“Vulnerability Assessment of Informal Settlements of South-East Delhi” Thesis
Submitted by
BHUPENDER (M6009212) in partial fulfillment for the requirement to award the degree of
M.arch (Ekistics)
Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi, Delhi 110025
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Certificate This is to certify that BHUPENDER of M.Arch (Ekistics) IV Semester has worked on the report entitled “Vulnerability Assessment of Informal Settlements of South-East Delhi” under my guidance and supervision.
Ar.Mohammad Juned
Prof. Hina Zia
Thesis Guide
Dean
Prof. Qamar Irshad HOD
External Examiner 1
External Examiner 2
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Declaration
I, BHUPENDER of M.Arch (Ekistics) IV Semester, hereby declare that this report is my own work and effort and that it has not been submitted anywhere for any award. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged rightfully.
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Acknowledgment
I would want to offer my heartfelt appreciation to everyone who has led and assisted me up to this point in my thesis report. Without the support of these people, it would have been very difficult to complete this task smoothly. First and foremost, I would want to thank my thesis advisor Ar.Mohammad Juned and the other advising faculties for their guidance, support, constant motivation, suggestions, and regular discussions. And I am also thankful to all the participants for their positive and kind participation and to all my mates who provide suggestions and criticism which ultimately helped me in the enhancement of the quality of my dissertation. Above all, my heartfelt thanks to my parents and friends, who have been a constant source of encouragement and support.
BHUPENDER Student ID: 202001690
(M.arch Ekistics Semester-4)
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Abstract
Towns and cities have acted as focal points in the cultural landscape of India for nearly five millennia, though with some significant breaks in between. They continue to play a major role in India's emergence as a premier industrial and political power in the world. India is often portrayed as a land of villages and hamlets; nevertheless, in reality; it is equally a land of towns and cities. Migration has shaped human history, the economy, and culture throughout history. It has re-emerged as a powerful force shaping cities and urbanisation in Western nations since the industrialization, and it is closely associated with urban transition, influencing labour demand and supply, economic growth, and human well-being. Urbanization leads to the migration into the cities and a boom in the housing demand in urban areas which will further accelerate in the near future as 60% of the population is going to reside in cities and towns by 2050. Such settlements lack basic municipal services such as water, sanitation, waste collection, storm drainage, street lighting, paved walkways, and emergency access roads. Most people also don't have quick access to schools, hospitals, or public gathering areas. Many such settlements have gone un-serviced and unnoticed for decades, even decades in certain places and these are termed as slums or Jhuggi Jhoppri clusters and these places which in general lack basic amenities also are vulnerable to any external risks or events. In this study author tries to understand the evolution of JJ clusters and slums in the capital city of Delhi and take case of three JJ clusters from the south east Delhi and tries to assess them on the basis of vulnerability assessment indicators such as Status of slum, Location, Demographic and socio-economic conditions, Housing and basic amenities, Status of health services etc and tries to pinpoint the slum with higher vulnerability so as a priority based slum improvement programme can be launched to improve the life of inhabitants of these areas.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate .................................................................................................................................. 1 Declaration ................................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter -1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Concept Of Vulnerability: .............................................................................................. 10 1.3 Categorisation Of Settlements In Delhi: ........................................................................ 11 1.4 Definition Of Slum: ........................................................................................................ 14 1.5 History Of Evolution Of JJ Clusters And Slums In Delhi .............................................. 15 1.6 Importance Of The Study: .............................................................................................. 21 1.7 Objective Of The Study: ................................................................................................. 21 1.8 Aim ................................................................................................................................. 21 1.9 Limitations Of The Study: .............................................................................................. 22 Chapter -2 Literature Review................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter -3 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Process Of Identification And Vulnerability Assessment Of Slums ............................... 27 3.3 Choosing Indicators For Vulneraility Criteria .............................................................. 27 3.4 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 31 Chapter -4 Analysis And Discussion ....................................................................................... 32 4.1 Settlement Characteristics .......................................................................................... 32 4.1.1 Status Of Slum .......................................................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Locations Of Slum .................................................................................................... 32 4.1.3 Migration.................................................................................................................. 32 4.1.4 The Approach Road’s Condition .............................................................................. 33 4.1.5 Presence Of NGO/CBO............................................................................................ 33 4.2 Housing And Basic Amenities ..................................................................................... 33 5|P a g e
4.2.1 Housing .................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.2 Toilets ....................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.3 Water Supply ............................................................................................................ 34 4.2.4 Drainage................................................................................................................... 35 4.2.5 Electricity ................................................................................................................. 35 4.3 Socio-Economic And Demographic Profile Of The Slums.......................................... 35 4.3.1 Minority Population ................................................................................................. 36 4.3.2 Availability Of Bpl Households ................................................................................ 36 4.3.3 Population Without Any Identity Card ..................................................................... 36 4.3.4 Literacy..................................................................................................................... 36 4.3.5 Occupational Profile ................................................................................................ 37 4.3.6 Child Labour ............................................................................................................ 38 4.4 Access To Health Care Centre .................................................................................... 38 4.4.1 Primary Health Care Centre .................................................................................... 38 4.4.2 Healthcare/Health Seeking Behavior ....................................................................... 38 4.4.3 Anganwadi Centres .................................................................................................. 39 4.4.4 Recent Disease Outbreak ......................................................................................... 39 Chapter -5 Conclusion & Recommendations .......................................................................... 40 5.1 Vulnerability Assessment Matrix................................................................................. 40 5.2 Conclusion................................................................................................................... 41 5.3 Suggestions .................................................................................................................. 42 References : .............................................................................................................................. 45 Annexure : ……………………………………………………………………………...46-54
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Present 675 JJC in Delhi............................................................................................ 17 Figure 2 Evolution Maps of JJC in Delhi 1803-1961 .............................................................. 19 Figure 3 Evolution of JJC in South Delhi Post-Independence ................................................ 20 Figure 4 Location of 3 JJC for Case Study .............................................................................. 26 Figure 5 Migration Status ........................................................................................................ 32 Figure 6 Housing...................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 7 Toilet.......................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 8 Water Supply ............................................................................................................. 34 Figure 9 Drainage ................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 10 Electricity ................................................................................................................ 35 Figure 11 Percentage of Minority Population.......................................................................... 36 Figure 12 Child Labour ............................................................................................................ 38 Figure 13 Healthcare Seeking Behaviour ................................................................................ 38 Figure 14 Participatory Slum Improvement Programme ......................................................... 42 Figure 15 Upgradation Priorities based on the existing situation from bottom to up .............. 43 Figure 16 Components of Slum Improvement......................................................................... 43
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Settlement Typology in Delhi ..................................................................................... 14 Table 2 Indicators and Parameters for Vulnerability Assessment ........................................... 27 Table 3 Cumulative Score and Vulnerability Category ........................................................... 31 Table 4 No. of Households and Land Area of Settlement ....................................................... 35 Table 5 BPL Household Percentage ........................................................................................ 36 Table 6 Population without any identity card .......................................................................... 36 Table 7 Literacy rate ................................................................................................................ 36 Table 8 Occupation Conditions Male and Female ................................................................... 37 Table 9 Matrix on Vulnerability Assessment of Case Study Slums ........................................ 40
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ABBREVIATIONS:
ABBREVIATION
FULL FORM
GNCTD
GOVERNMENT OF N.C.T OF DELHI
DDA
Delhi Development Authority
DUSIB
Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board
CPWD
Central Public Works Department
JJC
Jhuggi Jhopri Cluster
SDA
Slum Designated Area
CAG
Comptroller And Auditor General
USAID
U.S. Agency for International Development
CBO
Community Based Organisation
MCD
Municipal Corporation of Delhi
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CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION
Towns and cities have acted as focal points in the cultural landscape of India for nearly five millennia, though with some significant breaks in between. They continue to play a major role in India's emergence as a premier industrial and political power in the world. India is often portrayed as a land of villages and hamlets; nevertheless, in reality; it is equally a land of towns and cities. Migration has shaped human history, the economy, and culture throughout history. It has re-emerged as a powerful force shaping cities and urbanisation in Western nations since the industrialization, and it is closely associated with urban transition, influencing labour demand and supply, economic growth, and human well-being. Urbanization leads to the migration into the cities and a boom in the housing demand in urban areas which will further accelerate in the near future as 60% of the population is going to reside in cities and towns by 2050 (60% of India’s Population to Live in Cities by 2050: Government, n.d.). Rapid urban population expansion has outstripped local governments' ability to provide housing, as well as environmental and health infrastructure to all people and hence formed typology of settlements generally known as informal settlements lacking legal status. They are frequently overcrowded, with a large number of people jammed into cramped living quarters. Such settlements lack basic municipal services such as water, sanitation, waste collection, storm drainage, street lighting, paved walkways, and emergency access roads. Most people also don't have quick access to schools, hospitals, or public gathering areas. Many such settlements have gone un-serviced and unnoticed for decades, even decades in certain places. Housing in slums, like that of all informal settlements, is constructed on property to which the inhabitant has no legal claim and without regard for urban planning or zoning restrictions (Slums and Slum Upgrading | Cities Alliance, n.d.). Vulnerability is described as a person's or a group's ability to cope with, predict, resist, and recover from the effects of natural or man-made risks, or any external event. The incapacity 9|P a g e
to tolerate the impacts of a hostile environment is also known as vulnerability. For this study slums will be assessed on the basis of vulnerability assessment indicators such as Status of slum, Location, Demographic and socio-economic conditions, Housing and basic amenities, Status of health services etc.
1.2 CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY: Vulnerability is defined as the ability to be easily hurt. 'Vulnerability,' according to the dictionary, is "a scenario in which some persons are more vulnerable to unpleasant situations and have a higher risk of succumbing to those situations." Not only does the phrase have varied connotations across fields, but it also has different implications in terms of size and scale. (Slum Vulnerability Analysis in PNP and NNP | November 2018 5 (Mohapatra, 2012). However, it refers to a circumstance that causes morbidity and mortality in the context of public health. (Agarwal, Satyavada, Kaushik, & Kumar, 2007). Vulnerability assessment is "a systematic study of the system to identify those important infrastructures or related components that may be vulnerable to an attack and the selection of relevant procedures that may be performed to mitigate the risk" (Rao & Thakur, 2007). Hazard is frequently characterised in public health terms as a "possible harm to human beings and their welfare."As a result, "vulnerability" refers to "exposure and sensitivity to loss," whereas "risk" refers to the "probability of hazard occurrence" (Turner, et al., 2003). As a result, hazard detection, exposure assessment, and risk detection are all part of a vulnerability assessment. This involves the creation of composite indicators of vulnerability that include bio-physical, socio-economic, and institutional factors, relating it to both persons and locations, such as "slums" and "urban poor" in the current study. (Mohapatra, 2012). In India, the majority of social development programmes have typically concentrated on rural regions. The necessity for urban sanitation has been underscored by rapid urbanisation and an increase in the number of slums. The opportunities, facilities, and resources given by neourban centred training programmes, on the other hand, are mostly neglected by the individuals for whom they are designed. Even more problematic is the fact that a) urban average statistics sometimes hide the hardship of the urban poor, and b) the urban poor are not a homogeneous group. (Agarwal, Taneja, & 10 | P a g e
Pradeep, 2005). As per one statistic, because NGOs, donors, and governments are external to slums, their programmes and implementation can only reach around 30% of the urban poor, and only from the "better off" slums. (Rao & Thakur, 2007). As a result, participatory techniques for rating the urban poor are necessary in order to target the "most vulnerable" as well as differentially vulnerable slums (Agarwal, Taneja, & Pradeep, 2005).With a set of specified health vulnerability factors, the current study attempted to do just that.
1.3 CATEGORISATION OF SETTLEMENTS IN DELHI : In India's capital, many settlement types may be found, each with varied degrees of formality, validity, and permanency. Cities of Delhi is part of a larger research on Indian urban development that tries to chronicle and better understand how access to vital utilities differs among different types of settlements. Planned Colonies Planned colonies are also referred to as “approved” colonies. These communities are located on land designated as a "development area" in Delhi's Master Plan (and/or the relevant Zonal Plan). These colonies' housing units are constructed in conformity with planning standards and are fully serviced with infrastructure such as water pipes and sewage systems. The Delhi Development Authority's dwellings are an example of this style of settlement . Slum Designated Areas Slum Designated Areas are the only settlements in Delhi that are technically'slums' (SDAs). To be deemed an SDA, a settlement must be declared under the 1956 Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act. SDAs have been assigned for the entire walled city and its expansion, with around 100,000 katras (properties) housing 1,000,000 people. It's worth noting that 97% of these residences are privately owned. If an SDA is notified, it is entitled to basic amenities, and its occupants have the right to due process and notice before being evicted. Since 1994, no Delhi colony has been designated as an SDA. 11 | P a g e
Jhuggi Jhopri Clusters Despite the fact that no legal slum has been recognised in more than two decades, slum-like communities have continued to flourish and spread across Delhi. These unrecognised slums are classified as jhuggi jhopri clusters by the GNCTD (JJCs). These are "squatter settlements" that have been established and erected on "public land" controlled by the DDA, the Railways, the Central Public Works Department (CPWD), or a department or agency of the GNCTD or one of Delhi's Municipal Corporations without authorisation. As a result, these settlements are commonly referred to as "encroachments" in official discourse. According to the Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB), which regulates JJCs, the city has 685 JJCs in 2011, with 418,282 jhuggis. In 2014, the DUSIB released a new set of statistics, this time based on a socio-economic analysis of all Delhi JJCs. The most recent data shows 672 JJCs with 304,188 jhuggis, accounting for about 10% of Delhi's population and encompassing 8.85 square kilometres, or around 0.6 percent of the city's land. Among the eight types of settlements, residents in JJCs have the least secure tenure and are the most vulnerable to demolitions and evictions. Despite government organisations' progressive improvements in service to these areas, JJC residents have no clear right to basic services. JJ Resettlement Colonies There were rounds of eviction and migration since the 1960s. At the time of their expulsion from a JJC, those deemed appropriate for plots in JJ Resettlement Colonies are allotted plots. Unlike the JJCs they replaced, the policy that established these resettlement colonies attempted to impose some planning, provide basic amenities, and form settlements. Despite this, many colonies are obviously outside the definition of "planned colonies," and most have just recently gotten basic services. 12 | P a g e
Unauthorised Colonies Unauthorized colonies are constructed in breach of zoning restrictions, either in defiance of Delhi's Master Plans or on 'illegally' partitioned agricultural property. The literature on unauthorised colonies identifies two distinguishing characteristics: first, these areas have been 'illegally' subdivided into plots, and second, the buyers of plots in these settlements have documents (mostly in the form of a general power of attorney or GPA) proving some form of tenure, which can be described as'semi-legal.' In recent years, the government has established a policy framework for regularising these colonies, a process aimed at bringing these settlements into the legal system.
Regularised – Unauthorised Colonies Hundreds of illegal colonies were'regularized' in the 1960s and 1970s. Although the particular circumstances of these regularizations are unknown, they appear to have been carried out in accordance with DDA regulations or standing committees of the old Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Regularization, logically, should bring these settlements under the umbrella of the 'planned' metropolis.This has not been the case: they are still referred to as "regularisedunauthorised colonies" many years after regularisation, fitting neatly within the 'unplanned' settlement taxonomy. In several publications, the GNCTD identifies 567 such colonies, but there is no estimate of how many people live in these regularized-unauthorized colonies. Rural Villages Rural villages are mostly situated on the outskirts of Delhi, in areas that the Delhi Master Plan still classifies as "rural". Agricultural activity is commonly associated with them.The term "Lal Dora" (red thread) appears several times in governmental documents pertaining to Delhi villages.Parts of rural regions were formally designated with a red thread for "abadi" (population) or non-agricultural activities in 1908-09; these limits were depicted in red ink on village maps.Land parcels within the "Lal Dora" line are not assessed for land revenue, unlike agricultural land outside of these boundaries. Land ownership in "Lal Dora" is purely by way of possession, with no land revenue records. The GNCTD Revenue Department is responsible for approving the village "abadi" boundaries. 13 | P a g e
Urban Villages Rural villages are periodically registered under Section 507 of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957, bringing them into the city and designating them as "urban villages," often referred to as "urbanised villages" in policy papers. When a village's "Lal Dora" area is designated as "urban," the terms of the Master Plan, Zonal Plan, or relevant Area Development Plan and Building Bye-laws take effect. In Delhi, there are 135 urban villages that were developed between 1963 and 1994. After a hamlet is recognised as part of Delhi's "urban" region, the land can be declared under Section 22(1) of the Delhi Development Act, making it available for development to the DDA. Eighty of these localities have received this since 1974. Table 1 Settlement Typology in Delhi
Settlement Typology
Estimated Population in
Percentage of Total
year 2000
Estimated Population *
JJ Clusters
20.72 lakhs
14.8
Slum Designated Areas
26.64 lakhs
19.1
Unauthorised Colonies
7.40 lakhs
5.3
JJ Resettlement Colonies
17.76 lakhs
12.7
Regularised-Unauthorised
17.76 lakhs
12.7
Rural Villages
7.40 lakhs
5.3
Urban Villages
8.88 lakhs
6.4
Planned Colonies
33.08 lakhs
23.7
Total
139.64 lakhs
100
Colonies
1.4 DEFINITION OF SLUM: As per Census 2011, a slum is a "residential area where dwellings are unfit for human habitation due to dilapidation, overcrowding, building design, narrowness or faulty street arrangement, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, or any combination of these 14 | P a g e
factors that are detrimental to safety or health" (The Slum Areas 'Improvement and Clearance' Act, 1956). Nonetheless, it is projected that the population in slums grows at a rate of 6-8 percent per year, compared to 2-3 percent for the general metropolitan population (Swami, 2107). The expansion of slums (Swami, 2107) in India can be linked to the following factors: 1. Industrialization and the resulting migration from rural areas 2. In rural areas, there are a lack of job prospects and supplies for subsistence. 3. Urban areas with insufficient infrastructure 4. Low pay due to lack of employable skills 5. Land reform that is ineffective
The aforementioned factors clearly indicate that slums are generally home to people in poor socioeconomic situations. They are not a coherent entity, and there are huge differences in important development indicators including health, education, basic infrastructure, livelihood, and social capital, resulting in various levels of vulnerability among slums.(Taneja, 2005)
1.5 HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF JJ CLUSTERS AND SLUMS IN DELHI JJC are dispersed throughout Delhi in small settlements, typically along railway lines and roadways, river banks, parks, public areas, and other open pieces of land, making in situ rehabilitation expensive and difficult. 2.1 WEST ZONEThis Zone has the highest percentage of JJC at 27.9%. The heavy concentration is explained by the presence of industrial companies in the Wazirpur Industrial Area. West Delhi has the highest construction activity of any zone, at 31%. 2.2 SOUTH ZONEIt has the second greatest number of JJCs, at around 26.8%.The predominance of highincome residential neighbourhoods, significant commercial centres such as Lajpat Nagar's
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proximity to Okhla Industrial Estate, large national level educational and research institutes, and massive development activity are all reasons for the high concentration in this zone. 2.3 EAST ZONE JJC concentration is roughly 18.2 percent in this zone. The presence of wide open lands that were not effectively maintained, as well as scattered commercial and industrial activities and large-scale resettlement colony establishments during the 1970s, contributed to the concentration of squatter households in this zone. 2.4 NORTH ZONE- This zone has 14.3% of JJC.This zone contains intermediate and lowincome residential areas as well as large-scale industrial establishments, particularly in the important commerce centres of Karol Bagh and Anand Parbat. 2.5 CENTRAL ZONE- This zone contains 12.8% JJC.It is the metropolis's central business district, housing the majority of the city's administrative offices.This zone does not provide a conducive environment for squatter settlements due to its regulated and controlled built zone and lack of uncontrolled or atypical open spaces.
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Prior to independence, some were strewn about railway station and the Chandni Chowk bazaar.
Figure 1 Present 675 JJC in Delhi
JJ BASTIS' HISTORICAL EVOLUTION IN DELHI Between the twelfth and early sixteenth centuries, Delhi was the political capital of several dynasties, such as the Slave dynasty, the Khiljis, the Sayyads, the Tughlaqs, and the Lodis, and later the capital of the Mughals in the 17th century and the British in the 20th. 17 | P a g e
Pre-independence evolution: the British Era and the New Delhi Extension1803-1901 (British Era) Squatter communities have existed for quite some time.In 1803 AD, the British took control of Delhi. Local authority underwent tremendous turmoil following the 1857 Revolt, when first Municipality and Town Boards for city and rural administration were established. During this time period, huge areas around the Red Fort were cleared of communities, the majority of which housed the poor. In 1874, the Delhi Municipal Corporation Committee purchased large tracts of land inside and outside the old city for urban development. 1901-1932 — British Era and New Delhi Ph I Extension The capital of British Empire was moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911, and New Delhi was more than three times the amount of Old Delhi at the time. Informal settlements began to emerge alongside the expansion of formal settlements. In 1924, the hamlet of Basti Harphool Singh was assigned as the first slum, and an expanse from across North Ridge was acquired for resettlement. There are, however, a few squatter camps that have yet to be relocated. 1932-1946: British Era and New Delhi Ph II Extension Numerous katras (localities) in which artisans, impoverished, service castes, and cobblers used to live were cleared in 1936 under the guise of 'city beauty.' Squatters grew in the 1940s in neighbouring walled city and new development areas such as Karol Bagh, Rangpuri pahari, Kashmiri gate, Old Chanderwal village, and others for a number of reasons including commercial operations, serving high elite groups of major construction, and so on. During this time, the majority of squatter development occurred in the Central and Northern regions. Existing urban area post-independence and MPD 1961– 1946-1961 The population of Delhi was just over one million in 1948, but the partition attracted over 0.45 million refugees from newly constituted Pakistan into the city. A special ministry restored these exiles, first in residential colonies throughout the city and then on the outskirts. By 1956, however, there was such a severe housing shortage that 567 "unauthorised colonies" sprouted up to fill the void, housing approximately 1 million people.
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In 1961, the majority of JJC were resettled in resettlement settlements.
Figure 2 Evolution Maps of JJC in Delhi 1803-1961
Evolution of JJC in South Delhi Post-Independence Partition and development of refugee colonies – • 1947-1961: Pakistani post-independence refugees, predominantly Punjabis from West Pakistan, moved to Delhi to be rehabilitated. • After independence, refugee colonies were established. “The Lodhi road was the southern boundary of the imperial suburb and open fields and forest cover was beyond this” - Ranjana Sen Gupta in an anthology i.e. City Impropable. 19 | P a g e
No JJ Basti is recorded during this time period because the development of the south district occurred largely after independence.
Junapur Ayanagar, was first JJ cluster founded in the 1960s.
However, as V.Dupoint points out in his piece Slum demolitions in Delhi since the 1990s: An Assessment, certain villages fall under the JJC classification. For example, the airport authorities bought land in Nangla Dewat (near T3) to build a runway, and the original residents were turned into squatters on their ancestral grounds.
Figure 3 Evolution of JJC in South Delhi Post-Independence
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1.6 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY: India’s urban population is expected to grow from 410 million in 2014 to 814 million by 2050. India, China, and Nigeria- together are expected to account for 37 percent of the projected growth of the world’s urban population between 2014 and 2050. India is estimated to add 404 million urban dwellers, China 292 million, and Nigeria 212 million (2014 Revision of the World Urbanization Prospects, 2014). Due to rapid urbanization and economic developments we are expecting a boom in the migration pattern shortly which will further worsen the slum conditions in the urban areas and these areas will become more vulnerable to any future man-made or natural risks. This study tries to assess and pinpoint the more vulnerable strata of the slum population; By knowing this targeted interventions can be designed to reach them and make their lives less vulnerable towards any risks.
1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
To confirm the existence of slums in south Delhi and learn about their historical evolution .
To understand the concepts of vulnerability on the basis of livelihood.
To assess the vulnerability of selected slum areas on the basis of indicators such as status of slum, location, demographic and socio-economic conditions, housing and basic amenities, status of health services etc.
To pinpoint the exact location and distribution of critical focus groups so that targeted interventions can be developed to reach them.
1.8 AIM
To assess the vulnerability of Delhi's slums with the goal of making policy recommendations that will enhance the living conditions of those who live in slum regions and Jhughi Jhompri Clusters.
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1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The evaluation exercise can only give an insight of slums within the time period in which it is conducted. Seasonal migration, relocation, and the shifting of construction sites, among other variables, affect the slum condition.
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CHAPTER -2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Turner (Ii et al., 2003) defines vulnerability as the likelihood that a system (a person, home, neighbourhood, or region) would be harmed by exposure to a hazard or stressor, where a hazard is a one-time occurrence and a stressor is ongoing. Although poverty and vulnerability are inextricably linked, development discourse has recently shifted to focus on vulnerability rather than poverty, with the knowledge that poverty is a component of vulnerability. The vulnerability literature reflects this transition, with a desire to examine numerous dimensions of vulnerability rather than just one (such as physical or social) in order to portray and understand the nuances of vulnerability. In 2018, a study by TNSSUB considered some vunerability assessment indicators selected on the basis of previous studies on slums, revealing that the key contributing variables to the vulnerability of slums studied include the lack of meaningful primary health centres, low coverage of patient care and job structures (Vulnerability Assessment of Slums in PeriyanaickenPalayam and Narasimhanaicken-PalAyam, 2018).
Other important considerations are the location, the lack of facilities, and the prevalence of open defecation. The research also shows that recognising and including local vulnerability characteristics might help to better understand individual requirements, provide context, and plan effective intervention options. The findings of the study can be utilised to organise interventions and make the most use of existing resources, according to the authors. Fouzia Mannan in her study The Urban Poor and Livelihood Vulnerability: Are Gender, Age and Marriage Intertwined concludes that the state of one's marriage is a crucial factor in livelihood vulnerability, which can lead to extreme poverty. Married women are monetarily and socially reliant on their husbands. As a result, individuals are more vulnerable to domestic abuse and live with less dignity. However, women who are not married (divorced, widowed, etc.) are also at a disadvantage(Mannan, 2021). They not only have a double workload 23 | P a g e
in the private and public sectors, but they also lack social capital and resources, making their situation even worse. Her research sheds new light on urban poverty in terms of livelihood vulnerability, showing the diverse experiences of the urban poor as well as the livelihood instability that automatically categorises them as one of the most vulnerable sections within the slum community. This type of livelihood vulnerability has a significant impact on the character and quality of life of the urban poor, especially women, perpetuating the poverty cycle. Rapid urbanisation and climate change, when combined, make poor urban neighbourhoods more vulnerable to natural disasters, reducing urban resilience.It is consequently vital to identify and understand the primary determinants, as well as the complex interactions between them, that produce and shape impoverished urban communities' vulnerability to natural hazards. Identifying elements that impede or encourage these communities' ability to respond to risks is also useful in urban resilience policymaking. It is vital to do extensive research at the local level in order to obtain this understanding. By applying participatory modelling techniques to a case study of an informal community in Durban, South Africa, researcher at GERICS attempts to contribute to this body of knowledge (Williams et al., 2019).The goal is to show how this in-depth empirical research can help to advance theoretical understanding of urban vulnerability and resilience in the face of climate change and rapid urbanisation. Similarly (Omedo, 2010), The study was conducted in Korogocho in response to a new world view that sees urban informal settlements as vulnerable to a range of environmental dangers and tragedies. This is especially true in Kenya, where informal settlements and urban sprawl are becoming increasingly common.In response to the problems caused by urban urban slums, the government is initiating a slum improvement effort in Korogocho. The primary purpose of this study was to ascertain Korogocho's susceptibility to environmental risks. The writers employed both primary and secondary data sources to reach their objectives. Stratified random selection was used to pick respondents for a questionnaire-based home survey. The indicators were weighted based on hazards, exposure and susceptibility, and coping capability.
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Korogocho, according to the research, is especially vulnerable to disease-related risks, floods, fires, and droughts, all of which can lead to hunger and general insecurity. The absence of a comprehensive land-use plan for the area aggravates the problem. The study in Korogocho revealed a number of barriers to disaster risk identification, management, and reduction. These include citizens' disrespect for urban disasters and risks, a lack of an early warning strategy, inadequate institutional mechanisms to aid residents, a lack of political goodwill, and an insufficient knowledge, experience, and competence. The paper suggests that Nairobi City authorities and stakeholders stimulate the development of suitable urban land-use systems, as well as research into less expensive but more durable housing materials and technologies. A dynamic model is proposed to provide a responsive link between poverty and vulnerability in urban informal settlements. This would go a long way toward increasing slum dwellers' adaptability and aptitude in Africa's fast rising metropolis.
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CHAPTER -3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 STUDY AREA
Out of 53 jj cluster 3 were chosen for case study and surveys.i.e. 1. Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar 2. Rajasthni Camp Near Janta Quarter, Sarita Vihar 3. JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 4 Location of 3 JJC for Case Study
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3.2 PROCESS OF IDENTIFICATION AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SLUMS For whole research work the following flow has been taken into consideration: Identification and listing of informal settlements in South Delhi
Creating vulnerability criteria and assessment tools
Finding key informants from each of the identified JJ Cluster
Site inspections and focus group discussion with selected respondents
Validation and analysis of results
Vulnerability Matrix
Concluding remarks
Proposals and Suggestions
3.3 CHOOSING INDICATORS FOR VULNERAILITY CRITERIA
The criteria were determined based on a literature review and the environment of the selected slums in terms of socioeconomic situations, infrastructure, available services, and ease of access to facilities. 22 composite indicators were discovered under four categories to determine susceptibility based on the previous studies done on the similar aspects. Each indicator was given a score from 0 to 2, with 0 indicating the least vulnerable and 2 indicating the most vulnerable. The indicators and their assigned values are listed in the table below.
Table 2 Indicators and Parameters for Vulnerability Assessment Parameters Sr.No.
Indicators Most vulnerable (2)
Moderately vulnerable (1)
Least vulnerable (0)
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01
Authorisatio n status
JJC unlisted/not registered
JJC un-listed/not registered
02
Location of the JJC
Homeless shelters
Unauthorized settlement/ land Own land/ belonging to local authority/ authorised leased land or development quarters authorities
03
Migration status
Seasonal migration
Recent (less than 2 years)
Living in the jjc for more than 2 years
04
Number of None CBOs/NGOs operating in the JJC
1 or 2
3 or more
05
Condition of approach road to the JJC
All weather road in a bad condition
All weather road in a good condition
No road/ katcha road
JJC listed/registered
Housing and Basic Amenities 06
Housing
Katcha
Semi-pucca
Pucca/ permanent structure
07
Toilet
No toilet, defecation in the open by all men, women and children
Community toilet/ shared toilet
Individual toilet
08
Water supply
No piped water supply (people use hand pumps, dug wells, tankers etc.)
Use community based piped water connections
Individual piped water supply
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09
Drainage
No drains, clogged drains with open pits
Drainage without concrete structure/poor maintenance/clogged/overflo wing drain
Underground drainage, with regular maintenance/ no clogging
10
Electricity Connections
No Illegal connections connections at all
Legal connections
Socio-economic and Demographic Profile of the Slum 11
Minority population
Greater then equal 50%
11 to 49%
Less then equal to 10%
12
BPL Households
Greater then equal 50%
11 to 49%
Less then equal to 10%
13
Population without any ID proof
Greater then 76%
11 to 75%
Greater then 10%
14
Literate population in the slum (male + female)
Less then 10%
10 to 4%
Greater then 65%
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15
Occupationa l conditions
Hazardous working conditions like rickshaw pullers ,rag picking, mining, recycling waste products, sex trade, constructio n workers, manual
Engaged in semi skilled or unskilled jobs like painters, carpenters, tailors, street vendors, auto drivers, maids, security guards
16
% age of children engaged in child labour
More then 0 to 10% children engaged in 10% child labour children engaged in child labour
Private or government jobs with regular monthly wages or shopkeepers
No child labour
Status of Health and Health Services 17
Number of primary health care facilities within the slum
None
1-2
3 or more
18
Health/ care seeking behaviour
Seek treatment from untrained private practitioner s either inside or outside the JJC.
Seek.care at a public health institution located more than 2 kilometres from the slum or a private certified provider located inside or outside the slum.
Within half a kilometre of the slum, seek care at a public health clinic.
19
Number of functional AWCs (Anganwadi centres) in JJC
None
1 to 2
3 or more
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20
Disease outbreaks in the past one year
2 or more
1
None
As per the above mentioned vulnerability matrix, a slum might have a maximum score of '40' and a lowest value of '0.' Based on their total ratings, the slums are split into the following groups. Table 3 Cumulative Score and Vulnerability Category
Sr. No.
Cumulative Score
Vulnerability Category
1
0-13
Least .vulnerable
2
14-26
3
27-40
Moderately .vulnerable Most vulnerable
Colour coding
3.4 DATA COLLECTION
Primary data was collected at the slum level using a focus group consisting of 15- 20 community members and JJC participant observation. The focus groups included important individuals of all genders and ages. In all of the slums where the research was performed, community leaders, members of local Self-Help Organizations (SHGs), older residents, Anganwadi workers, and representatives from youth groups were among the focus groups. Observation was used to collect data on characteristics such as the slum's location, the quality of the approach road to the slum, the kind of dwellings, drainage, and so on.
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CHAPTER -4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
4.1.1 STATUS OF SLUM Status of a slum plays an important role in the vulnerability of the slum as if a slum is not registered or listed under any government data then if it obvious that that slum will not seek governments attention even though its present their.All the three slums surveyed were listed under DUSIB list. 4.1.2 LOCATIONS OF SLUM Out of three slums two belongs to DDA i.e. Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar and JJC at Bal Mukund Khand , Kalkaji and Indira Camp MCD School Block-10 Nehru Nagar is set up on the L&DO of Delhi so land of all three slums is illegally occupied by the slum inhabitants.
4.1.3 MIGRATION
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar12
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar1
Figure 5 Migration Status
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4.1.4 THE APPROACH ROAD’S CONDITION JJC at Bal Mukund Khand , Kalkaji and Indira Camp MCD School Block-10 Nehru Nagar is having All weather road in a bad condition and Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar is having kuchha roads in the slum area.
4.1.5 PRESENCE OF NGO/CBO As per the survey and details gathered from the internet at least one NGO works in Indira Camp MCD School Block-10 Nehru Nagar and Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar while JJC at Bal Mukund Khand , Kalkaji is having no NGO’s within its 1km range. 4.2 HOUSING AND BASIC AMENITIES
4.2.1 HOUSING
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 6 Housing
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4.2.2 TOILETS
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar1
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 7 Toilet
4.2.3 WATER SUPPLY
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 8 Water Supply
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4.2.4 DRAINAGE
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 9 Drainage
4.2.5 ELECTRICITY
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 10 Electricity
4.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE SLUMS Table 4 No. of Households and Land Area of Settlement Location
House Holds
Land Area in Sqm
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand Kalkaji
123
1450
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10 Nehru Nagar
252
4577
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306
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
5700
4.3.1 MINORITY POPULATION
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 11 Percentage of Minority Population
4.3.2 AVAILABILITY OF BPL HOUSEHOLDS Table 5 BPL Household Percentage
Location
BPL House Holds (%)
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand Kalkaji
55
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10 Nehru Nagar
31.6
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
33.3
4.3.3 POPULATION WITHOUT ANY IDENTITY CARD Table 6 Population without any identity card
Location
BPL House Holds (%)
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand Kalkaji
50
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10 Nehru Nagar
20
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
50
4.3.4 LITERACY Table 7 Literacy rate 36 | P a g e
Location
Male (%)
Female (%)
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand Kalkaji
47
28
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10 Nehru Nagar
75
50
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
65
18
4.3.5 OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE Male
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Female
Table 8 Occupation Conditions Male and Female 37 | P a g e
4.3.6 CHILD LABOUR
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 12 Child Labour
4.4 ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE CENTRE
4.4.1 PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTRE Primary healthcare facilities are available in all three slums but in differents forms and helath seeking behaviour of residents is also different in each slum. 4.4.2 HEALTHCARE/HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR
Indira Camp MCD School Block-10, Nehru Nagar
Rajasthni Camp, Sarita Vihar
JJC at Bal Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
Figure 13 Healthcare Seeking Behaviour 38 | P a g e
4.4.3 ANGANWADI CENTRES Except Rajasthani camp other two slums are havig atleast one anganwadi centre within the slum area. 4.4.4 RECENT DISEASE OUTBREAK Rajasthani camp vitnessed disease outbreaks like dengue and malaria in past one year. Others didn’t vitness any such disease on community scale.
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02 Health seeking behavior Disease outbreak in past 1 year
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 0 1 20
0
1
2
2
0
1 2 2 2 1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
28
Camp Near
Janta
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Composite( Total Score = 40 )
Basic Amenities No. of functional AWC within JJC
Availability of PHC facility
0 Toilet Water supply Drainage Electricity
% of children as child labor
Rajasthni Employment pattern
Nagar Adults and Children Education
Nehru Availability of Identity proofs
Block-10, Availability of BPL HHs
School Availability of minorities
MCD Housing
Camp Approach road condition to JJC No. of NGOs / CBOs operating in the slum
Sr. Name of No. the JJC 01 Indira Migration
Authoriza tion Status of JJC
Authorization Location
CHAPTER -5 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT MATRIX
Table 9 Matrix for Vulnerability Assessment of Case Study Slums Health and health related services
Quarter, Sarita Vihar 03
JJC at Bal
0
1
2
1
0
2 1 1 2 1
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
0
Mukund Khand, Kalkaji
5.2 CONCLUSION Rajasthani camp JJC falls into the 'most vulnerable' group, according to the composite ratings. The other two are classified as "moderately susceptible," with ratings ranging from 16 to 20. The results also show that when it comes to specific types of vulnerabilities, JJC’s/Slums are relatively comparable. Job patterns, the lack of neighbouring primary health centres, and home service coverage are among the important contributing variables to slum vulnerability evaluated in this study. The location, the absence of facilities, and the incidence of open defecation are all crucial factors to consider. Secondary factors contributing to the JJC’s/slum’s susceptibility include housing types, the lack of civil society organisations, and literacy levels. This research shows that recognising and including local vulnerability characteristics might help to better understand individual requirements, provide context, and plan effective intervention options. The findings of the study can be utilised to organise interventions and make the most use of existing resources.
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1
24
5.3 SUGGESTIONS
Participatory Slum Improvement Programme (To promote Beneficiary Ownership and Control): Stakeholders and Participants Urban Local Bodies
•
Non Government Organisations /Community based Organisations
•
Slum Communities
Stakeholders and Participants
•
External Trunk Infrastructure Connections to the main city pipelines
House to House Collection and Construction To organise CBO meetings in each slum
Internal On-site Infrastructure Designing, Builidng, Financing
Figure 14 Participatory Slum Improvement Programme
Slum upgrading is widely acknowledged as the most effective means to improve housing and living circumstances for the millions of low-income and BOP (bottom of the pyramid) households for whom slums and informal settlements are their only affordable housing alternative. Furthermore, doing so will help them gradually realise their right to a sufficient standard of living, particularly their right to adequate housing. Slum upgrading is, in fact, a key component of the UN-Habitat Global Living Strategy for improving urban housing conditions. 42 | P a g e
Low intrastructure/ Satistactory housing/Low vulnerability Upgradation By Provision of Missing Services Low intrastructure, High vulnerability poor housing and on Public land. Infrastructure Connections+ Tenure Low intrastructure, High vulnerability, Poor housing and on Private land. Infrastructure Connections
Figure 15 Upgradation Priorities based on the existing situation from bottom to up
Components of slum upgrading Existing Slum/JJC
Community participation Housing Improvement Construction,Housing Expansion,technical assistance,building loans
Physical Improvement Area-based plan,Water supply,Sanitation,Str eets,Public spaces,power lines,drainage
Facilities School,park,playground,clinic ,daycare,centre,community centre
Tenure Regularisation Registration, demarcation,documentation
Development Programmes Social,economic,health,cultur al,educational etc.
Figure 16 Components of Slum Improvement 43 | P a g e
Slum Improvement in Five Dimensions Safe drinking water A household is deemed to have improved water supply if it has appropriate amounts of water for family usage at an affordable price that is readily available to household members without requiring excessive effort, particularly for women and children. Access to sanitation If a household's members have access to an excreta disposal system, such as a private toilet or a public toilet shared with a fair number of people, it is said to have adequate sanitation. Long-term stability/Tenure Stability All persons and organisations have the right to adequate state protection against forced evictions, known as secure tenure. People have tenure security when there is paperwork that can be used to verify it, or when there is de facto or perceived protection from forced evictions. Housing durability A house is deemed durable if it is constructed in a non-hazardous location and has a permanent and appropriate construction to protect its occupants from climate extremes such as rain, heat, cold, and humidity. Enough living space If no more than two people share the same bedroom, the house is regarded to have enough living space for the family.
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REFERENCES : 2014 revision of the World Urbanization Prospects. (2014). 60% of India’s population to live in cities by 2050: government. (n.d.). Retrieved January 5, 2022, from https://www.livemint.com/Politics/CyaMfUgL7r9dEAPKIRYMkI/60-ofIndias-population-to-live-in-cities-by-2050-governm.html Ii, B. L. T., Kasperson, R. E., Matson, P. A., Mccarthy, J. J., Corell, R. W., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Kasperson, J. X., Luers, A., Martello, M. L., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A., & Schiller, A. (2003). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. 100(14). Mannan, F. (2021). The Urban Poor and Livelihood Vulnerability: Are Gender, Age and Marriage Intertwined. Social Science Review, 37(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.3329/ssr.v37i2.56515 Omedo, G. (2010). Vulnerability of Urban Informal Settlements To Iii !! ~. October. Slums and Slum Upgrading | Cities Alliance. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://www.citiesalliance.org/themes/slums-and-slum-upgrading Taneja, S. (2005). Health vulnerability assessment of slums – a tool for better planning of health programs in urban areas. Environmental Health Project, United States Agency for International Development, India, 1–9. Vulnerability assessment of slums in Periyanaicken-palayam and NarasimhanaickenpalAyam. (2018). November. Williams, D. S., Máñez Costa, M., Sutherland, C., Celliers, L., & Scheffran, J. (2019). Vulnerability of informal settlements in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change. Environment and Urbanization, 31(1), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247818819694
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ANNEXURE:
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