WHITEFLIES
Ian Stocks Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry July 2014, Puerto Rico
WHITEFLIES OUTLINE •Biology •Resources •Taxonomy •Aleyrodinae •Aleurodicinae •Questions •Literature Resources for Martin, J.H.
WHITEFLIES BIOLOGY •Stage typically encountered is the immature •adhered to the leaf surface •Diagnostic stage—pupa (“puparium”) •Egg → 1st stage larva (crawler-disperse) →2nd→3rd→4th stage (pupa) →adult (disperse) •Leaf-surface induced morphological variation •shape – body outline •chaetotaxy– development/pattern of dorsal setae •♂♀can fly, but dispersal abilities not great July 2014, Puerto Rico
WHITEFLIES BIOLOGY •Rapid generation time •Monophagous→widely polyphagous •Honeydew→sooty mold •Difficult to control, some resistance •Almost exclusively on leaf, typically abaxial (ventral, lower) surface •rarely on fruit, flower, stem •Not always with obvious wax •e.g., Dialeurodes spp., Singhiella spp. •Egg ‘spirals’ or ‘circles’ produced by females •eggs placed among a spiral or circle pattern of waxy patches made by ♀ July 2014, Puerto Rico
WHITEFLIES BIOLOGY •Virus transmission (Jones, D.R. 2003) •114 virus species; 90% in Begomovirus (Geminiviridae) •Bemisia tabaci: 111 species •Biocontrol—parasitoids and predators •Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae •Coleoptera: Coccinellidae •Neuroptera: Chrysopidae
July 2014, Puerto Rico
WHITEFLIES RESOURCES
•Primary and diagnostic literature •very widespread •difficult to acquire (old, many languages) •generally un-consolidated •quality issues, limited scope, utility •Major publishers/ workers for New World •Bondar, G.: 1881–1959 •Hempel, A.: 1870–1949 •Quaintance, A.: 1870–1958 •Baker, A. •Russell, L. :1905–2009 •Martin, Jon: BMNH, retired •Evans, Greg: USDA-APHIS, Washington
WHITEFLIES RESOURCES
•Catalogs •Mound, L.A. and Halsey, S.H. (1978) •Martin, J.H and Mound, L.A. (2007) •Evans, G.A. 2007: •http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/whitefly/PDF_PwP%20ETC/worldwhitefly-catalog-Evans.pdf •Evans, G.A., Dubey, A.K. and Martin, J.H. 2010/2011 •unpublished pdf.
WHITEFLIES RESOURCES
Bink-Moenen, R.M. 1983. Revision of the African whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) mainly based on a collection from Tchad. Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniiging, Amsterdam Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniiging, Amsterdam. No. 10, 211 pp. Martin, J.H. 1987. An identification guide to common whitefly pest species of the world (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Tropical Pest Management. 33: 298–322. Martin, J.H. 1999. The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). A taxonomic account and identification guide. Technical Paper, Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra. 38: 1–197. Martin, J.H, D. Mifsud and C. Rapisarda. 2000. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 90: 407–448. Russell, L.M. 1948. The North American species of whiteflies of the genus Trialeurodes. Miscellaneous Publication of the USDA. 635: 1–85. (https://archive.org/details/northamericanspe635russ) Hodges, G. and G.A. Evans. 2005. An identification guide to the whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the southeastern United States. Florida Entomologist. 88 (4): 518–534. (http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe88p518.pdf) •Extensive literature by Martin on New World Aleurodicinae (listed at end of presentation) •Extensive literature on Bemisia, especially as a virus vector and with chemical resistance issues •International Bemisia workshops (6th to date)
WHITEFLIES TAXONOMY
•Sternorrhyncha (Aphidoidea, Psylloidea, Coccoidea) Aleyrodoidea Aleyrodidae •~ 1600 species WW •Aleyrodinae •~1450 species •WW •Aleurodicinae •~120 species •WW, but primarily New World, especially Neotropics •Udamosellinae (Udamoselis) •2 species •South America •“Giant Whiteflies” •Known from adults only July 2014, Puerto Rico
WHITEFLIES: ALEYRODIDAE The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Martin, Mifsud, Rapisarda (2000). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90 (5),407-448
VENTER
Typical slide mount of stained whitefly pupa: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell). July 2014, Puerto Rico
DORSUM
Line-art illustration for diagnosis showing major morphological characters.
WHITEFLIES: ALEYRODIDAE Adult Whitefly Morphology
Female whitefly: Dorsum
Female whitefly: Lateral
Male whitefly: Venter
ovipositor claspers
•Few diagnostic tools available for adult whiteflies •Characters •ovipositor •claspers •antennae •seta pattern on legs July 2014, Puerto Rico
The whiteflies of California. Ray Gill. 2006. Unpublished manuscript
WHITEFLIES: ALEYRODIDAE Aleurodicinae Aleyrodinae
legs of pupa with single terminal claw legs of pupa with terminal adhesive pad
Aleurodicinae Aleyrodinae
lingula with two pairs of terminal setae lingula without terminal setae
Aleurodicinae
dorsum of body with compound pores ď śabsent in some species dorsum of body without compound pores ď śsome species with dorsal glands
Aleyrodinae
July 2014, Puerto Rico
WHITEFLIES: ALEYRODIDAE adhesive pad
compound pores
posterior margin vasiform orifice operculum lingula 2 pairs apical setae
1 pair apical setae terminal claw
July 2014, Puerto Rico
WHITEFLIES: ALEYRODIDAE: ALEYRODINAE
Crenidorsum commune
July 2014, Puerto Rico
Aleuroplatus cococolus
Aleuroglandulus subtilis
Aleurothrixus floccosus Siphoninus phillyreae Wooly Whitefly Ash Whitefly
Singhiella simplex Ficus Whitefly
Dialeurodes sp.
ALEYRODIDAE: ALEYRODINAE
thoracic furrow dorsal disc derm
specialized setae
Ficus Whitefly Singhiella simplex caudal furrow July 2014, Puerto Rico
vasiform orifice
Singhiella simplex: Ficus whitefly
Larva, early pupa, late pupa and cast skin
Delphastus catalinae (Coccinellidae)
July 2014, Puerto Rico
Infested Ficus leaf and defoliation of hedge
ALEYRODIDAE: ALEURODICINAE
Aleurorodicus magnificus
Metaleurodicus cardini July 2014, Puerto Rico
Leonardius lahillei
Paraleyrodes minei
Palaealeurodicus machili
Nealeurodicus ingae
WHITEFLIES: ALEURODICINAE ‘Spiraling’, ‘Giant’, ‘Nesting’ whiteflies Metaleurodicus WW: 11 spp.
Aleurodicus WW: 35 spp
July 2014, Puerto Rico
Paraleyrodes WW: 17 spp.
WHITEFLIES: ALEURODICINAE
Aleurodicus dugesii giant spiraling whitefly July 2014, Puerto Rico
Aleurodicus rugioperculatus rugose spiraling whitefly
Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Parasitized pupa
Adult female
Compound pores
Adult male
operculum
Simple pores July 2014, Puerto Rico
lingula
Metaleurodicus
M. cardini •Psidium spp. M. griseus •Eugenia spp. M. minimus •Citrus spp.
July 2014, Puerto Rico
Paraleyrodes: nesting whiteflies •bondari •citricolus •minei •naranjae •pseudonaranjae •urichii
July 2014, Puerto Rico
Paraleyrodes bondari: Bondar’s nesting whitefly
♀ Bondar’s nesting whitefly Puparium of Bondar’s nesting whitefly
Ficus benjamina leaves July 2014, Puerto Rico
QUESTIONS ?
July 2014, Puerto Rico
Martin Literature for New World Martin, J. H. 1990a. The whitefly pest species Aleurodicus dispersus and its rapid extension of range across the Pacific and South East Asia. Newsletter, Malaysian Plant Protection Society. 14: 36. Martin, J. H. 1996. Neotropical whiteflies of the subfamily Aleurodicinae established in the western Palearctic (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Natural History. 30, 1849-1859. Martin, J.H. 1997. The type species of Aleurodicus Douglas, a whitefly genus of economic importance (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Memoirs Museum Victoria. 56(1): 125–128. Martin, J. H. 1999. The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). A taxonomic account and identification guide. Technical Paper, Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra. 38: 1–197. Martin, J. H. 2000. The occurrence of Dialeurodes citrifolii and Aleurochiton pseudoplatani (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Lebanon important new records in the Europe-Mediterranean region. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 90: 527–528. Martin, J. H. 2001. Description of an invasive new species of Neotropical aleurodicine whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) - a case of complete or partial misidentification? Bulletin of Entomological Research. 91: 101–107. Martin, J. H. 2004. Whiteflies of Belize (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Part 1 - introduction and account of the subfamily Aleurodicinae Quaintance & Baker. Zootaxa. 681: 1–199. Martin, J. H. 2005a. Aleurodicus talamancensis, a new whitefly species damaging plantation bananas in Costa Rica, with discussion of a montane orchid-feeding population (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae). Zootaxa. 843: 1–10. Martin, J. H. 2005b. Whiteflies of Belize (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Part 2 - a review of the subfamily Aleyrodinae Westwood. Zootaxa. 1098: 1–116. Martin, J. H. 2007. Giant whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae): a discussion of their taxonomic and evolutionary significance with a description of a new species of Udamoselis Enderlein from Ecuador. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 150: 13–29. Martin, J.H. 2008a. Kaieteurodicus, description and discussion of a new genus of neotropical aleurodicine whitefly (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Aleurodicinae). Zootaxa 1730: 43–55. Martin, J. H. 2008b. A revision of Aleurodicus Douglas (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae), with two new genera proposed for palaeotropical natives and an identification guide to world genera of Aleurodicinae. Zootaxa 1835: 1–100. Martin, J. H. and G. R. Lucas. 1984. Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae), a whitefly species new to Asia. Philippine Scientist. 21: 168–171. Martin, J. H, D. Mifsud and C. Rapisarda. 2000. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 90: 407-448. Martin, J.H. and G.W. Watson. 1998. Aleurodicus pulvinatus (Maskell) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), and its emergence as a pest of coconut in the Caribbean. Journal of Natural History 32: 85–98.