Bilal Rashid | MArch 22/23 Portfolio | Way of the Bedu

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ةمدقم

In a state of climate emergency we cannot simply carry on designing ‘business as usual’ buildings. Therefore, it is critical our actions are an active part of the solution to the current climate crisis; in order to generate radical solutions we will look beyond architecture to explore alternative approaches.

Extinction Rebellion aims to showcase the current climate crisis, through shock statistics and messages of hope. In the spirit of Extinction Rebellion we will work as a collaborative, participatory and inclusive unit that aims to be supportive and nurturing.

ERA plans to build on this message to go beyond the norm of design approaches by exploring radical solutions where space is disturbed by unnatural forces, to ensure the future of our planet.

Beginning the conversation of precarity. ةقدلا

THESIS STATEMENT ةحورطلأا نايب

Global warming is the leading cause of desertification and its impact on the world follows with a clear domino effect of issue such as droughts, wildfires and decrease in rainfall and an attribute of this is inhabitable space. The severity of the effect caused by climate change will depend on the path future of human activities.

In the past two decades, Iraq faces many environmental challenges as a result of geopolitic and its geographical location within arid and semi-arid regions. Desertification comes at the forefront of its challenges as it has been exacerbated during the last two decades with low rainfall rates, misuse of natural pastures and overgrazing at the expense of agricultural lands. Political decision from the outside countries has had an major factor in the result of desertification within Iraq, where the main sources of water into the country is held hostage by Turkey, Syria and Iran. The cause and impact of desertification and rise in temperature in the south of Iraq has forced indigenous Bedouin ودبلا tribes to be forbid of their nomadic way of life and seek survival by settling down in towns.

I aim to protect the culture and tradition of nomadic tribes found at the south/west of Iraq by introducing fixed nodes, located within appropriate radius of selected towns found along across an armature to create an interconnected Caravanserai یا�ناوراک. As for the study, my focus will be on the town of Al-Bussayyah ةيصبلا, its history, locals and environment. While so, the overall proposal aims to focus on the wider context with the goal of enabling movement, revitalisation of a deprived land and people.

The proposal of these nodes would introduce settlements where bedu tribes can utilise as settlement during different times of the year when migration occurs. Each settlement would encompass an “UMU” وموأ built by bedouins whom are known to have roamed the southern deserts of Iraq for thousands of years, adapting to the shifting environment; they find significant number of forgotten military machines buried in the desert without an purpose.

Drawing on the legacy of a military dictator’s power روتاتكدلا ةوق buried in the sands to immortalize Saddam Hussein �سح مادص. Deconstruction, and repurposing of these military machines, which where once considered as a symbol of power & oppression; now transformed into something that draws to energize an culture and way of life.

How can nomadic tribes continue to practice their culture with the impact of desertification in the south of Iraq?

How can technology and architecture aid these Bedouin people during their migration across the desert?

Do we need an architect / creator to defines space and place? or could a bedu define its own?

Has to achieve water in the desert.

Has to provide needed space for its user in an unsettiling environment.

Has to produce energy from existing environment such as Wind and Solar.

Has to be made from found military machines and bedouin method of construction.

Has to respond to the local culture, way of life and religion.

SITE LOCATION

WAY OF THE BEDU

PROJECT LOCATION عو�ملا

To the south of Iraq, Al Muthanna �ثملا province consists of six parts, including the town of Al Bussayyah ةيصبلا. Located to the East and neighbouring the town of Qasr Abu Ghar راغ وبا صرق.

The province connects via roads leading from Saudi Arabia ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا to the south and An Najaf ف�لاا فجنلا to the East and branching towards the east from Al Salman ناملسلا to Al Bussayyah where an junction connects the town to Qasr Abu Ghar and the city of Basra ةصربلا

AL MUTHANNA

Neighbouring

AL BASRAH

AN-NAJAF and SAUDI ARABIA

LOCATION STUDY عقوملا

• Since 1970’s Turkey has built 20 Dams to Euphrates

• Including an Dam that is the 5th largest in the world.

GEOPOLITIC OF IRAQ

One of Iraqs greatest disadvantage is the lack of independent water sources. Therefore, its dependence on neighbouring countries puts the peoples survival under constant danger.

Turkey, Syria and Iran have held water streams into Iraq hostage since the 1970’s via building number of dam onto Tigris and Euphrates river; with lack water reaching the south, level of toxicity has increased due to water from the Persian Gulf being pushed up stream.

Iran

600

6%

• 2014 to 2018: ISIS controlled territories

Similar situation with the Tigres, Turkey has built a enough dam that residents in Baghdad could cross the the Tigris by foot

IRAN

has built

dam’s in the past 30 years that feed into the Tigris at Basra and many more under construction

LOCATION STUDY عقوملا

CLIMATE OF IRAQ قارعلا خانم

Since 1990’s, the extend of Arid, desert, hot land has extended rapidly from the south toward the north.

With temperature fluctuating between 1990 to 2014 and an shift in occurs where an increase from 46°C to 48 and rising to 53°C by 2022.

Air Quality as of now is within Dangerous charts. Health effects will be immediately felt by sensitive groups and should avoid outdoor activity.

Healthy individuals are likely to experience difficulty breathing and throat irritation; it is suggested to consider staying indoors.

BAGHDAD

21.5 20.5 2003 1990 2006 2014 2011 2018 GULF WAR US INVASION US LEAVING ISIS INSURGENCY INSURGENCY

• Warmest month: July / August

• Coldest Month: January (9.81ºC)

TYPE OF CLIMATE 24.5 24.0 23.5 23.0 22.5 22.0 21.0

• Wettest Month: November (21.44mm / 0.84in)

• Driest Month: July

• Days with no rain: 346.64 days (94.97%) 6

Predicted Extension into semi-arid

1990 Extend of desert and dry land

1990 2003 2006 2014 2011 2018

UN imposed striced sanction freezing Iraqs bank account and restricting what it can import to rebuilt

40% of Iraq did not have access to clean water

70% of sewage treatment plant needed repair

ISIS takes control of Iraqs water suply to the north and turns it into weapon

GULF WAR US INVASION ISIS INSURGENCY INSURGENCY US LEAVES

US

Destroyed

three Hydro Electric Dams, disabiling water treatment facilities that relied on electricity

Due to Gulf War, many water treatment facilities were destroyed

Promises were made to rebuilt water systems but only 1/3 of it had been delivered to due to corruption.

WAR & POWER IN IRAQ

The trigger which caused the era of depression and reverting of advancement of iraq began with the Gulf War, which reduced the country to the pre-industrial age.

By 1991, it was one of the largest air forces in southwestern Asia, with well over 700 fixed-wing combat aircraft.

Deconstruction of Sadam Hussiens reign included discoveries of military machines across Iraq wating for the return of the dictator.

Iraq had purchased new and very capable fighter aircraft, including MiG-29s from the Soviet Union and Mirage F-1s from France.

Assumed that Saddam hoped that by saving the aircraft in the sand, he could prevent their destruction and when he was ready

attack jets have been found buried at AlTaqqadum air field west of Baghdad.

The new Iraqi military was equipped with a mix of older equipment inherited from the previous military as well as newer equipment purchased from foreign countries.

British troops look at Baghdad in 1941 (Wikimedia)

1917 Britain seizes Baghdad during First World War.

1920 League of Nations approves British mandate in Iraq, prompting nationwide revolt.

1921 Britain appoints Feisal, son of Hussein Bin Ali, the Sherif of Makkah, as king. Independence

1932 Mandate ends, Iraq becomes independent. Britain retains military bases.

1941 Britain re-occupies Iraq after pro-Axis coup during Second World War.

It is also possible that some of Saddam Hussein’s military equipment was hidden or destroyed prior to the 2003 invasion in an effort to prevent its capture by coalition forces.

After the Gulf War in 1991, the Iraqi military was severely degraded, with much of its equipment destroyed or captured by coalition forces.

The remains of shells, chemical tanks and containers at Muthanna, Saddam Hussein’s chemical weapons complex, which has been seized by Isis

2014

During the 1991 Gulf War, there was great concern that Iraq might have the capability to deliver chemical, biological, and even nuclear weapons with Scud missiles

HISTORY OF AL-BUSSAYAH خــــيرات

The town of Al Bussayyah originates back to an historical moment for Iraq before Islam.

The intersection had become an area of interest for trading, resting and education and accUMUlated educator of Economy, Ethics and Poetry to use the space for networking between Mesopotamia “Bilad Al-Rafidayn” (Iraq, Turkey and Iran) with the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia).

Al Bussayyah INTERSECTION TO PROTECT LOCALS?

SIR JOHN BAGOT GLUBB

• Flourished with greenery, within 10 miles surrounding radius

• Natural stream of watercourse to the West branches towards the south running through the town of Al Bussayyah.

2010

The Town is named after a water source and this shows the history of water and its importance to the area, hence that is why it is named Al Bussayyah!

• The town is no longer as green and alive almost as if life has vanished

• The stream of watercourse have dried up leaving its surrounding brown and dead

• Al Bussayyah surrounds it self with 10 mile of desert

DESERTIFICATION IN AL-BUSSAYYAH

The town of Al-Bussayyah suffers from multiple disadvantages:

a) Its geographical position been at the south of Iraq which is arid part of the country.

b) Air Pollution been at dangerous levels to be inhaled.

c) Low rainfall throughout the year leaves minimum locations with viable greenery.

• 2010, the town benefited from existing the neighbouring stream of watercourse and acacess to direct route to neighbouring and city and town.

• Greenery can be found alonga the watercourses and within 1 mile radius.

Now the streams have DRIED up what does that do to THE IDENTIFY OF THE PLACE?

CURRENT STATEOFTHE TOWN

Data obtained from the Iraqi government “yearly rainfall has become more erratic in this area since the 1970”

2022

• 2022, the town looks like something out of Mad Max movie.

• It is unclear to see indication of the water stream anywhere within the 1 mile radius.

• The lack of greenery is very disturbing and unnatural.

“average annual rainfall for the last twenty years was 10 percent lower than in the three decades prior”

Temperature seem to be fluctuating between the year 2000 to 2014 and an shift in temperature occurs from from 46°C to 48 and sudden rise to 53°C by 2022.

• Warmest month: July / August

• Coldest Month: January (9.81ºC)

• Wettest Month: November (21.44mm / 0.84in)

• Driest Month: July

• Days with no rain: 346.64 days (94.97%

• Average wind speed: from 5-10 mph

AIR QUALITY & TEMPERATURE

Air Quality as of now is within DANGEROUS charts. "Health effects will be immediately felt by sensitive groups of people and should avoid outdoor activity Healthy individuals are likely to experience difficulty breathing and throat irritation; it is suggested to consider staying indoors." (accuweather, 2022)

Photos of Al-Bussayyah, source: Khashea N. Alnasrallah - Google Images (2019)

Annual season rain, Southern Iraq Rainfall record between October- April of each winter

DISPLACED TRIBES ةحزانلا

Bedu or Bedouin, are nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia.

Locally Bani Tamim are one of the tribes of Al Muthanna province. They roam the lands around Al-Bussayyah due to its resources which included several streams of natural watercourses and green land throughout the year.

The tribe has rich historical ties to the Prophet Abraham, with their family ties going back to Ishmael, the son of Abraham.

In Al Bussayyah desert, climate change is has become an crisis for nomads

Data obtained from the Iraqi government “yearly rainfall has become more erratic in this area since the 1970”

“average annual rainfall for the last twenty years was 10 percent lower than in the three decades prior”

BUYUUT HAJAR | HOUSE OF HAIR رجح تويب

An Typical Bedouin Camp side, Activities, Traditions and General Arrangement.

Banu Tamim nomads life revolves around reaching for food for their animals. Traditionally followed more or less regular movement throughout the year with migration patterns determined by seasonal conditions, also the amounts of greenery and access to water.

Annual season rain, Southern Iraq Rainfall record between October- April of each winter

RE-LOCATION

LIFE AND SPIRITUALITY

Explaining the appeal of a nomadic life from an Bedouin

MATERIAL AND FUNCTION

Tents are normally black, though this absorb daily heat. On cold nights the front is closed for extra warmth.

MOBILITY OF WATER

Nomads travel to towns to attain water because there is no natural source

The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu, in arabic: ودب, are nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia.

A COMMUNITY UNDER SIEGE

This is Al Bussaya where the rain has become rare, and desertification has become rampant and natural water sources such as watercourse and wells have dried. The lack of greenery forces herders to migrate longer distances in search of food for their livestock.

Nomadic lifestyle is becoming difficult as the summers have become too hot to bear in their traditional, rudimentary tents made of animal fur, pushing many to find reprieve in nearby villages and towns, where they rent farming land for their livestock to feed on.

SCATTERED TRADITION

Bedouin’s gather as an moving community but now scattered in order to survive as there is limited resources.

CULTURE OF BANU TAMIM BEDOUINS

Where are the coffeepots? Where is the coffee grounds pile?

Where are the tents resting on seven rows of poles?

HAS EVERYDAY TRADITION BECOME CHALLENGING DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?

SACRED TRADITIONS

Poetry

Sword Dance

Playing Traditional Instruments

Tent Knitting

Camel Riding

Arabic Coffee

IS THE IMPACT OF THIS AN TRANSITION OF CULTURE TO TRADITION?

...made of porous material... ALLOWS AIR CIRCULATION

"You are free. You have a relationship only with your animals. The only relationship more important is with Allah."

(Asian Geographic, 2020)

...then air from inside the tent is drawn out and creates a cool breeze

It is woven from hair of livestock they own such as sheep or camel, which has extraordinary thermal endurance.

The sun heats up the covering

...and the hot air starts to rise above the tent membrane

SECTION - HEATING AND COOLING DIAGRAM

Structure is made of post and beam to support each other in a grid format.

TENT PLANGENERAL ARRANGEMENT

...sheep or camel hair so when it rains, the fiber swells and becomes WATERPROOF

WEAVING

...made of pours material... ALLOWS LIGHT TO PENETRATE THROUGH

One should pay extra attention to the special technique of weaving employed by Bedouin women; it is often called “LOOSE” (Rudofsky, 1972).

TRADITIONS

Poetry

Sword Dance

Playing Traditional Instruments

Weaving Arabic Coffee Camel Riding

THE " TENT "

Weaving Cooking Tending to animals

Livestock raising had traditionally been the primary economic activity of Bedouins. Among Bedouins livestock has traditionally been a measure a wealth and a means of survival.

Bedouin have traditionally lived in tents known as “bur yuut hajar” (literally “house of hair”). They have traditionally been made black goat-hair or camel hair and are usually square or rectangular but can be round.

BANU TAMIM BEDOUIN / ميمت ون AL BUSSAYAH

[Aljazeera, Screengrab]

Pastoralist tribe

Livestock Bunched and Moving [Aljazeera, Screengrab]

Modern Bedouin Kadhum Adshaan

Cultural Bedouin Rahi Khamis

(Bedouin tent, 2013)

Life of a Bedu (Prior to 1990) (ماع لبق)

Bedouin daily tasks are often dictated by the timings of the five daily prayers in Islam. The chart below breaks down what would a typical daily routine might be before the impacts of desertification and Iraq wards after 1990’s

Prayer

Move animals for Grazing

Repairing Equipment

Gather Firewood

Breakfast/Meal

Life of a Bedu (Present) (�احلا) ودبلا ةايح

Bedouin daily tasks are often dictated by the timings of the five daily prayers in Islam. The chart below breaks down what would a typical daily routine might be now.

Socialising Traditional Music & Playing Games

Search for Water Cooking

Tending to Animal

Tending to Children

Tend to School if available Playing Cleaning

Storytelling

Bedouin families wake up before sunrise to perform their morning prayer, and men go out to tend to the animals, gather firewood, seek out water for animals; while women prepare breakfast and tend to their children, this might include prepration for school at the local town.

After the Dhuhr prayer, people rest in the shade to avoid the midday heat. Men might repair equipment or tend to animals while women and children might take a nap or do some weaving.

After the Asr prayer, men might gather firewood, while women start cooking dinner. Children might help with cooking or play.

After the Isha prayer, people might continue socializing, or they might go to bed early to get rest for the next day’s activities.

Bedouin families wake up before sunrise to perform their morning prayer, and men go out to search for water and food for the animals while women prepare breakfast and tend to their children, this might include prepration for school at the local town.

After the Dhuhr prayer, people rest in the shade to avoid the midday heat. Men might search for water and food, while women and children might weave or do some other craftwork.

After the Asr prayer, men might continue their search for water and food, while women start cooking dinner. Children might help with cooking or play.

Data based on an understanding of the Bedouin life and current impact of climate change on the southern lands of Iraq. Furthermore, with discussion with an Bedouin tribes man

After the Maghrib prayer, the family comes together to eat dinner and engage in storytelling, socializing, and traditional music. However, there might be a shortage of food and water, and the family might have to conserve resources.

After the Isha prayer, people might continue socializing, or they might go to bed early to conserve energy and resources. They might also keep watch for potential threats, such as raids or wild animals.

10

NOMADIC ARMATURE

Infrastructure within an infrastructure stretched across the south to west connecting micro towns. Proposed systems designed to support each other and enables Bedouin communities to travel further then before.

Tradionaly Bedus tend to settle within an close proximity of a town, this is due to their needs for trading resources and the opportunity for their kids to attend local schools.

This armature enhanced their way of life by freeing bedus from the constraints of access to resources and local amenities.

miles688miles765miles710 miles744miles720

GRAVITATIONAL FORCE TOWARDS

The life of an bedu is includes prayers five times a day towards Islams holliest place, Makkah; being the center of electromagnetic field force on earth. The nature of this direction and prayers pulled towards this point on earth acts similar to a gravitational pull philisophicaly. Therefore, the proposal will take into consideration this idea of an gravitational force pulling the nodes towards Makkah to enhance the settlement religious connection to its user.

With the principles of the Eurasian Silk Road and the notion of a bedu traveller to cross Iraq like never before.

The importance of an interconnected system of nodes surrounding towns allows Bedouin nomads of Iraq to travel distance considerer difficult before.

NODES GRAVITATING TOWARDS MAKKAH

Based on the Gravitational force towards Mekka.

The closer the node towards Mekkah the more force would gravitate the site, in effect the site is stretched further.

The calculation to determine the force is based on distance between each settlement in relative to the distance to Mekkah.

The schedule of accommodation is informed by the bedu life style, including:

• One Utilised Military Machine,

• Energy Production informed by Location,

• Traditions and Culture through out the year,

• Facilities to accomodate these needs,

• Location of the settlement,

• Environmental factors of the location,

• Season of the year in corrolation to the environmental factor.

Furthermore, an study of Temperature and Wind Orientation were important to informing the source of energy produced and location of the settlement.

765miles

744miles

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

A-B1: Repurposed Machine: Mig 29A Jet

Energy: Wind & Solar

Civic: Eid al-Adha / Al-Hadra

Facilities: Kitchen, Prayer Space

Season: May - Aug (Summer)

A-B2: Repurposed Machine: Tank

Energy: Wind & Solar

Civic: Wedding / Mawlid

Facilities: Communal Kitchen, Prayer Space, Gathering Space

Season: Aug - Oct (Summer)

710miles

720miles

A-B3:

688miles

Repurposed Machine: Military Truck

Energy: Solar

Civic: Wedding / Al-Sadu

Facilities: Communal Kitchen, Prayer Space, Gathering Space

Season: Oct - Nov (Fall)

A-B4:

A-B5:

Repurposed Machine: Helicopter

Energy: Wind & Solar

Civic: Eid al-Fitr / Wedding

Facilities: Communal Kitchen, Prayer Space, Gathering Space

Season: Jan - May (Spring)

Repurposed Machine: Mirage F2 Jet

Energy: Solar

Civic: Camel Racing / Al-Haqa’iq

Facilities: Gathering Space, Prayer Space, Racing Ground

Season: Nov - Jan (Winter)

Informed by an accomolation of analysis and understanding the user:

• The form of the site is informed by the Gravitation pull towards Mekka.

• The arrangement is inspired by geometer found in the Islamic faith.

• The “Defined Activity” is informed and inspired by the present “Life of a Bedu” during the 24 hour period.

• The proposed facilities are informed by spaces left over between “Defined Activity” and orientation of noted environmental factors; hence, user needs within this settlement.

• The center of the diagram hosts the “UMU” وموأ an machine with user supporting attributes noted in the accomodation schedule for AB-1.

• Shadow casted during of the islamic prayer times from Fajr at 05:00 am until Isha at 20:00 pm within the 24 hours to form sacred spaces in the proposal.

• Resting Space has been informed by resting period that occours in the “Life of a Bedu” which is after Isha prayer until Fajr Prayer.

Settlement A-B1 ةرمعتسم

DESIGN EXPLORATION ميمصتلا فاشكتسا

Photographic Study of Mig-29 Model

An initial study of a Mig 29 Jet model to understand space in relation to the form of the military machine.

Concept Model Study of an Settlement

An study to understand defening space in relation to the deconstructed miltary machine in an settlement.

FAJR : 5:00 - 6:00 AM

Shadow Observation during Prayer Times

A Study of Shadows: Exploring the Dynamic Relationship between Light and Form during the five Islamic prayer times of the day.

From Fajr, the first light of the day; to Isha, the last light of the day to elaborate on the importance of understanding shadow in Bedouin history and to emphasizes the importance of the dynamic interplay between light and form in response to defining possible sacred space within the design.

DHUR : 12:00 PM

For Bedouin nomads, who have historically lived in arid and desert environments, the ability to accurately read and understand shadows was critical for determining the timing of prayer and other daily activities.

The position of the sun in the sky and the length and direction of shadows provided important information about the time of day, as well as the direction of Mecca, which is the direction Muslims face during prayer. Bedouin nomads developed a deep understanding of the movements of the sun and the patterns of light and shadow in their environment.

ASR : 15:00 PM

This knowledge was passed down through generations and was critical for survival in the harsh desert environment. It also contributed to the development of a rich cultural heritage and a deep spiritual connection to the natural world.

MAGHRIB : 17:00 PM

ISHA : 20:00 PM

Shadow Spaces: A Place for Reflection and Community

Outdoor civic spaces, created through the interplay of light and shadow, offer a contemplative environment for communal prayer and civic events.

Inspired by the Bedouin nomads’ deep knowledge of the sun’s movements and the patterns of shadow, these spaces provide a connection to the natural world and a space for spiritual contemplation. As the great Islamic philosopher Al-Farabi once wrote, “The shadows of trees and buildings are an aid to thought and a source of contemplation.”

The shadows cast by the towering “UMU” create distinct areas for rest and reflection, with each shadow space offering a different mood and atmosphere based on the time of day and the position of the sun. The Islamic concept of “zill” (shadow) is an integral part of the design, symbolizing the duality of light and darkness and the importance of finding a balance between them.

In Arabic, these spaces are known as “لظلا تاحاسم” (musaahat althull), a term that captures the significance of shadow in Islamic culture and the way in which these spaces are defined by the play of light and darkness. As the Prophet Muhammad once said, “God is the light of the heavens and the earth, and his shadow is a refuge for his creatures.”.

LANDSCAPE STATEMENT

The landscape strategy for the proposed irrigation zone in the south of Iraq (قارعلا) aims to combat desertification, promote greening, and create a sustainable agricultural environment. The strategy emphasizes the rejuvenation of existing soil, which is a more environmentally friendly approach than importing fresh soil. By adding organic matter such as compost and welldecomposed manure, the soil’s fertility and structure can be improved, supporting the growth of beneficial microorganisms and reducing the need for external soil sources.

Considering the arid conditions of the region, the existing soil in the area is likely to be sandy or sandy loam. These soil types pose challenges such as low organic matter content, limited fertility, poor water retention, and alkaline pH levels. To address these issues, several rejuvenation measures can be implemented, including organic matter addition, mulching, soil amendments, irrigation management, crop rotation, and pH adjustment.

Maintaining microbe vitality in the soil for year-round agricultural practice requires regular watering and nutrient control. Proper irrigation practices, such as drip irrigation, should be employed to ensure consistent moisture levels while minimizing water loss. Organic fertilizers and compost can be applied to replenish nutrients and support microbial activity in the soil.

The selection of crops for the irrigation zone should consider their tolerance to heat, drought, and salty/sandy soils. Olives (نوتيزلا), figs (�تلا), melons (خيطبلا), tomatoes (مطامطلا), cucumbers (رايخلا), and peppers (لفلفلا) are suitable choices. These crops exhibit varying degrees of heat and drought tolerance, allowing them to thrive in the hot and arid climate of the region. They can also adapt to moderately salty or sandy soils, making them well-suited for cultivation.

Taking inspiration from regions with similar climate conditions, such as the South of Spain, the implementation of hydroponic systems under cover can mitigate extreme conditions.

By rejuvenating the existing soil, the proposed irrigation zone can become a catalyst for greening the settlement and combating desertification. This integrated approach promotes sustainable agriculture, preserves soil vitality, and establishes a thriving ecosystem in the arid desert landscape.

SCHEDULE OF PLANTING

Utilizing defined allotments to promote plant growth and facilitate nutrient

sharing among species.

Compost storage is strategically placed for ease of access using Wheel Barrow Trolley from hatch at the front.

Local planting species provided by the bedus to support their needs.

AXONOMETRIC OF A-B1 رواحم

UMU وموأ

The machine is called “UMU” وموأ, which means “mother” in Arabic, adds a layer of symbolism and emotional resonance to its purpose as a provider of essential resources like energy, water, and shade.

Overall, the machine’s design and function evoke a sense of both awe and foreboding, highlighting the complex relationship between technology and the natural world.

Providing comfort architecture and survival architecture in an environment that is designed against its user by adapting materials, and construction method developed by generations of Bedouin survivors.

The colour scheme used in representing the proposal includes:

- Light Green: for Light elements such as the Mig-29 Jet Body Plates.

- Yellow: Fuselage Aluminium Skeleton Structure recovered from found parts of Jets, Trucks and Tanks in the desert.

- Grey/Black: Bedouin Bur Yuut Hajar (Weaved Tent using animal hair)

Bedouin tents (bur yuut hajar) made of animal hair and weaved by locals to provde shade and cooling.

Structure made of the broken apart skeleton of discoverd jets and other machines burried in the sand.

Turbines orientated towards west where wind direction is most strong.

A Bedu and his camels brining back parts of discovered militery machines parts to the settlement to continue adding onto the the UMU.

Parts been moved about on a trolley made of plates from the wheel and jet parts

Awlaad (Children of the UMU) to serve its users

Awlaad are defined by sacred Shadow space.

Solar Panel Orientated to maximise solar gain

Civic Space with Arch7466 Artifact

The UMU (Mother)

Beduoin Settlers

COMPONENTS وموأ

CIVIC AREA ةحارلل ةحاسم

An outdoor civic area inspired by shadow spaces, an interplay of light and shadow, to offer a contemplative environment for communal prayer and civic events.

During communal prayer, these spaces offer a peaceful and tranquil setting for reflection and worship. During civic events such as Eid al-Adha and Al-Hadra, they become lively gathering place for the community, celebrating the spirit of togetherness and solidarity. In the words of the poet Rumi, “Gather together and celebrate, for your unity is your strength and your power.”

In sum, these shadow spaces represent a unique and meaningful intersection of tradition and modernity, providing a space for spiritual reflection and community celebration in a dynamic and ever-changing environment.

Included as part of the civic space is an Artefact embedded into a standing stone. This Artefact is a crucial aspect of the research and proposal of this thesis, and is part of the Arch7466 Negotiated Practice Module. Its significance lies in its purpose to inform generations of Bedouins about the impact of desertification on their way of life, and how it almost led to their way of life coming to an end until it was revived by UMU.

Solar Panels: 85.7sqm

• The solar radiation in Iraq in June is approximately 7 kWh/m2/day.

• Therefore, the solar radiation on a 85.7 sqm surface in June is 7 kWh/m2/day x 85.7 m2 = 599.9 kWh/day.

• Multiplying this by the panel efficiency of 20% gives a total energy production of 599.9 kWh/day x 0.2 = 119.98 kWh/day.

• Total Energy Produced: 5 kWh /hr

SOLAR FARM ةيسمش

The solar farm Awlaad is located in the southern region of Iraq, where the climate is characterized by high temperatures and ample sunlight throughout the year. The solar panels are strategically placed on the body plate of the Mig 29 Jet, which has been repurposed for this purpose. The body plate’s smooth surface and large area allow for maximum energy absorption from the sun’s rays.

The solar farm is a vital component of the UMUs, providing sustainable and renewable energy to power the various systems and facilities within the desert camps. The solar panels absorb the abundant sunlight in the area and convert it into electricity, which is then stored in batteries for later use. This system ensures a consistent and reliable source of energy even in the harsh desert environment.

The solar farm is designed to be efficient and effective, with a careful balance between maximizing energy production and minimizing environmental impact. The panels are positioned at an optimal angle to capture the most sunlight and are spaced out to avoid shading and minimize the impact on the local ecosystem. Overall, the solar farm is an essential part of the UMUs, providing a sustainable and eco-friendly source of energy for the desert camps.

Lighting re-purposed from jet and truck, connected back to the solar farm.

Solar Sheets purchased from local towns and placed on to plates

Tent to encourage use of space under.

Bedu traditional seating, seating structure made of structural skeleton and body plates.

Artefact

IRRIGATION ZONE يرلا ةحاسم

This Awlaad (Child) is dedicated to provides an area for planting and growing vegetables under the shade provided by the UMU (Mother), in close proximity to a source of water from the Atmospheric Water Generation above. The water is transported to the irrigation zone through a gravity-fed irrigation system, ensuring efficient use of resources and promoting sustainable agriculture.

Water production is vital to the long term effect of the this settlement, through this irrigation zone, the proposal wishes to expand revival of the surrounding land.

“and the earth were closed, then We opened them? And We created from water every living thing.” (The Qur’an, Surah AlAnbiya, 21:30)

RESTING SPACE ةحارلل ةحاسم

The resting space is a shaded haven within the desert, providing a cool and comfortable place for guests and Bedouins to relax. The structure is constructed using traditional Bedouin building methods, with metal beams and columns repurposed from the Mig 29 Jet skeleton. The design of the space emphasizes openness and airiness, with natural ventilation facilitated by a jet engine repurposed as a ventilation system.

Engine: Mig 29 jet repurposed as a ventilation system

• The power requirement for the engine to function as a ventilation system is estimated to be around 10 kW/hr

• If the engine is operated for 0.5 hour, the energy requirement will be 5kWh.

• Total Energy Required: 5kWh per half an hour

• Therefore if the solar farm produces 60kWh/12hr as max 12 hours of sun occours in

• The engines would run for 6 hours in a day.

Solar Panel angled at direction of wind to encourage flow of air into engine working as ventilation system.

Tent fully covering the space, with similar principles to the bur yuut hajar. (Black Tent Fabric)

The jet engine is powered by the solar farm, generating a steady flow of cool air to circulate through the resting space. Comfortable seating and lounging areas are arranged to foster relaxation and socializing, with soft cushions and mats spread out on the ground. The resting space is also equipped with lighting, enabling guests to enjoy the ambiance even after the sun sets.

Located in the southern region of Iraq, where temperatures can exceed 50°C in the summer, the resting space provides a much-needed retreat from the sweltering heat. The jet engine ventilation system offers a refreshing breeze, while the shaded structure shields guests from direct sunlight. This distinctive resting space offers Bedouins and travelers a warm and welcoming environment to rest and unwind.

Dripping Systemt to from water storage feed water to plants.

Green Wall for planting, located in the shaded part of the Awlaad to heat damage.

Wheel Barrow Trolley for moving compost.

Structure and Tent held down using Bedouin roping technique.

The force of the blades spins/rotates the rotor shaft of a generator. The generator, in turn, converts the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the rotor to electrical energy.

QALB AL-UMU وملأا بلق

“Qalb” means heart in Arabic, and “UMU” refers to the machine’s name as “mother”. This name suggests that the core is the heart of the machine, pumping life-giving resources to the rest of the components.

The properties of the Qalb include energy production through the wind turbines that have been utilized from the front of the Jet Engine, with one of the mechanics of the jet’s pilot space working together to absorb the energy produced from the rotation of the blades. The energy produced supports the lighting and running of the AWG.

An engine has been utilized as an Atmospheric Water Generation (AWG) elevated at the back, with filtration and storage located below the engine to collect produced droplets. Via gravity, the water is then accessed from the ground. While the water flows down from the storage, it runs through the jet’s fuel ejector, utilized to produce energy which feeds back to the engine.

To the side are two brake parachute housings which have been utilized to intake air into the fuel tanks and down to the communal and irrigated land area as a form of ventilation.

Plates of the jet’s body are utilized to attach sheets of solar panels located at the front, attached to extending arms. The energy produced supports lighting and AWG.

Engine joint onto Mig-29 hallow body fuel tank where air sucked up by the engine to condensate water droplets.

Wind Turbines utilised from jet fans and radiator fan to produce engery that is captured by truck engines

Jet Parachute release point utilised to captur air into the fuel tank.

Solar Panels orintated at sun direction for max potential.

Fuselage, repurposed as structural framework.

Al-Sadu Rope used for tension and structural support.

Wing plate, used for structural support and mounting point for solar panels.

TECHNICAL SECTION �فلا مسقلا

IRRIGATION ZONE يرلا

The irrigation zone is a dedicated space designed for planting and growing vegetables, located near a water source from the Atmospheric Water Generation system. Key points include:

1. Drip System:

Instead of a traditional irrigation system, we propose a drip system from the ceiling of the structure. This innovative approach allows water to fall directly onto the plants, maximizing water resources and minimizing evaporation and runoff.

2. Raised Beds:

The plants are arranged in raised beds filled with a mix of sand, compost, and soil. This design optimizes space usage and facilitates efficient water distribution.

Crop Variety and Community Benefits:

The irrigation zone supports the growth of various crops and provides multiple benefits to the Bedouin community. Key points include:

1. Crop Variety:

A diverse range of vegetables can be grown in this space, including tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, and herbs. This variety ensures fresh and healthy produce for the community.

2. Education and Training:

The irrigation zone serves as a platform for education and training in sustainable agriculture practices. Community members gain hands-on experience and learn about water conservation, soil health, and plant nutrition, which can be applied to their own farming practices.

By implementing an innovative drip system and providing educational opportunities, the irrigation zone not only enables the cultivation of fresh produce but also promotes sustainable agriculture practices within the Bedouin community.

Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) Dates Tree

Vegetation (refer to Landscape Strategy) Water

Water Irrigation Dripping System

TECHNICAL SECTION �فلا مسقلا

SOLAR FARM ةيسمش ةعرزم

The solar farm at the proposed site is an integral component of the UMU project, harnessing the abundant solar energy in the region to power the sustainable infrastructure. The solar farm consists of a series of solar panels strategically positioned to capture maximum sunlight throughout the day.

Key features of the solar farm include:

1. The solar panels convert sunlight into clean, renewable energy, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and minimizing the carbon footprint of the project. The solar farm plays a vital role in achieving energy independence and sustainability goals.

2. The energy generated by the solar panels is efficiently distributed to power various components of the UMU, including lighting, water generation systems, and other electrical needs. This ensures a reliable and continuous supply of renewable energy for the operation of the project.

Solar Panels (Solar Sheets overlayed onto Mig29 Jet Body Plates )

Weaved tent fabric for shading space beneath as usable space.

TECHNICAL SECTION �فلا

RESTING SPACE ةحارلل

The Resting Space within the UMU project offers a tranquil and versatile environment for various activities, including sleeping, praying, and relaxation. Its design incorporates the following features:

1. Ventilation and Air Cooling:

A partial jet engine serves as an intake mechanism, drawing in fresh outdoor air. This air is then directed through an earth heat exchanger, which effectively cools it down. The cooling process ensures a comfortable and refreshing atmosphere within the resting space, even in the hot desert climate.

2. Multi-Purpose Usage:

The Resting Space is designed to cater to the diverse needs of the Bedouin community. It provides a private and peaceful area for sleep, a sacred space for prayer, and a serene environment for relaxation. The flexible layout and ambiance allow individuals to utilize the space according to their specific requirements.

3. Sheltered and Ventilated:

The Resting Space is enveloped by a full tent, known as “bur yuut hajar,” which acts as a protective covering. This tent helps retain the ventilated air within the space, creating a controlled microclimate. To promote cross ventilation and ensure optimal air circulation, two openings are strategically positioned on either side of the tent.

4. Integration of Traditional Bedouin Elements:

The design of the Resting Space incorporates traditional Bedouin elements, paying homage to the cultural heritage of the community. The use of the tent as a shelter reflects the nomadic lifestyle, while the emphasis on ventilation and airflow aligns with traditional strategies for climate control in desert regions.

The Resting Space within the UMU project provides a sanctuary for relaxation, reflection, and rejuvenation. With its efficient ventilation system, adaptable usage, and integration of Bedouin traditions, this space offers a harmonious blend of modern comfort and cultural

Opening on either end for cross ventilation.

Full covering to maintain cold air inside.

Sacred Space orientated defined by shadow casted during prayer times and facing towards Makkah for prayer.

Earth Heat Exchanger cools hot air, then pushed out to ventilate the resting space.

Mig-29 Jet Engine utlised to pull outdoor air in and push into Earth Heat Exchanger via pipe.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION ءانبلا ةقيرط

The construction of the UMU follows the traditional Bedouin way of tying metal beams and columns together, using techniques passed down through generations. Key techniques include:

1. “Naqat al Hamra” (ءارمحلا ةطقن) or “Red Knot”: This knot is tightly tied to secure the metal pieces together, and it forms an essential part of the construction method.

2. “Shibka”(ةكبش):

Natural fibers like camel hair, sheep wool, or goat hair are woven between the metal beams and columns to hold them in place.

Erecting the Structure:

Bedouin knowledge and traditional techniques are combined to erect the structure. Key elements include:

1. “Tabadul” (لدابت) or Tension Forces:

Bedouin construction staple, tabadul, is applied to pull and stretch the structure, providing stability and support.

2. Even Weight Distribution:

The metal beams and columns are arranged to ensure an even distribution of weight, enabling the structure to withstand harsh desert conditions.

Special Aspect:

A unique aspect of the UMU’s construction method is the use of Mig 29 Jet skeleton’s body plates. These plates are repurposed into solar sheets and integrated into the UMUs, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for creating durable structures in the desert.

By combining modern materials with traditional Bedouin construction techniques, the UMUs provide a functional space that is visually striking and culturally significant.

DETAIL 00_06 ATMOSPHERIC WATER GENERATION

The jet engine used in this type of Atmospheric Water Generator runs as the compressor that pulls air in and compresses it to increase its moisture-holding capacity. The engine’s high-pressure and high-temperature makes it an ideal choice for this application, as it can compress large amounts of air and generate sufficient heat to facilitate the water condensation process.

The moisture in the compressed air is then passed through a filtration system where any dust or contaminants are removed. The resulting clean and pure droplets are collected and stored in a water tank for use.

AWG PROCESS

1. Cooled down air flows into the rear of the jet via a connected plastic pipe from Heat Exchanger.

2. Jet Engine Evaporators the air.

3. Powered by Wind Turbine, Solar Panel and mini Hydroelectric Power -

Energy Required: 25KW per hour

4. Warm Air Out

5. Water droplets gather in filter space

6. Filtered Water stored in Tank.

7. Stored Water falls through utilised Engine Fan Rotator to produce energy via gravity. Energy redirected back to Engine.

1.

4.

6.

7.

2.

3.

5.

DETAIL 00_01

Adopting bedu’s traditional technique of tensile tent structure; by adding tension to fabric, streched and strapped to the ground to support skeletal structure of the umu.

In order to achieve this without he fabric been ripped, bedu’s have developed their own traditional leather/weaved grommet to the opening where the rope meets the fabric to stop

DETAIL 00_02

With the structure of the building been utilised from military Vehicle and Jet aluminium skeleton parts, Bedouin don’t have accessed to modern day technology; therefore, their developed knot technique known as “ودسلا“ Al-Sadu is adopted to connect beam and columns together.

Figure T1 (Bedouin Grommet). (2016 نطابلا رفح رعش تويب)

Figure T2. (2019 ,رودنم)

DETAIL 00_03

DETAIL 00_04

Where the top of the tent (bur yuut hajar) meets the skeletal structure, it is connected via similar method to DETAIL 00_01, though rather attached to the skeleton rather then ground to create tension in the tent fabric from ground to structure.

DETAIL 00_05

With the structure been made of mainly aluminium and taking into account, the weight of umu and its awlad (components), the bedu’s limitted access to modern method of construction such as concrete; it is proposed that a traditional method Rubble Trench Foundation would be more accessible and sensible.

Water collected from the Atmospheric Water Generator is stored inside an water storage below the AWG, then acess on the ground level via a tap.

System Section ماظنلا مسق

The system proposed is interconnected, energy is produced from solar panels, wind turbine, gravitational energy. Wind turbine energy is then diverted to support the jet engine Atmospheric Water Generation (AWG),

Energy from gravitational energy from water falling is directed back to the AWG.

Energy from Solar Panels andpartially from the wind turbine is utilised for lighting.

Environmental Section ةئيبلا مسق

The design incorporates greenery such as wall vegetation, date trees, and irrigated land to enhance aesthetics, provide shade, and promote biodiversity. Natural ventilation pathways facilitate the flow of wind, while an earth heat exchanger cools incoming air. Solar panels are strategically oriented to optimize energy generation.

CROSS SECTION �رعلا عطقملا

Sacrificial space for cultural events such as Eid al-Adha and Al-Hadra

(Awlad) Civic Space

(Awlad) Irrigation Zone

Solar Panels supporting multiple site function

(Qalb) Umu

(Awlad)

Community Space

Resting space integrated with mechanical ventilation

(Awlad)

Resting Space (Awlad) Solar Farm

Bedouin man bringing back found parts in the desert by attaching them to his camels.

CIRCLES OF BEDOUIN LIFE

Movement Culture

Rituals

RESEARCH ثحب

MOVEMENT ةكرح

Bedouins were nomadic people who relied on their animals for transportation, food, and materials like wool and leather. They typically moved in circular patterns through the desert, following seasonal rains and avoiding areas that had been overgrazed or depleted of water. This allowed them to return to their starting point after a certain period of time and ensured that the resources they relied on could regenerate. They also had a strong sense of community and would often travel in groups for protection and companionship.

Bedouins primarily travelled on camels or on foot. They would pack up their tents and belongings and load them onto the camels, along with their families and animals. They would then set out across the desert, following their traditional routes and stopping at known watering holes along the way. Their movement was primarily related to survival and the search for resources, making them experts at navigating the harsh desert terrain.

CULTURE ةفاقث

The culture of the Bedouins is shaped by their nomadic lifestyle, Islamic faith, and traditional Arab culture. Their arts and crafts involve intricate geometric patterns, weaving, embroidery, and a rich tradition of storytelling and poetry. Earthy tones such as browns, greens, and blues are common in their art, reflecting the natural environment of the desert.

Food is a significant part of Bedouin culture, consisting of lamb, goat, and camel meat, as well as dairy products like yogurt and cheese. Tea, often served with dates, is a staple drink in their culture. Bedouin families are typically large and extended, living together in tents or small settlements. Traditional gender roles are observed, with men responsible for herding and providing for the family, while women take care of the household and children.

RITUALS سوقطلا

The daily routines of Bedouin people are closely tied to the desert environment, involving activities like traveling with herds, finding shelter, cooking, making handicrafts, and socializing. Women and children have their own routines to support each other. Bedouin culture also emphasizes hospitality, generosity, and storytelling, with a focus on passing down traditions and knowledge to younger generations.

The values of hospitality, storytelling, and generosity may inspire the creation of a public space or community gathering place. Such a space would provide an opportunity for Bedouin people to come together, share stories, and connect with one another while preserving their culture and traditions.

ARTEFACT ثحب

PROCESS ةيلمع

Inspired by ceramic plates and Islamic use of ceramic tiles for artwork and representation.

To begin, an cast of the Artefact had been created on Autocad to help guide the clay moulding process. To clarify, Clay works in mysterious ways, the initial colour of the clay does not reflect the final result of one cooked under high temperature and without an understanding of how this works, I spoke with technicians of the ceramic studio and they helped me to understand the best clay to use that would give us an similar results to Islamic wall ceramic. Which was PF640 GT Material (as per images below).

PF640 GT is a type of clay known as stoneware clay. Stoneware clay is fired at a high temperature, typically between 1200-1300 degrees Celsius, which makes it strong and durable.

Once I identified the correct clay, I began with cutting out the shape of the Artefact, then the moulds and shapes of my proposal.

Failed atempt, due to lack of understanding during the drying stage, the wet clay loses its water and contracts, producing the first phase of shrinkage

Step 1: Laser Cut

Step 2: Clay Rolling and cutting to annulus shape

Step 3: Moulding the proposed

Re-attempt at producing the annulus and successful. Then left to naturally dry over a period of a week.

ARTEFACT ثحب

The coloring agents can be added to the clay body itself, or they can be applied as a surface treatment after the clay has been formed into tiles. There are different types of colouring hese include: Oxide pigments, Underglazes, Glazes, Engobes, Stains and Inglazes.

Been inspired by Islamic Tiling, I went with glazing; Glazes are a type of glass coating that is applied to the surface of the tile after it has been formed and fired once. Glazes can be clear or opaque, and can come in a range of colors. They are also used to protect the tile from water and stains.

Step 4: Deciding on Colour and types of colours.

Step 5: Preparing colours (Brown, Light Blue and Green) for spraying

Step 6: Spraying Each Annulus, starting with the outer ring and painting with Brown, then middle ring and painting with Light Blue, then central ring and painting it with green.

Step 7: Cleaning the edgs of the sprayed rings to ensure when cooked the colouring does not melt and damage the furnace

There are different firing stages in the ceramic process. The firing process is where the clay is transformed into a solid, durable object. There are typically three stages of firing:

Bisque Firing: This is the first firing stage, where the ceramic piece is fired at a low temperature to remove all moisture from the clay and harden it. This makes the piece strong enough for glazing and prevents it from cracking during the final firing.

Glaze Firing: The second firing stage involves applying glaze to the bisque-fired piece and then firing it at a higher temperature to melt the glaze and bond it to the clay. This firing can take longer than the bisque firing, as the temperature needs to be carefully controlled to ensure the glaze fuses correctly.

Decal Firing: This firing stage is only required if the piece is decorated with decals or transfers. The decal is applied to the glazed piece and then fired again at a lower temperature to set the design.

I decided to only work upto second stage whch is Glaze Firing. This is because my Artefact did not require an aditional firing to add strength due to its nature been PF640.

Step 5: Firing.

ARTEFACT ثحب

PROPOSAL ضرع

The proposal is for 3 Annulus ceramic tiles, each representing different aspects of Bedouin culture and way of life.

These ceramic tiles are being integrated as part of the ARC7465 ERA (Way of the Bedu) thesis project, and will be embedded in a standing stone within a civic area.

The inclusion of the tiles in this space is a crucial aspect of the research proposal, as it aims to inform generations of Bedouins about their culture and history.

The outer ring is designed to illustrate the impact of desertification on the Bedouin people. It features a precious animal to these nomads, the camel, walking across the desert and eventually falling to its knees due to the lack of water and grazing to feed on. This is a powerful metaphor for the struggles faced by the Bedouin people due to environmental changes. The ring also depicts the moon and stars, which are essential to Bedouin culture for navigation and are used to mark different seasons.

The middle ring focuses on Bedouin culture, including their traditional practices and continued traditions. It showcases the Bedouin people’s faith in Allah and Islam, which is a central part of their way of life, as well as their cultural celebrations of God. The ring also features the intricate patterns used in the decoration of Bedouin tents, clothing, and furniture. These patterns are known as “al-farsh” in Arabic and are a testament to the Bedouin people’s rich cultural heritage.

The middle ring focuses on Bedouin culture, including their traditional practices and continued traditions. It showcases the Bedouin people’s faith in Allah and Islam, which is a central part of their way of life, as well as their cultural celebrations of God. The ring also features the intricate patterns used in the decoration of Bedouin tents, clothing, and furniture. These patterns are known as “al-farsh” in Arabic and are a testament to the Bedouin people’s rich cultural heritage.

APPENDIX

1.0 Initial Study Presentation Board

RE-LOCATIONPERMANENT

2.0 Study Trip to Oslo, Norway

STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONNECTION TO CULTURE AND SOCIETY

GOL STAVE CHURCH Hallingdal

Made of Log Construction and Timber Boarding with elements of Society and Culture built between 1157 to 1216. Given the nature of the building details of religious belief with emphasis to verticality to make a stand among its context and its verticality giving an sense of getting closer to God.

BAKKEHAUGEN CHURCH Tåsen

A typical representative of its time and built in the late 1950’s. The use of a strong and bold aesthetic, elements such as triangularity of the form and the vertical emphasis. Its presence located higher then its context and continues use of patterned fenestration to create a holistic feeling indoor.

SCAN ME FOR FULL VIDEO!

3.0 Further Study and Concept Presentation Board

(Bedouin tent, 2013)

Livestock raising had traditionally been the primary economic activity of Bedouins. Among Bedouins livestock has traditionally been a measure a wealth and a means of survival.

MATERIAL AND FUNCTION Tents are normally black, though this absorb daily heat.

On cold nights the front is closed for extra warmth.

It is woven from hair of livestock they own such as sheep or camel, which has extraordinary thermal endurance.

One should pay extra attention to the special technique of weaving employed by Bedouin women; it is often called “LOOSE” (Rudofsky, 1972).

Bedouin have traditionally lived in tents known as “bur yuut hajar” (literally “house of hair”). They have traditionally been made black goat-hair or camel hair and are usually square or rectangular but can be round.

MOVEMENT & WAYFINDING

It takes a nomad around two weeks to slowly move his animals,

RAGS AND RICHS? Large amounts of possessions are frowned up because that translates to additional weight when they are on the move.

...made of porous material... ALLOWS AIR CIRCULATION

...sheep or camel hair so when it rains, the fiber swells and becomes WATERPROOF

...made of pours material... ALLOWS LIGHT TO PENETRATE THROUGH

3.1 Typical Bedouin Tent Model

An typical Xayma (tent) formation used by Southern Iraqi Bedouin’s. The structure is made of wooden poles arranged in a 3 x 5 layout to allow for multi functional general arrangement.

The fabric is normally off hair, either from camel or black goat and weaved by the family. The weaving method is very particular as the final result is pours, this allows for air to get through but heat and sun light is deflected.

The standard functions that are considerate as part of this arrangement includes, private space for men and women and normally space allocated to women is larger this relates to the types of activities performed by the family. An kitchen space is provided and normally bound by separators made of fabric.

Natural cross ventilation is a must in tents such as, once the tent fabric is heated it allows for any warm air internally to be drawn out and creates a cool breeze in the process.

3.3 Process of Making

Mixture of flower and water paper mache made of recycled newspaper to mould onto 4 Axis CNC contour of Al -Bussayyah and surround area. The final results formed a multi tear analysis of the site condition in 2010 and 2022. Other layers of analysis includes existing Oil and Gas pipe line and mechanism to demonstrate movement of Nomads.

4.0 References

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• Hopkins, R. (2019) “Introduction. What If Things Turned Out OK?,” in From what is to what if: Unleashing the power of imagination to create the future we want. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing.

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• Farooq Ahmed Fartm, Z. (2020) “Desertification in Iraq and how

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• National Geographic Society (2022) Where worlds and ideas connect: The caravanserai, National Geographic Society. National Geographic Society. Available at: https://education. nationalgeographic.org/resource/where-worlds-and-ideasconnect-caravanserai (Accessed: November 27, 2022).

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• Nomad tents provide better shelter in Middle East Refugee Camps (no date) Lund University Research Magazine. Available at: https://www. researchmagazine.lu.se/2016/04/26/nomad-tents-provide-bettershelter-in-middle-east-refugee-camps/ (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• N. (2015) This futuristic tent catches rainwater and solar energy, Gear Institute. Available at: https://gearinstitute.com/this-futuristic-tentcatches-rainwater/ (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• Stinson, L. (2015) A bamboo tower that produces water from air, Wired. Available at: https://www.wired.com/2015/01/architecture-and-visionwarkawater/ (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• Kohli, A. (2021) Nomad Pavilion by Dina Haddadin and Rasem Kamal: Shelter and water collection unit in Jordanian desert - RTF, RTF | Rethinking The Future. Available at: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/2021/02/14/ a3225-nomad-pavilion-by-dina-haddadin-and-rasem-kamal-shelter-andwater-collection-unit-in-jordanian-desert/ (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• Leone, D. (2021) Remembering the iraqi air force fighter jets found buried in the desert by American forces during operation iraqi freedom,

4.1 References

The Aviation Geek Club. Available at: https://theaviationgeekclub.com/ remembering-the-iraqi-air-force-fighter-jets-found-buried-in-the-desertby-american-forces-during-operation-iraqi-freedom/ (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• (No date) What happened to the Iraqi Air Force? Daniel L. Haulman, PhD Air Force ... Available at: https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/ documents/Airmen-at-War/Haulman-WhatHappenedIraqiAF. pdf?ver=2016-08-22-131410-023 (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• Veraceginskaslindstrom (2016) Bedouin tents, black wool and a cactus., spatial experiments. Available at: https://spatialexperiments.wordpress. com/2016/09/18/bedouin-tents-black-wool-and-a-cactus/ (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• Mesopotamian marshes (2023) Wikipedia. Available at: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes (Accessed: 09 May 2023).

• Alnajadah, A. (2019) Bait-al-sha’ar: A Kuwaiti traditional Bedouin mobile home at risk – doaj, Journal of Architecture, Art & Humanistic Science. Available at: https://doaj.org/article/8b746bbc7e964bdb8525a1c87344ef46.

• Hensem, L. (2021) بيت الشعر قديما, Long hair Styles. Available at: https://sa.bobbycreekwater.com/.

• بيوت شعر حفر الباطن (2016) مؤسسة بيت الشعر السعودي. Available at: https://tent400.com/?attachment_id=215.

• مندور, م. (2019) الخيمة البدوية.. حكايات الحرف التقليدية وطقطقة فناجين القهوة, صدى البلد. Available at: https://www.elbalad. news/3784438.

Where are the coffee pots?

Where is the coffee grounds pile?

Where are the tents resting on seven rows of poles?

CONTENTS