeuvav‡bv †Uªi Ici Avwg `ywU ˆZjwPÎ Gu‡KwQjvg| Zvi GKwU wQj †Rv‡md (BDmyd) (wgm‡i) Zvi fvB‡`i m‡½ wgwjZ n‡”Q, hvi cy‡ivUvB wQj Avgvi KíbvcÖmZ ~ | Ab¨wU wQj Bwjqv‡`i3

msw¶ß M‡íi GK eB‡qi †fZi AuvKv Uª‡qi †n‡j‡bi GKwU Qwe †_‡K AbycvÖ wYZ| †m Qwei wk‡ivbvg w`‡qwQjvg, ¯§„wZ-fvivµvš— †n‡j‡bi wb`ªvZzi ü`q| GB Qwei GK †Kvbvq Avwg AwZ D”P GK `yM© AuvKjvg, hvi kx‡l© wQj GK Ly‡` gvby‡li Qwe| wbN©vZ †m gvbylwU wQjvg Avwg| Ab¨ †hme Qwe Avwg GLv‡b AuvwK Zvi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸wj wQj 1929 mv‡j c¨vwi‡m †hme civev¯—e Qwe AuvwK, Zvi cÖ_g ms¯‹iY| GB mg‡q Avwg Kv`vgvwU w`‡q Ô†fbvm Ae wg‡jvÕ4 wkíK‡g©i GKwU Kwc evbv‡bv †kl Kwi| fv¯‹h© wbg©v‡Y †h Mfxi †hŠb Avb›` Av‡Q, G wQj Zvi cÖ_g AwfÁZv| (Avgvi ¯¿xi bvg nIqvi K_v wQj †n‡jb)| GB Kvco †avqvi K‡¶ Avwg G‡KK K‡i evevi KvQ †_‡K cvIqv †QvU †QvU Qwei bvbv eB, hv evev Avgv‡K †mm‡ei A_© bv †evSvi Av‡MB Dcnvi wn‡m‡e w`‡qwQ‡jb, G‡b mvRvjvg| Avgvi Rxe‡b GBme Qwei eB‡qi cÖfve wQj cÖej| GBme eB †_‡K Avwg wk‡íi BwZnv‡mi †miv wPÎK‡g©i m‡½ cwiwPZ nB| me‡P‡q †ewk Avgv‡K hv AvK…ó KiZ Zv n‡jv bMœ bvix‡`‡ni Qwe| Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q wcÖq wQj Bb‡MÖi Ô†Mvj‡Wb GRÕ5 QwewU| Avgvi †Pv‡L we‡k¦i me‡P‡q my›`i GB Qwe‡Z Aw¼Z bMœ evwjKvwUi †cÖ‡g c‡o hvB Avwg| †m evwjKv wQj GB Qwe‡Z GK Sb©vi cÖZxK| GLv‡b †mB jwÛª N‡ii me K_v ejv hv‡e bv| GKUv wRwbm wVK, Avi Zv n‡jv VvÆv w`‡q ûj †dvUv‡bvi e¨vcviUv Avwg GLv‡bB wk‡LwQjvg| †Pv‡Li †Kvbv bvwP‡q I mvgvb¨ we`ªƒ‡ci nvwm a‡i ivLvi e¨vcviUv Avwg GLv‡bB cÖ_g cix¶v Kiv ïi“ Kwi| GLv‡bB Avwg Ñ wKQyUv A¯úó n‡jI Ñ eyS‡Z wkwL †h Avwg KZ eo wRwbqvm| `vwj, Zywg †Zv GLb wbN©vZ Rv‡bv, GKevi hw` wRwbqv‡mi f‚wgKvi Awfbq wk‡L hvI, GKw`b Zzwg wRwbqvm n‡q DV‡e| Avgv‡`i evmvq †KD †eov‡Z G‡jB wR‡Ám KiZ, mvjfv`i †Kv_vq? evev-gv Rev‡e ej‡Zb, I †Zv Ic‡i| Qv‡`i Kvco‡avqv N‡i I bvwK Qwe AuvKvi ÷zwWI evwb‡q‡Q| †mLv‡bB †m NÈvi ci NÈv KvUvq| ÔIc‡i!Õ Kx PgrKvi GKUv K_v| Avgvi mvivUv Rxeb cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q GB `yB ci¯úiwe‡ivax K_v Ñ Ici I wbP Ñ Zv Øviv| mviv Rxeb, †mB ˆkke †_‡K m‡PZb †_‡KwQ kx‡l© IVvi| GLb hLb wVK †mLv‡bB Avgvi Ae¯’vb, GLvb †_‡K Avwg Avi bowQ bv|  cv`UxKv 1.

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A¨v‡Äjvm : divwm wPÎKi Ru d«v‡mvquv wg‡ji AuvKv ˆZjwPÎ| w`b‡k‡l wMR©vaŸwb †kvbvi m‡½ m‡½ gv_v byB‡q cÖv_©bv Ki‡Q `yB K…lK, GB Qwe‡Z †mB gyn‡~ Z©i ev¯—eag©x cÖKvk i‡q‡Q| d«vÝ I †¯ú‡bi mxgvš— eivei ce©Zgvjv| †nvgv‡ii †jLv weL¨vZ wMÖK Kve¨| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m wbwg©Z me©v‡c¶v L¨vZ GKwU fv¯‹‡h©i bvg| wLªóc~e© 100-130 eQ‡i wbwg©Z GB fv¯‹‡h©i welq wMÖK Av‡d«vw`Z| Bqvby¸¯— `wgwbK Bb‡MÖ (1780-1816) weL¨vZ divwm wbIK¬vwmK¨vj wPÎKi| Zvi AuvKv Ô†Mvj‡Wb GRÕ QwewU gvwZmmn A‡bK AvaywbK wPÎKi‡K cÖej cÖfvweZ K‡i|

(`¨ wm‡µU jvBd Ae mvjfv`i `vwj, Bs‡iwR Abyev` : nvKb Gg †kfvwj‡q Aej¤^‡b)

Rvdvq †ivMvµvš—‡`i g‡a¨ †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU© †Zjis, 1804, Auv‡Zvqvb-Ruv MÖm

Dwbk kZ‡Ki B‡qv‡ivcxq wkíKjvq cÖvP¨RvMwZK cÖfve mv M i †PŠ ay ix

cÖv

P¨ ev cÖvP¨RMr (The East, The Orient) Ñ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k QvovI AvR‡Ki Zzi¯‹, wMÖm, wbKU I ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges DËi Avwd«Kv hvi Aš—M©Z Ñ Ebwesk kZvãxi m~Pbvi K‡qK‡kv eQi Av‡M †_‡KB cvðv‡Z¨i wPÎwkíx‡`i Kíbv‡K †gvwnZ K‡i †i‡LwQj| Ô†i‡bmuvÕ (Rennaisance), A_©vr B‡qv‡iv‡c wkí I mvwn‡Z¨i †¶‡Î beRvMi‡Yi hy‡M †lvok, mß`k I Aóv`k kZvãxi K‡qKRb wewkó wkíxi AuvKv †ekwKQy Qwe‡Z ga¨cÖv‡P¨i †cvkvK-cwi”Q` I AjsKv‡i mw¾Z bvix-cyi“l‡`i †`Lv hvq| GB wkíx‡`i g‡a¨ huv‡`i bvg we‡kl D‡j­L‡hvM¨ Zuviv n‡jb BZvjxq wkíx wM‡qvfvwbœ †ewjwb (Giovanni Bellini, 1430-1516), Zuvi DËim~wi cvI‡jv †f‡ivwbR (Paolo Veronese, 1528-88) Ges cÖL¨vZ WvP wkíx †igeªv›U (Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, 1606-69)| Gu‡`i Ges mgmvgwqK Ab¨‡`i AuvKv Qwe‡Z gymjgvb kvmK‡`i nv‡i‡gi †hme `„k¨ wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i wejvmeûj I my¯úó †hŠb Bw½Zevnx Pwi‡Îi D‡j­L‡hvM¨ cÖfve c‡owQj ZrKvjxb divwm Ô†iv‡Kv‡KvÕ b›`bZvwË¡K wkífvebvi ( French Rococo Aesthetic) Ic‡i| 1700 wLªóv‡ãi gvSvgvwS †_‡K `xN©Kvj ch©š— divwm wkíKjv PP©vi †¶Î GB fvebvi Øviv

e¨vcKfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ n‡q‡Q| GB mgq ch©š— Aek¨ cÖv‡P¨i m‡½ B‡qv‡iv‡ci Awaevmx‡`i †hvMv‡hvM wQj bvggvÎ, †hUzKz wQj Zvi gva¨g wQj cÖavbZ e¨emv-evwYR¨ Ges AwbqwgZ mvgwiK Awfhvb| 1798 mv‡j Ô†Rbv‡ijÕ †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcv‡U© i †bZ… ‡ Z¡ (ZL‡bv †b‡cvwjqb †mbvevwnbxi me©vwabvqK gvÎ, wZwb wb‡R‡K ÔmgªvUÕ †NvlYv K‡ib 1804 mv‡j) divwm evwnbx wgk‡i Awfhvb Pvjvq Ges d«vÝ IB †`kwU 1801 mvj ch©š— wb‡Ri `L‡j iv‡L| wgk‡i divwm‡`i Dcw¯’ w Z eû cvðvZ¨ ch©U K‡K wbKU I ga¨cÖv‡P¨i cÖwZ AvK…ó K‡i, hv‡`i A‡b‡KB wb‡R‡`i Abyf~wZ I AwfÁZv is-Zzwj‡Z dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Q wKsev wjwLZ weei‡Y cÖKvk K‡i †M‡Q| GB mg¯— wPÎ I wjwLZ weeiY GKwÎZ K‡i divwm miKvi Description de l’Egypte bv‡g PweŸk L‡Êi GK msKjbMÖš’ cÖKvk K‡i, cÖ_g LÊwU cÖKvwkZ nq 1809 mv‡j Ges me©‡klwU 1822 mv‡j| GB MÖ‡š’ mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q wgk‡ii f~cÖK…wZ I wewfbœ ¯’vb ev GjvKvi eY©bv, ¯’vcZ¨wkí, ¯§„wZ‡mŠa, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek I Rxeb, RbmsL¨vi weeiY Ges Av‡iv bvbv welq| GB A‡ji Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZ m¤^‡Ü IB mg‡q, Ges ZviI c‡i iwPZ Av‡iv eû MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ GB Description de l’Egypte m¤¢eZ me‡P‡q cÖvgvY¨ `wjj| †m-hy‡Mi divwm ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi Ges AvjsKvwiK wk‡íi wb`k©‡b wgkixq Ô†gvwUdÕ ev Dcv`v‡bi cÖvavb¨ †_‡K GUv ¯úó †h mgMÖ divwm mvgªv‡R¨i IciB GB MÖ‡š’i Mfxi cÖfve c‡owQj| Ebwesk kZvãxi †Mvovi w`‡K AuvKv wKQy Orientalist ev cÖvP¨RvMwZK wP‡Îi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj divwm mvgªvR¨ev‡`i mc‡¶ cÖPvi I Zvi mg_©b| GBme wkíK‡g© East ev cÖvP¨‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q mf¨Zvi ms¯úk© †_‡K ewÂZ cðvrc`, AvBbKvbybwenxb, ee©i AÂj wn‡m‡e, hv‡K Av‡jvwKZ I mymf¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ divwm kvmb| B‡qv‡iv‡ci ÔwbI-K¬vwmK¨vjÕ Nivbvi cÖfvekvjx wPÎwkíx RvK jyB †Wwf‡Wi (Jacques Louis David, 1748-1825) GKRb QvÎ Ges †b‡cvwjq‡bi Øviv wbhy ³ BwZnvm-wPÎwkíx Auv‡Zvqvb-Ruv MÖm (Antoine-Jean Gros, 1771-1835) †Kv‡bvw`bB wbKU cÖv‡P¨i †Kv_vI ågY K‡ibwb| Zuvi AuvKv Qwe‡Z IBme A‡j divwm kvm‡bi †h Mwigv cÖwZdwjZ Zv cÖvq m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB KíbvcÖm~Z| c¨vwi‡mi Ôjyf¨iÕ cÖ`k©kvjvq (Muse’e du Louvre) msiw¶Z MÖ‡mi GKwU Qwei bvg Napoleon in the Plague House at Jaffa (Rvdvq †c­Mvµvš— fe‡b †b‡cvwjqb)| 1804 mv‡j AuvKv GB Qwe‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q cÖv‡P¨i ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi Av`‡j wbwg©Z GKwU feb Ges Z_vKw_Z c~e©‡`kxq †cvkvK-cwi”Q` cwiwnZ K‡qKRb †jvK| gyL¨Z cÖPviagx© GB Qwei †K›`ªxq PwiÎ n‡jb †Rbv‡ij (ZL‡bv ch©š—) †b‡cvwjqb, whwb divwm †mbv‡`i Øviv BRiv‡q‡ji Rvdv kni Ae‡iv‡ai mgq IB fe‡b AvUK †c­M †iv‡M Avµvš— ew›`‡`i †`L‡Z †M‡Qb| mvaymš—‡`i A‡jŠwKK ¶gZvi e¨vcv‡i wLªóvb‡`i ag©wek¦v‡mi m‡½ ivRv ev mgªv‡Ui ¯ú‡k©i gva¨‡g †ivMwK¬ó gvbyl‡`i hš¿Yv jvN‡ei Hk¦wiK kw³‡K wgwk‡q MÖ‡mi AuvKv Qwe‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q †h †b‡cvwjqb GKRb i“M&Y ew›`‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Qb Ges IB ew›`i gy L -†PvL Awek¦ vm¨ Avb‡›` D™¢v wmZ| BDwRb

GK Zi“‡Yi cÖwZK…wZ 1505, wM‡qvfvwbœ †ewjwb

AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ cvI‡jv †gvi

w¯‹I‡Z aŸsmjxjv 1824, BDwRb †`jv‡µvqv

†`jv‡µvqvi (Euge’ne Delacroix, 1798-1863) g‡Zv Ô†ivgvw›UKÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³vivI Zuv‡`i AuvKv Qwe‡Z cÖvP¨‡`kxq †jvKRb‡K Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ K‡i‡Qb †h mwnsmZv I wnsmªZv †hb Zv‡`i mK‡jiB g¾vMZ ˆewkó¨| Ôjyf¨iÕ cÖ`k©kvjvq msiw¶Z †`jv‡µvqvi `ywU Qwei Ñ 1824 mv‡j AuvKv Massacre at Chios (ÔwPqmÕ ev ÔwKqmÕGi nZ¨vjxjv) Ges 1828 mv‡j Au vKv Death of Sardanapalus (mviWvbvcvjy‡mi g„Zz¨) Ñ welqe¯‘ n‡jv

i³¶qx hy× I aŸsmjxjv, gvby‡li Acwimxg `ytLKó, AcÖwZ‡iva¨ mwnsmZv Ges Pig gvbwmK hš¿Yv| cÖvP¨‡`kxq eû wel‡qB cvðvZ¨ wPÎwkíxiv †hfv‡e mvgwiK evwnbxi cvkweKZv‡K AZ¨š— cÖKUfv‡e †`wL‡q‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q †MvUv kZvãx a‡i Ae¨vnZ msNl©, wbwe©Pvi nZ¨vKvÊ Ñ wMÖ‡mi ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvg (1821-30), 1830-Gi `k‡K divwm‡`i Øviv Avj‡Rwiqv AwaKvi Ges wµwgqvi hy× (1853-56)|

evwk-evRyK †Zjis, 1868-69, Ruv-wjqu †R‡iv‡g

hw`I eû B‡qv‡ivcevmx wbKU cÖvP¨ m¤ú‡K© GKUv aviYv cvIqvi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvwkZ ågYKvwnwb Ges Description de l’Egypte-Gi g‡Zv KZ©…c‡¶i Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z cÖvgvY¨ MÖ‡š’i IciB wbf©i K‡i _vKZ, †`jv‡µvqv, Ruv-wjqu †R‡iv‡g (Jean-Leon Ge’rôme, 1824-1904), w_‡qv‡Wvi P¨v‡mwiqvD (The’odore Chasse’riau, 1819-56), A¨v‡jKRv‡›`ª-M¨vweª‡qj wWK¨v¤úm ( Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps, 1803-60), DBwjqvg njg¨vb nv›U ( William Holman Hunt, 1827-1907) cÖgyL wPÎwkíx wKš‘ wb‡RivB

IBme A‡j GK ev GKvwaKevi ågY K‡iwQ‡jb| AvÂwjK ÷vBj AbymiY K‡i Qwe AuvKv Ebwesk kZvãxi GKUv cÖPwjZ aviv n‡q D‡VwQj, Ges wbKU cÖv‡P¨i kni I Rbc`¸wji ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb m¤ú‡K© wkíx‡`i cÖZ ¨¶ AwfÁZv GB A¼b‰kjx‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ KiZ| ZzwK© †ckv`vi ev fvov‡U ˆmwbK‡`i wbqwgZ KvRKg© wKsev Aemihvc‡bi aib †R‡iv‡gi eû Qwe‡Z wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| Pvj© m ev‡M© i (Charles Bargue, 1825-83) GKUv K¨vbfv‡miI welqe¯‘ bashi-bazouk bv‡g cwiwPZ GB

†UwcWvwiqvg 1853, w_‡qv‡Wvi P¨v‡mwiqvD

ˆmwbKiv| wWK¨v¤úm Zuvi wkíxRxe‡bi gvSvgvwS GKUv mg‡q eQiLv‡bK (1828-29) KvwU‡qwQ‡jb Gwkqv gvBbi, A_©vr cwðg Gwkqvi K…òmvMi I f~ga¨mvM‡ii ga¨eZx© DcØxc A‡j, Ges Zuvi IB mgqKvi A‡bK Qwe‡Z mvgwiK Rxe‡bi †h cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zv‡K wbðqB HwZnvwmK wPÎgvjv AvL¨v †`Iqv hvq| Gme QvovI GB wkíxiv Ges Zuv‡`i mgmvgwqK Ab¨ wkíxiv, kvš—wø» mvsmvwiK Rxe‡bi, gv‡qi †Kv‡j beRvZ wkïi QweI Gu‡ K‡Qb, †hgb P¨v‡mwiqvD‡qi Scene in the Jewish Quarter of Constantine, Avi †R‡iv‡gi Prayer in the Mosque Qwe‡Z †`Lv hvq ag©wek¦vm I fw³i cÖwZdjb| wbKU cÖ v‡P¨i cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’ w Z gv‡Sg‡a¨ wLª óvb welqe¯‘m¤úbœ agx©q wkíK‡g©i cUf~wg wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GB wPÎv¼b c×wZ wQj weªwUk wkíx‡`i we‡kl

cQ‡›`i, †h‡nZz ÔIwi‡q›Uvwj÷ ÷vBjÕ ev cÖvP¨RvMwZK A¼b‰kjxi m~² I cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bvZ¥K fw½i gva¨‡g agx©q wkíK‡g© †`e‡`ex‡`i cÖwZK…wZ h_vm¤¢e wbLuyZ K‡i AuvKvi Ges cÖK…wZi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKv‡ki cÖwµqv ZrKvjxb †cÖ v‡U÷¨v›U m¤úÖ`v‡qi Kv‡Q AZ¨š— MÖnY‡hvM¨ wQj| 1850-Gi `k‡K Zuvi wdwjw¯—b (c¨v‡j÷vBb) cÖev‡mi mgq DBwjqvg njg¨vb nv›U †hme Qwe Gu‡KwQ‡jb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GB ˆewkó¨¸wj my¯úó| Zuvi AuvKv The Finding of Christ in the Temple (1860 : evwg©snvg wgDwRqvg A¨vÛ AvU© M¨vjvwi‡Z msiw¶Z) bv‡gi QwewUi cUf~wg cÖvP¨RvMwZK, Ges Zuvi The Scapegoat (1855 : †jwW wjfvi AvU© M¨vjvwi, †cvU© mvbjvBU, wjfvicyj) bv‡gi QwewUi welqe¯‘ n‡jv wdwjw¯—bxq cUf~wg‡Z AuvKv GKwU wLªóvb allegory ev iƒcK Kvwnwb|

mßg Pvj©‡mi Awf‡l‡K †Rvb Ad AvK© †Zjis, 1865

AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ 1864, Ruv-AMv¯— WwgwbK Bb‡MÖm

cÖ v P¨RvMwZK cUf~ w g‡Z Aw¼Z Ges wkíKjviwmK `k©K-mgv‡jvPK‡`i Kv‡Q AZ¨š— wcÖq, †ekwKQy Qwei `„k¨cU abx, AwfRvZ gymjgvb‡`i e¨w³MZ nv‡ig| gymjgvb evwoi Aš—tcyi ev †Rbvbv-gn‡j Zuv‡`i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wQj bv e‡jB IBme RvqMvi eY©bv cvIqvi Rb¨ cyi“l B‡qv‡ivcxq wkíx‡`i wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv cÖavbZ ¸Re-MvjMí I wb‡R‡`i Kíbvkw³i Ic‡i| m¤¢eZ †mB Kvi‡YB Zuv‡`i AuvKv Qwe‡Z †`Lv hvq wejvmeûj eY©vX¨ A›`ignj, my›`ix cwiPvwiKv I `vmx-euv`x‡`i, wKsev iZœLwPZ AjsKv‡i I gnvN© em‡b mymw¾Zv iw¶Zv‡`i, hv‡`i A‡b‡KiB †Pnviv my¯úófv‡e cvðvZ¨| KviY wkíxiv †KDB Pg©P‡¶ c`©vbwkb gymjgvb bvix‡`i †`‡Lbwb| †hgb Ru v-AMv¯— WwgwbK Bb‡MÖ m ( Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres , 1780-1867), †Kv‡bvw`bB wbKU ev ga¨ †Kv‡bv cÖv‡P¨B ågY K‡ibwb, wKš‘ Zuvi A‡bK Qwe‡Z wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q my›`ix, jvm¨gqx nv‡igevwmbxiv| ZvQvov cvðv‡Z¨i me©‡kÖwYfz³ eû †jv‡Ki g‡bB wQj †e‡nk‡Zi ûi-cwi‡`i g‡Zv iƒcmx, Abš—‡hŠebv bvix‡`i m½jv‡fi myß AvKv•¶v, wkíxivI nq‡Zv e¨wZµg wQ‡jb bv| cÖv‡P¨i bvixiv QvovI IBme A‡ji ¯’vc‡Z¨i wWRvBb ev bKkv, AvmevecÎ, Kvi“Kvh©LwPZ ˆZRmcÎ Ges e¯¿I cvðv‡Z¨i †jvKR‡bi

†d¬v‡i‡Ý wmgveyi g¨v‡Wvbv e‡q †bIqv †Zjis, 1853-55, †d«‡WwiK †jBUb

i“wP‡K AvKl©Y KiZ, hvi `i“b GKUv mg‡q B‡qv‡iv‡c GBme wRwb‡mi Av`‡j ˆZwi Nievwo I Ab¨vb¨ e¯‘ AZ¨š— RbwcÖq n‡q D‡VwQj| †MÖU weª‡U‡bi Aesthetic ev b›`bZvwË¡K Av‡›`vj‡bi (1860 mv‡j hvi ïi“, P‡j 1880-i `k‡Ki †klfvM ch©š—) cÖe³viv ej‡Zb, †mŠ›`‡h©i K`i Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi wb‡RiB Rb¨ Ñ Beauty for Beauty’s sake Ñ Ges †Kv‡bv wkíK‡g©i form ev ÔiƒcÕ Zvi content ev Ôwelqe¯‘iÕ †P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y©, cÖvP¨‡`kxq Nievwo¸wji Af¨š—ixY PwiÎ, mvRm¾v Zuv‡`i wPš—vfvebv I `„wófw½‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| weªwUk wkíx †d«‡WwiK †jBUb (Frederic Leighton, 1830-96) cÖv‡P¨i K‡qKwU †`‡k GKvwaKevi ågY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi jÛ‡bi evwoi Arab Hall ev ÔAvie K‡¶iÕ †g‡S I †`qvj Ave„Z IBme †`k †_‡K wb‡q Avmv eû eY©iwÄZ D¾¡j †gvRvBK Uvwj w`‡q| GB NiwUi mvRm¾v †m hy‡Mi wkíx‡`i i“wPi cÖK…ó D`vniY| cÖvP¨RvMwZK a¨vbaviYv I wPÎK‡íi kw³kvwjZv wesk kZvãx‡ZI A¶zYœ †_‡K‡Q Ges A‡bK weL¨vZ wkíx‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q| AMv÷ †i‡bvqv (Auguste Renoir), Auwi gvwZm (Henri Matisse), cj wK¬ (Paul Klee), fvwmwj K¨vbwWbw¯‹ ( Vasily Kandinski ), AMv÷ g¨vwK (August Macke), A¯‹vi †Kv‡KvmPKv (Oskar Kokoschka ) Gu iv mK‡jB ÔIwi‡q›UvjÕ welqe¯‘ Aej¤^‡b Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb| 

AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ 1880, †d«‡WwiK †jBUb

iex›`ªbv‡_i AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ g„ Yv j †Nv l

i

ex›`ªbv‡_i AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ¸wj Zuvi evB‡ii †Pnvivi mnR mij eY©bvZ¥K Av‡jL¨ n‡q I‡Vwb KL‡bvB| GB Qwe¸wji cÖvq me KwU‡ZB Zuvi mËvi Aš—jx©b msNvZ I hš¿Yv cÖwZaŸwbZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi Rxe‡bi †kl c‡b‡iv-†lv‡jv eQi †K‡U‡Q GB Ø›ØvZ¥K msNvZ I hš¿Yvi †fZi w`‡q| GB mgq Ry‡oB Amvgvb¨ e¨wZµgx m„RbkxjZvq gMœ wQ‡jb wZwb| GB ce©B Zuvi wPÎm„wóiI ce©| 1923-24-G hvi cÖv_wgK

c`cvZ, 1927-28 †_‡K cwic~Y© avivq cÖevwnZ n‡q †kl n‡q‡Q 1941-G, Zuvi cÖqv‡Yi eQ‡i| bvbv wel‡qi Qwe wZwb Gu‡K‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ gvby‡li gyLveqe ev cÖwZK…wZ we‡kl GKwU aviv| GiB g‡a¨ G‡m‡Q K‡qKwU AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ| msL¨vq Lye †ewk bq| †gvUvgywU ev‡ivwU AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ GLb †`Lvi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq| G¸wj 1932 †_‡K 1938 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AuvKv| Rxe‡bi GB †kl c‡e© Kwei †PZbvi g‡a¨ Av‡jv-AÜKv‡ii

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GB AmsMwZi †e`bvB aŸwbZ n‡q‡Q evievi| GKwU we‡kl Qwei †fZi w`‡q Avgiv cÖ‡e‡ki †Póv Ki‡Z cvwi Zuvi AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZi RM‡Z| †mB AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZwU AuvKv n‡qwQj 24 GwcÖj 1936 Zvwi‡L| wkíxi ¯^v¶‡ii m‡½ wbR nv‡Z ZvwiL †jLv Av‡Q †mLv‡b| k•L †Nvl Zuvi wbg©vY Avi m„wó MÖ‡š’i ÔQweÕ kxl©K Aa¨vqwU ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb GB QwewUi D‡j­‡L| ÔKv‡jv cv_‡ii eyK †f‡O †hb †b‡g Avm‡Q Av¸‡bi Xj,Õ... GB wQj QwewUi cÖv_wgK eY©bv| ÔMvp L‡qwi njy‡` †gkv‡bv †mB gy‡Li Qwe †`‡LÕ... Ôg‡b c‡o †Kv‡bv Kv‡jv ¸nvi ¶zwaZ MnŸ‡ii K_v, Av¸‡bi njKvq ILv‡bI †hb †b‡g Avm‡Q †Kv‡bv ¶zwfZ SY©vB|Õ GB †h GK i“`ªZv †gkv‡bv cÖej ms‡¶vf †_‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K ZvKv‡bv, GiB wewfbœ `„k¨iƒc wZwb ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb Zuvi wewfbœ AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ‡Z| †kl ch©v‡qi bvbv KweZvq GB ms¶zäZvi cwigÊj A‡bKeviB G‡m‡Q| †hgb cuPvËi eQi eq‡m AuvKv GB QwewUi GK gvm c‡iB cÖvwš—‡Ki GKwU KweZvq Kwe †j‡Lb Ñ Ô†`wLjvg Aembœ †PZbvi †Mva~wj‡ejvq/†`n †gvi †f‡m hvq Kv‡jv Kvwj›`xi †mªvZ evwn/wb‡q Abyf‚wZcyÄÕ| GB m~ÎI k•L †Nv‡li D³ cÖeÜ †_‡K Avgiv cvB| cuPvËi eQi eq‡m Zuvi iwPZ Mv‡bi msL¨v EbcÂvk| Gi A‡bK¸wjB k¨vgv b„Z¨bv‡U¨i Rb¨ iwPZ| Gi †fZi Ôc~RvÕ I ÔcÖK…wZÕ ch©v‡qi †h Mvb Av‡Q, †mLvb †_‡K `ywU Mvb hw` Avgiv Zz‡j wb `„óvš— wn‡m‡e, Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq, Mv‡b `yt‡Li †fZ‡iI mgc© ‡Yi myi UvB cÖavb n‡q _v‡K| c~‡e© v³ AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZi K‡qK gvm c‡i 25 Rvbyqvwi 1937 Zvwi‡L iwPZ n‡qwQj GB Mvb Ñ Ô`yt‡Li wZwg‡i hw` R¡‡j Ze g½j-Av‡jvK/Z‡e ZvB †nvKÕ| GLv‡b g„Zz¨i g‡a¨I wZwb †c‡q hvb ÔAg„Zgq †jv‡KÕi mÜvb| A_ev ÔcÖK…wZÕi Aš—M©Z Avi GKwU Mvb ÔIB gvjZxjZv †`v‡jÕ| c~e©eZx© MvbwUi wKQyw`b Av‡M (KvwZ©K 1343) iwPZ GB MvbwU‡Z ÔcievmxÕ GK ÔeÜzÕ †R‡M _v‡K, cÖZx¶v K‡i Ô†Kvb wbf…Z evZvq‡bÕ| G mg¯— Mv‡b m¤¢vebvi Av‡jv ev mgc©‡Yi myiB cÖavb n‡q _v‡K wei‡ni g‡a¨, `ytL I g„Zz¨i g‡a¨I| Zuvi Qwe‡Z, we‡klZ AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ‡Z GiKg wbØ©›Ø Av‡jvi mÜvb KgB cvIqv hvq| Zuvi Mvb I Qwe Zuvi †PZbvi `yB cÖv‡š—i g‡a¨ Av‡›`vwjZ nq| Qwe‡Z _v‡K GK gMœ Auvavi| Avi Mv‡b Ô`yt‡Li wZwgiÕ †f` K‡iB R¡‡j I‡V Ôg½j-Av‡jvKÕ| GB `yB‡q wg‡jB cwic~Y© nq Zuvi m„R‡bi mËv| c~‡e©v³ AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZwUi cÖvq bq gvm Av‡M P›`bbM‡i Ae¯’v‡bi mg‡q wZwb Gu‡KwQ‡jb Avi GKwU AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ| †mwU iPbvi ZvwiL wQj 1 Avlvp 1342 (1935)| AÜKvi †f` K‡i cyÄ cyÄ wKQy Av‡jvK-we”Qyi‡Y M‡o D‡V‡Q `xN©vqZ mš—cÖwZg GB gyL| cywÄZ Zgmvi Awfe¨w³ †mLv‡b| Awfe¨w³ev`x ev G·‡cÖkwb÷ Avw½‡Ki mv_©K `„óvš— GB gyLveqe| dg© fvOvi g‡a¨I j¶ Kiv hvq Amvgvb¨ MvVwbK `„pZv I msnwZ| iex›`ªbv_ ¯^vfvweKZvev`x A¼b‰kjx‡Z Lye `¶ wQ‡jb bv, G K_v A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib| GB QwewU †`L‡j †evSv hvq, GB aviYv G‡Kev‡iB wVK bq| GB Qwe‡Z †h MvVwbK msnwZ, dg© †f‡OI wb‡Ri gy‡Li Av`jwU‡K m¤ú~Y© eRvq †i‡L †hfv‡e Gi g‡a¨ wZwb †PZbvi mKi“Y Zwgmªv‡K †g‡j a‡i‡Qb A¼‡b h‡_ó `¶Zv Qvov Zv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘

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HKZvb †Zjis, 2014

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e„wó-1 Rjis, 2014

cyivYK_v-2 †Zjis, 2014

m‡›`nRbK wgkª gva¨g, 2015, i“ûj Kwig i“gx (evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vi-2015)

21Zg RvZxq Pvi“Kjv cÖ`k©bx 2015

HwZ‡n¨i c_ a‡i AvaywbKZv e m š— iv q †PŠ ay ix

ev

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GKwU Mv‡Qi Rb¨ wgkª (¯’vcbv), 2015, †gv. Ave`yj †gv‡gb wgëb (†e½j dvD‡Ûkb cyi¯‹vi)

cwiw¯’wZ 22 †Zjis, 2015, iv‡mj Kvwš— `vm (GmwcweG ¯‹qvi cyi¯‹vi)

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iv‡k` Avgvi eÜz wQj KvV‡Lv`vB, 2015, Avwid Avj Kwig f~Bqv (Gwe e¨vsK cyi¯‹vi)

`ÊcÖvß RbZv ¯’vcbv, BdvZ †i‡Rvqvbv wiqv (fvlv‰mwbK MvRxDj nK cyi¯‹vi)

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wejywÉZ myi avZz, 2014, nvexev AvLZvi cvwcqv (†eMg AvwRRy‡bœmv cyi¯‹vi)

`„wó ¯’vcbv, 2015, †gv. mvbv Dj­vn (`xcv nK cyi¯‹vi)

Kg‡c­w·wU Ad UvBg A¨vÛ wi‡qwjwU-20 DW KvU, 2014, i“ûj Avwgb Zv‡iK (evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx m¤§vb cyi¯‹vi)

UzIqvW©m `¨ wes ¯’vcbv, 2015, wkgyj mvnv (evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx m¤§vb cyi¯‹vi)

mwܶY-2 wmivwgK, 2015, †gv. Avwbmyj nK

`¨ wK¬K wgkª, 2014, wgVyb Kzgvi mvnv (evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx m¤§vb cyi¯‹vi)

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XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Pvi“Kjv Abyl‡`i wmuwo

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GKUv mgq Avgiv hLb †cÖg‡Uªg wb‡q e¨¯—, †g‡q‡`i m‡½ K_v ej‡ZB e‡Z©© hvB, ZL‡bv I‡K †cÖg Kiv ev †g‡q‡`i m‡½ †gjv‡gkvi †Kv‡bv †PóvB Ki‡Z †`Lv hvqwb| gvBbyj e¨¯— _vKZ wewfbœ A™¢Z y A™¢Z y welq wb‡q, †PvL ey‡R Mvb ïb‡Z fv‡jvevmZ, †Kv‡bvw`b Ii gy‡L †Kv‡bv Mv‡bi Kwj AvIov‡Z ïwbwb| 1976-G Avgiv cvk K‡i †ei njvg| †`‡k ZLb †gvU kÕLv‡b‡Ki Kg ¯’cwZ ey‡qU †_‡K †ewi‡q‡Q| ¯’cwZ ev AvwK©‡U± ej‡j †KD †P‡b bv| ej‡Z nq AvwK©‡U±-BwÄwbqvi, Zvn‡jB wKQyUv g~j¨vqb nq| evwoNi, `vjvb‡KvVv wmwfj BwÄwbqviivB wWRvBb K‡i| Iiv ejj, ÔGiv Avevi Kviv!Õ cÖvq me Kbmvwës dv‡g©i gvwjKI BwÄwbqvi, Avgv‡`i PvKwi †bB| Avwg evsjv‡`k KbmvjU¨v›U wj.-G XzKjvg, Avgv‡`i wk¶K ¯’cwZ †gv¯—dv Kvgv‡ji nvZ a‡i| gvBbyj Bqvn KbmvjU¨v‡›U gvmwZ‡bK †_‡K evsjv‡`k KbmvjU¨v‡›U †hvM w`‡jv, gywbgI G‡jv| wekvj bZzb cÖ‡R±, RvZxq Rv`yNi| Kvgvj fvB g~j wWRvBbUv Ki‡jb, m‡½ msM‡Z wQjvg gvBbyj, gywbg I Avwg| AviI †ek wKQy KvR Kijvg Avgiv GKm‡½| dwKivcy‡ji Avgvi evmv n‡q DVj Awd‡mi ci AvÇvLvbv Ñ †KD msmvi cv‡Zwb ZL‡bv| e¨v‡Pi cÖvq mevB AvmZ, gv‡S gv‡S ivZ KvwU‡q ciw`b Avgiv †di Awd‡m| Avgiv mevB ZLb †gvUimvB‡K‡ji Mwe©Z gvwjK| mßv‡ni QywUi w`b G‡jB gvBby‡ji QvB is HONDA 50 C.C.mn mevB †gvUimvB‡K‡j wgwQj K‡i †ei n‡q †hZvg Ñ KuvPcyi, mvfvi, bvivqYMÄ ev Rq‡`ecyi Ñ †ek gRv‡ZB KvUZ †m w`b¸‡jv| Awd‡m Avgvi †Uwe‡ji †cQ‡b gvBby‡ji †Uwej| gv‡S gv‡SB †cQ‡b †_‡K AvIqvR Ñ ÔGB ïbwQm?Õ Zvici Avgvi Dˇii †Zvqv°v bv K‡i †Kv‡bv A™¢Z y GK cÖm‡½i AeZviYv| †Z‡Zv KzBbvBb LvIqvi g‡Zv Ii K_v ïb‡Z n‡Zv| Ii Wv‡K mvov bv w`‡j ev K_v bv ïb‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq ZvweR AvK…wZi KvM‡Ri UzKiv †cQb †_‡K Avgvi †Uwe‡j G‡m coZ| AmsL¨ fuvR Ly‡j hv †`LZvg, Bivb ev AvdMvwb¯—vb, A¨vUg †evgv, †Z‡ji `vg, Av‡gwiKvi A¯¿ e¨emv BZ¨vw`| me‡P‡q Avðh©, Kx g‡b K‡i cÖwZwU †jLvi wb‡P bvg mvBb I ZvwiL wjL‡Z KL‡bvB fzj KiZ bv| GL‡bv Avgvi Kv‡Q †MvUv `‡kK ZvweR msiw¶Z Av‡Q| GKUvq †jLv Av‡Q, Oliver Twist MíUv †QvU †ejvq comic-G ÔÔ†`‡LwQjvgÕÕ| M‡íi †k‡li w`KUv Avwg w`ev ¯^cœ †`LZvg Ñ ÔÔmy›`i evoxÕÕ Mainul 1981. hv †m †Kv‡bvw`bB cvqwb| e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb 1973 mv‡j ivwkqv md‡ii mgq cÖvq kn‡iB wØZxq wek¦h‡y × wbn‡Zi A‡bK ¯§„wZ‡mŠa †`‡L Ges †fvjMvMÖv‡` Ôgv`vi gv`vij¨vÛ Kg‡c­·Õ †`‡L Awff‚Z nb| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb ej‡jb, Avgv‡`i knx`‡`i Rb¨I Kei Ges ¯§„wZ‡mŠa wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvi djkÖ“wZ‡ZB ¯§„wZ‡mŠa| ¯’vb wba©vwiZ n‡jv mvfv‡i| cÖv_wgKfv‡e 24 GKi Rwg wb‡q gv÷vic­¨vb n‡jv| bvg †`Iqv n‡jv, ÔAÁvZbvgv knx`‡`i ¯§„wZ‡mŠaÕ| ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai cy‡iv Kg‡c­·Uvi wWRvBb wcWwe­DwWi ¯’vcZ¨ Awa`߇ii ¯’cwZ Avãyi iwk‡`i ZË¡veav‡b Kiv| m‡½ wQ‡jb ¯’cwZ Ac‡ik `vk, gbmyi Avn‡g` I Ab¨ †ek K‡qKRb

¯’cwZ| †mŠ‡ai Rb¨ wba©vwiZ ¯’vbwU cy‡iv Kg‡c­‡·i †kl cÖv‡š—| ïay mvg‡b †_‡KB Kv‡Q hvIqv hv‡e, Pviw`‡K Ny‡i †`Levi AeKvk †bB| †mŠawUi wWRvBbI wcWwe­DwWi Kivi K_v| wKš‘ ¯’cwZ gvRnvi“j Bmjvg I Ab¨‡`i †Póvq †mUv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Av‡m| e½eÜy †mLv‡b `y-wZbevi knx`‡`i cÖwZ kÖ×v Rvwb‡q‡Qb| 1975 mv‡j e½eÜz wbnZ n‡jb| AÁvZbvgv knx`‡`i ¯§„wZ‡mŠa cÖKíwU 1975 †_‡K Õ78 mvj ch©š— dvBjew›` n‡q Ae‡njvq c‡o iBj| Gi g‡a¨ 1979 mv‡j ïbjvg ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai ¯’vcZ¨ wWRvBb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n‡e| gvBbyj Rgv w`‡jv wWRvBb| wZb †Kvbv 150 dzU DuPz wcjvi, DciUv AvovAvwofv‡e KvUv, euv‡ki g‡Zv| Avnvgwi wKQzB bv| Avgiv †mevi †KD Rgv †`Bwb ev w`‡Z cvwiwb| wKQyw`b ci gvbm¤§Z bv nIqv‡Z me bKkv evwZj K‡i bZzb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi AvnŸvb Kiv nq| Gevi Avgiv mevB AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Suvwc‡q cojvg| Awd‡mi ci Avgvi dwKivcy‡ji evmvq AvÇv ZLb cwiYZ n‡jv wWRvBb †m›Uv‡i| mevB jywK‡q jywK‡q wPš—v, AuvwKeywK K‡i hvw”Q| Rgv †`Iqvi w`b Nwb‡q G‡jv| mevi mviv ivZ †R‡M KvR Kivi LvUzwb †kl n‡”Q bv| †h hvi evmvq dvBbvj WªBs K‡i g‡W‡ji Rb¨ Avgvi evmvq G‡jv| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡W‡ji †eR †Zv ¯’vcZ¨

Awa`߇ii bKkvq Kiv n‡qwQj A‡bK Av‡MB| Rgv †`Iqvi w`b mKv‡j gvBbyj KvM‡Ri †VvOvq K‡i KZ¸‡jv UzKiv †evW© wb‡q G‡jv| †VvOv †_‡K GKUv GKUv K‡i †ev‡W©i UzKiv RvqMvq emvj| Avgv‡`i KvR eÜ n‡q †Mj, ¯—ä mevB, GwK †`Lvj gvBbyj| Avwg ejjvg, AvgviUv Rgv †`evi †Kv‡bv gv‡b nq bv| †K †hb ejj Ñ Av‡i, cyi¯‹vi †Zv wZbUv| gvBby‡ji wWRvBbUv m¤ú‡K© GKUz ewj| Avgiv mevB ¯’vc‡Z¨ cov‡kvbvi mgq cÖ_g/wØZxq e‡l© ÔnvBcvi‡evwjK c¨viv‡evj‡qWÕ m¤ú‡K© Rvwb| Lye mnR wRwbm| GKUv †Kv‡Yi Amg `yB evû‡K mgvbmsL¨K fvM K‡i GK evûi `~‡ii fvM¸‡jvi m‡½ Ab¨ evûi Kv‡Qi fvM¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j mij‡iLv¸‡jv GKwU eµ Ae¯’vi m„wó K‡i| AZ¨š— gRvi e¨vcvi| gvBby‡ji wWRvBbK…Z ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai mvg‡b †_‡K ZvKv‡j g‡b n‡e, IB iKg `y‡Uv nvBcvi‡evwjK c¨viv‡evj‡qW mshyw³| Lye mn‡RB e‡j w`jvg| wKš‘ †mUv wØgvwÎK (two dimension) KvM‡Ri WªBs †_‡K wÎgvw·K (three dimension) iƒc †`IqvUvB gvBby‡ji Ac~e© m„wó| c„w_exi D‡j­L‡hvM¨ wKQy †mŠ‡ai g‡a¨ GUv Ab¨Zg Ñ Avgvi wek¦vm| hv‡nvK, gvBbyj Avi Avwg g‡Wj I WªBs wb‡q wiKkvq K‡i ¯’vcZ¨ Awa`߇i †Mjvg| gvBby‡ji wWRvBb †`‡L nBPB c‡o †Mj Ñ mevB ej‡Z jvMj, GUv wbe©vwPZ bv n‡q hvq bv| Rywi‡`i wePv‡ii Av‡MB mevi wePv‡i gvBbyj Rqx| h_vmg‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi dj †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv| cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z„Zxq mevB Avgv‡`i e¨v‡Pi iweDj fvB Qvov| gvBbyj cÖ_g †gv¯—dv wØZxq iweDj fvB I Bqvmgxb-BgvgDwÏb Z„Zxq †hŠ_fv‡e| Avgv‡`i cvq †K! Ggwb‡ZB Avgv‡`i Me©, AvgivB ey‡q‡Ui GKgvÎ e¨vP hviv mevB cÖ_g †kÖwY †c‡qwQ| Gevi †mB Me© Av‡iv Zz‡½ DVj| wKš— djvdj †NvlYvB †kl, ev¯—‡e Zvi cÖwZdjb n‡jv bv eûw`b| gvBbyj Av‡¯— Av‡¯— wb‡R‡K ¸wU‡q †djwQj| Ii g‡b bvbv iKg fq XzK‡Z ïi“ Kij| Ggwb‡ZB †m wKQyUv m‡›`ncÖeY wQj| hLb †`Lj †mŠa wbg©v‡Yi †Kv‡bv cÖwµqvB †bB, Zvi g‡b n‡Z jvMj, Gi †cQ‡b evsjv‡`‡ki wec‡¶i kΓiv KvR Ki‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †m we‡q Kij, cvwievwiKfv‡e| `yt‡Li welq, eD‡qi m‡½I ewbebv n‡jv bv| A‡bK K_vB Avgv‡`i ejZ Rxeb m¤ú‡K©, msmvi m¤ú‡K©, ZLbKvi w`b¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©| Avgv‡`i ïb‡Z n‡Zv Ñ ejvi nq‡Zv wKQyB wQj bv| 1975-G e½eÜy‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv| 1976-G Avgiv cvk K‡i †ei njvg| †Rbv‡ij wRqv ¶gZvq| ¯§„wZ‡mŠa dvBjew›`| Avgiv ZLb knx`yjv­ n A¨vÛ A¨v‡mvwm‡qU‡m Ñ Avgv‡`i w`b¸‡jv P‡j hvw”Qj †Kv‡bv iK‡g| 1981 mv‡j †Rbv‡ij wRqv wbnZ n‡jb| †Rbv‡ij Gikv` ¶gZvi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z| 1982 mv‡j nVvr K‡iB wVK n‡jv, 16 wW‡m¤^i Gikv` ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai D‡Øvab Ki‡eb| gvBbyj‡K Z¡wiZ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡jv, KvR ïi“i Rb¨| wVK n‡jv †h‡nZz gvBby‡ji wbg©vYKv‡Ri AwfÁZv Kg, †mRb¨ knx`yj­vn A¨vÛ A¨v‡mvwm‡qU‡mi mn‡hvwMZvq wW‡UBj wWRvBb `uvo Kiv‡bv n‡e| gvBbyj me©‡gvU `yB j¶ UvKv wd †c‡qwQj| knx`yjv­ n A¨vÛ A¨v‡mvwm‡qUm wb‡qwQj cÂvk nvRvi

UvKv, hv wb‡R †_‡KB I w`‡qwQj| WªBs me gvBbyjB KiZ Ñ gv‡S gv‡S ¯’cwZ iweDj nymvBb I Avwg Ii m‡½ mn‡hvwMZv KiZvg, wewfbœ cÖm‡½ Avgv‡`i gZvgZ w`Zvg| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq gvBby‡ji wWRvB‡b AvUwU Wvbv wQj| Ii gv_vq ZLb †mŠa‡K gyw³hy‡×i m‡½ GKvZ¥Ki‡Yi wPš—v| Gi g‡a¨ wcWwe­DwWi BwÄwbqviiv Wvbv¸‡jvi †h cyi“‡Z¡i K_v ej‡jb Zv‡Z RvqMvi msKzjvb nw”Qj bv| gvBby‡ji gv_vq ZLb bvbv wPš—v| 52 †_‡K 71 Ñ Av‡›`vjb 7 Ñ 7 gvP© 25 gvP© 2+5 = 16 wW‡m¤^i 1+6 = 7 exi‡kÖô

7 7 7 7 7

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Pjw”P‡Îi bv›`wbKZv : iƒcZ‡Ë¡i fvlv nv m bv Z Av e `y j nv B

iƒcZË¡ (dg©vwjRg)

mv

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cÖ_g c‡e©i wdj¥ZË¡ : GKwU mgx¶v 1950 mvj ch©š— Ggb wdj¥ mgv‡jvP‡Ki Afve wQj bv, huviv g‡b K‡i‡Qb †h wdj¥ †h‡nZz hvwš¿Kfv‡e h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ ev¯—e‡K cybtm„wó K‡i †mB Rb¨ G‡K AvU© ejv hvq bv| Zuv‡`i g‡Z ev¯—‡ei hLb cybtm„wó nq †mLv‡b wk‡íi ˆewkó¨ _v‡K bv| GB ai‡bi e³‡e¨i cUf~wg‡ZB wdj¥ m¤^‡Ü cÖ_gw`‡Ki ZË¡ M‡o D‡V‡Q| Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖ_g wdj¥ w_Iwi †j‡Lb iv‡mj wjì‡m Zuvi w` AvU© Ad w` gywfs wcKPv‡i (1915)| GB eB‡Z wjÛ‡m †Rvi w`‡q e‡jb †h, wm‡bgv DuPz`‡ii wkí| Zuvi e³‡e¨i j¶¨ wQj Av‡gwiKvi cÖavb AvU© wgDwRqg, Bs‡iwR fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i wefvM, bvU‡Ki BwZnvm I PP©v wk¶vi cÖwZôvb, wk‡íi BwZnvm I PP©vi welq wek¦we`¨vj‡q I cÖwZôv‡b Ges wkí mgv‡jvPbvi m‡½ hy³ cÖwZôvb I e¨w³‡`i wm‡bgvi wkí¸Y m¤^‡Ü Dcjwä m„wó Ges AewnZ Kiv| GKK_vq wm‡bgvi wkí cwiwPwZ cÖwZôv KivB wQj cÖ_gw`‡Ki me wdj¥ w_Iwii D‡Ïk¨| 1914 mv‡j hLb wW Wve­y wMÖwd‡_i w` ev_© Ad G †bkb cÖ`wk©Z nq, †mB mgq we‡bv`‡bi welq wn‡m‡eB G‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq, wkí wn‡m‡e bq| 1930 mv‡j †jLv w` wdj¥ wUj bvD eB‡Z cj †iv_v wm‡bgvi we‡bv`bg~jK f‚wgKvi Ici `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i gš—e¨ K‡ib †h, hviv Mfx‡i wM‡q wPš—v Ki‡Z Pvq Zv‡`i Rb¨ wm‡bgvi cÖKvk¶gZv AvKl©Yxq g‡b n‡e| ev_© Ad G †bkb wm‡bgv ˆZwii wek eQi ciI Gi wkí¸Y ¸i“Z¡ cvqwb Ges GwU †Kej gywó‡gq

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cvwK©‡Ýi g‡Z, GB cÖ‡Póv wm‡bgvi fv‡jvi †P‡q g›`B K‡i‡Q †ewk| GB ai‡bi cÖ‡Póvi †cQ‡b †h `ywU aviYv ev wek¦vm KvR K‡i‡Q Zvi Rb¨B wm‡bgvi jvf bv n‡q eis ¶wZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g wek¦vmwU wQj GB †h, wk‡íi we¯—…Z cwimi †_‡K (bvUK, msMxZ, Dcb¨vm, wPÎKjv BZ¨vw`) wk‡íi we‡kl †Kv‡bv †¶‡Îi Rb¨ gvb`Ê ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e A_©vr wm‡bgv Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íi g‡ZvB GKBfv‡e g~j¨vwqZ n‡Z cv‡i| wØZxq wek¦vm wQj GB †h, wk‡íi ZË¡ m¤^‡Ü †Kv‡bv A¯úóZv ev msk‡qi AeKvk †bB, †Kbbv Gi msÁvq †ek ¯úóZv I mvgÄm¨gqZv G‡m wM‡q‡Q, hvi wfwˇZ mvaviYfv‡e HKgZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Q| wm‡bgvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íi g‡ZvB msÁv ˆZwi Ki‡Qb, GB aviYv w`‡q wdj¥ZvwË¡Kiv mgv‡jvPK‡`i we‡Ø‡li wkKvi n‡q‡Qb, †Kbbv Zuv‡`i DbœvwmKZvq wm‡bgv ZL‡bv wkí wn‡m‡e AcvO&‡³q| wm‡bgv hLb ˆeÁvwbK I cÖhyw³i GK D™¢veb †_‡K RbwcÖq we‡bv`bgva¨‡g iƒcvš—wiZ nq, †mB mg‡q mvaviY wkí m¤^‡Ü wPš—vi †¶‡Î †h cwieZ©b †`Lv †`q Zvi Rb¨I wm‡bgv wkí wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Z evavcÖvß nq| hLb †mRv‡bi †cv÷-Bg‡cÖkwb÷ Qwei cÖ`k©bx nq ZLb mvaviY `k©Kiv Zu v ‡K fÊyj Kvix GK wkíx Ges †cv÷-Bg‡cÖ kwbRg Av‡›`vjb‡K L¨vcvwgc~Y© e‡j g‡b K‡iwQj| 1912 mv‡j iRvi d«vB GB cÖwZwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jwQ‡jb †h, wkíK‡g© ev¯—‡ei gvqv m„wó †`L‡Z Pvq `k©K| wkí †h cÖvK…wZK e¯‘i ev iƒ‡ci (dg©) eY©bvg~jK AbyKiY GB cÖPwjZ wek¦v‡mi wfwˇZ `k©K‡`i c‡¶ wm‡bgvi ev¯—eZv MÖnY Kiv KwVb n‡qwQj| (wfkb A¨vÛ wWRvBb; 1987)| 1920-Gi gvSvgvwS mg‡q GB cÖPwjZ aviYv e`jv‡Z ïi“ K‡i hLb g‡b Kiv nq †h, ev¯—‡ei eY©bvg~jK AbyKiY †Kej cÖ‡qvRbnxb bq, †ek m‡›`nfvRbI| ms¯‹…wZevb RbmvaviY GB mg‡q m¤ú~Y© D‡ëvfv‡e fve‡Z AbycÖvwYZ nq Ges K¬vBf †e‡ji g‡Zv wek¦vm K‡i †h, cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK †Kv‡bv d‡g© hw` Zvrch© _v‡K Zvn‡j †mwU iƒc (dg©) wn‡m‡eB, cÖwZwbwaZ¡gqZvi Rb¨ bq| †ej †ek †Rv‡ii m‡½B e‡jb †h, wkíKg© cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK n‡j ïay AcÖvmw½K bq, ¶wZKiI n‡Z cv‡i (AvU©, 1924)| d‡UvMÖvwdi D™¢ve‡bi d‡j wPÎwkíx‡`i †h Avi eY©bvg~jK AbyKi‡Yi `vq _vKj bv Ges Zviv weï× wk‡íi PP©v Kivi my‡hvM †c‡q †Mj, †e‡ji GB gZI mvaviYfv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †cj| A_©vr wkíxiv GLb †_‡K Zv‡`i welq I gva¨‡gi †h we‡kl ˆewkó¨ A_©vr iƒ‡ci (d‡g©i) Dc¯’vcb, Zvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z m¶g n‡jv| K¨v‡giv, wm‡bgv I wPÎwk‡íi g‡a¨ †h RwUj m¤úK© †m m¤^‡Ü wek`fv‡e wj‡L‡Qb Avib mvd© (AvU© A¨vÛ d‡UvMÖvwd, 1968)| GB m¤ú‡K© GKai‡bi cwinvm †`‡L‡Qb †KD †KD| d‡UvMÖvwd Ges ZviciB wm‡bgvi D™¢ve‡bi ci wPÎwk‡í †h cÖfve c‡o, Zvi wfwˇZ Ggb `„wófw½ I aviYv m„ w ó nq, hv wdj¥ w_Iwi †Kej wb‡Ri welq‡K A¯^vfvweKfv‡e †`wL‡qB MÖnY Ki‡Z cviZ A_©vr ev¯—eZvi AbyKiY wel‡q cÖPwjZ aviYvi wecix‡Z ¯’vb wb‡q| wd‡j¥i msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q Zvi Ab¨vb¨ ˆewkó¨ I DcKi‡Yi cÖwZ wdj¥ZvwË¡K‡`i `„wó w`‡Z n‡q‡Q wKš‘ †mB mg‡q m„wó I

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G·‡P‡Ä †kqv‡ii g~j¨ e„w×i `„k¨ †`wL‡q| cÖ_g k‡Ui †fZi cÖ”Qbœ A‡_©i Uvb Uvb D‡ËRbv †Ui cvIqv hvq, hv cieZx© k‡Ui m‡½ hy³ nIqvi ci we`y¨r Pg‡Ki g‡Zv cÖKvk cvq, evjvR GB gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb| AvB‡Rb÷vBb Av‡iv †ewk K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h, wd‡j¥i `ywU Ask ci¯úi mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡j Aek¨¤¢vex bZzb GKwU aviYvi m„wó nq| GKUvi ci GKUv Ae¯’vb wb‡q `ywU kU K¨v‡givi Kv‡R bZzb A_© Ges ¸Y Av‡ivc K‡i (wdj¥ dg© A¨vÛ w` wdj¥ †mÝ, †gwiwWqvb eyKm, 1957)| m¤úv`bv †h m„Rbkxj cÖwµqv GB aviYvi wfwˇZ cÖ_g c‡e©i (hv‡K A_©Ww· ejv n‡q‡Q) wdj¥ZË¡ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| wm‡bgvq m„Rbkxj fvlvi cÖavb cwiPq wn‡m‡e m¤úv`bvi cÖwZ `„wó AvKl©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| wdj¥ †UKwbK eB‡Z cy‡WvfwKb e‡j‡Qb : wm‡bgvi cÖwZwU kU‡K Zzjbv Kiv hvq KweZvi k‡ãi m‡½| m¤úv`bvB wPÎcwiPvj‡Ki e¨eüZ fvlv| gy‡Li fvlvi g‡ZvB `„k¨gvb wdj¥ w÷ª‡c GKwU B‡gR ev iƒcKí Ges Zv‡`i mswgkÖ‡Y GKwU evK¨ wbwg©Z nq| A‡b‡KB Aek¨ wm‡bgvq B‡g‡Ri m‡½ gy‡Li fvlvi k‡ãi GB Zzjbv‡K AwZiwÄZ g‡b K‡i‡Qb, †Kbbv k‡ãi †P‡q wm‡bgvi GKwU `„‡k¨ Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk Rvbv hvq| GKwU k‡Ui welqe¯‘ hZ RwUj n‡e, gy‡Li fvlvi m‡½ Zvi Zzjbvi wfwË ZZB ¶xY n‡q Avm‡e| GB Rb¨ cÖ_g c‡e© (A_©W· wdj¥Z‡Ë¡) GKwU aviYK…Z NUbv ev `„k¨‡K A‡bK¸wj mnR As‡k wef³ nIqvi cÖwZ †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GKwU NUbv (A¨vKkb) ev `„k¨‡K hw` wbe©vwPZ As‡ki wgkÖY wn‡m‡e aviY Kiv nq Zvn‡j Ôgš—vRÕ ev m¤úv`bv mg‡eZ wm‡Kv‡q‡Ý ÔA‡_©iÕ mwµq Ges ¯úó Drm wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`q| GB Kvi‡Y evjvR †K¬vRAvc kU‡mi cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡ †`b, hvi gva¨‡g cwiPvj‡Ki Kve¨gb¯‹Zv ev Kvwe¨K fvebv cwiùzU nq e‡j Zvi aviYv| gš—vR †Kej wd‡j¥i fvlv wba©viY ev wbg©v‡Yi Dcvq bq, Zvi mvnv‡h¨ wm‡bgvi wkíMZ cÖK…wZi e¨vL¨v Ges msÁvI cvIqv hvq, Ggb †f‡e‡Qb †KD †KD| †iv_vi fvlvq gš—vR ev GwWwUs n‡jv wm‡bgv wbg©v‡Yi g~j Ges Aš—wb©wnZ wbh©vm| GB aviYv cÖ_g Pvjy nq cy‡WvfwKb Ges Zuvi wk¶K †jf Kz‡jk‡fi wdj¥ msµvš— wPš—v I †jLvq| Kz‡jk‡fi g‡Z, wm‡bgv wbg© v‡Y wd‡j¥i w÷ª c n‡jv Ku vPvgvj, hv K‡¤úvwRk‡bi gva¨‡g m„Rbkxj iƒ‡c e¨eüZ Ges mswgwkÖZ nq| Zuvi g‡Z, Awf‡bZv‡`i Awfbq Ges K¨v‡givi wewfbœ `„‡k¨i kU nq bv| Zuvi Kv‡Q GBmeB n‡jv Dcv`vb e¨env‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ| cwiPvjK hLb wdj¥ ˆZwii me Dcv`vb mswgkÖY Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡ib ZLbB wdj¥ Av‡U©i ïi“| cy‡WvfwKb Zuvi wk¶‡Ki e³e¨ mg_©b K‡i e‡jb †h, c`©vq `k©K‡`i hv †`Lv‡bv nq †mmeB g„Z, cÖvYnxb, hw`I Zviv K¨v‡givi mvg‡b w`‡q hvIqv-Avmv K‡i‡Q A_©vr AMÖmi n‡q‡Q| †Kej wewfbœ I c„_K `„k¨K‡íi (B‡gR) mgwš^Z iƒc wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jB GKwU e¯‘ cÖvYx ev cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ wd‡j¥i †fZi Rxeš— n‡q I‡V| wm‡bgvi wbg©v‡Y wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GKwUi cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqv n‡j †h Ab¨¸wj h‡_vwPZ we‡ePbv cvq bv GK_v e‡j‡Qb A‡b‡KB| m„Rbkxj e‡j †Kv‡bv Ask‡K

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¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½B ivRc‡_ Rvwi _vK‡jI KweZv K…òvi `vwe GB Av‡›`vj‡b LyeB Zvrch©cY~ © GKwU ms‡hvRb| bvix ¯^vaxbZv wb‡q Pjgvb weZK© ZLb Ab¨ gvÎv cvq| fvi‡Zi wewfbœ iv¯—vq cÖwZev`gyLi Zi“Yx‡`i Lye kw³kvjx `„k¨ Qwe‡Z e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB `„k¨¸‡jvi eY©bvq cwiPvjK KweZv K…òvi KÉ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| bv, wb‡Ri K_v e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ KweZv‡K Qwei c`©vq RvqMv †`Iqv nq bv| Qwe‡Z Abw¯Œb KweZv‡K `k©K †`L‡Z cvb bv| cwie‡Z© cvb GKRb fviZ Ôwe‡klÁ‡KÕ Ñ whwb weªwUk wek¦we`¨vj‡q e‡m fviZ Ges GB Av‡›`vjb e¨vL¨v K‡ib j¤^v mgq| Qwe evbv‡Z wM‡q Ae‡RKwUf cÖvgvY¨wPÎ wbg©vZviv GgbUv K‡ib mPivPi| Qwe‡Z ewY©Z NUbvi m‡½ hy³ bb Ggb we‡klÁ‡K c`©vq wb‡q Av‡mb Zviv| we‡kl‡Ái gy‡L cÖKvwkZ nq wd‡j¥ wPÎvwqZ gvby‡li wek¦vm, hv wK bv †mB gvbyl wb‡RB ej‡Z cviZ| BwÛqvÕm WUvi Qwe‡Z Avgiv †h gvbyl‡K cvB Zviv al©K| Z‡e GivI wb‡R‡`i cy‡ivcywi cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq bv Ñ eis Ggbfv‡e Zv‡`i K_v m¤úv`bv Kiv nq hv‡Z Rxeb m¤ú‡K© G‡`i wbg©g wb¯ú„nZv I bvix wel‡q G‡`i i¶Ykxj cðvrc` aviYvB †Kej `k©K Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| GgbwK Av‡M Kiv Av‡iv bvbv AcKg© K‡i cvi †c‡q hvIqvi K_v `k©K‡K †kvbvevi my‡hvMI cwiPvjK Zv‡`i w`‡q‡Qb| m¤¢eZ G Kvi‡YB bvixev`x AvBbRxexiv QwewU wbwl‡×i `vwe K‡i‡Qb|

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Avi Ggb gynZ ~ © †_‡KB M‡íi PvKv mPj nq| IB evwo‡Z Av‡iv wQ‡jb †jLK n‡q IVvi gnvcÖvYZvq we‡fvi, f‚cwZi KvKvZ fvB K‡jRcoyqv Agj| Pvi“ Ges Agj cÖvq mgeqmx I Zviv f‚cwZi Zzjbvq ci¯ú‡ii wbKUfvevcbœ| GB wbKU mgmvgwqKØq ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ †hgb fvB‡ev‡bi g‡Zv mnR wQ‡jb, †Zgwb mg gbb-gvbwmKZv ev Z`vbxš—b KjKvZvi mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹w… Zi e¨vcv‡i D‡ËwRZ-Awff‚Z Zi“Y †KŠZ‚njx cvV‡Ki g‡Zv cvi¯úwiK m‡L¨i e܇b Ave× wQ‡jb| cwicvwU K‡i mvRv‡bv-†MvQv‡bv A›`im¾vq Pvi“jZvi emevm n‡jI, D”Peskxq AwfRvZ cwiev‡ii †jvKvPv‡ii `i“b evB‡ii c„w_exi Av‡jv-evZvm †hLv‡b cÖ‡e‡ki duvKUyKzb †cZ bv, †m_vq VvKzi‡cv Agj †hb evB‡ii `ywbqv‡K cÖvwZwbwaKfv‡e Pvi“i N‡i G‡b nvwRi K‡ib, hv Pvi“i wb¯—i½ Rxe‡b wKQygvÎvq Pv‡j¨i m„wó K‡i ˆewK! m¤¢ve¨ NUbvi cÖwZwµqvq cvV‡Ki g‡b g‡b GwU mnR‡eva¨ nq †h, †eŠVv‡bi m‡½ Ag‡ji †evSvcov nq‡Zv Av‡e‡Mi mxgvbv †cwi‡q m¤ú‡K©i wbwl× KuvUvZv‡i Rwo‡q covi Bkviv w`‡”Q| hv‡nvK, Agj wb‡R‡K cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i; Pvi“ fvOv ü`‡q weaŸ¯— Ñ GKv i‡q hvq; f‚cwZ welYœ e`‡b wek¦vmNvZK wgQwii Qywii cik Abyfe K‡i ü` gvSv‡i| Avi Gfv‡eB MíwU dz‡ivq...| Gevi, mvwnZ¨ †_‡K iwe VvKz‡ii Rxe‡bi w`‡K bRi †div‡j Avgiv GB M‡íi g‡Zv VvKzievwo‡Z wKQy cÖvmw½K NUbvi evZveiY †`L‡Z cvB; Avwg ms‡¶‡c wKQy wbe©vwPZ NUbvcÖevn Zy‡j aiwQ| ewa©òz VvKzievwo‡Z iex›`ªbv‡_i Ab¨Zg †R¨ô åvZv †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ¯¿x cwiP‡q evwjKv-ea~ Kv`¤^ix †`exi AvMgb N‡U| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wcZvgvZvi RxweZ mš—vb‡`i g‡a¨ †PŠÏZg Ges me©Kwbô| †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_ Zuvi †P‡q eq‡m eQi c‡b‡ivi eo| Kv`¤^ix †`ex Ges iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wcVvwcwV eq‡mi wQ‡jb| G m¤ú‡K© VvKz‡ii me‡P‡q cÖvgvwYK RxebxKvi cÖfvZ gy‡Lvcva¨vq †j‡Lb : Ôwe‡qi ci †_‡KB Zviv 1 ci¯ú‡ii †Ljvi mv_x Ges mnP‡i cwiYZ nq|Õ 1883 mv‡ji 9 wW‡m¤^i evBk eQ‡ii iwe VvKzi GMv‡iv eQ‡ii GK evwjKvi m‡½ weevne܇b Ave× nb, c‡i hvi bvg †`b g„Yvwjbx| g„Yvwjbx-VvKzi `¤úwZ my‡Li m‡½ Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib, 1902 mv‡j g„Yvwjbxi AKvwjK g„Z¨z i Av‡Lwi `g ch©š|— RxebxKvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq eveyi fvlvq, 1883 mv‡j VvKz‡ii we‡qUv ÔAvPgKv Ges AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e N‡U|Õ2 †mB eQi VvKzi Ges g„Yvwjbxi we‡qi gvm Pv‡i‡Ki gv_vq GwcÖ‡ji †k‡l Kv`¤^ix †`ex AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib; †Kb wZwb Zuvi Rxeb nbb Ki‡jb Zv hw` cwiRb‡`i RvbvI _v‡K ZeyI Zv KL‡bvB Rbmg‡¶ cÖKvk Kiv nqwb| Kv`¤^ix †`exi g„Z¨z wb‡q RxebxKvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq evey †j‡Lb, ÔKviYwU in‡m¨i Av”Qv`‡b Ae¸wÉZ| wKš‘ †n_vq †h KwZcq cvwievwiK fyj †evSveywSi AeKvk wQj, Zv wbtm‡›`‡n 3 ejv hvq|Õ

Kv`¤^ix †`exi cÖqvY †h VvKzi‡K cÖMvpfv‡e bvov w`‡q hvq Zv ¶YKvj ev‡` wbwØ©avq Zuvi Rev‡b cÖKvwkZ nq| wZwb 1917 mv‡j Awgq PµeZ©x‡K GK wPwV‡Z †j‡Lb, ÔGK`v, hLb Avwg †Zvgvi eqmx wQjvg, AvwgI †Zvgvi b¨vq weaŸ¯—Ki †kv‡Ki †fvMvwš— m‡qwQ| Avgvi AwZ Nwbô GK AvZ¥xq AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib, whwb Avgvi ˆK‡kviKvj †_‡K cieZ©x Rxe‡b mvwe©K mg_©b hywM‡q †M‡Qb| ZvB Zuvi AbvKvswLZ g„Z¨z msev` †hb Avgvi cv‡qi bxP †_‡K gvwU mwi‡q w`‡jv, GKBiƒ‡c Avgvi AvKvk †hb XvKv co‡jv Auvavi Kv‡jv †g‡N| Avgvi wek¦ †hb Amxg k~b¨Zvq a„Z nj, Rxe‡bi hveZxq D”Q¡vm †Kv_vq Rvwb wgwj‡q †Mj|Õ4 VvKzi weiwPZ AmsL¨ KweZvq Kv`¤^ix †`exi cÖvYwe‡qv‡Mi welqwU Ny‡i-wd‡i G‡m‡Q| †eŠVv‡bi cÖvYZ¨v‡Mi wKqrKvj ev‡` Kzwoi †KvVvq evm Kiv VvKzi wjL‡jb Ô†Kv_vqÕ KweZvwU, †mLvb †_‡K Avwg wbe©vwPZ Ask Zy‡j aiwQ Ñ Ônvq, †Kv_v hv‡e!

Abš— ARvbv †`‡k, wbZvš— †h GKv Zzwg! c_ †Kv_v cv‡e! nvq, †Kv_v hv‡e! †gviv †Kn mv‡_ iwne bv, †gviv †Kn K_v Kwne bv| †gviv e‡m Kuvw`e †n_vq, k~‡b¨ †P‡q WvwKe †Zvgvq; gnv †m weRb gv‡S nq‡Zv wejvcaŸwb gv‡S gv‡S ïwbevi5 cv‡e, nvq, †Kv_v hv‡e!Õ 1919 mv‡j meyRcÎ cwÎKvq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ I c‡i wjwcKv (1922) iPbv msKj‡bi Aš—f³ y© ÔcÖ_g †kvKÕ wk‡ivbv‡g KweZvwU‡ZI j¶ Kiv hvq Ô†Kv_vqÕ-Gi g‡Zv K_vgvjv| GB KweZv¸wj‡Z ev‡i ev‡i GK bvixi K_v wd‡i wd‡i Ny‡i Avm‡Z _v‡K| †mB bvix, hv‡K ¯^qs VvKzi Ôm‡Zi eQiÕ KweZvq Ly‡u R wdi‡Qb| GB m‡Zi eQi wK Kv`¤^ix †`exi evwjKv-ea~iƒ‡c VvKzievwo‡Z AvMg‡bi Kvj‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, bvwK AvMgb-cieZ©x ÔAvZ¥nbbÕ-Gi c~e© ch©š— AwZevwnZ Kvj‡K! GB cÖ‡kœi GKwU AvswkK DËi Ly‡u R cvIqv hvq iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔbóbxoÕ bvgK †QvUM‡í; †hwU mvaviYZ wcwiqW wcm ev HwZnvwmK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K me©`v cvV Kiv nq| Z_vwc, GwU ev¯—e Rxe‡bi GKwU µvwš—Kvj‡K wPwýZ K‡i Ñ hvi g‡a¨ †ivwcZ Av‡Q ev¯—e PwiÎ I NUbvcÖevn| AwZ Aek¨B ev¯—e NUbv I Kíbv-mÄvZ Kvwnwbi gv‡S Lvc LvIqv‡Z wKQy AmvgÄm¨ †Pv‡L c‡o| †hgb Ñ (¯^vfvweKfv‡eB) bvg¸wj cvj‡U †djv n‡q‡Q; cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i MÖwš’¸wj wfbœiƒ‡c web¨¯—; ÔbóbxoÕ †QvUM‡í f‚cwZ PwiÎwU †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ msMwZc~Y© I Agj‡K iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖwZg~wZ© ejv hvq Ges Zviv m¤ú‡K© KvKvZ fvB, ev¯—e Rxe‡bi b¨vq m‡nv`i bq... GiKg Av‡iv A‡bK cv_©K¨ MíRy‡o wQwU‡q-Qwo‡q Av‡Q; wKš‘ GKwU cÖkœI †R‡M D‡V : †R¨vwZwi›`ªbv_, iex›`ªbv_ Ges Kv`¤^ixi Rxe‡b N‡U hvIqv mZ¨ NUbv¸wj †K›`ª K‡i M‡o IVv Mí‡K †Kb Avgiv HwZnvwmK evZvei‡Yi †Niv‡Uv‡c cvV Kwi ev K‡i _vwK? GB cÖ‡kœi me‡P‡q

Abvo¤^i DËi n‡jv, mZ¨wRr ivq Pvi“jZvq Ggb Xs‡qB Avgv‡`i bóbxo †`wL‡q‡Qb| GKevi †h wm‡bgvUv †`‡L‡Q, †m VvKz‡ii †QvUMíwUi gv‡S Avewk¨Kfv‡e Mfxi mg„× GKwU A‡_©i wbkvbv Ly‡u R cvq| Zvn‡j, ivqeveyi VvKz‡ii MíwU‡K QvqvwP‡Î ZR©gv Kivi mZ¨Zv wb‡`©kK hyw³Uv †Kv_vq?

1971-G g¨vwi wmUb mZ¨wRr iv‡qi RxebKg© wN‡i iwPZ †cv‡UªU© Ae Av wW‡i±i : mZ¨wRr ivq MÖ‡š’ D‡j­L K‡ib †h, 1950-Gi †k‡li w`‡K ivq hLb ÔbóbxoÕ‡K Pjw”P‡Î iƒcvš—‡ii cÖ¯w‘ Z wbw”Q‡jb, ZLb iv‡qi nv‡Z GKwU cvÊywjwc Av‡m... wmU‡bi K_vq, ÔVvKz‡ii cvÊywjwci gvwR©‡b †h gš—e¨ ev ms‡KZ †`Lv hvq Zvi m‡½ †eŠVv‡bi bv‡gi Bw½Z cvIqv hvq... hv M‡íi 6 g~j PwiÎ Pvi“i m‡½ mvhyR¨c~Y|© Õ wmUb Av‡iv e‡jb, evOvwj‡`i wek¦vm, Kv`¤^ixi g„Z¨z i m‡½ iwe VvKz‡ii weevn KviYwU RwoZ,

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†`vnvB 1. Mukherji, Probhat Kumar : Life of Tagore, trans. by Sisirkumar Ghosh, Thompson, Connecticut : Inter Culture Associates, 1975, p. 35.

2. Ibid, p. 45.

3. Ibid.

4. Tagore, Rabindranath : Rabindra-racanabali, vol. 17 (Calcutta : Viswabharati, 1939, 1966), p. 484 (letter original published in Kavita magazine, Kartik, 1348) 5. Ibid., p. 423.

6. Seton, Marie : Portrait of a Director : Satyajit Ray, Bloomington, IN and London: Indiana University Press, 1971 p. 180.

7. Ibid.

8. Robinson, Andrew : Satyajit Ray : The Inner Eye, London : Andre Deutsch, 1989; Calcutta, Allahabad, Bombay, New Delhi : Rupa, 1990, p. 159.

9. Ibid.

10. A Tagore Reader, p. 331. [cÖe‡Ü e¨eüZ Qwe¸‡jv Pvi“jZv Pjw”P‡Îi wewfbœ `„‡k¨i]

1974 mv‡j e½eÜzi evmfe‡b eûiƒcx bvU¨`j

XvKvq k¤¢y wgÎ : `yB Aa¨vq A s ï gv b †fŠ wg K

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kvwgj n‡q‡Q| w_‡qUvi cwÎKv Zuvi ¯§i‡Y GKwU †µvocÎ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| gÂK_v cwÎKv Zuv‡K g‡b †i‡L‡Q| evsjv GKv‡Wwgi KxwZ©gvb GKz‡ki eB‡gjvi †kl mܨvq Zuvi bvgvw¼Z ¯§viK e³…Zv w`‡q‡Qb Aveyj nvmbvZ| Avi fve‡Z fv‡jv jvM‡Q †h, wØZxq XvKv Avš—R©vwZK bvU¨ Drme I bvU¨ msjvc Zuvi ¯§„wZ‡Z DrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q| k¤¢y wgÎ †h RvZxq bvU¨kvjvi ¯^cœ AvR †_‡K cÂvk eQi Av‡M †_‡K jvjb K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv‡K mvKvi Kivi Rb¨ evisevi D‡`¨vMx n‡qwQ‡jb, KjKvZvq Zv iƒcvwqZ nqwb| Zuvi cÖqv‡Yi GK `k‡Ki gv_vq XvKvq evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx cÖv½‡Y †h RvZxq bvU¨kvjv gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvwo‡q‡Q Zv evsjv‡`‡ki bvU¨mgv‡Ri A‡bKw`‡bi mvabvi m¤ú`| Ggb GKwU bvU¨v½b k¤¢y wg‡Îi kq‡b-¯^c‡b-RvMi‡Y wQj| AvR †mB RvZxq bvU¨kvjvq †k¦Zgg©i-iwPZ †mvcvb †e‡q Ic‡i

DV‡ZB cÖk¯— PvZv‡ji Ici ivRv Aqw`cvD‡mi f~wgKvq k¤¢y wg‡Îi cÖgvY AvKv‡ii Av‡jvKwPÎ †`‡L hyMcr †ivgvwÂZ I wknwiZ nw”Q| †h AvKv‡ji gy‡L `uvwo‡q mv‡eK †_evB‡qi ivRv Aqw`cvDm m‡Z¨i mÜv‡b hvÎv K‡iwQ‡jb, GB Drm‡ei g~j myi Ôw_‡qUvi A¨v‡MBb÷ fv‡qv‡jÝÕ D”PviYwUi Aš—iv‡j †m-myiwU ïb‡Z cvw”Q| Gfv‡e Zuv‡K g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ B›Uvib¨vkbvj w_‡qUvi Bb&m&wUwUD‡Ui evsjv‡`k †K›`ª I evsjv‡`k wkíKjv GKv‡Wgx Ges Zv‡`i c„ô‡cvlK ms¯‹…wZ gš¿K‡K mvayev` RvbvB| Avevi fvwe, Ggb kZevwl©Kx Zc©Y eywS Zuvi cÖvc¨B wQj| GB XvKv, GB evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ k¤¢y wg‡Îi ms‡hvM †Zv wbQK †cvkvwK bq| Gi GKwU M~p BwZK_v Av‡Q| Zuvi m„Rbkxj w`b¸wj‡Z `y-`yevi GB XvKvq G‡mwQ‡jb wZwb| G‡mwQ‡jb Zuvi Av`‡k© Zuvi Aby‡cÖiYvq M‡o IVv bvU¨`j eûiƒcxi KY©avi n‡q| GKevi 1957 mv‡j, Av‡iKevi 1974 mv‡j| Avgiv †h-mg‡qi K_v ejwQ †m-mgq G-ai‡bi mdi LyeB `yj©f wQj| cÖ_gZ c~e© cvwK¯—vb, wØZxqZ evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ fvi‡Zi mvs¯‹…wZK K‚UbxwZ‡Z eûiƒcxi XvKv AvMg‡bi gvnvZ¥¨ wQj Mfxi| GwU Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbvq cÖvavb¨ cv‡e bv| Avgiv GB `yB md‡ii w`‡K mÜvbx Av‡jv †d‡j eyS‡Z PvBe evsjv‡`‡ki w_‡qUv‡i Gi Kx cÖfve c‡owQj|

ZLb wQj c~e© cvwK¯—vb 1957 mv‡ji 18 †_‡K 21 gvP© XvKv mdi K‡iwQj k¤¢y wg‡Îi `j eûiƒcx| Zv‡`i Avgš¿Y cvwV‡qwQj eyjeyj Pvi“Kjv †K›`ª| bvUg wQj Avigvwb‡Uvjv gnj­vi wbD wcKPvi nvD‡m| †mLv‡b g¯’ n‡qwQj eûiƒcxi `ywU cÖ‡hvRbv †Quov Zvi I i³Kiex| k¤¢ y wg‡Îi wb‡`©k bvq eûiƒcxi i³Kiex (1954) cÖ‡hvRbvi K_v Avcbviv mK‡jB Rv‡bb| iex›`ªbvUK‡K AvaywbK gÂfvlvq Abyev‡`i GKwU cÖwgZ iƒc wbg©vY K‡iwQj GB HwZnvwmK cÖ‡hvRbv| DËi-1947 c‡e© fviZ hLb mv‡ne‡`i wkwL‡q-cwo‡q hvIqv wewjwZ Quv‡`i cÖ‡mwbqvg w_‡qUv‡ii †Niv‡Uvc †_‡K †e‡iv‡bvi Rb¨ QUdU Ki‡Q, ¯§„wZ‡Z I mËvq GKwU ÔfviZxqÕ bvU¨ wbg©v‡Yi c‡_ cv evov‡”Q, ZLb eûiƒcxi i³Kiex GKwU hyMv‡š—i m~Pbv K‡iwQj| Zvi me©fviZxq ¯^xK…wZ wg‡jwQj 21 wW‡m¤^i 1954, bqvw`wj­i mvcÖ“ nvD‡m| ¯^vaxb fvi‡Zi miKvi evnv`y‡ii e`vb¨Zvq AbywôZ b¨vkbvj Wªvgv †dw÷fv‡ji g‡Â| ev‡ivwU fvlvq bvUK g¯’ n‡qwQj G-Drm‡e| †kÖô‡Z¡i ivóªxq wk‡ivcv †c‡qwQj eûiƒcxi i³Kiex| Gi `yeQ‡ii gv_vq Avevi w`wj­ Rq K‡i i³Kiex| mv¶x wQ‡jb fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x cwÊZ RInijvj †bni“, Zm¨ Kb¨v Bw›`iv MvwÜ, mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb wePvicwZ, BwÛqvb ÷¨vwUmwUK¨vj Bb&m&wUwUD‡Ui KY© avi cÖgyL | †h-B›Uvib¨vkbvj w_‡qUvi Bb& m&w UwUDU Avgv‡`i GB Drm‡ei KvwiMi, Zv‡`i D‡`¨v‡M gy¤^vB‡Z 1956 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i Iqvì© w_‡qUvi Kbdv‡iÝ Av‡qvwRZ nq| gy¤^vB i½fe‡b 2 b‡f¤^i we‡`wk AwZw_-Af¨vMZ‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z i³Kiexi GKwU ¯§iYxq Awfbq nq| Gev‡iv DrK‡l©i ¯^xK…wZ †g‡j| AvaywbK bvU¨Kjvq ¯^vaxb fviZ ivóª

KZLvwb cvi½g Zvi civKvôv n‡q I‡V k¤¢y wgÎ-wb‡`©wkZ eûiƒcxi G-cÖ‡hvRbv| G-cUf~w g gv_vq ivL‡j 1957 mv‡ji gv‡P© c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ivRavbx‡Z eûiƒcxi AvMgb †Kej GKwU bvU¨`‡ji we‡`k md‡ii ch©v‡q AvU‡K _v‡K bv, m‡nv`i `yB †`‡ki mvs¯‹… wZK Av`vb-cÖ` v‡bi m~P bvc‡e©i GKwU gvBjdjK n‡q I‡V| Rvbv hvq, 18 gvP© D‡Øvabx mܨvq i³Kiex AwfbxZ nq| †mw`b wbD wcKPvi nvDm †cÖ¶vM„n Kvbvq Kvbvq fiv wQj| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x AvZvDi ingvb Lvb †cÖ¶vM„‡n Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| msev‡` cÖKvk †h, Amy¯’ kixi wb‡qI wZwb cÖ‡hvRbvwU †`‡LwQ‡jb| cokx `y‡`‡ki g‡a¨ K‚U‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î G-md‡ii gvnvZ¥¨ Gi †_‡K Av›`vR Kiv hvq| eûiƒcxi XvKv md‡ii Av‡M I mdi PjvKv‡j †ek K‡qKwU msev` m‡¤§jb nq| †m Avg‡ji Le‡ii KvM‡R LyeB ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q Qvcv nq LeiwU| 12 gvP© Zvwi‡L wgj­vZ wj‡LwQj : eyj eyj Pvi“Kjv †K‡›`ªi mvnvh¨v‡_© bvU¨vwfbq cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ KwjKvZvi weL¨vZ bvU¨ m¤cÖ`vq ÒeûiƒcxÓ XvKv AvMgb Kwi‡Z‡Qb| GB `‡j †gvU 40 Rb m`m¨ iwnqv‡Qb| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ôi³ KiexÕ I Zyjmx jvwnoxi Ô†Quov ZviÕ g¯’ Kiv nB‡e| AvMvgx 18B gvP© I 21‡k gvP© ¯’vbxq wbD wcKPvi nvD‡m GB bvU¨vwfbq AbywôZ nB‡e| (evbvb AcwiewZ©Z)

k¤¢y I Z…wß wg‡Îi GKgvÎ mš—vb kuvIjx Awfbq Ki‡Zb †Quov Zvi bvU‡K, dzjRvb I iwngywÏi †g‡q ewm‡ii f‚wgKvq| ¯§„wZK_vq kuvIjx wj‡L‡Qb, ÔhZ`~i g‡b c‡o eûiƒcx †mLv‡b c~Y© †cÖ¶vM„‡n AZ¨š— m¤§v‡bi m‡½ Awfbq K‡i Av‡m| AveQv g‡b c‡o eûiƒcx‡K †mLv‡b i³Kiexi GKwU AwZwi³ Awfbq Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|Õ XvKvi †ek K‡qKwU evsjv KvM‡R k¤¢y wgÎ I Agi M‡½vcva¨v‡qi mv¶vrKvi †ewi‡qwQj| XvKv †cÖm K¬v‡e GKwU Pv-Pµ nq| D‡`¨vMx n‡qwQ‡jb eûiƒcxi cÖv³b m`m¨ Kwjg kivdx| A‡b‡Ki g‡b _vK‡e †h, Kwjg kivdx `xN©w`b 11G bvwmiDwÏb †iv‡W wgÎ cwiev‡ii m‡½B emevm K‡i‡Qb| Av¶wiK A‡_©B k¤¢y wg‡Îi Wvb nvZ wQ‡jb wZwb| eûiƒcx M‡o †Zvjvq Zuvi Ae`vb A‡bKLvwb| 1951 mvj bvMv` wZwb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b P‡j Av‡mb| †mevi i³Kiex QvovI g¯’ n‡qwQj †Quov Zvi| 1947 mv‡ji †`kfv‡Mi AbwZc~‡e© `ywf©‡¶i cUf~wg‡Z iscy‡ii GK gymjgvb `¤úwZi ZvjvK‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z bvUKwU wj‡LwQ‡jb Zyjmx jvwnox| KjKvZvi AwfRvZ g‡Â `k©K DËie‡½i ev‡n Dcfvlvi cÖ‡qvM ï‡bwQj| 1950 mv‡j GwUi cÖ_g Awfbq K‡i eûiƒcx| ewmi mvR‡Zb k¤¢y wgÎ, dzjRvb n‡Zb Z…wß wgÎ| gybvdv‡Lvi nvwKgywÏi Pwi‡Î Awfbq Ki‡Zb Zyjmx jvwnox| gn¤§` R¨v‡Kwiqv ZLb KjKvZvq, eûiƒcxi mwµq m`m¨| GB cÖ‡hvRbvq ZwgR mvR‡Zb wZwb| Avevi kÖxg‡š—i f~wgKvq wZwb Avi gn¤§` BmivBj Nywi‡q wdwi‡q Awfbq Ki‡Zb| 1957 mv‡ji gv‡P©i A‡bK Av‡MB eûiƒcx †Q‡o wM‡qwQ‡jb Zzjmx jvwnox| d‡j XvKvq wZwb Av‡mbwb| Z‡e Zuvi bvUK cw_K ev †Quov Zvi m¤ú‡K© XvKv ev c~e©

k¤¢y wgÎ

cvwK¯—v‡bi m`i-gd¯^j BwZc~‡e©B AeMZ wQj| Rvbv hv‡”Q, 1953 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KvR©b n‡j †Quov Zvi Awfbq K‡i iscyi †Rjv mwgwZ| Zv‡Z cyÎKb¨vmn Awfbq K‡ib AveŸvmDÏxb Avng`| XvKvq G‡m msev` m‡¤§j‡b eûiƒcxi c¶ †_‡K GKwU wee„ wZ cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb k¤¢ y wgÎ| cÖv ‡P¨i bvU¨fvlv Avwe®‹v‡ii †h †bkvq ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k †g‡Z Av‡Q, †h ¯^vRvZ¨‡eva †_‡K eY©bvZ¥K bvU¨ixwZi Dr‡m †cuŠ‡Q‡Q, k¤¢y wg‡Îi †mB 58 eQi Av‡MKvi wee„wZ‡Z Zvi GKwU ¯úó iƒc‡iLv wQj : eûiƒcx fv‡jv K‡i fv‡jv bvUK Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B MwVZ nq| GB KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv Abyfe Kwi †h, Avgiv bvUK Kwi cvðv‡Z¨i Av`‡k©| cvðv‡Z¨i AbyKi‡Y g mvRvB, cvðv‡Z¨i

AbyKi‡Y Mí evbvB ev Awfbq Kwi| A_P cy‡iv cÖvP¨ gnv‡`‡k wkí cÖKv‡ki GKwU wewkó fw½ Av‡Q, †hUv †gv‡UB cvðv‡Z¨i AbyKi‡Y bq|... GK_vi Øviv Avgiv KvD‡K †QvU Ki‡Z PvB‡b| Avgiv ïay eyS‡Z PvB †h, Avgv‡`i GB gnv‡`‡ki wkí gvb‡m †Kv‡bv we‡kl wkí ixwZ Av‡Q, hv‡K ï×fv‡e Dcjwä Kievi †Póv Ki‡j Avgv‡`i Mfxi K_v¸‡jv GKvš— K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡ev| KviY c‡ii avi Kiv fvlvq e¨envwiK Rxe‡bi †gvUv KvR nq‡Zv Pvjv‡bv hvq, wKš‘ Aš—‡ii Av‡e‡Mi †h eû eY© ˆewPΨ Av‡Q Zv‡K dzwU‡q †Zvjv hvq bv| ZvB Avgv‡`i Ggb GKUv w_‡qUvi ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e, †hUv we‡`kx‡`i PZy_© †kÖYxi AbyKiY bq, G‡Kev‡i Avgv‡`i wbR¯^ Ges wewkó w_‡qUvi| ...ZvB Avgiv A‡bK w`bB Avkv K‡iwQ †h, Avgiv c~eŸ© cvwK¯—v‡b Avgv‡`i bvUK wb‡q Avm‡ev| KviY †`kR ms¯‹…wZi

g~j GB c~eŸ© cvwK¯—v‡b Mfxi I eûw`bRvZ, GLvbKvi wkíxiv †mB HwZn¨ ¯§iY †i‡L bZzb ms¯‹…wZi iƒcKvi| GLv‡b gvwUi MÜ R‡ji MÜ c~‡eŸ© †hgb †jvKMv_vq cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q AvRI †Zgwb cv‡”Q Ges Av‡iv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡Z Pv‡”Q| AvgivI ZvB Avgv‡`i GB bvU¨‡eva‡K †mB †`‡k hvPvB K‡i Rvb‡Z G‡mwQ †h Avgiv wVKc‡_ K‡ZvUv GwM‡qwQ| KviY G KvR Avgv‡`i mK‡ji, cÖv‡P¨i w_‡qUvi‡K Dcjwä Kivi, Zv‡K AvR‡Ki w`‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z iƒc w`‡q bZzb K‡i m„wó Kievi|

G-K_v ejvB evûj¨, 1957 mv‡ji XvKvq bqv Av›`v‡Ri w_‡qUv‡ii Mv‡O †Rvqvi Av‡bwb eûiƒcxi mdi| i³Kiex I †Quov Zv‡ii Pvi-cuvPwU Awfbq Rbgvb‡m KZUv Qvc †d‡jwQj, bvU¨Rb‡`i KZUv cÖvwYZ K‡iwQj Zvi †Kv‡bv PURjw` LwZqvb Avgv‡`i nv‡Z †bB| Z‡e XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ms¯‹…wZ msm` ev Wªvgv mv‡K©‡ji bvU¨PP©vi ïi“i w`K¸wj‡Z G-ai‡bi md‡ii BwZevPK cÖfve _vK‡e GB Abygvb AjxK bq| we‡klZ hLb g‡b c‡o †h, eûiƒcxi XvKv md‡ii GK eQ‡ii gv_vq Wªvgv mv‡K©j i³Kiex cÖ‡hvRbv K‡iwQj ZLb GB wg_w¯Œqvi ¯úó Avfvm †g‡j| LvwZi`vwii cvkvcvwk GKai‡bi bRi`vwiI †h wQj Zv †Ui cvIqv hvq| †m-Avg‡ji RbwcÖq ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ AvRv‡` 20 gvP© 1957 GKwU wPwV †e‡ivq| R‰bK Ave`yj gwR` Zv‡Z wjL‡Qb : Rbve m¤úv`K Qv‡ne m¤cÖwZ KjKvZvi eûiƒcx bvU¨‡Mvwô‡K Avgš¿Y w`qv Avbv nBqv‡Q, Gi c~‡eŸ© Avgš¿Y LvBqv wMqv‡Qb kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi wkíxiv| KB, †Kvb gymwjg ivóª nB‡Z G RvZxq †Kvb †Mvwô‡K Avgš¿Y RvbvBqv Avwb‡Z †`Lv hvB‡Z‡Q bv †Kb? gymjgv‡b I Bmjv‡g Ai“wP aivi M~p gZjeUv wK? (evbvb AcwiewZ©Z)

G cÖm‡½ GKwU K_vi AeZviYv Kwi| cÖ_gZ, Avgiv 1957 mv‡ji K_v ejwQ| BwZg‡a¨ evsjv fvlvi AvZ¥gh©v`vi `vwe‡Z evnvbœi Av‡›`vj‡b gw_Z n‡q‡Q c~e© cvwK¯—vb| fvlv‡K wfwË K‡i GKai‡bi RvZxqZv‡eva cÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q XvKv I Gi msjMœ A‡j| djZ kvwš—wb‡KZ‡bi wkíx‡`i iex›`ªmsMxZ ev ivexw›`ªK b„‡Z¨i Dc¯’vcbvq wkíwccvmyi AvMÖn Av‡Q, eûiƒcxi evsjv bvU‡KI Av‡Q| wKš‘ cÖKvivš—‡i ivóª G-ai‡bi Avav-miKvwi mvs¯‹…wZK wewbgq‡K mg_©b Ki‡Q, GB fvebvi m‡½ A‡b‡K mngZ wQ‡jb bv| fviZ djvI K‡i Zvi ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi K_v e‡j Avm‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ wn›`y wQ‡jb bv| k¤¢y wgÎ ev Zuvi wkíxeÜziv cÖvwZôvwbK wn›`ya‡g©i aŸRv wb‡q c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b Av‡mbwb| †Quov Zv‡i †lv‡jv AvbvB gymjgvb mgv‡Ri wPÎ| Zey GKwU Pvjy Le‡ii KvM‡Ri m¤úv`Kxq c„ôvq Ggb wPwV hLb Qvcv n‡q‡Q, ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e,kvwš— wb‡KZb ev KjKvZvq Ai“wPi †gvÏv RvqMvUv mv¤cÖ`vwqK| Gi m‡½ evOvwj RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü †bB|

Gevi ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k GKvˇii gyw³hy‡×i mgq AvaywbK evsjv‡`‡ki cy‡ivav

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MÖ š’ c wi wP wZ ¯§„wZi AuvwKeywK mbr Ki cÖKvkK : Avb›` cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv g~j¨ : 250 UvKv

AvZ¥cÖwZK…wZ : ¯§„wZi gvbwPÎ ˆmq` Rvnv½xi cÖKvkK : †e½j cvewj‡Kkb&m wjwg‡UW g~j¨ : 475 UvKv

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wb jv ‡g i L e i wµw÷Õm †j †me&j&m wkíx : Zvs †nI‡qb (1927-1991) Rjis, 69.8 †m.wg. X 49.6 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 39,000-65,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 42 nvRvi 126 Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 31 †g 2015 Kb‡fbkb nj, nsKs

wk‡ivbvgnxb wkíx : Zvs †nI‡qb (1927-1991) †Mvqvk I Rjis, 69.9 X 50 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 39,000-65,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 42 nvRvi 126 Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 31 †g 2015, Kb‡fbkb nj, nsKs

†mv`weÕm gv‡P©wÛ wW wd¬Iqvim A¨v j‡Ûªm wkíx : Ryj evw¯—‡qb-†jcvR (18481884) †Zjis, 173.4 X 90.2 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 5,00,000-7,00,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 15 jvL 70 nvRvi Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 7 †g 2015, wbDBqK©

gviPuv` A¨vgeyjvš— A †Ki wkíx : Ruv-wjI †R‡iv‡g (1824-1904) †Zjis, 79 X 54.6 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 7,00,00010,00,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 7 jvL 90 nvRvi Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 7 †g 2015, wbDBqK©

wk‡ivbvgnxb wkíx : Zvs †nI‡qb (1927-1991) †Mvqvk I Rjis, 70 X 50 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 65,0001,00,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 72 nvRvi 910 Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 31 †g 2015, Kb‡fbkb nj, nsKs

†j M¨vwjIqv wkíx : Ruv-e¨vw߇¯—-Kvwg‡j K‡iv (1796-1875) †Zjis, 108.9 X 129.8 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 5,00,0007,00,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 6 jvL 10 nvRvi Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 7 †g 2015, wbDBqK©

wk‡ivbvgnxb wkíx : Zvs †nI‡qb (1927-1991) Kvq‡iv Kv‡W© Kvwj, 70 †m.wg. X 50 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 6,50013,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 19 nvRvi 443 Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 31 †g 2015, Kb‡fbkb nj, nsKs

`¨ †ej‡fv‡qi †K‡bjm wkíx : m¨vi Avj‡d«W †Rgm gvwbsm (1878-1959) †Zjis, 50.8 X 60.9 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 2,50,0003,50,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 4 jvL 66 nvRvi Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 7 †g 2015 wbDBqK©

wm‡UW by¨W wkíx : Bqyb wR (1906-1963) †Zjis, 27.6 †m.wg. X 20.5 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 97,000-1,20,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 1 jvL 91 nvRvi 833 Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 31 †g 2015, Kb‡fbkb nj, nsKs

m¨vi gvK© DW DB_ wnR WvK© eªvDb wdwj †fmcv wkíx : Rb †d«‡WwiK †nwis wmwbqi (1795-1865) †Zjis, 71.1 X 91.4 †m.wg.

AvbygvwbK `vg : 6,00,0008,00,000 Wjvi wbjvg n‡q‡Q 7 jvL 6 nvRvi Wjv‡i wbjv‡gi ZvwiL : 7 †g 2015, wbDBqK©