“IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF GURUGRAM” by bhupender Vashisth

TITLE:

“IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF GURUGRAM” Dissertation Report Submitted by

BHUPENDER (202001690)

in partial fulfillment for passing the second semester of

M.arch (Ekistics) Under the guidance of

Dr. Qamar Irshad & Ar.Mohd. Zaheer Abidi

Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi, Delhi 110025 0|P a g e

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have guided and helped me until this stage of my dissertation report. Without the support of these people, it would have been very difficult to complete this task smoothly. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my dissertation guides Dr. Qamar irshad & Ar.Mohd. Zaheer Abidi for his guidance, support, constant motivation, suggestions, and regular discussions. And I am also thankful to all my mates who provide suggestions and criticism which ultimately helped me in the enhancement of the quality of my dissertation. Above all, my heartfelt thanks to my parents and friends, who have been a constant source of encouragement and support.

BHUPENDER Student ID: 202001690

(M.arch Ekistics Semester-2)

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Abstract

Gurgaon District has experienced phenomenal growth in all areas of development, especially in industry and urbanization. Today, it has grown into a hub for businesses,multinationals, industry giants, call centers, software companies, shopping malls and skyscrapers. The objective of this study is to analyze the rapid development of land use patterns in recent years in Gurugram district and its reasons. Materials and Methods: A GIS-based analysis of the land use pattern was performed using Landsat satellite imagery for the years 2000, 2011 and 2021. LULC changes were determined by Generating maps according to supervised classification method. The results of this study show that the area of builtup urban and agricultural land in the study area has increased and decreased significantly simultaneously due to the influence of human activities on the natural resources of the area. The reason for the decrease in barrenlands from 2000 to 2021 is due to the use of barrenlands for urban development between periods. The vegetation (jungle) is also being depleted at a faster rate, which is of particular concern. In any case, these samples should be carefully examined for future management of the condition. This study complements the existing literature and can be used to understand the dynamics of urban growth in the districts of Gurugram and can provide information for future developers to consider while planning cities or urban centers.

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Table of Contents TITLE: .................................................................................................................................................................... 0 Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Tables: ................................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures:.................................................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER -1.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Introduction:................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 history of gurugram: ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Aim: ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Objective: ................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Importance of the study: ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Scope of the study: ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Limitation of the study: ............................................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER -2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................ 13 Chapter 2.Review of Related Literature: ........................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER -3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 16 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 16 3.1 Area of study : ........................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Research design:........................................................................................................................................ 17 3.3 Data Type: ................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.3.1 Primary data: ...................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3.2 Secondary data:................................................................................................................................... 18 3.4 Selection of methodology: ......................................................................................................................... 18 3.5 PREPARATION OF MAPS...................................................................................................................... 18 3.5.1 base map preparation.......................................................................................................................... 18 3.5.2 SATELLITE DATA USED................................................................................................................. 19 3.5.2 PREPARATION OF LAND USE LAND COVER ............................................................................ 19 CHAPTER -4........................................................................................................................................................ 20 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 20 4.1 LULC Maps ............................................................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Land use / Land cover change analysis .................................................................................................... 22 4.3 lulc change graph:..................................................................................................................................... 23 3|P a g e

4.4 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LULC CHANGES or RAPID GROWTH OF GURUGRAM .......... 24 4.4.1 Urbanization:....................................................................................................................................... 24 Local government: ....................................................................................................................................... 26 City dynamics:.............................................................................................................................................. 27 Land acquisition: ......................................................................................................................................... 28 Private developers ........................................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER -5 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 32 5.1 Summary of Findings: ............................................................................................................................. 33 5.2

Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................ 34

References : ......................................................................................................................................................... 35

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LIST OF TABLES:

Figure 1 Administrative map of Gurgaon ................................................................................ 17 Figure 2 Location map of Gurgaon in Haryana map ............................................................... 17 Figure 3 Year 2011 Map .......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 4 Year 2000 Map .......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 5 Year 2021 Map .......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 6 LULC change graph showing pattern/trend of change .............................................. 23 Figure 7 Urbanization trends in Gurgaon 1901-2011 (Haryana District Gazetteers : Gurgaon | INDIAN CULTURE, n.d.) ...................................................................................................... 23

LIST OF FIGURES:

Table 1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 3 Map Data (Area of various class names) ................................................................................................. 21 Table 4 Land use / Land cover change analysis, 2001- 2021 ............................................................................... 22 Table 5 Demography of Gurugram ....................................................................................................................... 25 Table 6 Geographical (Urban and Rural Population ) .......................................................................................... 25

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CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The Gurgaon region has achieved impressive growth in all areas of development, especially in the industrial and urban transport sectors. Today, it has become an international location for businesses, industrial giants, call centers, software companies, shopping malls, and buildings. Gurgaon is strategically located, with borders covering Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi. Its good connections to another state through Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Delhi is the integrated rail connection with NH 8, which brings thousands of people to Gurgaon for work and play. In fact, in the 1980s, in cooperation with Suzuki Motor Company of Japan and Maruti Udyog Co., Ltd. in , the new Gurgaon industrial zone was quickly inaugurated, so the area became a map of the world. world. Maruti Suzuki is a passenger car company in India. Gurgaon's auto industry produces local passenger cars, motorcycles, motorcycles, and equipment. The GurgaonManesarBawal belt has become a national hub that provides many opportunities for entrepreneurs. Other industries include light industrial equipment, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and food processing, leather, towels, air conditioning, shoes, pesticides, pesticides, etc. The main industries in these fields include COSCO, Enkai Rubber, Bufandi, Haldiram, HFCL, Martin Haris, TERI, Ranbaxy Laboratories, etc. The city of Gurgaon has developed rapidly and has become an important asset in the Gurgaon region and is proud of the success of the region. The surface of the earth is affected by all aspects of nature. All human activities occur on the surface. Since land is the foundation of many things and is necessary for many uses, the surface must be used correctly. Due to the government's high demand and low efficiency for land use planning and management, land pressure has increased, which has a negative impact on the environment and society. For nearly five thousand years, cities and towns have been the focus of India's cultural sector, despite significant advances between the two. They continue to play an important role in India's process to become the world's premier industrial and political minister. India is often described as a land of towns and villages; however, in fact, it is also a country of cities and towns. Land use reform is a process by which human activities change the natural environment. Based on the way the land is used, it generally emphasizes the role of land use in economic activities. Changes in land use are often untimely and can lead to degradation, stressful living conditions

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and threats to vulnerable groups. Identifying these changes and their impact on the environment can help us plan for future development and unprecedented growth.

1.2 HISTORY OF GURUGRAM:

Almost two millennia have passed as Gurgaon existed in a village forgettable rusticity, undocumented and overlooked by chroniclersIt seems that there is no record of "history", major events or changes, because it is in the shadow of a dynasty ruling from Delhi. Even the meticulous reporter of the Gurgaon regional newspaper that compiled the journal bulletin, the name Gurgaon is said to be the corruption of Gurugram, meaning the village of the spiritual leader. The traditional record is that Yudhisthira, the elder brother of pandav’s, gave the village to his Guru Dronacharya. In his memory, a tank still exists on the west side of the road leading to therailway station . It can be assumed that according to the size of the Maurya Dynasty, the area is still under the effective control of the Maurya Dynasty. "After the disintegration of the Mauryan dynasty, the invasion of foreign invaders like Daxia, Greeks, Parthians, Scythians, and Kushanas caused problems within the area." But soon, Yaudheya rose up and overthrew the Kushana government of the area between Satluj and Yamuna. They were first introduced by the powerful ruler of Saka Rudra Damman, then Samudra Guta, then the Huns deposed by Yasudama Vishnu Vadana of Mandasso, and finally Kanao, King Jesovaman of Jay. The The Gurgaon region was also part of the Hasha Empire in the first half of the 7th century and later became part of Gurgara Platy Haras. The Tomaras who laid the foundation for the Battle of Prati Haras and later independence were called Dilika, and the Gurgaon region was ruled by them in 736 AD. It was not until around 1156 AD that Visladeva Chahamana conquered Delhi. In the first Muslim invasion, the residents of the area are likely to experience ups and downs in fate at the hands of the next Muslim invader. In the past two centuries, the residents of the area strongly resisted Muslim rule. The history of the “region” in recorded the invasion of “villages” from the Mewat region, including the Gurgaon region, Mathura (UP) and parts of it. Some states of the former Alba and Bharatpur (Rajasthan) entered the territory of Delhi and launched punitive expeditions against them. Hasan Khan Khanzada was the leader of Mewat when Babar invaded. When he refused to give in, Babar led an expeditionary team against him. Hasan Khan was assassinated in 1527 and, his son Nahar Khan conquered the 8|P a g e

Mughal dynasty, Mewat was incorporated into the Mughal Empire, and a regular governor was later appointed in the region. . In the Akbar era (AD 1556-1605), the Gurgaon area belonged to Delhi Suba and Agra. It appears again in historical works. In 1685, Aurangzeb had to send a powerful army to the Mewat area under the command of Raja Jai Singh to confront Ikram Khan, who had begun to disrupt the Mughal rule. With the decline of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb's death, area found itself in a quandary between several competing forces. Under the Maratha rule, most of the county was controlled by Generals De Boigne, Peron, and Borugin. Begum Samru owns the pargana of Jharsa or Badshahpur, and George Thomas was assigned to Firozpur in 1793. George Thomas sacked Gurgaon, but could not keep the title. Apa Khande Rao, the governor of Marathi province in Mewat country west of Delhi, appointed George Thomas and placed a Sepoy battalion under his command. From 1793 to 1797, he worked at Apa Khandrao for 4 years. In 1801, Daulat Rao Sindhia's rise to power in northern India was completely disrupted by British forces under General Lake during the Second Maratha War. Gurgaon County, along with other properties in Sindhia, west of Yamuna, was transferred to the British East India Company by the agreement(Treaty) of Surji Arjungaon signed on December 30, 1803. At the time of the merged in 1803, the district of Gurgaon (excluding paragana of Pali moved to Delhi in 1863) consists of 11 parganas namely Jharsa, Sohna, Nuh, Hathin, Palwal, Hodal, Punahana, Firozpur, Bahora, Rewari and Shahjahanpur . At the time, it was a principle of British ownership, and between this border and foreign territory a buffer zone of semi-dependent states; and the consequence of his influence on politics was that gradually most of the county came under direct British rule. The territory of Pataudi was definitively ceded in 1806 to Faiz Talab, a descendant of Afghan families from Samana (Punjab). The Nawabs continued to rule Pataudi until after independence in ,when the state merged with the district of Gurgaon. By 1857 life in the Gurgaon seemed to have returned to a peaceful and quiet routine. The feudal races had to engage in agriculture, the upper classes amounted to British businesses and services. Gurgaon was attacked on May 13, 1857 by a large group of 3rd Light Cavaliers passing through Delhi. Thus, the complete political vacuum led people to believe that British rule had ceased to exist. On October 2, 1857, Brigadier General Showers was sent to punish Meos, Gujars, Rangharas, Ahirs and "rebel princes" and to colonize the district of Gurgaon. He carried fire and sword everywhere. All the villages between Dharuhera and Taoru were blindly set on fire and their inhabitants were brutally slaughtered. An account of his 9|P a g e

experiences in Gurgaon district by Brigadier General Showers is worth noting: “Since, when I entered Gurgaon district, I have been in the land of the enemy”. After 1857, the British government followed a policy of relentless austerity. No measures have been taken to develop the Gurgaon region, educationally and economically. Although is located in the vicinity of Delhi, the district deliberately kept .Under Minto Morely's reform, enshrined in the Indian Councils Act 1909, district councils and other local bodies of Gurgaon, Rohtak and Hisar districts were established as one constituency to elect a member to the Punjab Legislative Assembly. Policy bypassing the district was changed slightly after World War I, to which residents of the district made generous contributions in money and men. During World War I (1914-1918), having done all this, they could hardly be satisfied with what was offered to them according to the Rowlatt Commission's 1918 report. Therefore, is not uncommon for strikes and other disturbances to become frequent. The non-cooperation movement was in full swing in 1921. The Hartals were seen continuously throughout April in cities in all counties, including Gurgaon. Congress Committee was established in most towns in the district, so the movement was well organized. The provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, XIV of 1908, Part II, are also extended to the district of Gurgaon. All voluntary agencies have been declared illegal. Many 4,444 people were arrested and handed over to the police station. The country was divided and India gained independence on August 15, 1947. One of the most important political changes that took place after independence in 9 was the establishment of Haryana as a separate country on November 1, 1966. Gurgaon became one of the districts of the New State. (Punjab District Gazetteers: Rawalpindi District with Maps 1907 | INDIAN CULTURE, n.d.) On September 27, 2016 State government changed Gurgaon’s name to Gurugram in rememberance of Guru Dronacharya by taking approval from central government.(Gurgaon Will Now Be Called Gurugram - The Hindu, n.d.)

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1.3 AIM: To understand the growth pattern and its history of urbanization and its impact on land use land cover (LULC) change in the region of Gurugram district and its development.

1.4 OBJECTIVE : The main objective of the study is to identify the extent of the decline in agricultural land use due to urbanization and industrialization in Gurugram and to understanding the dynamics of development of Gurugram. Besides, the other objectives are to 

Understand the land-use change process and the structure of authorities involved



Understanding the development dynamics of Gurugram and history of Gurugram



Identify the spatial pattern of agro land loss in the last 2 decades



Analyze the urban encroachment by making use of available GIS data.



Analyze the causal factors of agro land transformations



Analyze other impacts associated with LULC change



Understanding the associated factors for the Rapid growth of Gurugram

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY:

India's urban population is expected to grow from 410 million in 2014 to 814 million in 2050. India, China and Nigeria are together expected to account for 37% of the projected growth of the global urban population between 2014 and 2050. The India is estimated to have an additional 404 million urban residents, China 292 million and Nigeria 212 million. (UN DESA, 2014) Due to rapid urbanization and economic development, we expect an explosion in migration patterns soon, which is the main reason for land use change in other regions. By understanding the detrimental effects of LULC changes, we can gain a better perspective when planning our cities and settlements. This study may be useful to decision makers and various authorities in the area of land use planning and development.

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1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY: 

The scope of the study is limited to the Gurgaon area.



Policy and politics involved in the development of Gurugram



LULC (Land Use Land Cover) change pattern



Impacts of land use/cover change

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

Diversity of topics: Since the topic of land use change coverage is so broad, it will be difficult to focus on all possible impacts. Pandemic: Ground Truthing of the sample collected while the image classification process is not possible due to the ongoing Pandemic and lockdown situation in many parts of the city.

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CHAPTER -2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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CHAPTER 2.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: Goldstein,in his paper Planning the Millennium city: The politics of place-making in Gurgaon, presented Gurgaon as an example of a new type of urban construction in postmillennial India, in which the private sector assumes key responsibilities in of town planning. Although the result of this model is often described as a failure of planning, this article argues that the policy of creating places in Gurgaon constitutes a kind of planning without a planner.(Goldstein, 2016) Tracking and mapping urban growth requires powerful techniques. Remote sensing (RS) data illustrates the spatial location of different activities and analyzes the linkages between activities, regional plans, development plans and environmental plans are prepared. Remote sensing helps to create relationships between different aspects of urban growth while GIS helps to provide information that can be processed as required by future planning. (Tiwari et al., 2014) Advantages of remote sensing data include reliability and cost-effectiveness of data with area and location information. In addition, with remote sensing data, extracting mantle information for base mapping is a dilemma. It supports the planning, monitoring and execution of strategies due to the availability of time series data. (Gonzalez & Woods, 2007) Urban development is a dynamic process, and the relationship between urban sprawl and the factors causing urban sprawl is one of the main objectives of the urban studies program. Since then, future urban expansion and management of urban services require sufficient data to better understand ongoing growth processes and the development patterns of developers. resources, managers and researchers. One of the main concerns is the availability of data through remote sensing technology. In addition, issues related to spatial and spectral heterogeneity of the urban environment are also considered when selecting satellite images. (Moran, 2010). Urban applications need an appropriate source of image data to support such studies. It is believed that to analyze urban sprawl, remote sensing technology can provide an exclusive perspective on urban growth and LULC change processes. (Novaco & Gonzalez, 2009). Consistency in the acquisition of satellite data by remote sensing over time makes it possible to provide useful LULC information at different geographic scales. The information obtained 14 | P a g e

using remote sensing satellite imagery can help achieve the modeling aspect of the urban environment, thereby enhancing a thoughtful and insightful understanding of various factors. causes of urban growth and its consequences (Brown & Affum, 2002)). Land use Detection of changes in vegetation cover is a very useful tool for understanding urban growth patterns. And this change detection analysis is only possible using satellite data from different time periods. Various observations, such as spatial and temporal disparities in growth, and whether the growth is generalized, can be investigated as a result of such an analysis. To recognize urban patterns, remote sensing and GIS have been used very effectively. Moreover, for propagation tracking and urban growth modeling, these two methods are widely used due to their efficiency in terms of time and cost. In addition, by using GIS functions such as decision support systems, it is possible to evaluate the results of remote sensing in combination with other geospatial databases. (Tiwari & Jain, 2014). Therefore, relevance analysis, future forecasting and other related studies can be done in less time.(Herold et al., 2003) led a comprehensive study on the dynamics of urban growth modeling using remote sensing imagery, to accumulate landscape indices that were ultimately evaluated and inferred by synthesis with results obtained from spatial modeling of urban growth. The research they carried out shows that the technology that combines geospatial techniques, landscape measurement, and urban growth modeling is an encouraging approach to analyzing the spatial behavior of urban processes. chemical.

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CHAPTER -3 METHODOLOGY

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3.1 AREA OF STUDY : Gurugram district is one of the districts in southern Haryana. The district, Gurugram, is located at 27°39' and 28°32' 25" North latitude and 76°39'30" and 77°20' 45" East longitude. The total area of Gurugram district is 1187.40 km² ( Figure 1) The climate of Gurugram is semi-arid, mostly dry with hot summers and cold winters.

Figure 1 Administrative map of Gurgaon

Figure 2 Location map of Gurgaon in Haryana map

(Handbook, 2011)

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative research to create an in-depth understanding of Land use change and its impacts on the region of Gurgaon district.

3.3 DATA TYPE:

3.3.1 PRIMARY DATA: 

Base maps LULC from GIS software



Data collection from statistical surveys conducted earlier on related issues.



Census data



Master plan

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3.3.2 SECONDARY DATA: 

Published Journals/Articles on related study



Books



Online data available



Statistical data from Various News Sources etc

3.4 SELECTION OF METHODOLOGY: 

There are many indicators for rapid urbanization in a specific area, such as changes in cropping patterns, changes in land use, land cover, and population density.(Ratnaraju, Ch, et Al. “Modelling of Infiltration Rate of Red Soil under Different Land Use Conditions.” International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) 5.5 (2015): 305-312 - Google Search, n.d.), the establishment of industries in a certain geographical area. Various studies suggest that the urbanization of an areaa facilitate the growing economic aspects of the region, thus attracting more migrants to testify to the population densification (Ratnaraju, Ch, et Al. “Modelling of Infiltration Rate of Red Soil under Different Land Use Conditions.” International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) 5.5 (2015): 305-312 - Google Search, n.d.) . Land use research and land use patterns are one of the geospatial aspects where the detection of changes in the geographic area can be made and further analyzed using satellite imagery. crystals of the past years. Here, identify the change in land use and track the pattern of this disparity showing the urbanization trend of the area. The choice of method was made taking into account the above aspects where various spatial and non-spatial data were collected for temporal analysis.

3.5 PREPARATION OF MAPS 3.5.1 BASE MAP PREPARATION The order of land use / land extension and mapping of the surveyed territory was done using LANDSAT images from 2001, 2011 and 2021 from the Earth Exploration Portal (https: // earthexplorer .usgs.gov /). Land use / land cover classes from different satellite images were generated using the surveillance image classification technique using GIS and remote sensing software. To determine the land use change / coverage pattern of the study area in 200118 | P a g e

2021,land use change statistics were generated. The percentage change is also determined for the given time period. 3.5.2 SATELLITE DATA USED Available landsat satellite imagery of the study area was usgs site for study purposes. Imagery for years 2000, 2011, and 2021 was available on usgs explorer, imagery was downloaded and used after required processing. The specification of the imagery was as below in table 1; the downloaded image was of multiple bands pan imagery and hence all band was merged by using arcmap gis software and converted into a multispectral image. Table 1 year

resolution

specification

2000

Landsat-7 with 7 band, acquisition date 15 October 2000

2011

Landsat-8 with 7 band, acquisition date 29 September 2011

2021

Landsat-8 with 7 band, acquisition date 07 March 2021

3.5.2 PREPARATION OF LAND USE LAND COVER For the preparation of land use, land cover map Arc GIS 10.5 was used. Here to understand the changing land use pattern of past years, the following features were digitized on satellite imagery based on manual interpretation (Table 2); Table 2 sr.no.

class name

remarks

AGRICULTURE

Agricultural farm land

BARREN

Plant growth may be sparse, stunted, and/or contain limited biodiversity

BUILTUP

Clustered, uncluttered building across the villages, town in the study area

VEGETATION

Forest or agricultural forest area

WATERBODY

All identified water bodies across the study area

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CHAPTER -4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

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4.1 LULC MAPS Maps generated with the help of GIS software adopting image classification process method are as below:

Figure 3 Year 2011 Map

Figure 4 Year 2000 Map

Figure 5 Year 2021 Map

Table 3 Map Data (Area of various class names)

Sr.no.

Class name

2000

2011

2021

Agriculture

827.03

830.79

573.88

Barren

277.90

34.76

51.47

Builtup

141.64

348.43

635.26

Vegetation

35.56

62.42

18.89

Waterbody

3.19

2.03

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4.2 LAND USE / LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS

Table 4 Land use / Land cover change analysis, 2001- 2021

Sr.

Class name

2000

2011

2021

no.

Change

percentage

2000-2011

2011-2021

2000-2021 30.6095%

Agriculture

827.03

830.79

573.88

0.454639%

30.9236%

Barren

277.90

34.76

51.47

87.4919%

48.0725%

Builtup

141.64

348.43

635.26

145.997%

82.3207%

Vegetation

35.56

62.42

18.89

75.5343%

69.7373%

Waterbody

3.19

2.03

4.82

36.3636%

137.438%

81.4789% 348.32% 46.8785% 51.0972%

The inspection ended in the Gurugram area. Studies on changing land use / land cover patterns have shown that significant changes have taken place over the two decades from 2000 to 2021 in Gurugram district. Agricultural land covering an area of approximately 827.03 square kilometers in 2000 will increase to 573.88 square kilometers in 2021, or 30.61% (Table 4). The built-up area will increase from 141.64 km² in 2000 to 635.26 km² in 2021, equivalent to 348.32% (Table 4). The area of arid land increases from 277.90 km² in 2000 to 51.47 km² in 2021, or 81.47% (Table 4). The water areas have increased from 3.19 km² in 2000 to 4.82 km² in 2021 (Table 4). The area of vegetation also declined, from 4.82 square kilometers in 2000 to 18.89 square kilometers in 2021 (Table 4). The results of this study show that the area of agricultural land in the study area has increased and decreased significantly due to the influence of human activities on the natural resources of the area. The reason for the decrease in barrenlands from 2000 to 2021 is due to the use of barrenlands for urban development between periods. Vegetation (jungle) is also being depleted at a faster rate, which indicates particular concern. In any case, these models should be carefully tested for the manageability of the future condition.

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4.3 LULC CHANGE GRAPH: LULC Change Graph 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

2000 827.03 277.9 141.64 35.56 3.19

Agriculture Barren Builtup Vegetation Waterbody

2011 830.79 34.76 348.43 62.42 2.03

2021 573.88 51.47 635.26 18.89 4.82

Agriculture

Barren

Builtup

Vegetation

Waterbody

Expon. (Agriculture)

Expon. (Barren)

Expon. (Builtup)

Expon. (Vegetation)

Expon. (Waterbody)

Figure 6 LULC change graph showing pattern/trend of change

Urban Population 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Population

1901 4,765

1911 5,461

1921 5107

Population

1931 7208

1941 9935

1951 18613

1961 37868

1971 57151

Expon. (Population)

Figure 7 Urbanization trends in Gurgaon 1901-2011 (Haryana District Gazetteers : Gurgaon | INDIAN CULTURE, n.d.) 23 | P a g e

4.4 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LULC CHANGES or RAPID GROWTH OF GURUGRAM

4.4.1 Urbanization: Urbanization is not the only side effect of a country's economic growth, it is an integral part of the modern world. Like many countries, India's towns and cities contribute greatly to the country's economic growth. Although less than a third of India's population lives in urban areas, these areas generate more than two-thirds of the country's GDP and account for 90% of government revenue (Planning Commission, GOI). 2008). India's urbanization over the past two decades is considered historically unusual. In India, the settlement of the population was oriented on the basis of religious and agricultural activities. All towns and cities developed slowly during the 19th and 20th centuries. The explosive population growth was not observed until after 1950. The increase in urban population in recent decades mainly concentrated near urban areas and new cities. In the past, settlements were concentrated along the riverbanks, religious centers and agricultural centers. The main reason for such establishment is due to easy access to water sources for consumption and daily life. This can be easily visualized from remote sensor data from Indian cities. The areas near these facilities are densely populated and these areas rarely have much greenery. Even during periods of rapid population growth, the rate of horizontal urban expansion is very slow. The horizontal expansion of towns and villages did not begin until after the advent of electric pumps to extract water from deep wells. There are two ways of measuring urbanization trends, namely the demographic approach and the geographic approach. The demographic approach to urbanization deals with population growth in a particular area over a period of time and population density. The Geographical Approach to Urbanization is concerned with an increase in the number of cities over a period of time. Demographic Approach: As the last census was conducted in 2011 and the next census will take place in 2021, the projected and estimated population of Gurugram is approximately 23.06 Lakhs. Urbanization by Demographic Approach is as follows:

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Table 5 Demography of Gurugram

Sr.no.

Description

2001

2011

Population

870,539

1,514,432

Male

470,504

816,690

Female

400,035

697,742

Population Growth

44.15%

73.96%

Area squre km

1,258

Density/km2

716

1204

(Handbook, 2011)

Geographical Approach: Gurugram manages 1,258 square kilometers of land area. Urbanization by geographic approach is as follows: Gurugram includes 9 municipalities in the 2001 census as well as in the 2011 census but the majority of the population, ie 1,042,253 lives in urban areas. The urban population in relation to the rural population is only 472,179. Table 6 Geographical (Urban and Rural Population )

Sr.no.

Description

population

Male

Female

Gurugram (Urban Agglomerations)

902,112

488,251

413,861

Gurugram (Municial Corporation)

876,969

465,032

401,937

Gurugram (Urban )

1,042,253

Gurugram (Rural)

472,179

565,228 251,462

477,025 220,717

(Handbook, 2011)

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Local government: Gurgaon, which has turned into a distinctive agricultural desert, has no longer a municipal government or other “urban municipal body” (ULB), responsible for town planning and public goods classification, in the early years of development. Schedule 12 of the Indian constitution, created by the Seventh Amendment (1992), granted the ULB statutory universality to a 0.33 degree of consultative democracy and gave it the power to town planning, including land use regulation, road and bridge development, water supply and solid waste treatment and various nearby government activities. based entirely on the 1991 census conducted with the support of the government of India, Gurgaon no longer meets the Urban Development Department's criteria6 for a ULB; Nor did the Haryana state government declare Gurgaon a municipality with a population of over 50,000 in the 1991 and 2001 censuses. Gurgaon fell through the cracks and became a construction site. Unknown. This new classification only allows Gurgaon to establish a central authority in 2008. In the absence of a ULB in Gurgaon, Prime Minister Haryana has substantial veto power allowing land conversion and also acts as an intermediary. The main electricity authority issues permits for non-public land plots. land builders. . . It is important to note that the leader of Haryana is also the president of HUDA. therefore, decisions on land regulation are the responsibility of a single workplace, the workplace of Minister Haryana (CMO). Soaring land prices and plot saturation can evolve according to key vectors to Manage the revolving words as you wish. Gurgaon caused the hobby to spread to vectors, notably Sohna avenue ~ originally primarily a merchant market in the early 2000s transformed into a final consumer market due to the rapid pace of commercial improvement in speed regional with advanced connectivity. Gurgaon grew thanks to 3 builders who launched townsites in the 1980s - DLF, Unitech and Ansals. Along the way, the Haryana Urban Improvement Authority (HUDA) also started promoting the features described. In accordance with land legal guidelines, developers should reserve part of their land for housing in the Economically Weaker Segment (EWS). This explains why there is a range of absolutely vast land of eighty hundred and fifty square feet and equivalent equipment, if not more, in the category of 200 thousand square meters. As Gurgaon developed as an affluent suburb, the number of facilities in the size of three hundred thousand square meters became considerably large. most of the features described for resale through 2010 are generally from DLF, Unitech South Town and Green Woods and Ansals 26 | P a g e

Sushant Lok and Palam Vihar. except that there are plots of land in the fields allocated by HUDA. There has been an absolutely massive call for such conspiracies all the time. July 2010 marked a turning point in land valuation and there was a massive increase in property values across the city after it became a crime for either male or female floors on properties. This led to land prices soaring as developers large and small bought plots of land on the open market and converted them into multiple housing units to accommodate male or female clients. As such plots were carried out by control groups with the support of the settlers, they appealed. After 2012, when the new master plan of Gurgaon Manesar until 2021 was created, there was a publication in new sectors from 68 and the subdivision map was extended to include the Sohna Highway and New areas. Gurgaon. Again, as defined in the introductory chapter, since trends were new and infrastructure hubs were expected, conspiratorial tendencies were sold off by settlers to raise funds early on. This trend fell in 2012 when the value of land rose exponentially and the brand new land acquisition law made it more difficult to aggregate new land. As a result, larger apartments are currently being vacated.(Sultana, 1992)

City dynamics: Despite the high property values in Gurgaon, demand remains strong thanks to strong economic drivers and connectivity to the airport. High land prices and limited land availability have spurred the development of new areas in the city such as DLF IV and Sohna Road. Sohna Road is one of the main residential areas driving demand as it connects to NH8. This attracts a number of companies to set up their bases in this area. The area has adequate social infrastructure and a healthy mix of commercial and residential developments and is a prime example of the 'walk to work' concept. Key to Gurgaon's explosive growth was the state of Haryana,lifting the land acquisition restrictions, and the unusual absence of local government in Gurgaon. The lifting of restrictions and Gurgaon's natural advantage of being close to Delhi (which has its own limits) allows private developers to build housing, offices and manufacturing facilities that meet the needs of high-tech sectors in India's full rise in the post-liberalization boom. key industries in the early 1990s.

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Land acquisition:

In general, as cities expands outward and the surrounding land multiplied in value for urban use, the land is converted to different use as farmers sell their land to developers. In India, this technique is much more politicized, bureaucratic and slow, as there are many restrictions on the conversion and purchase of farmland for non-agricultural purposes.(Palit, 2009) The fashionable rule is that each land-owner/farmer must obtain permission for non-agricultural use in accordance with zoning-specific legal guidelines governing city and country, and each application is considered on a case-by-case basis. Non-agricultural use permits (NACs), often granted simply for selected non-agricultural uses, are no longer a fashionable land right. In other words, farmers cannot obtain the right to use their land for non-agricultural purposes and then transfer that right to any customer. A farmer who wants to promote land for nonagricultural purposes must first find a buyer with a questionable land use proposition and then follow the CNA for that particular use. instead of a land market, there is a series of highvalue-added negotiation games between transferors, buyers and countries; Each party is more likely to have threats, delays and delays. As a result, individual buyers and resellers currently tend not to transact, and most large companies with the capacity to monitor public facilities are increasingly receiving NACs from national authorities. Also, applying for a NAC license is the most convenient first step. To fully build some features or use alternative land, a builder must obtain an Exchange Land Use Permit (EULA). The entire process of land acquisition and reclamation often has to go through many authorities. Although it is difficult for private builders to purchase and convert farmland, loopholes can still exist. The Colonial Land Acquisition Act of 1894 allowed the federal and kingdom governments to accumulate land through zone powers known for `` any public purpose or for a commercial enterprise of less than four years (first ). Similar provisions also exist in the recently enacted Land Acquisition Act 2013.(Srivastava, 2018). Likewise, individual agencies are exempt from the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act and are allowed to acquire land if certified by the competent authority of that country. In Haryana, the legislature passed numerous criminal directives authorizing large-scale land acquisition for non-state and private companies to expand the town. First, in the 1970s, the government of the country of Haryana eliminated the cumbersome NAC requirement. second, the Haryana Municipal Development Authority Act 1977 allowed the kingdom to 28 | P a g e

accumulate farmland for urban development. At the same time, permits were issued to private builders to expand towns from large adjacent plots of land under the Haryana Urban Area Improvement and Regulation Act of 1975. Less complicated land acquisition in Gurgaon has helped private builders collect plots and moreover, planned roads and highways are probably easier to pass through Gurgaon, even if the growing town. since the lands of Gurgaon became less productive and moderately populated, few people objected to their conversion to nonagricultural purposes.(Rajagopalan & Tabarrok, 2014) The Haryana City Improvement Act of 1977 created the Haryana City Improvement Authority (HUDA), a unified body that would coordinate urban and real estate planning. Before the advent of HUDA, many departments and criminal recommendations assumed the distinguishing elements of planning with little coordination. Haryana leadership has been praised for its streamlined "one-stop" approach, with very few permit requirements for land use conversions. However, in theory, management should not forget to change land use packages, such as many planning policies, legal advice and departments. The Economic Zones Act (2005) allows the competent authorities to make exceptions(Act et al., 2014; Madan, 2005).

Private developers

Gurgaon's history as a thriving district began with land and infrastructure issues in the neighboring Indian capital, New Delhi. Originally, Delhi Lease and Finance (DLF) was one of Delhi's first developers after independence. Founded in 1946, DLF was active in the development of residential areas in Delhi until the establishment of the Delhi Development Authority in 1957, thus eliminating private developers (Debroy & Bhandari., 2009). The Delhi Development Authority manages the supply and demand of land according to the strict management mechanism of socialist planning. Zoning and land use regulations have restricted the allocation of land in Delhi, resulting in growing scarcity, leading to an increase in illegal construction and corruption in all types of construction. allocation. Without the changes made to the Delhi Occupy Plan in 2007, the possibility of legal real estate development has narrowed. Businesses and residents alike are looking to nearby Faridabad and Gurgaon for cheaper land and more development opportunities. In 1979, with the separation between Gurgaon and Faridabad, the DLF began buying land in Gurgaon. 29 | P a g e

Gurgaon's proximity to Delhi, as well as Indira Gandhi International Airport (just 15 km away) make it an attractive area. Between 1981 and 1982, DLF and Ansal House, another major Delhi-based property developer, received a license from the Haryana Kingdom Government to build residential urban ships for the private sector. . This is the beginning of the development in Gurgaon, made possible with the support of the private sector. In addition to residential development, DLF collects land for commercial use. Between the 1980s and 1990s, Gurgaon developed as a commercial and family district on the outskirts of Delhi, but it became a sluggish system. Gurgaon's economic generation began with the status quo of an Indo-Japanese joint venture in 1982, the Maruti Suzuki Vehicle Factory and its ancillary plants. In a number of other important collaborations, Hero Vehicle and Honda established a factory in Gurgaon in the mid-1980s to manufacture manu bikes. Several other factories in industries as diverse as vehicle additives, telecommunications systems and fashion clothing also followed this trend and started operating in Gurgaon. Ultimately, the rate of growth has made Gurgaon one of the leading business process outsourcing/documentation (IT/BPO) centers in India, and the city has grown rapidly.A determining factor became decisive when Jack Welch, then Chairman of Electric Mode (GE), met with the Minister of Telecommunications and Prime Minister of India in 1989. Electric Mode started cooperation with Indian companies. India and the beginning of the outsourcing revolution in India (Salomon and Kranhold, 2005). After the 1991 reforms that liberalized many sectors of the Indian economic system, domestic manufacturers faced stiff opposition from foreign groups. However, it has evolved into the IT and IT service and supply sectors (including business process outsourcing), which in particular have become the most important export sector. The rapid rise of export-oriented BPO/IT industries requires the large floor space that huge nonpublic organizations are willing to provide in Gurgaon.(Debroy & Bhandari, 2009) As an obvious example, Americans have observed GE's example in including one of the world's largest credit card operas in Gurgaon. when employees move to Gurgaon, it becomes even more valuable for companies establishing operations in Gurgaon. Metropolises grow in haste, in a familiar cumulative fashion from records of other business cities with Detroit, Michigan; Bollywood in Mumbai and Silicon Valley in California(Cities, Agglomeration, and Spatial Equilibrium - Edward L. Glaeser - Oxford University Press, n.d.). Typically, these multinational agencies lease out plots of land that have been turned into business zones by private builders, including the DLF. These parks have been developed according to the specification of large companies, keeping in mind the form of operation and 30 | P a g e

the necessary infrastructure. these types of business parks are equipped with full backup power (to ensure smooth operation at any time in case of power failure), staff and security infrastructure, parking, cafeteria, etc. Leasing areas tailored to different IT requirements and outsourcing activities have provided operational flexibility for these companies. It also assumes that multinationals no longer have to grapple with land acquisition issues to set up their operations in India. (Chatterji, 2013).

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CHAPTER -5 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION

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5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:



Absence of local government and willingness of state govt. played a greater role in the overall development of Gurugram by providing private players licences for development in the city.



Relaxations in Land Acquisition Act and its loopholes are another important reason foor Gurugram’a overall development.



The public and private sector couldn’t keep up to each other’s level and hence an integrated overall development lacks in public amenities .

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5.2CONCLUSION:



The usual tools of the administrative system Governance and democratic institutions were disrupted or used to ensure the rapid advancement of Gurgaon.



The main driver of urbanization is the rapid immigration of people from neighboring areas. The rapid increase of urban population in the metropolitan areas of Gurgaon has a major impact on the environment of the area.



When Land Acquisition and Development Limitations in Gurgaon are limited, developers have considerable productivity in response to huge productivity to create facilities such as housing, offices, factories, shops, complexes. Golf and entertainment complexes. Private service is also abundant and enjoys a modern lifestyle by a rich and a new Indian Middleclass worker lesson in Gurgaon.



The Gurgaon lesson is that an exclusive and competitive city system can combine private development initiatives and a reverse homogeneity such as the best urban planning and estimates. The owner city builds an infrastructure to attract residents and revenues. A small number of homeowners are built in a region that creates a competitive system including construction, competition, innovation and owners' owners.



The results of this study show that the area of agricultural land in the study area has increased and decreased significantly due to the influence of human activities on the natural resources of the area. The reason for the decrease in barrenlands from 2000 to 2021 is due to the use of barrenlands for urban development between periods. The vegetation (jungle) is also being depleted at a faster rate, which is of particular concern. In any case, these samples should be carefully examined for the future management of the disease.

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REFERENCES : Act, P., Act, A., & Acts, P. (2014). The Haryana Urban Development Authority Act, 1977. Brown, A. L., & Affum, J. K. (2002). A GIS-based environmental modelling system for transportation planners. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 26(6), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01989715(01)00016-3 Chatterji, T. (2013). The micro-politics of urban transformation in the context of globalisation: A case study of Gurgaon, India. South Asia: Journal of South Asia Studies, 36(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2012.739272 Cities, Agglomeration, and Spatial Equilibrium - Edward L. Glaeser - Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Retrieved July 30, 2021, from https://global.oup.com/academic/product/cities-agglomeration-and-spatialequilibrium-9780199290444?cc=bd&lang=en& Debroy, B., & Bhandari, L. (2009). Gurgaon and Faridabad— An exercise in contrasts. In CDDRL Working Papers (Issue 101). https://fsi-live.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fspublic/No_101_DebroyBhandari_Gurgaon_Faridabad_contrastsMar09.pdf Goldstein, S. R. (2016). Planning the Millennium city: The politics of place-making in Gurgaon, India. International Area Studies Review, 19(1), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/2233865916628798 Gonzalez, R. C., & Woods, R. E. (2007). Digital Image Processing (3rd Edition). In Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA ©2006. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1076432 Gurgaon will now be called Gurugram - The Hindu. (n.d.). Retrieved August 3, 2021, from https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gurgaon-renamed-as-gurugram/article8467206.ece Handbook, D. C. (2011). District census handbook. Haryana district gazetteers : Gurgaon | INDIAN CULTURE. (n.d.). Retrieved August 3, 2021, from https://indianculture.gov.in/haryana-district-gazetteers-gurgaon Herold, M., Goldstein, N. C., & Clarke, K. C. (2003). The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: Measurement, analysis and modeling. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00344257(03)00075-0 Madan, R. S. (2005). The Haryana Special Economic Zone Act, 2005. Haryana Government Gazette, Legislative Department, Extraordin(9). Moran, E. F. (2010). Land Cover Classification in a Complex Urban-Rural Landscape with Quickbird Imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 76(10), 1159. /pmc/articles/PMC3105321/ Novaco, R. W., & Gonzalez, O. I. (2009). Commuting and well-being. In Technology and Psychological Wellbeing (pp. 174–205). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511635373.008 35 | P a g e

Palit, A. (2009). Special Economic Zones in India: New Challenges for Governance and Public Policy. 82, 1– 16. Punjab District Gazetteers: Rawalpindi District with Maps 1907 | INDIAN CULTURE. (n.d.). Retrieved July 27, 2021, from https://www.indianculture.gov.in/punjab-district-gazetteers-rawalpindi-district-maps-1907 Rajagopalan, S., & Tabarrok, A. T. (2014). Lessons from Gurgaon, India’s Private City. In SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2514652 Ratnaraju, Ch, et al. “Modelling of infiltration rate of red soil under different land use conditions.” International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) 5.5 (2015): 305-312 - Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved July 29, 2021, from https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-bd&q=Ratnaraju%2C+Ch%2C+et+al.+%22Modelling+of+infiltration+rate+of+red+soil+under+different+l and+use+conditions.%22+International+Journal+of+Agricultural+Science+and+Research+%28IJASR%2 9+5.5+%282015%29%3A+305 Srivastava, D. A. K. (2018). The Right to Fair Compensation under “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.” Law Review, 38(1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.29320/jnpglr.38.1.4 Sultana, A. (1992). 73 rd and 74 th Constitutional Amenedment Acts. https://cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2020/STUDY_MAT/POL_SC/73rd and 74th-converted.pdf Tiwari, A., & Jain, K. (2014). GIS Steering Smart Future for Smart Indian Cities. Undefined. Tiwari, A., Kumar Rai, A., & Suresh, M. (2014). Ecological Planning for Sustainable Development with a Green Technology: GIS. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET), 3(3), 636–641. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261393033

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“IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF GURUGRAM”

Articles inside

References

5.2 Conclusion

5.1 Summary of Findings

Private developers

Acknowledgment

1.1 Introduction

1.2 history of gurugram

Local government

Abstract

City dynamics

Chapter 2.Review of Related Literature

Land acquisition