TITLE
“APPRAISAL OF CHENNAI MASTER PLAN 2026” Dissertation Report Submitted by
BHUPENDER in partial fulfillment for passing the third semester of
M.arch (Ekistics) Under the guidance of
Dr. Qamar Irshad & Dr. Taiyaba Munawar
Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi, Delhi 110025
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would want to offer my heartfelt appreciation to everyone who has led and assisted me up to this point in my dissertation report.Without the support of these people, it would have been very difficult to complete this task smoothly. First and foremost, I would want to thank my dissertation advisors Dr. Qamar Irshad & Dr.Taiyaba Munawar for their guidance, support, constant motivation, suggestions, and regular discussions. And I am also thankful to all my mates who provide suggestions and criticism which ultimately helped me in the enhancement of the quality of my dissertation. Above all, my heartfelt thanks to my parents and friends, who have been a constant source of encouragement and support.
BHUPENDER Student ID: 202001690
(M.arch Ekistics Semester-3)
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Abstract A master plan is a detailed long-term strategy for guiding future growth and development. The master plan is to establish connections for buildings, social facilities, and their surroundings. It includes analysis, recommendations and suggestions for land use related to population, housing, transportation, economy, community facilities and environmental related activities. It is based on public contributions, research, existing developments, planning initiatives, physical characteristics, and social and economic conditions. An appraisal helps us in understanding the shortcomings of a master plan so as we can understand like how much we have achieved and were the proposed strategies opt or there is a need to somehow differ our strategies to achieve our goals and objectives and what were the hinderances while the implementation of the master plan. This report tries to understand the overall master plan with specific focus on infrastructure services and water bodies along with its associated issues.Findings show that Second Master Plan for CMA area which was prepared in 2008 for 2026 focused on supply-side tactics and adding new investments & infrastructure to the city fabric, rather than upgrading existing systems.While Master Plan have various strategies to cater the water supply demand of the future population but still it faces many water related problems because urban planning authorities ignored many small undocumented waterbodies while preparation of masterplan and assigned different land uses to such areas which ultimately affected the ecological fabric of the city and city have faced many disasters like floods and water scarcity due to this bad urban planning practice and lack of data and bad governance.A sustainable urban development can only be achived by respecting the nature which is one of the five elements of any human settlements and coordination and good governance practices like Rule of Law, Transparency, Consensus Oriented, Responsiveness, Equity and Inclusiveness, Effectiveness and Efficiency, and Accountability are the important tactics to achieve these goals .
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE: ....................................................................................................................................... 0 Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Tables: ....................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures: ...................................................................................................................... 5 abbreviations: ....................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 7 1.1 Introduction of master plan: ........................................................................................... 7 1.2 introduction to chennai:.................................................................................................. 8 1.3 history of CHENNAI: ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Aim:................................................................................................................................ 11 1.4 Objective: ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Scope of the study:......................................................................................................... 11 1.6 Limitation of the study: ................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER -2 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 12 2.1 Area of study :................................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Research design:............................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Data Type:...................................................................................................................... 12 Secondary data: ................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER -3 appraisal ......................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13 3.2
Development planning in Chennai Metropolitan Area ........................................... 13
3.3 Review of the First Master Plan ................................................................................... 15 3.4
Urban Growth ............................................................................................................ 16
3.4.1 Population Growth .................................................................................................. 16 3.4.2 Economic Profile .................................................................................................. 17 3.4.3 Shelter and urban poor ........................................................................................ 17 3.5
Infrastructure Services ............................................................................................ 19
3.5.1 Transportation ......................................................................................................... 19 3.5.2 Water supply and sanitation.................................................................................... 20 3.5.3 Solid Waste Management........................................................................................ 25 3.5.4 Macro Drainage System in CMA............................................................................ 26 3|P a g e
3.6 Chennai water crisis and land use planning ................................................................ 27 3.7 Incomplete details of water bodies in master plan 2026 .............................................. 34 3.8 Social Facilities ............................................................................................................. 36 Education .......................................................................................................................... 36 Health Care....................................................................................................................... 36 3.9 Disaster Management.................................................................................................... 37 3.10 Environment ................................................................................................................ 38 3.11 Recreation and Tourism.............................................................................................. 39 3.12 Development Regulations............................................................................................ 40 3.13 Land Use & Planning Strategies ................................................................................ 40 Proposed Land Use Plan CMA 2026 ............................................................................... 42 Proposed Land Use Plan Chennai City 2026 .................................................................. 43 CHAPTER -4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................... 44 Transportation:................................................................................................................. 44 Explosion Of Urbanization .............................................................................................. 44 Negligence And Denial Of Planning Authorities: .......................................................... 45 Increasing Numbers Of Water Disasters......................................................................... 46 Monitoring And Review Committee: ............................................................................... 47 CHAPTER -5 CONCLUSION/Suggestion ............................................................................. 49 Transportation .................................................................................................................. 49 Water Crisis: ..................................................................................................................... 49 Strengthening Of Institutions .......................................................................................... 50 Monitoring And Review Committes: ............................................................................... 51 Need for a New Law to Protect Waterbodies ................................................................... 51 References :............................................................................................................................. 53
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LIST OF TABLES: Table 1 Projected Population for CMA and Chennai City ...................................................... 22 Table 2 Estimation of Water Requirements for Various Uses - CMA (in MLD) ................... 23 Table 3 Estimated water allocated t various parts of chennai .................................................. 23 Table 4 Total Estimate of Water Requirement for the projected population of CMA for various years and ultimately for 2026 ...................................................................................... 24
LIST OF FIGURES: Figure 1 Existing Land Use 2006 for CMA............................................................................. 10 Figure 2 Urban area expansion of Chennai.............................................................................. 28 Figure 3 Much of the traditional waterbodies are a flood risk hotspot now ............................ 30 Figure 4 Pallaikarnai Marshland's catchment area has been shrinking in recent years as depected ................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 5 Map of Madras, 1970 showing Konnur lake in 1970 and now ................................. 33 Figure 6 CMA Major Waterways & Waterbodies Map........................................................... 35 Figure 7 Proposed Land Use Plan CMA 2026......................................................................... 42 Figure 8 Proposed Land Use Plan Chennai City 2026 ............................................................ 43 Figure 9 Illustration depicting numerous calamities and the year they occurred. ................... 46
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ABBREVIATIONS:
BSUP
Basic Services For Urban Poor
CMDA
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
CMA
Chennai Metropolitan Area
CTH ROAD
Chennai - Tiruvallur High Road
CMBT
Chennai Mofussil Bus Station
CMWSSB
Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply And Sewerage Board
CAG
Comptroller And Auditor General
DCR
Development Control Regulations
DBOOT
Design, Build, Own, Operate, And Transfer
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
FMP
First Master Plan
GST ROAD
Grand Southern Trunk Rd
GNT ROAD
Grand Northern Trunk Road
MLD
Millions Of Liters Per Day
NMT
Non-Motorized Transportation
PMAY
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
RTI
The Right To Information Act
SMP
Second Master Plan
TMP
Third Master Plan
TNPCB
TAMIL NADU POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
TDR
Transfer Of Development Rights
TNSCB
Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board
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CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF MASTER PLAN: A master plan is a detailed long-term strategy for guiding future growth and development. The master plan is to establish connections for buildings, social facilities, and their surroundings. Master Plan includes analysis, recommendations and suggestions for land use related to population, housing, transportation, economy, community facilities and environmental related activities. It is based on public contributions, research, existing developments, planning initiatives, physical characteristics, and social and economic conditions. The process of creating fisrt master plan for Chennai city began in 1973 by establishing an ad hoc organization, CMDA, in 1973. It became a legal body by amending Law (Tamil Nadu Act 22 of 1974) in 1974, and was notified of CMA under in 1975. The draft master plan for CMA approved by Government was notified in Gazette on 5.08.75 and from that date developments are regulated with reference to Master Plan / Development Control Rules. The first Master Plan got approval by the Government in G.O.Ms.No. 2395, R.D. & L.A., dated 4.12.76. Second master plan for Chennai Metropolitan area was prepared and approved by the government in 30.06.1995 which followed public protests due to lack of public consultation and availability of only English version of the plan and a writ petition was filed in the Hon’ble High Court of Madras against finalisation of the Plan which was dismissed in 10.07.2001 and the Government returned the draft Master Pan 2011 to CMDA to modify the Plan taking into account the recent developemnents,amendemnets made in DCR till then and the future needs of CMA and to resubmit the same. While revision of master plan the existing land use plan was prepared with the help of latest GIS technologies available i.e.Using IKONOS imageries and CARTOSAT dataset. The updated draft Master Plan was presented to the government in December 2005 for approval, and the government provided its authorization on March 30, 2007. Public comments and ideas were considered, and the Second Master Plan For Chennai Metropolitan Area, 2026, was released in September 2008. (Approved by the Tamil Nadu Govt in G.O.Ms. No. 190 H&UD dated 2.9.2008.)
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The announcement was published in the Tamil Nadu Govt Gazettet Extraordinary No.266, Part II-Section 2 on September 2, 2008..
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO CHENNAI:
Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu and a gateway to the various cultures of South India. Madras was the previous name for Chennai. Chennai is one of India's main ports and the commercial capital of South India. Thus, it became a metropolitan city and became the fourth largest city in the country. Chennai is the coastal city with the second largest beach in the world. It is a city of politeness, charm and culture. Temples and forts, churches and beaches, mosques, parks and monuments are all part of this amazing city. It is rapidly developing, and there is a need to integrate past advancements with future requirements. A comprehensive and collaborative strategy among the many entities involved in urban development is urgently required.
1.3 HISTORY OF CHENNAI : The port of Myrapor was known to the Greeks and Romans, according to the geographer Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD. Madras is supposed to have derived its name from Madras Patnam, a hamlet that existed here before to British colonialism. Madras lies on the coast and has many sandbars, but by the XVIth century, the sea level rose to maximum and flooded the settlement's land. With the erection of the Egmore Bridge in 1710, people moved to the quarter that is now Moore's Market and settled there. The Nawab of Alcott's presence enhanced the area's economic prosperity, and a rising number of Muslims lived in Tripikane. The area around the fort is about 69 km, with 16 settlements and was founded in 1798 as the city of Madras. After the establishment, the company began to be maintained and perfected. The area's main roadways travel in three directions, linking the northern, western, and southern areas of Cheong Wa Dae, and it remains the city's principal traffic hub. The construction of the port caused the accumulation of sand in the south, and the sea once covered the walls of the 4,444 2.5 km long fortress. Several public buildings were built on this beach in the early 19th century and still maintain the stateliness of the city today. Most of the area outside these settlements is covered with gardens and farmland dotted with high-end wooden houses. The west of Nangan Bakham is covered by the Nangan Bakham Aquarium,
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which extends about 6 km in a crescent shape and covers the west of Nangan Bakham. All three railway lines flow into the city from the north, west, and southwest. The Tambaram region and the city's historic reservoirs have an excellent water supply system, and much of area is emptied into canals. Between 1941 and 1971, there was considerable economic and population expansion in and around the city. In 1950, the city limit was extended to 129 m². At the same time, many of the city's slums experienced worse conditions with water and drainage and fungal growth. Structure of the metropolitan area 1971 The city forms the core of the urban area, the center of all commercial and social activities, and also the living space of the majority of the population. This is because Georgetown and Harbor became the commercial center of the city at the beginning of the city's development. Transport sector leads to the formation of development corridors, of which the most important are the West and Southwest, where material conditions are more favorable for development. The 4,444 surrounding areas to the north, west and southwest are the site of large industrial enterprises. Almost all movie theatres and numerous medium-sized companies may be found to the southwest between Arcot Road and Anna Sarai, including the state's first industrial park, Gindy Industrial Park. However, the majority of these areas lack the economic and public services that the capital provides. Structure of an urban city in 2006 The proposed structure has an radial model with the city as the center. Madhavaram and others have been growing in and around the city. Many small and medium industrial plants have sprung up in Madhavaram, Byasapaddy, Kodungayur, Ambatter, Noonbal and neighboring areas designated for industrial development in Pamal and Perangdi. The situation is similar for the northwest corner between CTH and GNT in the basins of these lakes, of the city's main water sources. Agricultural activity south of Tambaram Madipakkam Road continues to a limited level in a few niches at the southern corner between Rajiv Gandhi Salai and GST Road. All of these changes have had a significant influence on the organisation of this municipality.
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Figure 1 Existing Land Use 2006 for CMA Source: http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/smp_main.html 10 | P a g e
1.3 AIM: To appraise the current Master Plan of Chennai Metropolitan Area i.e. Second Master Plan for Chennai Metropolitan Area, 2026.
1.4 OBJECTIVE:
The primary goal of the study is to evaluate the Second Master Plan for the Chennai Metropolitan Area, 2026.
To clarify the plan's aims and to bring out any objections or contradictions discovered throughout the review process.
To determine the plan's growth direction (physical) and growth potentials (socioeconomic).
A specific focus will be given to transportation and water bodies land use and its associated issue.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
The scope of the study is limited to the Chennai Metropolitan area majorly focused towards water bodies land use in detail.
Master Plan interventions in terms of infrastructure provisions and its affect on the water bodies its associated issues.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY: Pandemic: Ground Truthing of the situation is not possible due to the ongoing Pandemic and lockdown situation in many parts of the country so the research will only be based on secondary data available.
Vastness of subject:
Creating a master plan requires a great deal of effort and energy as it is an important document taking into consideration the future prospectives of development also, so it will not be possible to analyse the whole master plan in detail so the study will be more focused towards one land use i.e. Water Bodies. 11 | P a g e
CHAPTER -2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 AREA OF STUDY : The Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) is India's fourth-most populated metropolitan area, Asia's 22nd, and the world's 40th. The CMA includes the central city of Chennai, which is coterminous with the Chennai district, as well as its suburbs in the districts of Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu, and Thiruvallur. The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is the key entity in charge of metro region planning and development. Since 1974, an area of 1,189 km2 around the city has been defined as the CMA, and the CMDA has been authorised as the authority to plan the city's and the surrounding area's growth.
2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN: Mixed research methods of Qualitative and quantitative research to create an in-depth understanding of Master plan 2026 for Chennai Metropolitan Area and an appraisal for the same through literature survey and analysis.
2.3 DATA TYPE:
SECONDARY DATA:
Master Plan Documents
Chennai Metropolitan Area Land Use Plans
Census data
Published Journals/Articles on related study
Books
Online data available
Data from Various News Sources etc.
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CHAPTER -3 APPRAISAL 3.1 INTRODUCTION
Chennai is the state capital of Tamilnadu and is situated on the Bay of Bengal's coast. It is India's 4th largest municipality. Its former name "Madras" was officially changed in to "Chennai" in 1996. Municipality of Chennai [with latitude from 12°50'49" to 13°17'24", and longitude from 79 °59'53" and 80°20`12"] are located on the coast of Coramandal in southern India and the land is a flat coastal plain. Three rivers to know. Kosasthalaiyar, Cooum and Adyar pass through the Chennai metropolitan area. These rivers are calm and meandering on their way to the sea. Buckingham Canal, is another major waterway that passes through the municipality from north to south. Lake Red Hills, Lake Sholavaram, and Lake Chembarambakkam are the three major lakes in the area. The Chennai metropolitan area includes the area covered by the corporation of the city of Chennai (Chennai district), 20 panchayats ,16 census towns, and 214 villages that are part of the 10 Panchayat Federations in Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts. It covers an area of 1,189 square kilometers and has a population of 7.04 million according to the 2001 census. 3.2
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA
Any new strategy for the CMA should be based on previous data. The following are the primary plans for Chennai that had been planned. (i) General Town Planning Scheme (1957) by Madras Corporation (to provide for the organised growth of the then Madras City) (129 Sq.km.). (ii) The Madras Interim Plan (1967) by D.T.P., Govt. of Tamilnadu •
Followed objectives of Delhi Plan
•
Delineated Madras Metropolitan Area
•
Extent 1186 Sq.km
•
City Population 2.2 million
•
10 existing nuclei and added new ones (Perungudi) 13 | P a g e
•
Urban centres around and link with transportation
•
New administrative center
•
Large park -1115 acres - in the city centre
•
Close Buckingham Canal for roads and suburban rail(A. Srivathsan: 60 Years of Planning - Lessons from Chennai – Planning in India – Podcast – Podtail, n.d.)
(iii) Madras Metropolitan Plan 1971-91 (1971) by multi- agency group and published by RD&LA Dept., Govt. of Tamilnadu Highlights being •
Three satellite towns
•
Six urban nodes
•
Nodes connected by rapid transit/underground metro
•
To Contain the city
(A. Srivathsan: 60 Years of Planning - Lessons from Chennai – Planning in India – Podcast – Podtail, n.d.) (iv) Madras Urban Development Project (1974) by MMDA (now CMDA) •
MMDA (now CMDA) was set up as an adhoc body in 1973 and became statutory in 1975 (under the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 which superceded the then existed Madras State Town Planning Act, 1920).
•
The Madras Urban Development Project report was prepared by MMDA updating the earlier data and presenting a more viable case for exploring additional resources for investments from various financial institutions including World Bank. The report identified the overall problems and the needs of the metropolitan area 2.09 It highlighted the then present deficiencies and future requirements in some of the critical sectors and suggested an investment programme for 1974-79. It also stressed the need for land use control.
(v) Master Plan for MMA (1975) by MMDA (now CMDA)
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Continued with earlier ideas: •
Radial corridors/ urban nodes/ satellite cities
Differences •
Developing key projects
•
World Bank Assistance (160 crore investment)
(vi) Structure Plan for Chennai Metropolitan Area (1980) by CMDA with Alan Turner & Associates as consultants. •
Criticised First Master plan
•
Restricting growth will not work
•
Redistribution of activities within the city possible but major decentralization impossible
•
No tenements but sites and services scheme for housing
•
No Radial Growth
•
Direet the city to the peripheries
•
Satellite towns to be deferred till opportunities for new nodes emerge
•
Encourage agriculture and food production within the metro region
(A. Srivathsan: 60 Years of Planning - Lessons from Chennai – Planning in India – Podcast – Podtail, n.d.) 3.3 REVIEW OF THE FIRST MASTER PLAN While the preparation of Second Master Plan (SMP), authorities reviewed the working of the First Master Plan (FMP) and draw appropriate lessons. The FMP was notified in the Government Gazette on 5th August 1975 calling for objections andsuggestions and it was approved in 1976. The FMP had estimated that by 2001 the Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) would have a total population of 7.1 million including 4 million in Chennai City.
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The first master plan defines policies and programs for the overall development of the CMA taking into account long-term requirements. It deals with the future population distribution in different parts of the CMA, the economic growth policies and the future position of economic activities, the future material development, the pattern of transportation, traffic and transportation programmes, development of land use plan, urban infrastructure requirements for the future population. , industry development policies and programs, and development control regulations.
3.4
URBAN GROWTH
3.4.1 POPULATION GROWTH Out-migration from Chennai City to its suburbs and other locations was discovered to be an intriguing and significant occurrence. The population of Chennai City in 1991 was 38.43 lakhs, including 9.18 lakh migrant population and a natural increase of 6.40 lakh (for 1981-91) population; the net population increase works out to only 5.59 lakhs, indicating a net outmigration of 10 lakhs (30.4 percent of the 1981 population) from the city (during 1981-1991). Similarly, between 1991 and 2001, an out-migration of 10.19 lakhs (26.5 percent of the 1991 population) is recorded. Though there were large-scale building construction activities noted during the above periods, out-migration of residents from Chennai City demonstrates that significant conversion of residential premises into non-residential, for mostly office, shopping, hotels, as well as other commercial purposes occurred; this pattern will continue in this metropolis. Population projections have been carried out for CMA based on the past trends. The following assumptions have been made; (i)
The declining trend in the growth rate will continue in the future years also.
(ii)
Past growth rates, existing density, potential for development, area available for development, accessibility to public transport system ( especially the rail system ), proximity to the employment generating centres etc. could be the basis for working out future projections and assignments.
It is estimated that CMA would house a population of 126 lakhs by 2026, of which Chennai City alone would account for 58 lakhs.
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3.4.2
ECONOMIC PROFILE
The economic base of the city of Chennai shifted from commerce and commerce to services and administration in the early 20th century. In the post-independence era, manufacturing became an important industry and the CMA continued to be the region of the state's most important industry. Recent trends show that the city's economic structure is improving with the increasing contribution of information technology / IT support services / business process outsourcing industries. The plan of the CMA by setting apart various land uses recognizes existing industrial activities and proposed land for new industrial development through land use planning along the major road networks so as to provide ease of transport. About 9% of CMA has been zoned for industrial use. In addition, approximately 14% of the land in the CMA is planned as commercial and mixed residential, where up to 50 HP is allowed in the commercial sector and up to 30 HP is allowed in the residential area and mixed land use area. Other job creation activities, e.g. shopping malls, offices and other commercial activities, can be located in MRs(mixed residensial), malls and other higher order utilization areas. Appropriate land has been zoned taking into account future needs/needs up to 2026 according to zoning principles. 3.4.3
SHELTER AND URBAN POOR
The master plan approach recommends development in accordance with economic potential, as well as the protection of property rights and the provision of social services through affordable housing. The SMP (Second Master Plan 2026) assigns this obligation to the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB) and highlights the importance of the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Act, 1971, in accomplishing the goal. The ordinance prioritises on-site rehabilitation, basic services, and safeguarding slum inhabitants from situations like as eviction. TNSCBs violated the spirit of the law by relocating and resettling in communities on the outskirts of the city under the guise of better housing and a better environment. A shortage of social and subsistence infrastructure including as hospitals, schools, and public distribution networks near resettlement locations was observed in a 2018 report by the European commissioner on settlement resettlement. The dwellings were badly constructed, with leaks and a tiny floor size index (FSI).
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Peripheral urban poverty rates, along with inadequate connection, have an impact on their livelihoods, community networks, and city accessibility. This, along with the intense population density, resulted in efficient poor settlement. As per the census 2001, slum residents made about one-fifth of the city's population, according to SMP. According to the 2011 census, that number has increased by one-third in just a decade. This increase might be attributable to a variety of causes, including as changes in survey methodologies, migration, and the TNSCB's inability to capture slums since 1985. In terms of ownership, slums unquestionably enjoy a certain kind of security. These categories, however, are not utilised in court since they are not protected by the Slums Act of 1971. SMP outlines two major approaches to addressing the slum problem: Reconstruction and resettlement under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) project, and Real estate development through public-private partnerships (PPPs) to alleviate housing and slum issues. The transfer of (special) development rights (TOR) is used in this PPP model to ensure the distribution of land to the urban poor. This document is used to issue development rights certificates to those who relinquish their land in exchange for legal title to the land and an ISP somewhere. According to data, less than 1% of Chennai slum inhabitants utilised TDR in 2017. In the last five years, just 31% of people affected by the government takeover elected to use TDR (transferable development rights). The TNSCB is in charge of carrying out the JnNURM Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) initiative in Chennai by constructing 10,000 dwelling units. Instead of focusing on delivering on-site services, 77 percent of BSUP is utilised to develop markets. The cost of relocation is 90 times that of in-place development. JNNURM was followed by urban regeneration initiatives such as the Rajiv Awas Yojana. It is now part of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) programme. PMAY is in line with Tamil Nadu's Vision 2023 and advocates for the relocation of slum inhabitants to remote resettlement areas such as All India Radio Nagar, Ezhil Nagar, Perumbakkam, and Navalur. (Understanding Chennai’s Second Master Plan through the Eyes of the Urban Poor | CAG, n.d.)
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3.5
INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES
3.5.1 TRANSPORTATION Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, is among the nation's fastest-growing metropolises. The current infrastructure, particularly transportation networks, has been strained by the expanding population and city growth. The transportation sector must be organised to fulfil current needs while also anticipating future demands from a growing population, taking into consideration changing travel habits. Studies such as the Integrated Transport Plan 1977, Madras Route Rationalisation Study 1986, Madras Area Transport Study 1986, Traffic and Transportation Study for MMA 1986, Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Study 1992-95, and the Comprehensive Mobility Plan 2019 were conducted in order to develop a coherent transportation plan for Chennai. Important actions that have shaped Chennai's mobility have been based on the findings of these research. Master Plan Provisions: The SMP (Second Master Plan) aims to improve the current road network by boosting the capacity of major routes (i.e. Periyar EVR Salai, Anna Salai, and Jawaharlal Nehru Salai). Traffic controls in the area, design measures such as elevated roads to keep existing right-ofway unaffected, and secondary road capacity enhancement strategies are some of the goals. It was suggested in the 2003 IT Corridor Action Plan to build a 22-kilometer length of 6-lane road between Chennai and Mamallapuram. As a micro-level approach, it was discovered that reducing bottlenecks in road and rail lines would aid in traffic flow. In addition to upgrades in the city centre, SMP intends to build basic infrastructure such as a road network on the city's outskirts. Along with developing a road network across the city, SMP made care to offer truck parking as needed, since the number of freight vehicles increased from 6,671 to 32,629 between 1982 and 2005.(Plans, 2008) Second, the SMP's capacity management advises increasing the usage of public transportation and providing NMT infrastructure. Completed missing links on national highways, ring roads, and the Chennai Mofussil Bus Station (CMBT) are expected to increase rail and bus utilisation by 10% and 16%, respectively. Because the bus system is a popular mode of transportation, plans have been made to expand the fleet to 4,500,000 buses in order to satisfy rising demand. SMP also investigates the viability of LRT, Skybus, and other long-term goals. SMP intends to expand the MRTS, improve metro coverage, finish the inner ring corridor, and build a consolidated freight system as part of the railway renovation. 19 | P a g e
The SMP investigates how the deployment of NMT infrastructure might be mandated during city development as a policy action in sustainable urban management.(Plans, 2008) Finally, the Environmental Management section discusses the introduction of 500 LPG cars, the installation of 14 Automated LPG Dispensing Systems, the promotion of electric vehicle manufacturing (REVA), and the phase-out of lead and sulphur dioxide in gasoline and diesel, respectively. Non-exhaust sources, including paved and unpaved roadways, accounted for 73 percent of particulate matter in the city, according to IIT Madras' Source Apportionment Studies. When compared to how deteriorated tar roads get during the Chennai monsoons, replacing them with cement concrete reduces dust suspension in the atmosphere and requires less maintenance. The strategy also suggests collaborating with the TNPCB to improve data collecting on air quality. (Plans, 2008) The SMP predicted city expansion along Chennai's radial corridors, as well as hotspot developments along national roads and industrial areas. However, despite attempts to integrate transportation planning into current land use, the SMP has failed to fulfill the demands of land use development, particularly along IT corridors. In addition, the SMP has failed to manage resources and regulate parking in the city. To regulate traffic and improve commuting times in the city, effective parking laws and management systems are essential. Finally, despite Chennai's vast public transportation network, the SMP has made no mention of integrated transport management or integrated transportation planning. 3.5.2 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Chennai's Water Supply Situation Until 1870, the residents of Chennai met their water needs mostly through shallow wells, which drew water from aquifers replenished by rainfall (CMWSSB: Water Supply System, n.d.). The cornerstone of a controlled water supply system, built and overseen by civil engineer J.W. Madeley, was the construction of a diversion canal on the Kosathalaiyar river in 1872(Narain, 2005). The water from the diversion travelled to the Red Hills reservoir, where it was treated and then distributed to satisfy the city's needs using a slow gravity filtering procedure. Since then, a slew of initiatives have been implemented to manage the massive amounts of water made accessible by rainfall. Chennai's average annual rainfall was 20 | P a g e
1200mm, but after a particularly wet year in 2015, it increased to aroud 1350mm to 1400mm presently. The backbone of the water supply to Chennai was comprised of four large reservoirs: Poondi, Cholavaram, Red Hills, and Chemabarambakkam, as well as six well fields in the AK Basin and distant sources of water from Kandaleru reservoir, which supplied Krishna river water, and Veeranam lake. In 1969 and 1987, the UNDP conducted two significant studies that demonstrated the possibility of extracting water from the AK Basin, and six well fields with a potential production of 180 MLD were established in the region (CMWSSB: Water Supply System, n.d.).Apart from serving the city, the groundwater from these wellfields is largely utilised by industry, although since the drought of 2000, additional groundwater from the wellfields is being used to fulfil the city's water demands (Ruet et al., 2007). Since 2007, roughly 180 MLD of water has been delivered from the Veeranam lake, which is about 230 kilometres from Chennai. The water from this lake is pressure pumped to the city through a closed iron conduit after treatment at the Vadakuthu facility (which has a capacity of 180 MLD). Chemabarambakkam is an old reservoir that was once used for irrigation, but it has been utilised to supply water to the city since the year 2000 owing to a severe drought at the time. This reservoir began to fulfil a significant portion of the city's water requirements. Pumping of groundwater for the city's water supply has been limited since 2004 owing to a fast fall in groundwater head in wellfields, resulting in saltwater intrusion.With the fast rise in demand, more inventive and sophisticated measures, including as the construction of desalination facilities and additional reservoirs, were implemented. To far, CMWSSB has built two desalination plants, each with a capacity of 100 MLD, at Minjur in 2010 under the DBOOT (Design, Build, Own, Operate, and Transfer) project and Nemmeli in 2013. The demand for and availability of water in Chennai is a complicated web of social, economic, political, and scientific factors. The CMWSSB Act established the Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) in 1978. Conjunctive usage of surface and groundwater is done in a judicial way with the CMWSSB. During the 2000–2004 drought, farmers in the AK Basin region were forced to sell water to CMWSSB, causing social discontent among farmers and the general public who were unable to get water owing to the commercialization of this essential commodity (Chennai Turns to Farm Wells for Water - The Hindu, n.d.). Second Master Plan Provisions: 21 | P a g e
The Metro water supply comes from a variety of sources, including monsoon-fed lakes and tanks, subterranean aquifers, and distant sources like the Krishna River and Veeranam Lake. Water is also obtained from open and shallow wells, bore-wells, and other sources outside the CMA by people, organisations, and water tanker operators. One of the greatest issues in CMA is the administration's failure to keep up with the growing demand for utility services, notably water and sewerage. This problem is not specific to Chennai; it affects practically all of India's booming cities. Table 1 shows the projected population of CMA area for 2026 and various calculations were made to cater this rapidly growing population.
Table 1 Projected Population for CMA and Chennai City Table : Projected Population for CMA and Chennai City (In Lakhs) Sl.
Description
Actual
Gross density Persons
Projection
No.
/ hectare 2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
2026
2026
1
Chennai City
43.44
46.28
49.50
52.39
55.40
58.56
333
2
Municipalities
15.81
18.52
21.75
25.60
30.20
35.69
149
3
Town Panchayats
3.86
4.73
5.89
7.41
9.45
12.22
78
4
Village
7.31
8.70
10.59
12.96
15.99
19.88
32
70.41
78.96
88.71
99.66
111.97
125.82
105
Panchayats 5
CMA [total]
Future water demand in the CMA is estimated separately for the city, municipalities, city panchayats and village panchayats with different supply standards of 150-120-100 lpcd to the city, 125-100-75 lpcd for municipalities, 100-80-60 for town panchayats and 80-70-60 for village panchayats. The following table illustrates the demand for various purposes as high, medium, and low predicted demands (Scenarios 1,2 and 3 respectively). (Introduction et al., n.d.)
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Table 2 Estimation of Water Requirements for Various Uses - CMA (in MLD) Use
High - Scenario 1
Medium - Scenario 2
Low - Scenario - 3
Residential
1606
1296
1046
Commercial
482
324
210
Industrial
161
130
105
2248
1750
1360
Total
For future planning scenarios - I predictions may be viewed as a feasible supply to be realised, taking into consideration the impact on available sources of supply, notably groundwater. This scenario only requires 2088 MLD of drinkable water for residential and commercial applications, which is roughly equivalent to the safe production from public supply when all current sources are taken into consideration, including the 100 MLD seawater desalination facility under development at Kattupalli. Water for industrial purposes is estimated to be between 161 and 105 mld. In order to encourage equal distribution, provide chances for balanced development, and improve living quality in the city's outlying districts, the plan advises allocating water to the following locations within the city and outside the city: Table 3 Estimated water allocated t various parts of chennai Area
Estimated
Total Water
Residential and
Industrial Use
Population 2026
Allocated 2026
Commercial MLD
MLD
In lakhs
MLD
Chennai City
58.56
949
879
70
Total CMA (Outside
67.26
802
743
59
38.47
474
438
35
28.79
328
305
24
125.82
1750
1621
129
City) North CMA (Thiruvallur District) South CMA (Kancheepuram District) Total Source: Master Plan For CMA 2026
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Table 4 Total Estimate of Water Requirement for the projected population of CMA for various years and ultimately for 2026 Total Estimate of Water Requirement (CMA) Year
Chennai Metropolitan Area(CMA) 2011 1.
Population in lakhs
2.
Resident population's water use in MLD
2016
2021
2026
88
100
112
126
a)
Scenario I
1165
1284
1431
1606
b)
Scenario II
938
1035
1154
1296
c)
Scenario III
762
838
933
1046
Scenario I
349
385
429
482
Scenario II
235
259
289
324
Scenario III
152
168
187
295
Scenario I
116
128
143
161
Scenario II
94
103
115
130
Scenario III
76
84
93
105
Scenario I
1631
1797
2003
2248
Scenario II
1267
1397
1558
1750
Scenario III
990
1090
1213
1360
3.
4.
5.
Water requirements in MLD for non-residential uses such as offices, commercial, and industrial properties, as well as other places of employment, education, and so on.
Industrial Use
Total Requirement
Source: Master Plan For CMA 2026
There are 1635 MLD of water available from all current sources, including desalination, and 185 MLD of recovered sewage water in the overall water allotment. If more recycled water becomes accessible, the burden on potable water will be alleviated. The implementation of conservation and management methods, such as local grey water recycling for toilet flushing, will reduce the need for extra potable water and hence the need to explore other sources, such as increased desalination of water. It will also improve the water sector's long-term viability while reducing the negative environmental effect of consumed water.
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The Chennai system's current sewage treatment capacity is 481 MLD, and recycling might provide at least 300-400 MLD, which is more than enough to fulfil not just the 2026 industry requirement, but also any future industrial demand in terms of quantity. A water map outlining all potential surface and groundwater sources is recommended in the plan. Desilting of existing lakes for rain/flood water storage and monsoon run-off capture could be part of the Integrated Water Management Plan. The concept of zero run-off drainage should be used with retention ponds, sediment traps, and balancing lakes. The plan calls for the rehabilitation and refurbishment of around 320 surface tanks to supplement local potable water supplies. The Development Regulations include parameters for water conservation and improved management, as well as parameters for installing sanitation and recycling in new developments. 3.5.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT The MSW (Handling and Management) Rules, 2000, and the rules of the Central Act pertaining to solid waste management shall be rigorously implemented by the appropriate authorities within CMA. Existing landfill sites must undergo an environmental evaluation, and appropriate actions must be done to enhance them. Solid waste management is the area where residents and the private sector must collaborate to maintain city health and safety. It is necessary to raise awareness about the importance of source separation and differential disposal. Residents' associations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have attempted to reduce the burden on local governments by segregating solid waste, composting, and recycling locally, but these efforts have not had a long-term impact due to a variety of factors, including a lack of support from local governments. Local governments can tax big rubbish generators like hotels, ceremony halls, marketplaces, and commercial areas under the "Polluters Pay" principle.To reduce human touch, mechanical garbage management such as auto-tippers, tricycles, and push carts might be promoted. Because solid waste management is getting more complicated, local governments should improve their technical and managerial abilities, such as project development, finance, and staff monitoring and supervision. Following the full ERM analysis, a distinct solid waste management action plan will be necessary to be developed with the major stakeholders, including people and the private sector. As a follow-up to the ERM (Environment resource management) Master Plan, a 25 | P a g e
complete solid waste management Action Plan must be developed, taking into account the mechanisms to be implemented for waste segregation at the source.Using local and neighbourhood composting and recycling facilities to reduce the amount of waste that must be processed at landfills.Establishing a number of decentralised sanitary landfill facilities in the area to be shared with local governments. Establishing secure e-waste and construction debris recycling facilities.Establishing a scientific solid waste management education and awareness programme for children, youth, and residents. Incentives for the private sector to participate in the reduction, segregation, transportation, recycling, and final disposal of all sorts of solid waste.The particular responsibilities that will be assigned to stakeholders in the plan's implementation.The Plan specifies current landfill sites as well as new disposal sites suggested by municipal organisations, as well as restrictions on residential and commercial growth in the area. The Plan also suggests that the TNPCB strictly enforce the statutory standards governing solid waste management, biomedical waste, and other hazardous and non-hazardous wastes.(Plans, 2008) 3.5.4 MACRO DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN CMA Despite the territory's extensive drainage systems (158 km) and water storage systems (tanks and reservoirs), the region, notably the City, is prone to yearly floods of constructed and inhabited areas.According to historical records, heavy rain combined with cyclonic activity caused disastrous flooding in Chennai in 1943, 1978, 1985, 2002, and 2005. The failure of major rivers and other drainage systems was determined to be the root cause of these devastating flooding disasters. The CMDA's land use plan defines all of the significant macro drainage features and specifies the conservation area's size. Lakes and water bodies must be safeguarded from encroachment, and existing encroachments must be removed in order to restore the water bodies to their natural state.The land use plan highlights the essential regions prone to yearly floods, allowing local governments to work with the PWD to implement remedial measures.The land use plan also defines locations where development other than that which is fit for use as open space must be forbidden or severely limited. The Pallikkaranai marsh and the Redhills catchment region are two examples. The Development Regulations provide guidelines for protecting streams and water bodies from unfavourable development. The Plan calls for the execution of the MMFR/SWD 26 | P a g e
Master Plan Study Report's recommendations.A micro drainage strategy for each local body can be created by the local body in conjunction with PWD and implemented within a time range. 3.6 CHENNAI WATER CRISIS AND LAND USE PLANNING As a result of increased urbanisation, industrialisation, and climate change, many cities throughout the world are experiencing acute water shortages.In the instance of Chennai, India, the city awoke in June 2019 to the tragic news that all of the city's major water reservoirs had dried up. This catastrophe was unexpected because the city and its environs have long been home to several water bodies and rivers, as well as a canal, making it a one-of-a-kind metropolis with a richness of water distribution systems and proper drainage. Chennai has the potential to be a water-resistant metropolis, but it is now experiencing a water shortage. Chennai is noted for its centuries-old indigenous water-body system known as eri.Eries were seasonal water sources that created an interconnected irrigation system for the region, along with their networked drainage systems. The agriculture industry was completely reliant on this system, which operated flawlessly for generations until it was phased out in the 1960s. The city of Chennai's forced development resulted in the disappearance of water bodies due to in-filling. State institutions such as the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) and Tamil Nadu Housing Board (TNHB) were involved in developing official land-allocation plans. To supply space for houses, infrastructure, and institutions, vast swaths of aquatic bodies were filled with garbage, often at great expense. To supply space for houses, infrastructure, and institutions, vast swaths of aquatic bodies were filled with garbage, often at great expense. An environmental NGO contested one of these cases in 1993, and the government's justification was that the lakes were "abandoned and unusable for groundwater recharge," according to the government's response(Coelho, 2020). Figure depicts how uncontrolled growth in the built-up region has resulted in a drop in the size of water bodies in the Chennai Metropolitan Area during the last three decades. Chennai is a seaside city, and much of the city's growth takes place along the water's edge. Residential neighbourhoods were built close to the shore, which offered both advantages and 27 | P a g e
disadvantages. The groundwater potential along the shore was significant, and because the majority of the population relied on groundwater, it was advantageous to the locals. The sandy nature of Chennai's coastline encourages precipitation to percolate into the earth, hence raising groundwater levels. Many developers were drawn by the potential groundwater, and much of the development in terms of building construction has occurred along the shore for up to 30 to 40 kilometres. As a result of overdevelopment and overexploitation of groundwater, the situation quickly deteriorated. The cause for natural rainfall percolation was quickly discovered to be interrupted by building development. Residential areas were constructed in low-lying locations where natural drainage systems gathered water. The builders who built these locations paved over the setback areas as well, preventing water from percolating into the soil or ground and reaching the groundwater table. Rainwater was instead diverted towards the streets, which were all similarly paved, resulting in waterlogging and flooding. Simultaneously, when groundwater is depleted at such a rapid rate, saltwater seawater is ready to take its place. The hazard was not anticipated by the creators.
Figure 2 Urban area expansion of Chennai. Source: Vijayan, Prem (2017): Care Earth trust. A touch of green.
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Rainfall is directly accountable for the flooding in the residential neighbourhood, according to reports. It should not be forgotten, however, that allowing and contributing to the filling of traditional water bodies has resulted in the disruption of rainwater's natural drainage system. Rainwater that would formerly percolate to the groundwater or eventually run out to sea is now disrupted by building and urban interventions in the name of development, resulting in waterlogging and flooding. Using floods as an example, the map below (Figure 3) depicts the depletion of multiple water bodies to create space for building construction, which is a clear evidence of bad land use planning. The city of Chennai (formerly known as Madras) began to overcrowd following World War II.The only places to stay were close-knit street-side row houses. Soon after, the housing demand shifted, with powerful individuals and the financially well-off looking for bungalows with gardens. To meet this requirement, the city's urban planners looked to the massive lake body on the city's western outskirts. The Long Tank, which included the Mylapore Tank and the Nungambakkam Tank, covered an area of 18 square kilometres, as depicted in Figure 3. It was shortly emptied to make room for Thyagaraya Nagar, or T. Nagar, a housing and shopping district. The city's main lake was never considered for water supply by municipal planners or lawmakers. T. Nagar was regarded as Madras' pinnacle achievement in urban design, despite the fact that the same region might have sheltered the city during floods or droughts. The choice had a major political impact, as seen by the fact that the roads, parks, and even the neighbourhood itself were named after members of the ruling political party (The History Of Providing Drinking Water To Chennai , n.d.).
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Figure 3 Much of the traditional waterbodies are a flood risk hotspot now Source: (Roumeau et al., 2015)
The Pallaikaranai wetland is another example of government urban projects that have harmed Chennai's environment. Pallaikaranai wetland was formerly a huge freshwater swamp that supported the city's unique biodiversity. Unfortunately, it has been taken up by luxury residential and commercial buildings, landfills, and highway corridors. It has been converted over three decades from a 50-square-kilometer dynamic complex of water basins and drainages to a scattered patchwork of parcels covering barely three square kilometres (From 50 Sq Km to Just Three in 30 Years: Chennai’s Pallikaranai Marsh Is Just about to Vanish | Cities News,The Indian Express, n.d.) Figure depicts the fall in the Pallikaranai Marshland's catchment area over time. The "IT (Information Technology) Corridor," which contains industry and residential complexes, poses a danger to the Pallikaranai Marshland as a whole, disrupting its biodiversity in the process. It's utilised for sewage treatment, rubbish disposal, and drainage, among other things. In addition, an official dumpsite has been built inside the wetlands since 1989. The Perungudi dumpsite, which was located inside the marsh, opened in 1995 with a 50-acre footprint and was expanded to 110 acres in 2002. The current dumping site covers around 198 acres(Is 30 | P a g e
Greater Chennai Corporation Making Room for More Waste at Perungudi Dump Yard? | Chennai News - Times of India, n.d.). The fact that this enormous dumping facility is located amid a wetland reveals all of the potential issues. The dumpsite, for example, is poorly drained and in close touch with the aquifer, posing a risk of groundwater contamination. In addition, sewage, both untreated and treated, is discharged into the wetlands. Metrowater, the Chennai metropolitan area's water supply agency, has been dumping 32 million litres of sewage straight into the wetlands every year, pushing the TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) over the allowed limit of 500 mg/l to even greater than 2000 mg/L(Roumeau et al., 2015). These pollution sources undoubtedly have a negative impact on the marshland's biological equilibrium. With the presence of contaminants, rainwater that the marsh could previously contain and offer drinking water quality is no longer viable.
Figure 4 Pallaikarnai Marshland's catchment area has been shrinking in recent years as depected Source: (Bhrigu Kalia, Graduate, 2019)
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Dr. Jayshree Vencatesan, Managing Trustee of local NGO CareEarth Trust, who has been involved in the conservation of the Pallaikaranai Marshland for over two decades, suggested that the government's involvement and attempts to conserve the marshland have been minimal in an interview on the 10th of October 2019. For a long time, the Pallaikaranai Marshland was officially classed as "wasteland" to make it easier to legally deposit waste and raw sewage input. The government's goal was to 'generate' land in order to allow for unrestricted property development in the region. As an example, in recent decades, TNHB has established 'Eri Schemes,' which are housing colonies constructed on lakebeds and supported by the World Bank, for middle- and high-income groups (MIG and HIG). TNHB colonies were among the worst-affected housing projects during the rains, as one might expect. Along with the housing developments, government institutes are continuing to expand and construct on the wetlands. Within the old marshland boundaries are the National Institute of Wind Energy and the National Institute of Ocean Technology. In addition to the severe environmental consequences, the government's policies and initiatives have exacerbated previously existing socioeconomic and geographical disparities. Another example is the state government's decision to make the development of water supply and sewerage facilities for the IT Corridor a top priority. The IT Corridor's choice to adjust the speed of urban development is inextricably related to the area's economic activity. The state government implemented the programme to provide the southern Chennai area particular treatment in order to boost economic growth. The incentives are geared on giving a guarantee or at the very least comforting potential investors with the required infrastructure (Roumeau et al., 2015). The water body that Sidco Nagar and other development projects drank up spanned 250 acres, according to a social audit evaluation given in early August 2016 (Salai, 2016)by Arappor Iyakkam, a Chennai-based NGO. This is confirmed by a brief look at the 1972 Survey of India map. The lake is now only 20 acres in size. However, under its master plan for the city's growth, Chennai's urban planning body does not even acknowledge that - instead, it has designated the entire region as an institutional plot, clearing the path for additional building on whatever remains of the lake. In 2013, for example, a metro project was proposed.
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The Master Plan maps out the city's land usage, including which regions are suitable for industrial growth, institutions, residential complexes, agricultural, and water bodies. As a result, government officials issue building permits. Map below show institutional land in the city, which includes the Konnur Lake region. The Konnur Lake isn't the only body of water that has escaped the attention of the city planning body. The Ennore Creek, a swamp-like backwater in North Chennai with tide mudflats, marshes, and fishing villages, is now home to large petrochemical plants that dump harmful fly ash and chemical-ridden water into and surrounding the river without limitation. By classifying Ennore Creek as a hazardous industry zone and Konnur Lake as a place for institutional growth – both of which were swamped during the December 2015 floods – urban planners have blatantly overlooked the regions' current hydrology and ecological sensitivity while planning the city's expansion. .(Chennai Water Bodies, n.d.) In reality, salt pans, fish farms, and tidal water bodies that come under Coastal Regulation Zones are said to make up over 90% of the territory set aside for Special and Hazardous Industries by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority in Ennore Creek. These wetlands are important because, in addition to harbouring a varied ecology, they act as natural sponges that absorb surface water, rainwater, and floods, preventing flooding.
Figure 5 Map of Madras, 1970 showing Konnur lake in 1970 and now Over time, unrestrained urbanisation has resulted in decreasing lakes and wetlands. Following the floods, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) delivered a report to the Tamil Nadu Assembly, was the most scathing indictment of such negligence. The report emphasised the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority's (CMDA) participation in awarding development licences without adhering to land use planning regulations. As a result 33 | P a g e
of this, the area underlying water bodies reduced by 2389 acres between 1979 and 2016. (Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), 2017). That unlawful building was permitted to encroach on vital water supplies and close to bodies of water, wreaking havoc on urban environment. Among the water bodies mentioned in the paper are the diminishing Mogappair Lake, Ambattur Tank, and Pallikaranai Marsh. 3.7 INCOMPLETE DETAILS OF WATER BODIES IN MASTER PLAN 2026 The Chennai Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group lodged an RTI query with local municipal officials in June 2016, asking if the master plan took into account the whole list of water bodies in the city. "The water bodies shown are not all of those in the Chennai metropolitan region," according to the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority. Since the Master Plan is a wide brush zoning map, little narrow water bodies may come under land uses such as agricultural, industrial, institutional, and so on." According to the municipal planning organisation, they do not have a full inventory of all water bodies in Chennai. The revenue department's maps are used to create the master plan.The tehsildar, or local administrator, has a distinct set of maps, which provide more minute data about the geography in that region. The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority conceded in its response to the RTI request that it did not have the same level of information on its map as the tehsildar, but that "such precision is not necessary in the master plan." There are no plans in place to incorporate and integrate the data." (Chennai Water Bodies, n.d.) According to activist Nityanand Jayaraman, a master plan is required by definition to bring together multiple data types and sources in order to build specific development plans. He claimed that if this is not done, it is useless and can do more harm than benefit. "The RTI reveals that the master plan was not created with hydrology as a consideration by indicating that the master plan makers did not have access to data concerning water bodies," Jayaraman added. "Chennai's master plan looks to be a ruse, a blueprint for lining the wallets of unscrupulous government officials and revenue authorities all down the supply chain." The master plan should ideally be created after a thorough examination of each area of the city's current use before opening it up to industrial or development activities. So, what happened to Konnur Lake's position as a waterbody? Unless it's an official mandate from the government, reclassifying land or water bodies - changing their land use in the master plan – requires the agreement of the tehsildar. Having followed the floods, the Chennai Municipal Development Authority enacted a rule requiring builders to get a tehsildar certificate verifying that no 34 | P a g e
development is taking place on a body of water. In its RTI answer, the town planning authority indicated that the tehsildar's info is not confirmed since they lack the means to do so owing to insufficient maps. In other terms, if a builder submits a tehsildar certificate stating that no water body exists on the site where they wish to construct, the urban planning office does not double-check the allegation. "Some of the information is with the tehsildar's office, and some is with the state tax department," said architect Tara Murali. "Why can't the tehsildar's information be included into the master plan in this day and age of digitisation?" (Chennai Water Bodies, n.d.).
Figure 6 CMA Major Waterways & Waterbodies Map 35 | P a g e
3.8 Social Facilities Education Because of family planning and population control efforts used across the nation, particularly in Tamilnadu, there has been a substantial diversity in age structure since 1971, notably among school-aged children. In the next years, the school-age population is predicted to remain consistent at roughly 7.5 percent for primary school students, 5.19 percent for middle school students, 3.71 percent for high school students, and 3.96 percent for upper secondary students. Strategies involved:
The projections established in the Master Plan should be taken into account in the fiveyear and yearly plans; a decision should be made on the role of government and public sector in the establishment of new schools.
It is necessary to guarantee that schools are distributed spatially in accordance with criteria. It should be pursued to reduce the dropout rate and improve enrolment, particularly among girls.
It is necessary to recruit qualified instructors on a regular basis. Periodic in-service training, particularly in science topics and English, should be prioritised.
Specialized institutions that may be supported by the metropolitan should be examined by a competent body and recommended in and around CMA, taking into account new scientific and technical breakthroughs.
The location of a school of business in Chennai, such as the IIM, should be carefully considered.
A separate college for car engineering may be established, given the expansion of vehicle manufacturing plants in and around Chennai.
Health Care Given the predicted rise in life expectancy and better medical condition, the number of beds required in the future is estimated to be one for every 500 people. The number of beds required for the predicted population in 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021, and 2026 is 15,800, 17,700, 19,900, 22,400, and 25,100, respectively.
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The present facilities (prior to 2008), particularly the specialised and higher-order ones, serve not just the CMA population, but also the rest of Tamil Nadu and neighbouring states; in the private sector, patients come from all across India and numerous other countries.The sufficiency of these amenities would be difficult to assess. Private sector investments in the health sector have increased in recent years due to the availability of solid infrastructure, including specialised labour and technology, and this trend is projected to continue. 3.9 DISASTER MANAGEMENT Flooding is a major disaster to worry in Chennai, and the city's rising population, along with the construction of often-poorly planned and maintained man-made buildings, exposes cities to higher levels of danger to life and property in the event of natural catastrophes. One of the primary aims is to reduce the risk of human death and property damage while simultaneously reducing societal expenses. We must acknowledge that in such circumstances of natural catastrophes, we are dealing with phenomena of vast size that are beyond the control of any direct human action. However, we make every effort to minimise the impact on people and property. The following are the hazard-prone places in the Chennai Metropolitan Area:
Areas at Risk of Earthquakes: The Chennai Metropolitan Area is located under Seismic Zone III. This zone encompasses the whole Chennai Metropolitan Area.
Cyclone-Prone Areas: In the Chennai Metropolitan Area, it stretches for 20 kilometres from the shore. The risk in these regions comes from (a) cyclonic wind speeds mixed with a strong storm, (b) saltwater flooding caused by high waves, and (c) flooding caused by a strong storm.
Flood-prone areas: According to the Indian flood hazard map (created by the meteorological department in New Delhi), no place in Tamil Nadu is in the danger zone. However, flooding is a major catastrophe hazard in Chennai, and flood prone region mapping is required due to an area's closeness to major drainage systems such as rivers, canals, and also water bodies such as lakes, as well as contour levels/low-lying areas. Development in such low-lying areas is authorised only if the proposed development satisfies all applicable requirements and the PWD authorises the flood-prevention measures.
Tsunami-prone locations: Mapping of the places in the Chennai Metropolitan Area where the tsunami of December 2004 directly impacted and inundated the 37 | P a g e
coastal areas is required.Tsunami-prone zones may need to be established in these places. However, 500 metres from HTL along the shore, this region inside the Chennai Metropolitan Area will fall into the CRZ area.
Disaster Management Policy: Since 2004-05, Tamil Nadu has had a disaster management policy. The focus of this strategy is on disaster preparedness, prevention, and mitigation rather than relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction actions after a disaster. The following are the essential elements of this policy: Convergence of disaster management and development planning, formulation of disaster management plans at all levels that take into account local conditions, focusing on reducing community vulnerability rather than just disaster relief, cultivating a culture of prevention among the community and various government organs through training and awareness campaigns, and involving the community at all stages of disaster management activities.
The CMA Development Control Rules regulate constructions in terms of zone, location, height, number of floors, building size, setback areas to be left around the structure, and the usage of the building and land. 3.10 ENVIRONMENT As per SMP every department involved in the development of CMA should establish environmental planning and development units. A sustainable environmental strategy for Chennai should be developed in accordance with the National Environment Policy. Land, air, noise, and water must be addressed, and natural resources must be protected. All CMA development agencies and local governments should be compelled to establish a long-term strategy for environmental protection and improvement for their area of authority and sector. The TNPCB may undertake a complete research and develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Chennai Metropolitan Area. Recycling and harvesting of grey water should be promoted. Measures such as traffic slowdown in residential areas and the designation of select major routes as pedestrian zones might be explored. To boost green cover, local governments must design and implement treeplanting programmes. Picnic areas should be established around water bodies, which would not only aid in preservation but also produce cash for improved upkeep. The TNPCB may undertake a complete research and develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for
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the Chennai Metropolitan Area, identifying problem areas, hotspots, and suggesting solutions for the responsible authorities to improve the environment. 3.11 RECREATION AND TOURISM In the remainder of the CMA, maintenance of existing parks and playgrounds, as well as the creation of new parks and playgrounds, require attention. It is possible to construct a database of existing parks and playgrounds in the CMA, which will be necessary for planning and development. CMDA can set aside a portion of the OSR charges collected for overall recreational facility development at the CMA level, apportioning them proportionately based on the amounts collected in the jurisdiction of the local bodies involved. There are several tourist attractions in the Chennai Metropolitan Area, ranging from wellknown temples to beach resorts, heritage buildings, and amusement parks. Chennai is also the South's cultural hub, with music and dance holding a particular place in people's hearts. Nonresident Indians and tourists alike go to the dance and music festival season in December. To attract tourists, the Department of Tourism has the following plans on hand.
The construction of a convention centre within the CMA, complete with enough parking spaces, infrastructure, and appealing layouts, will attract a large number of business travellers.
Buckingham Canal, which runs from Sholinganallur to Muttukadu, might be a great place to go pleasure boating. The Canal will be desilted, strengthened, and beautified with avenue trees, attractive plants, and floral herbs, making it a tourist attraction.
Exhibiting a ship for visitors at a prominent location such as Marina will be instructive, educational, and entertaining. This will be a valuable complement to the City's tourist promotion efforts.
Sun-et-Lumiere: After the British arrived, Chennai had a fascinating history. It has played an important part in the fight for liberation. Organising a sound and light display at Rajaji Hall emphasising the liberation fight, together with some new structures, may instil patriotic fervour in young minds while also attracting tourists to this ancient landmark.
Memorial Lighting: The illumination of memorials to renowned leaders may draw enormous crowds of tourists. Floodlighting heritage buildings with more than 150 years of history, as well as monuments such as the War Memorial, would also draw a big number of tourists. 39 | P a g e
Fine Arts College Art Gallery: Showcasing Tamil Nadu's creative treasure by showcasing the works of notable individuals in an art gallery would be a suitable homage to the talent of various artists who have enhanced Tamil Nadu's culture and history.
Butterfly Park and Night Safari: The addition of a Butterfly Park and a Night Safari to Vandalor Zoological Park will bring a huge number of guests to the Zoo at night.
3.12 DEVELOPMENT REGULATIONS
Developments in such Land use zones will be governed by Development Regulations, which are part of the Second Master Plan. Certain uses will be authorised routinely in each use zone, while others will be authorized with CMDA's special permission. The main purpose of the Development Regulation is to promote development in accordance with the land use zoning contained in this Master Plan.
Further in CMA areas for buildings of special character such as multi storeyed building areas, continuous building areas, and economically weaker section areas are also designated in the plan. Ecologically sensitive areas zoned include CRZ areas, Aquifer recharge areas, and Red Hills catchment areas. MRTS influence areas; IT Corridor and areas around Airports are shown as areas of special character. Development prohibited area namely Pallikkaranai swamp area, area around Indian Air Force station are clearly demarcated and shown in the Plan.
3.13 LAND USE & PLANNING STRATEGIES Activities Influencing Urban Form:
New road infrastructure projects – Rajiv Gandhi Salai, extension of NH Bye-pass from Maduravoyal to Redhills, and creation of outer ring road and other ring connections are among the significant recent developments/decisions that will have a far-reaching influence on the future urban form and structure.
Developments along the Rajiv Gandhi Salai in the southern side of CMA's IT corridor (Old Mammallapuram Road).
Multi-story building redevelopment for business and IT parks, as well as residential and non-residential locations.
The Development Control Rules have now been revised and reformed to comply to the intended zoning and urban layout for CMA, based on the above strategies and activities. 40 | P a g e
The primary adjustments are: i)
Allowing multi-story constructions in the rest of the Metropolitan area ; and
ii)
Allowing multi-story structures in the rest of the Metropolitan area (excluding the Island Grounds, approved layout areas, Aquifer recharge area and Redhills catchment area)
iii)
Special buildings are now defined as those with more than six housing units.
iv)
Allowing IT buildings and bio-informatics facilities in mixed-use zones (residential, commercial, and institutional).
v)
Suggesting a maximum FSI of 2.00 for special buildings and group projects inside the MRTS impact zone between Luz and Velachery with housing unit no more than 75 square metres in floor space each.
vi)
Designating the Rajiv Gandhi Salai as an information technology corridor (Old Mamallapuram Road)
vii)
Within Primary Residential Areas, working women's hostels and old age homes are accommodated.
viii)
Proposing the transfer of development rights, among other things like, road widening, heritage building protection, and slum rehabilitation.
ix)
Allowing for limited development in the aquifer Area to recharge
x)
Providing for the preservation of historic structures
xi)
Rationalizing special building design characteristics in terms of site size, number of residences, and number of levels
xii)
Revision of parking regulations based entirely on recommendations from a recent parking needs consulting study
xiii)
Reducing the size of the plot or the side setback requirement
xiv)
Extending the exempted zones of incidental constructions from FSI calculations
xv)
Including accessibility features for people with impairments
xvi)
Allowing multi-story buildings (MSBs) to be built along 12 m and 15 m wide highways with FSI and height restrictions.
xvii)
In the event of special buildings, group developments, and multi-story structures, 10% of land is set aside for EWS/LIG with housing sizes not exceeding 45 sq.m.
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PROPOSED LAND USE PLAN CMA 2026
Figure 7 Proposed Land Use Plan CMA 2026
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Proposed Land Use Plan Chennai City 2026
Figure 8 Proposed Land Use Plan Chennai City 2026
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CHAPTER -4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Transportation: The SMP predicted city expansion along Chennai's radial corridors, as well as hotspot developments along national roads and industrial areas. However, despite attempts to integrate transportation planning into current land use, the SMP has failed to fulfil the demands of land use development, particularly along IT corridors. In addition, the SMP has failed to manage resources and regulate parking in the city. To regulate traffic and improve commuting times in the city, effective parking laws and management systems are essential.
Finally, the SMP has not considered integrated transport management or multimodal transit systems, despite Chennai's enormous public transportation network. It's possible that a single-window system or smooth transition planning might have influenced commuters to utilise public transportation. The failure to provide pleasant and reliable public transportation has resulted in a 6.5 percent yearly growth rate in the population of customised automobiles.
An increase in private automobile ownership and a decline in public transportation demand are driving the adoption of sustainable transportation solutions in Chennai. Chennai has the greatest automobile density, with 2,900 vehicles per kilometre. According to the congestion index, more than 33.8 percent of the highways are congested on at than one occasion. The city's quality of air has worsened as a result of these issues.
Despite the fact that Chennai's coastal position has helped to enhance the city's air quality, the city still ranks second among the 14 cities analysed in particulate matter emissions per day (more than 1000 kg) due to urban transport. The city comes fourth in terms of NO2 emission from urban commute, after Delhi, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad (10,000-12,000 kg per day) (CSE, n.d.).
Explosion Of Urbanization
The population and urban "grey areas" have risen in tandem with the economy. Large quantities of wetland loss and water system contamination have resulted from severe
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land use change. Floods were exacerbated by a lack of wetland, which serves as a sponge, soaking up rainwater.
It is estimated that CMA would house a population of 126 lakhs by 2026, of which Chennai City alone would account for 58 lakhs.
According to a report issued to the Tamil Nadu Assembly by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in the context of the 2015 Chennai floods, the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) awarded development licences without adhering to land use planning regulations. As a result, the area beneath bodies of water reduced by 2389 acres between 1979 and 2016. (Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), 2017)
As a result, rainfall runoff has nowhere else to go and gathers on streets, causing flooding.
Such catastrophic flooding has been caused by mismanagement and violations of urban planning regulations.
Negligence And Denial Of Planning Authorities: Planning authorities don’t have a complete record of all the waterbodies of metropolitan area and they have assigned different land use to such lands due to lack of data available and pressure to house the rapidly increasing population of Chennai metropolitan area which leads to construction of building on such lands and such colonies our neighbourhood suffers the most during flood like situation e.g. Sidco Nagar, Tilak Nagar etc.
The refusal of the city planning authorities to pay attention to minor streams and channels
The urban planning authority doesn't really cross-reference the tehsildar's certification stating that there is no water body on the intended development site. The authorities have issued a building permission. This results in new constructions on the waterbody's land. Reduced water reservoir capacity and natural drainage for rainfall, and these locations are particularly vulnerable to flooding after heavy rains.
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Increasing Numbers Of Water Disasters
Chennai is becoming increasingly vulnerable to water-related disasters due to poor urban management, loss of water systems due to expansion and pollution, and increased climatic extremes. This has resulted in a large number of deaths as well as serious water quality, availability, and demand challenges.
Rising sea levels and increasing floods are a result of climate change in certain cities throughout the world, while drought and water shortages are a result of climate change in others.For Chennai's 11 million residents, it's both.
Chennai, India's 6th-largest city, gets 1,400mm (55 inches) of rainfall annually, which is more than twice as much as London and nearly four times as much as Los Angeles.Despite this, it made headlines in 2019 as one of the world's first major cities to run out of water.
Illustration depicting numerous calamities and the year they occurred.
Figure 9 •
Illustration depicting numerous calamities and the year they occurred.
The historic port in southern India has become a case study in what may go wrong whenever urbanisation, industrialisation, and harsh weather mix, and a growing city covers over its watershed to accommodate demand for new dwellings, factories, and offices.
While climate change and extreme weather have had a role, poor planning is the root cause of Chennai's water problems. As the city expanded, enormous swaths of the floodplain, as well as its lakes and ponds, vanished. According to Anna University academics, “the size of Chennai's aquatic bodies decreased from 12.6 square kilometres to roughly 3.2 square kilometres between 1893 and 2017”(Bremner, 2020). 46 | P a g e
The majority of the land has been lost in recent decades, including the development of the city's famed IT corridor over 230 square kilometres of marshes in 2008.
In 2019, it was a water deficit that grabbed headlines. As all of the city's main reservoirs went dry, requiring the government to truck in drinking water, the city experienced what it dubbed "Day Zero." People queued for hours to fill containers, water trucks were hijacked, and violence occurred in some areas. According to Anna University research, and over 60% of city's groundwater will be seriously polluted by 2030. (Chennai Water Shortage: How Chennai, One of the World’s Wettest Major Cities, Ran out of Water - The Economic Times, n.d.).
“Floods and water scarcity have the same roots: Urbanisation and construction in an area, mindless of the place’s natural limits,” remarked Nityanand Jayaraman, a Chennai-based writer and environmental activist. “The two most powerful agents of change—politics and business—have visions that are too short-sighted. Unless that changes, we are doomed.”
Three rivers and many nullahs ran the length and breadth of the city.However, siltation as well as unplanned building and encroachment had an influence on their flood-carrying capacity. Due to bad planning and a lack of coordination between numerous government departments, projects to maintain and extend the storage capacities of the tanks and reservoirs have been delayed.
Chennai is an illustrative case of an issue that is rapidly causing havoc in cities throughout the world that are also dealing with fast population growth. Water shortage is a major issue in cities such as Sao Paulo, Beijing, Cairo, and Jakarta. "It's a worldwide problem, not simply a Chennai one," Krishnamurthy explained. "We must collaborate to guarantee that we have a water-secure future."(Bhrigu Kalia, Graduate, 2019)BRI.
Monitoring And Review Committee:
In 2008, the government constituted six committees to deal with changes in the Chennai Metropolitan Area.They were the housing, infrastructure, investment planning, land use and environment, and traffic and transportation committees, and also the economic and employment committees.
The committees were believed to advise the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) and other government agencies on how to 47 | P a g e
achieve the objectives of the Second Master Plan, prioritising policies, programmes, and action plans, and advise the departments or agencies involved as to how to implement projects.
They have also been tasked with advising detailed studies for effective programme and action plan implementation, framing detailed policies like affordable housing policy and pedestrian safety, reviewing implementation progress and recommending corrections, and identifying quantifiable indicators to evaluate and monitor performance. The committees were supposed to meet every three months, but they haven't in over a year.According to authorities with the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, the bulk of the members are expected to be dismissed, but the Authority has yet to take action.
The committees have not made any recommendations to the Chennai Metropolitan Authority in the last two years. The review groups are critical in keeping the Second Master Plan on track, authorities added, because it covers a 20-year period. "The committees' goal is to see if a project satisfies the Second Master Plan's standards and make any necessary revisions," a CMDA representative explained. The studies looked at employment and income in the formal and informal sectors, land requirements for informal and microenterprises, the rate of urban expansion and investments in infrastructure, primary health care and disease incidence, school enrolment and vocational additional training, and land availability for affordable housing.
Now that five years have passed, it is time to revise the Second Master Plan in accordance with the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act. (5 Years on, Second Master Plan Adrift Pending Review - The Hindu, n.d.)According to CMDA officials, a review will most likely begin at the next Authority meeting as the last meeting happened was on December 2013.(Review and Monitoring Committees for Second Master Plan for CMA, n.d.)
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CHAPTER -5 CONCLUSION/SUGGESTION Transportation
The SMP study demonstrates that it focuses on supply-side tactics and adding new investments & infrastructure to the city fabric, rather than upgrading existing systems.
Mobility management (cutting travel demand, lowering the usage of private autos, and improving traffic flow), capacity management (raising the supply of public transportation and NMT users), and environmental management are all tools that may be utilised to aid (reduce dependence on fossil fuels).
Building-level public transit development and parking system management.
The TMP should include a safety chapter that discusses road safety as well as the current pandemic situation and how the master plan should respond.
Road dangers can be reduced by evaluating methods such as graded licencing and ITS-based traffic enforcement.
Restrictions and lockdowns have had a significant impact on local commuting networks and public transportation utilisation. This is a chance for the TMP to promote NMT systems throughout the city. Institutional Management must establish indicators and trustworthy techniques to document the impact of pedestrianisation, street vendor inclusion, and NMT promotion.
Water Crisis:
We learned from the analysis that chennai’s water crisis and flood problem is not a natural disaster but human intervention and master plan’s failure to keep up the ecological factors into considerations while planning and to recognise the small scale and lost waterbodies into the plan and bad governance and maintenance played a vital role also which needs to be taken into consideration and a detailed stud of ecological factors and water bodies is required prior to the formation of third master plan for the city which is under process for the betterment of city’s ecological footprint and a sustainable future of for the settlement.
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Urban Expansion and Water demand :
As Chennai’s urban population grows, it is critical to assess water resource availability and predict city carrying capacity for the future.This should be included in future master plans, which are typically prepared with a time horizon of 10-15 years in mind.
In addition, enough water resource augmentation should be done for every square kilometre of urban growth.It is past time that proper lessons be drawn from the crisis and that the local administration try to avoid future crises. This is especially critical considering Chennai's climate sensitivity and urbanisation tendencies.
The Tamil Nadu government claims to be tackling the issue of water shortage. It established legislation mandating all structures to collect rainwater in 2003.According to the Agriculture Ministry's Central Ground Water Board, the rule helped raise the water table, but the advantages were quickly destroyed by a lack of maintenance. Groundwater recharging efforts also have struggled to counteract the volume of water removed through boreholes.Which must be rectified as quickly as possible with the support of good governance practises.
Water management measures, such as minimising the proportion of non-revenue water and supporting integrated urban water management techniques, which are used in many worldwide cities.
Udaipur in Rajasthan, which receives little rain, has done a remarkable job of water conservation and management. Few of the other cities are enlisting the help of residents and the private sector to conserve and manage water. Meanwhile, government programmes like as the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation have already evaluated some of these water-supply-augmentation and management options.
Another challenge is budgeting for water resource availability and promoting sustainable urban and industrial growth. With limiting resources, infinite expansion is impossible.
Strengthening Of Institutions
Finally, Institutional Management must produce indicators and dependable procedures for recording the impact of pedestrianisation, street vendor inclusion, and 50 | P a g e
NMT promotion in order to comprehend how social value, environmental quality, and gender roles has changed.
According to industry standards, the SMP should be reviewed and evaluated every five years.
As required, a committee was constituted, but there are no papers indicating how far this examination has progressed.
The TMP can concentrate on issuing monitoring and assessment reports on a regular basis.
Monitoring And Review Committes:
Following five committes has been constituted for the implementation and review of master plan Traffic & Transport Investment & Infrastructure Land Use & Environmental Shelter Economy & Employment
"The committees' goal is to see if a project satisfies the Second Master Plan's standards and make any necessary revisions," a CMDA representative explained. The time has come for a review of the Second Master Plan under the requirements of the Town and Country Planning Act, now that five years have passed.But the last meeting happened was on December 2013. These meeting needs to be done as soon as possible and a review of the second master plan should be done at an earliest possible time as preparations for third master plan has already been started. Need for a New Law to Protect Waterbodies
It can be concluded that there might be inadequacy in the current legislation to safeguard our waterbodies, based on Arappor's Social Audit of Waterbodies, Sewage Study, and efforts against encroachments of waterbodies. If a new Act is required for the preservation and efficient maintenance of waterbodies, this can be debated with the hep of detailed studies and dicussions. 51 | P a g e
The water-holding capacity of these natural reservoirs had been drastically diminished due to human encroachment, exacerbating the artificial flood crisis that Guwahati has been experiencing every year.
The new Waterbodies Protection Act (Preservation and Conservation) will not only help to save waterbodies from extinction, but will also aid to alleviate the severe waterlogging and artificial floods that Chennai experiences every monsoon.
These might be developed into eco-tourism destinations, similar to those in Udaipur, and help generate revenue for the metropolitan region.
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REFERENCES : 5 years on, Second Master Plan adrift pending review - The Hindu. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2021, from https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/5-years-onsecond-master-plan-adrift-pending-review/article5076491.ece A. Srivathsan: 60 years of Planning - Lessons from Chennai – Planning in India – Podcast – Podtail. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https://podtail.com/en/podcast/planning-in-india/a-srivathsan-60-years-of-planninglessons-from-che/ Bhrigu Kalia, Graduate, T. U. B. (2019). Water Crisis in Cities: The Case of ‘Day Zero’ in Chennai, India. ペインクリニック学会治療指針２, 2, 1–13. Bremner, L. (2020). Planning the 2015 Chennai floods. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 3(3), 732–760. https://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619880130 Chennai turns to farm wells for water - The Hindu. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-turns-to-farm-wells-forwater/article7696498.ece Chennai Water Bodies. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2021, from https://scroll.in/article/813912/with-incomplete-details-of-water-bodies-chennaismaster-plan-is-a-recipe-for-yet-another-disaster Chennai water shortage: How Chennai, one of the world’s wettest major cities, ran out of water - The Economic Times. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-chennai-one-ofthe-worlds-wettest-major-cities-ran-out-of-water/articleshow/80680182.cms?from=mdr CMWSSB: Water Supply System. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2021, from https://chennaimetrowater.tn.gov.in/watersupplysystem.html Coelho, K. (2020). Lines in the Mud: Tank Eco-restoration and Boundary Contestations in Chennai. Urbanisation, 5(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455747120965508 Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG). (2017). Flood Management and Response 53 | P a g e
in Chennai and its Suburban Areas. CSE. (n.d.). and How It Contributes To. 1–72. From 50 sq km to just three in 30 years: Chennai’s Pallikaranai marsh is just about to vanish | Cities News,The Indian Express. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-pallikaranai-marshland-reportmadras-high-court-5919329/ Introduction, A., Scenario, B. C., City, C., Treated, E., & Towns, S. M. (n.d.). Chapter - VI Infrastructure Water Supply and Sanitation. 68–80. Is Greater Chennai corporation making room for more waste at Perungudi dump yard? | Chennai News - Times of India. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/is-chennai-corporation-making-roomfor-more-waste-at-perungudi-dump-yard/articleshow/72175107.cms Narain, B. L. (2005). Water Scarcity in Chennai , India. July. Plans, A. (2008). Second Master Plan For Chennai Metropolitan Area , 2026. I(190). Review and Monitoring Committees for Second Master Plan for CMA. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2021, from http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Sixcommittees.html Roumeau, S., Seifelislam, A., Jameson, S., Kennedy, L., Roumeau, S., Seifelislam, A., Jameson, S., Kennedy, L., Governance, W., & Kennedy, L. (2015). Chennai To cite this version : Ruet, J., Gambiez, M., & Lacour, E. (2007). Private appropriation of resource: Impact of peri-urban farmers selling water to Chennai Metropolitan Water Board. Cities, 24(2), 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2006.10.001 Salai, R. L. (2016). Audit of Chennai Waterways – A Citizen ’ s Report. August. The History Of Providing Drinking Water To Chennai . (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2021, from https://swarajyamag.com/culture/the-history-of-providing-drinking-water-tochennai-madras Understanding Chennai’s Second Master Plan through the eyes of the urban poor | CAG. 54 | P a g e
(n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.cag.org.in/blogs/understandingchennais-second-master-plan-through-eyes-urban-poor
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