Biogas Magazine Edition 21

BIOGAS CAN DO IT!

Editors Savita Boral Abhijeet Mukherjee

Designer Komal Raghav

Administrator Vishal Kanchan

Production Co-ordinator Kavita Tanwar

Dear Reader,

We wish for your safety, health, and happiness !

With the entire biogas community assistance and the sup port, it was possible to obtain a Bio-energy policy from the government of Uttar Pradesh (UP). The policy includes several supportive elements to guarantee the expansion of the biogas industry in the state of Uttar Pradesh, including a provision to provide INR 75 Lacs per tonne of CBG output. We applaud the government's initiative and believe it would hasten the devel opment of the UP-biogas industry. It is expected that other state goverment would come up with similar policy.

About

The “Indian Biogas Association” (IBA) is the first nationwide and professional biogas association for operators, manufacturers and planners of biogas plants, and representatives from public policy, science and research in India.

The association was established in 2011 and revamped in 2015 to promote a greener future through biogas. The motto of the association is “propagating biogas in a sustainable way”.

We would also like to express our gratitude to all biogas en thusiasts for participating in the Bio-Energy Pavilion 2022 at the REI Expo in Greater Noida from 28-30, September 2022, for contributing to the success of the event. Both the attend ees and the exhibitors responded to with a positive nod. The news section in this edition has more information on the event.

In continuation to our previous edition, we have brought sev eral interesting informative articles. You can learn more about the various facets of the biogas industry by reading the ar ticles that discuss the potential of biogas from food waste, biogas purification technology, biogas analysis, and process monitoring, solid waste management in India's Himalayan re gion, the green energy revolution in India, and the potential of carbon markets for Indian bioenergy players.

We continue to strive to give our readers up-to-date informa tion. If there is a particular subject you would like us to cover, do let us know. Write to us at info@biogas-india.com

Wish you a Happy digesting and a greener future!

/biogasindia

/indianBiogasAssociation

“

Dr. A. R. Shukla President Indian Biogas Association

Biogas to Power and Biogas Upgrading Systems

Biogas to Power

Disposal and treatment of biological waste represent a major challenge for the waste industry.

For a wide range of organic substances from agriculture, foodstuff of feed industries, anaerobic digestion is a superior alternative to composting. Biogas – a mixture of both methane and carbon dioxide – is created during anaerobic digestion and serves as a high-energy renewable fuel that can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Biogas-fuelled gas engines improve waste management while maximising the use of an economical energy supply.

Biogas Upgrading (Membrane gas separation technology)

Biogas upgrading is the process of the separation of methane from the carbon dioxide and other gases from biogas. The concentrated biogas – close to 100% methane is called ‘biomethane’ or ‘renewable natural gas’ (RNG). This gas can be used as a vehicle fuel or injected into the gas distribution network. Biogas upgrading can be used in parallel to gas engines where power and heat are required on site.

Find out more | Contact

Clarke Energy India Private Limited Shivkiran, Plot No. 160, CTS No. 632, Lane No. 4, Dahanukar Colony, Kothrud, Pune 411038, India

Tel. 020-30241777 Email. india@clarke-energy.com www.clarke-energy.com

IBA’s commitment towards leapfrogging the prospect in the biogas/bio-CNG industry

- Period: July - September, 2022

IBA organizes the Bio-Energy Pavilion 2022 at REI- Expo, Greater Noida

The Bio-Energy Pavilion, an initiative of the Indian Bio gas Association (IBA), held its third edition at the Renew able Energy India Expo, India Expo Mart, Greater Noida, from 28-30, September 2022. The event was a tremendous success, with an overwhelm ing response, and a significant number of trade visitors.

A few statistics from the exhi bition are as follows:

• Number of Trade Visitors: 40,000+

• Number of Exhibitors: 700+

• Number of Speakers: 150+

The Bio-Energy Pavilion, setup by IBA and industry stake holders, featured over 30 bio energy exhibitors at REI-Expo. The exhibitors represented the entire value chain of the CBG industry, disseminating comprehensive biogas in dustry information and pro moting biogas as India's sus tainable fuel of choice. Over 10,000 trade visitors visited the pavilion, and over 850 business meetings took place. The pavilion catered to a di verse group of industry stake holders, particularly from the biogas domain, including SATAT LOI holders, embassy representatives, investors, aspiring entrepreneurs, envi ronmental enthusiasts, aca demic associates, and renew

ables-related NGOs.

On the final day, i.e., Septem ber 30, 2022, four conference sessions covering topics such as SATAT, Policy and Finance, Bio-energy, and contempo rary technology were organ ised. Panel discussions and presentations by national and international experts from the biogas industry were part of the Biogas Conference.

Over 250 participants attend ed the conference, and was addressed by over 25 distin guished panellists. The con ference proved to be an ideal platform for energy industry participants to congregate, discuss industry challenges, and delve into potential solu tions that would aid in the

proliferation of industries in a renewable domain or oth erwise seeking sustainable solutions.

As it was the only booth de voted to bio-energy, and biogas in particular, it drew a wide range of interested parties. During the event, the association has received 60 confirmations from LOI (Let ter of Intent) holders, worth 1,400 crores of investment to set up biogas plants across country under SATAT scheme. The maximum applications are received from the state of Uttar Pradesh followed by Punjab.

Dr. A. R. Shukla, President, In dian Biogas Association said, “The REI expo 2022 is a huge success for the Biogas sector. We have received a record number of confirmations from the industry. The footfall to our separate Bioenergy pa vilion was almost double our expectations. Uttar Pradesh industry has been receptive to production of Biogas and the response is overwhelming for the sector. The investment in the renewable resource of energy will go a long way in the years to come. The whole country can reap the benefits of this investment in the form of better air quality and envi ronment along with reducing Government burden on im port of fossil fuels.”

IBA organizes joint conference at PEDA, Chandigarh

On July 7, 2022, the brain storming meeting was orga nized by Indian Biogas Asso ciation (IBA) and Technology, Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) in association with Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) at latter’s office. In ad dition to team members from TIFAC, Indian Biogas Associa tion (IBA) and (PEDA), more than fifty stakeholders attend ed the session. The primary objective of this workshop was to identify the current scenario of biogas in India with special focus on Punjab, along with the assessment of various challenges faced by stakeholders at various levels spanning across the biogas value chain and what could thus be the way forward.

The workshop was addressed by a line-up of elite speakers consisting of Sh. M. P. Singh, Director PEDA, Dr. P. K. Sri vastava, Director, TIFAC, Mr. Gaurav Kedia, Chairman, IBA, Mr. Kshitiz Sanadhaya, Senior Manager, Alternate Energy and Sustainable Development Division (IOCL), and Dr. Sachin Kumar, Deputy Director, SSSNIBE. The workshop provided the necessary boost to the project developers, especially in the North India region, by explaining about the support ive role which can be played by organizations like TIFAC, IBA, and PEDA. The crucial insights collated during the workshop will lead to en hanced participation by the prospective project develop ers which in turn will provide the much-needed push to the biogas/CBG ecosystem.

Abhijeet Mukherjee Program Director Indian Biogas Association

Renewable energy from food waste

Two biogas plants have been constructed on waste dumpsites in North and South Goa to generate energy from food waste. Earlier each day, more than 350 MT of waste was getting dumped at the two landfills. This is no longer the case due to the building of biogas facilities. A separation process segregates the food waste from rest of the waste.

There are numerous reasons for the construction of the biogas plants. On one hand, they prevent the landfilling of waste, which would further increase the need for space.

On the other hand, waste is a potential source of ener gy, which can be harnessed

through technical methods.

The North Goa biogas plant

The plant was completed in December 2021, at the Calangute/Saligao village in the North Goa District. The plant was constructed on an existing dump site. Approxi mately 70,000 MT of legacy waste was remediated and disposed-off to construct the plant. The total area of the landfill is 113,086 square metres. Every day, 250 MT of waste arrives at the plant. Re cyclables are recovered from dry garbage and sold to local recycling vendors for further processing. Biogas is pro duced from the wet waste in the plant, which is then used

to generate electricity. The residues are subsequently composted.

The two tanks of the biogas plant have a diameter of 20 metres and a height of 7.5 metres. The plant generates 1,372 MWe The process-gen erated waste heat is then used to heat the two tanks.

Agitation technology `Made in Germany´

The food waste with 10 - 12 % dry matter from residential households and commercial enterprises is first separat ed from the municipal solid waste. The substrate impos es specific restrictions on the employed agitator tech nique. The shredded organ

ic substrate has a fibre length of between 5 and 20 mm. The plant opera tor opted for the German agitator technology specialist Suma. The good quality of the agitators, the competitive price, the quick response time and the expert proj ect management were the deciding factors governing this selection. To achieve the appropriate agitation performance, three Opti mix 2G 150-275 submers ible mixers were installed in each of the two tanks. The agitator has an output of 15 kW and a thrust of 4.1 kN. The high efficiency of the mo tor ensures energy-efficient operation. The proper place ment of the submersible mix ers play a decisive role. Suma performed multiple simula tions to determine the opti mal installation configuration.

The submersible mixers com prise of a unit with a gastight ceiling lead through. The gastight ceiling lead through GDD is a product developed by Suma and optimised for biogas tanks in terms of func tionality. It is installed on the top of the tank’s ring top, and enables easy positioning of the agitator in the tank. The submersible agitator is low ered to the desired position on the mast. Depending on its position within the con tainer, the GDD can horizon tally rotate up to 360 degrees. In addition to the built-in in spection glass, a height indi

of the agitator in the tank. The innovative gastight lead through prevents gas from escaping at the duct. In the area in contact with the gas, the GDD is entirely made up of stainless steel.

The service box with mainte nance unit makes it easy to carry out service work on the submersible mixers while the system is in operation. The service flaps close automati cally upon raising the agitator The flap mechanism signifi cantly reduces gas loss during service work.

New plant in South Goa modelled on the North Goa plant

Based on the performance, a similar specifications were used for the second plant in

ra Village, South Goa District is slightly smaller than its counterpart in North Goa. It contains two tanks, each measuring 16 metres in diam eter and 7.5 metres in height In the plant, four gastight GDD equipped with submers ible Optimix 2G 150-275 mix ers are installed.

Currently the biogas plant is under commissioning. It will supply 0.8 MWe. The foun dation for a functioning plant has been laid, and the con cept has been tested in North Goa.

Dominik Schweigert Marketing Manager SUMA Rührtechnik GmbH

Screw Press Separators

External Motor Agitators

Submersible Agitators

Membrane Technology – A sustainable solution for CBG purification

Biogas can be used as fuel or as starting ma terial to produce hy drogen, biomethane, etc. However, since it is not in pure form when acquired natural ly, it must be passed through a purification process before it is fed into the National Gas Grid for usage. The naturally acquired non-purified biogas contains hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapors. The pres ence of CO2 reduces Bio-gas’s calorific value, which is the quantity of heat that the fuel can produce in combustion, and H2S is a corrosive gas. Therefore, it is important to separate these through the purification process to cap ture pure Compressed Biogas (CBG).

CBG - the fuel of choice

Adoption of CBG can be a game changer for India as it has the potential to reduce the country’s dependency on crude oil imports, enable the country to achieve its tar get of Zero Net Mission 2070 and tackle issues related to air, water, and land pollu tion such as stubble burning of crop residues, untreated waste from urban cities, and food and produce waste from farms, supply chains, restau rants and households that

end up into landfills.

To make sure that CBG is the fuel of choice to run vehicles, cook, and generate power, it is important that it is made available at a competitive

price and in the purest form. Therefore, the process in volved in the purification of biogas is extremely critical in terms of its sustainability, cost, and efficiency. More over, CBG is a great example of how value can be created from waste and have a cir cular economy impact led by economic and environmental advantages.

India is ranked as the third largest primary energy con sumer in the world. As per the World Energy Outlook 2021 of IEA, the share of In dia in the global primary en ergy consumption is expected to go up to 9.8% by 2050 as against 6.1% now. As per the report by IEA, since 2002 and till 2020, India has more than

doubled its energy demand with around 80% of it met by coal, oil and solid biomass.

The country’s energy demand is on a rise and seen close to three times of the global av erage. By 2030, it is expected to grow by 50%. To meet this expanding energy demand, the Government of India (GoI) has been taking various steps including enhancing oil and gas production, shift ing to a gas-based economy, upgradation of technology and processes at refineries, accelerating bio-fuel econ omy and diversifying the oil and gas supply sources.

By 2030, India aims to raise its non-fossil fuel-based en ergy capacity (Hydro, Nuclear, Solar PV, Wind, Biomass etc.) to 500 GW. Moreover, it also targets to meet 50% of the its energy requirements by re newable energy sources and reduce carbon intensity of the economy to less than 45% by 2030.

The GoI through its initiatives such as Panchamrit, Swaach Bharat Abhiyaan, Doubling Farmer Income, and SATAT (Sustainable Alternative To wards Affordable Transporta tion) has been encouraging a circular and greener econom ic environment with push to Aatmanirbharta and Make in India.

Membrane Technology

It is one of the most effective

ways to purify biogas, and a sustainable solution. The pro cess involves zero chemicals, no water wastage, and emits no harmful gases into the en vironment. Hence, making it a completely green process of purification and collection of purified CBG.

In this purification process, the raw biogas at the CBG plants is first pretreated by drying and passing through activated carbon and then pressurizing the gas to 10 - 20 bars. It is then ready for the membrane separation pro cess.

In the membrane separa tion, the pretreated biogas is passed through hollow mem brane fibres bundled togeth er. As per the size of the gas molecules and its solubility in polymers, the gas separation takes place. The membranes are permeable to carbon di oxide, water, and ammonia.

Since the molecules of carbon dioxide are smaller than the methane molecules and solu ble in polymer, therefore they pass through the micropo res of the membranes faster. Even Hydrogen Sulphide and Oxygen permeate through the membranes but to some extent only. Nitrogen and Methane molecules pass only at a very low extent, leaving superior quality Bio-methane recovery at the the mem brane outlet.

Benefits of Membrane Tech nology in CBG production

• Cost effective & Sustainable

Membrane technology has significantly low maintenance cost and is a sustainable pro cess. The process requires least amount of heat or ener gy, and involves no chemicals. Even the residue left after the purification of CBG can be re used as manure. Hence, leav

ing no untreated waste that needs additional investment for setting up of waste water treatment plants or involves high maintenance activity.

The only time when mainte nance could be required in the membrane separation technology is when one en counters membrane fouling. This is a result of the contam inants and can be avoided by putting efficient pre-treat ments. It can easily be treat ed via membrane cleaning through flushing, or chemi cal cleaning, and/or any per mutation of these methods could be used.

Other than this, there is no maintenance required for the purifying technology. Hence, significantly bringing down costs related to maintenance and running of the process. In turn, bringing down the over all cost of the purified CBG.

• Net Zero Emissions

Membrane technology is an environmental-friendly pro cess, and does not release or use harmful chemicals in treating the biogas for com mercial usage. The technolo gy’s consumption of heat or energy or water, as well as usage of chemicals is close to zero. This makes membrane technology a green process during and post the process as well.

• Easy to scale

Under the membrane tech nology, the same amounts of membranes can help increase or decrease production of pu rified CBG as per the indus trial demand. Since it is not dependent on additional ma terials such as chemicals and water in the treatment, it is extremely flexible and easy to scale.

• Highest efficient CBG Membrane technology en

ables to extract the highest energy efficient CBG with close to nil residue. The ef ficiency of CBG from mem brane technology is up to 99%, making it most sustain able and waste-free technol ogy to generate clean energy for various purposes such as running vehicles, cooking gas, and even powering the elec tricity generation units.

•

Membrane technology key for faster CBG adoption

CBG is already being used in energy sector to replace car bon-heavy fossil fuels for de salination applications. The Ministry of Petrochemicals and Natural Gas (MoPNG) along with Sustainable Alter native Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) has been working towards mak ing CBG the fuel for today as part of its overall agenda to push renewable energy. Therefore, the role of mem brane technology is crucial in

faster adoption of CBG in the country.

Evonik’s SEPURAN® Green membranes

Evonik SEPURAN® Green membranes are innovative hollow-fiber membranes that enable highly efficient biogas separation. The membranes are economical, easy-to-op erate and modular by nature, and require no chemical or drying stage, and minimal space and almost no installa tion time altogether.

With more than 700 referenc es running successfully on SEPURAN® Green membrane technology, it offers following benefits:

• Best price performance of all membrane systems

• High methane yield of up to >99 % and high purities >99% (patented 3-stage process)

• Highest energy efficiency

• Easy to operate, little main tenance –easy start & stop

• No chemical use and no waste water

• Easy to scale up –container ized system

• Biomethane provided at system pressure, dry and in pipeline specifications

Aashish Maheshwari Associate Business Director Evonik India

Cracking Open the Biogas Black Box

Biodigesters provide a promising opportunity for billions of homes to access clean fuel for cooking, lighting and refrigeration, as well as high-quality fertiliser (bioslurry) as is evident to ev eryone reading this magazine. However, the vast majority of digesters remain an opaque 'Black Box' for the families who rely on them. Inclusive Energy, an Anglo-Indian com pany , has just created an app that finally enables end-users to engage directly with biodi gestor performance: gas fill level, leakage issues, money saved (in LPG terms, for ex ample), pressure, consump tion, flow with more features to come.

Introduction

Practically all biogas- related technological advancements should make biodigesters more enticing to the individ ual who would finally employ them. In early 2022, our R&D efforts finally turn to the ac tual end-users of biodigest ers. Was there anything that could be done to significantly improve how families, farm ers, and to bring a other bio digester owners engage with their systems? It was known from long experience that the vast majority of biodigesters are a ‘Black Box’ – with no instrumentation, dashboard, user interface or display, typ ically not even a simple pres sure gauge. Non-industry

experts were advised to envi sion trying to maximise their driving performance in a car without a fuel gauge, speed ometer, or any other instru mentation. This analogy was used to illustrate the severity of this handicap. This is the reality of biodigester opera tion and maintenance for the majority of people today.

We suspected that this Black Box issue was a major rea son why biogas – despite its long-standing promise to pro vide clean, safe, affordable and climate-friendly energy – was still growing in mea gre single digits (steady ~7% global annual growth or so over the past decade) while other renewable technolo

gies such as solar PV were mushrooming at high double digits (>30% annual growth in some markets). In addition, it has reason to believe that the high abandonment rates observed in regions such as East Africa (with many users opting to stop using their bio digesters altogether) could be resolved if biodigester own ers could easily track even the most fundamental per formance metrics of their sys tems.

Enabling evidence-base feed back between end-users and their biogas systems is not as simple as it may initially ap pear. Few biogas-compatible variants do exist, most socalled aneroid gauges (that is, meters not making use of fluid columns) rely on flexing metallic elements to perform their function but these rap idly corrode under sustained exposure to the brutal chem istry of biogas. Hydrostatic gauges, typically , have longer

life expectancy but are cum bersome and exhibit terrible dynamic response. Flow me ters are plagued by similar significant obstacles.

The biogas meter, called ‘Smart Biogas’ (see Figure 1), utilizes a patented design to circumvent many of the fluid condensation and corrosion issues that plagued previous metering solutions. After sev eral years of field testing and release in 2021, Smart Biogas units are currently success fully monitoring biodigesters in over a dozen countries. In other words, an increasing number of biodigesters fea ture data streams that cap ture performance indicators ranging from system pressure and flow rates to consump tion and leakage. However, this information was trans mitted directly to corporate clients. How can this data be delivered to end-users in a manner that provides true value?

Introducing SB Home – a dedicated mobile app for biogas end-users

According to market research conducted in East Africa and elsewhere, between 70-80% of the owners of Smart Bio gas-connected biodigesters had phones capable of run ning Android or iOS apps. It was also known that lan guage, literacy and IT skills varied hugely across the biodi gester customer base. What was required for the very first version, was a friendly, easy-to-understand App that most people with a smart phone would be able to use, but which would also address digester fill level, digester val ue-for-money, and customer billing (how much is still owed to pay off a digestor). After six months of software devel opment and internal testing, indonesia was taken as a test case. With its vibrant biogas sector and predominantly non-English-speaking popu

lation, this vast and diverse south-east Asian archipelago should provides insight into such future apps

During the months of July and early August 2022, the tech nical team visited forty bio digester end-users across six districts dispersed across two distinct islands. Out of these, all but 2 (that is, 95%) owned an iOS or Android phone ca pable of running SB Home app. To verify, about users involement, we closely mon itored the usage of the App as per the graph above.

The most basic version of this

App is being used between 20 and 60 times every day, with no discernable decline. Multilingual support, leakage alerts, and AI-driven ideas for usage optimization are few points to trigger the enhance ment.

The notion that small-scale biogas is and always will be a dark box appears to have hung over biogas industry for

quite some time. It is import ant to debunk this miscon ception with the help of dig itization.

SB Home App can be be nav igated at https://youtu.be/ EYR9up25e0U.

Jelte Harnmeijer Co-founder & Director Inclusive Energy Ltd.

Tackling solid waste in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR)

Undoubtedly, the Hima layan region, spread across six countries is one of the most popular tourist and mountaineering destinations. Ten Indian hill states, including Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghayala, Na galand, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram, receive a portion of this natural beauty.

Challenges of Solid Waste Management in IHR

Tourism has a crucial part in propelling IHR's local econ omy. Increasing tourism and urbanization contribute to the generation of solid waste, making solid waste manage ment and scientific dispos

al an increasing concern. Unlike the urban low land, IHR has several factors that make trash disposal challeng ing. Limited land availabili ty, colder temperatures and isolation are a few examples. A combination of small to mid-scale technologies must be installed in the region to deal with both wet and dry waste in a decentralized man ner, enabling scientific waste disposal, minimizing waste transportation and landfill ing. Several additional fun damental factors, including stronger government policy making and implementation in the IHR, capacity building, making bulk waste producers accountable for their waste and making them partner in the process of waste dispos

al, can pave way for improved solid waste handling practices in IHR.

Biomethanation of segregated MSW - Case study

Biomethanation of segregat ed MSW (mostly consisting of household waste, vegeta ble market waste and hotel/ restaurant waste) is now one of the most technically and economically viable methods available.

We got an opportunity with CSIR-IICT (The Indian Institute of Chemical Technology) and CSIR-IHBT (Institute of Hima layan Bioresource Technolo gy); they provided us with an opportunity to work on two model biomethanation proj

ects in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim to treat MSW in order to generate biogas and bio fertilizer.

CSIR-IICT’s AGR (Anaerobic Gas-Lift Reactor) technology was implemented to carry out the high rate biometh anation process with CSIRIHBT’s novel anaerobic psy chotropic bacterial consortia as the base culture to create a temperature resistant en vironment for boosting the breakdown efficiency. Both projects have been devel oped with the respective Urban Local Bodies on pilot/ demonstration basis to:

(a) Understand the practical operation of biogas plants in the Himalayan region.

(b) Experiment and evaluate the effect of locally isolated strains as culture.

(c) Detrtmine the availability of usable MSW

(d) Improve waste segrega tion techniques at the source

(e) Multiply and scale up such technologies to address the larger waste management is sues

Results

From the technical viewpoint, results of generating biogas from mixed organic waste were extremely promising. The plants were designed for optimal biogas production in varying weather situations. A

average temperature of 25OC was found to be suitable for high rate biomethanation. This factor of success owing to the specialized culture and digester design is an import ant finding as there was no extra energy needed to in crease the temperature con ditions of 35OC to 38OC.

From an implementation standpoint, it was evident that distributive biogas sys tems can easily create a huge impact in waste management near the source of waste gen eration and provide multiple options of clean energy usage in the form of biogas. The fol lowing are the results:

(a) Making waste disposal more sustainable as the hilly terrain makes transport of waste difficult, expensive, la bor intensive.

(b) Expediting waste disposal without delaying waste col lection, offloading, or dispos al (delays otherwise cause the organic waste to degrade naturally in the open to gen erate foul smell ,and attract insects).

(c) Opening up new avenues

for biogas utilization, such as direct thermal applications, power generation for off-grid or grid connectivity, power generation paired with EV stations small-scale installa tions, and Bio-CNG for large scale installations.

(d) Good practises ultimately result in improved soil, water and air quality, while reducing in our carbon footprint!

Such installations build con fidence in organizations, in stitutes, ULBs and general populace and initiate a men tal shift about waste manage ment.

The author, thanks Dr. A. Gangagni Rao, Chief Scien tist (CSIR-IICT) and Dr. Rak shak, Scientist & Asst. Pro fessor (CSIR-IHBT) for their immense contributions to the respective projects for initiating these projects in the Himalayan Region.

Shruti Ahuja Director

Ahuja Engineering Services Pvt Ltd

Aatmanirbhar Bharat in an evolving Bio-energy space for a GREEN ENERGY REVOLUTION led by India

Era for Biomass-base Bio-en ergy Sector has Dawned in India

The Biomass-based Bio-ener gy Sector in India and many other agriculturally-rich coun tries, is carving out to be a niche sector. This will direct ly impact rural development while promising to be a key factor for reviving our econ omy and attaining the Sus tainable Development Goals in the long run, as India en deavours to reach Net Zero by 2070. The social, econom ic, environmental, health and sustainability benefits of this sector are paramount and will be long serving the inter ests of our Nation. In a Na

tion where nearly 700 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) plus of fossil fuel is utilised as fuel for industrial boilers, there exists tremendous scope to replace this with surplus biomass which is generally burnt in the fields. An oppor tunity, to reduce expenditure on the exchequer and reap benefits of good health and environment while providing additional income to farmers and other rural stakeholders, should be enough to embark on a sojourn of a plethora of Biomass-based Bio-energy projects & non-energy solu tions as well.

This sector, due to lack of policy initiatives and zeal to implement and some poor

industry practices, went through some challenging times earlier in the last de cade; wherein many entre preneurs left the field. But, it seems that this Sector has stabilized in last 5 years and is now on an exponential growth path. While more modern technologies have come around for conversion of biomass into biofuels and mandate to co-fire biomass with coal has been enunci ated, the mainstay of these avenues has been imple mentation of effective Supply Chain Management. Althoug Supply Chain has gradually transformed into a profitable entrepreneurial domain but, yet it hasn’t been attractive

for major players. However, some private companies have evolved through the entire phase of ‘gloom to sunshine’ and are steadily scaling up.

The success stories have been far and few and many have not been lucky enough in this domain to gain due patronage, and off late, even bigger business houses in In dia have avoided this part of the Bio-Energy Sector; while they remain heavily commit ted to setting up Plants for biogas and other bio-fuels. Most focus in Renewable Energy Sector has been to wards Solar Energy and for purpose of electricity. A par adigm shift has been initiated by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) by allowing steam, heating and cooling solutions with biomass-based applications to be termed as renewable. In addition, Ministry of Petro leum and Natural Gas (Mo PNG) has heralded the CBG & Ethanol drive. The statu tory mandate to co-fire 10% biomass in industrial boilers and focus of responsible pri vate sector companies to in vest in carbon neutral tech nologies is a beacon which indicates hope for scale-up of Biomass-based Bio-Energy projects in India. The Nation al Policy of 2018 on Biofuels emphasizes on rigorous pro motion of superior bio-fu el and Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG). Furthermore, CORSIA norms will eventually encour age India to focus on technol ogies for manufacturing Sus

tainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and some will evolve around biomass.

Recommendations for Pro viding Desired Stimuli to Bio energy Sector

The endeavour is to prevent consumption of fossil fuels and use more of biomass as that would result in direct benefit to farmers, develop ment of Rural Sector, meet all aspirational Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Paris Agreement and mitigate the GHG emissions as well, in line with Net Zero 2070 Dream. Focus is on making the Biomass-based Bio-energy Sector finan cially viable, without undue subsidies and get addition al income for farmers; while stirring rural economy. A Peo ple-Public-Private-Partner ship Model (PPPP Model) will herald this Sector to the next level by bringing in more skinin-the-game for all stakehold ers & improving the standard of living of masses; especial ly rural communities. That apart, some recommenda tions put forth for consider ation of Decision Makers and Industry are listed below:-

a) Inter-Ministerial Coordi nation Cell

This Cell could be conceived under the aegis of MNRE and Niti Aayog. Inter-Ministerial Coordination with initial es timation of use of Biomass in various sectors (Under dif ferent Ministries) in next 50 years; based on India’s ener

gy needs and with phasing away of fossil-fuel dependent sectors, will prove beneficial in the long run. Ministries of New and Renewable Energy, Agriculture, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Finance, Science and Technology, Civil Aviation, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Road Transport and Highways, Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Power, Textiles, Commerce and Industry, Health and Family Welfare, Niti Aayog, etc. need to evolve a Biomass Consumption Matrix and an Energy Transition Plan for year 2070 and work through it. Mapping of Biomass-based Projects and delineation of geographies should be done jointly and on priority. A Long-Term Vision, capturing the Population needs & Sus tainable Development Goals must lead to short-term mis sions, concerted implementa tion plans and periodic audit & reviews.

b) Proactive Policy Making: Policy enunciations with im petus on Sustainable Devel opment Goals under Paris Accord is a must; both at Cen tral including MNRE, MoPNG, MoCA etc and State-level bodies. With such initiatives, it should be leading to favour able schemes in financing Supply Chain Management (SCM) including Working Capital and Debt, machinery, transport, warehousing, valid subsidies for farmers to man age processes, and get com pensated for it. Some recom mended policy inclusions are

as listed below:-

(i) EXIM Policy for Biomass Energy Solutions. Open par tial and calculated import and exports of biomass-based fuel must ensue as we are currently a biomass-residue surplus Nation. However, the Biomass Consumption Matrix should take the energy de mand till 2070 into account & based on plans to enhance Energy Plantation, we should formulate an EXIM Policy for now.

(ii) Reduce coal imports & maintain only larger boilers in thermal plants etc. No use of coal or any fossil fuel in cluding furnace oil should be permitted for mid/small-sized boiler operation.

(iii) Incentivize carbon credits and prompt industry towards zero-emissions and clean en ergy with green fuel systems.

(iv) New Energy Projects in India, including some pow er, all steam, & most heat ing & cooling applications to be based on biomass-based bio-energy concepts.

(v) Special Scheme for Energy Plantation to be developed with support from NABARD / CAMPA funds.

(vi) Renewable Energy Certi fication (REC) for all forms of Bio-Energy including Briquet ting, Pelleting, Steam, Heat ing, Cooling, etc.

(vii) Renewable Purchase Ob ligations (RPO) for all forms of

Bio-energy to be allowed.

(viii) Compulsory utilization of biomass for all industrial ap plications of steam / co-gen eration replacing fossil fuels.

(ix) Implement the ruling for minimum 10% co-firing of biomass in all industrial boil ers.

(x) Single-Window Clearances for Consent To Establish (CTE) / Consent To Operate (CTO) etc should be made feasible under MNRE and affiliated State Government Agencies.

(xi) Adoption of MNRE-led policies by States and com pliance through CERC / SECI etc in a time-bound manner, once they are promulgated by MNRE. Delays in promulga tion of the policy mentioning Steam-generation to be part of RE have led to a slowdown of such projects coming up in many States including some Economically Weaker ones.

(xii) Announcement of fa vourable price points for E2G, taking into account the GHG Emission and Health benefits, enhanced pricing for better technologies including IH2, Quantum-Biohydrodynamics, etc.

c) Financial Requisites:

(i) Bio-energy Sector needs to be deemed as and accorded the due status of being a ‘Pri ority Sector’; as it is directly linked to farming & agricul ture.

(ii) Reduce cost of borrowing

through NBFCs, Banks, Govt Financial Institutions etc. In terest Rate between 4 to 6 percent will compete with Coal-based business. It could be made as term loan / debt to be 70 to 75% equivalent to other Renewable Energy Proj ects.

(iii) ‘Nil’ GST on Biomass-based RE Projects including IPP, Steam-generation, briquette & pellet production etc; through the entire Supply Chain.

(iv) As a start, allocate a tranche of about INR 50,000 Crores in next financial year for biomass-based energy projects with due guarantees from Governments (Central & State Partnership-led Models) side to established private companies and stakeholders; primarily for the Pilot Project suggested in the PPP Concept Note.

(v) Encourage collaboration for technology and machin ery with subsidy in imports and creation of a Favourable Investment Atmosphere in cluding FDI relaxations and import incentives.

(vi) Devalue or delink Credit Rating requirements for Bio mass-based projects for a 3-year moratorium; especially for recognised private compa nies in business for more than 10 years. Post COVID-19, this might be a necessity to spur the Sector to optimization.

(vii) Consider reviving select

NPAs in IPP with VGF influx and financial support creation of functional Biomass Zones for operating them.

(vii) Central Financial Assis tance (CFA) Recognition to newer forms of Bio-Energy by MNRE like Briquetting, Pellet ing, Steam and Heat / Cool ing Applications akin to being provided to biomass to elec tricity and CBG. This should be based on quantum of bio mass being utilised for bioen ergy projects and Investment Criteria of the Project.

(viii) Collateral to be removed as requisite for financial assis tance / loans under the PRSF / credit guarantee schemes be ing run by SIDBI, BEE & EESL.

(ix) Income Tax Holiday for biomass businesses to be worked with Ministry of Fi nance.

(x) Equity Funding for Bio-En ergy Projects by IREDA through NIIF, Private Equity Fund, AIF structure.

(xi) Plough back profits from Offtake Companies (PSUs and Private) to farmers through the Supply Chain System. This will get the double-income to farmers and also better the Rural Economy. Have a Cor porate Social Responsibility (CSR) plough back into rural development.

d) Infrastructure Develop ment : Support for Biomass Depots, where farmers can supply Biomass, which in turn will be able to support

development of industry in rural India. State-of-the-Art warehousing must be cre ated by Govt units like NAB ARD, NAFED, etc and these can be leased to farmers and Supply Chain Management companies at low costs, for warehousing the aggregated agri-residue. Such warehous ing can also be created in PPP model. Land should be a contribution from State Govts such that lease period is high and this will also bring down Capex / Opex, as case may be for procurement or, lease of land by private companies.

e) Awareness Enhancement:

There is a need to enhance awareness through all forms of New Media, Special Sem inars by MNRE and Power Ministries, organizations like CII Energy, FICCI, CEEW etc; to promote Bio-Energy Sec tor and investments. Bio mass-based Bio-Energy Sec tor Annual Conclave through Media, Govt and other agen cies. Utilisation of Bio-energy solutions in Armed Forces, CAPF and other Govt institu tions should be pragmatical ly assessed and self-reliant models that could also gen erate revenues from sales of additional output, could be actively conceived and curat ed for implementation. Syl labus at schools and colleges should include chapters on Energy Transition, Climate Change, Renewables includ ing Bio-Energy etc.

f) Collaborative Technologies & Manufacturing: Collabo

ration for technologies and manufacturing to be given impetus with focus on Make in India. There are many bet ter technologies available in the global market and our en deavour should be to increase their demand and strengthen manufacturing in India, and that will lead to technological transfers and more impor tantly generate more jobs in both structured and unstruc tured forms.

g) PMO Monitored Imple mentation of Pilot Projects:

PMO-led monitoring for Pilot Projects which are laid out for implementation in Phase 1 within next 3 years is a must. Projects of various types should be identified and timebound actions must ensue. Inter-ministerial Core Group to include MNRE, Agriculture, Power, DST, MOHFW, MOEF CC, Niti Aayog, Rural Devel opment, etc. formed with participation of Key Stake holders from Private Sector. State Govts to cater to land at zero-cost (Non agricultural & agricultural both) and offer for Projects. Larger impetus should be given to this Sector, with involvement of all Stake holders for Biomass-based Bio-Energy Projects on Pan India basis in order to achieve fulfillment of all SDGs with fo cus on rural development and jobs.

h) Digital Biomass Platform:

Digital Platform for Biomass and Biomass-based Bio-Ener gy Services will enhance the scope of growth of the Bio

mass-based Bio-Energy Sec tor. These could be effectively conceived at State level with Pan-India application.

i) Bio-Energy Commission: As akin to Solar & Wind, an organization similar to Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) should come up with tenders for Biomass IPP & this will give the impetus to the almost dead sector of Bio mass to Electricity. It is rec ommended to institute a Bio Energy Corporation / Com mission of India (BECI) at the Apex level under MNRE, to bolster the Bio-Energy Sector in India. This Corporation / Commission could have em inent people involved in the Sector to be on Chair and Members of this organization on fixed or, rotating term ba sis.

j) Special Packages: Special package could be evolved for Biomass-based Power for North-East States; as it will support regional growth and employment opportunities. DONER could be co-opted for pushing the agenda with support of NIIF loanee insti tutions.

k) Curating a Positive Ap proach: Integrated / Systems Approach from Fields through Factories to Positive Environ mental Impacts as a Circular Economy, which is self-sus tainable and that should be the way forward with syner gized Centre-State roles and responsibilities.

l) Feedback Mechanism: Feedback Mechanisms and Impact Assessments through SECI / BECI should be put in place; with greater responsi bilities on States as well. This process should be certified by the recognized agencies.

m) PCB Norms Revision:

Pragmatic revision of Pollution Control Board norms should be undertaken by concerned agencies including CAQM and standards made for specif ic Bio-Energy segment. This should include emissions, ZLD policies and also utilisation of by-products etc.

n) Command Areas & Energy Plantation: With a pleth ora of industries seeking bio mass, there could be a situa tion wherein in coming years, there could be scarcity of bio mass (Agri-residue) in a par ticular region and eventually overall. In order to preempt that situation, Command Ar eas should be designated through synchronized efforts of Centre & State Govts and large-scale Energy Plantation must be undertaken by State Govts, private sector and oth ers, with water planning to be dovetailed with overwatch of concerned Ministry and agen cies.

o) Manufacturing In India:

There has to be a concert ed push for manufacturing of pre-harvest, harvest and post-harvest machines and tools in India to cater to largescale growth in Bio-Energy

segment. This will enable faster scale-up of bio-energy sector, create more jobs, get better agricultural practices and creation of larger culti vation areas for energy plan tation etc. Eventually, it will be the manufacturing hub for exports to Africa; the next destination for rapid bio-en ergy growth. It will also ac cord bandwidth through ‘Chi na plus One’ orientation of the world at large.

p) Research & Development:

Promote Research & Devel opment in the Biomass-based Bio-Energy Sector in India and through collaborations with other countries through In dian Companies. T&A Funds of Govt and G2G agencies should be channelized, with support of World Bank, US AID, UNIDO, JICA, IFC, DFC etc to foster a good R&D base in agricultural, technological, supply chain including trans portation domains; which eventually enable a better and more sustainable ecosys tem.

q) G2G Collaborations: In ter-Governmental collab orations to bring in larger business growth in the Bio mass-based Bio-Energy Sec tor with a view to reduce im port of fossil fuels and attain larger sustainability for Clean Energy in India. Japan, UK, USA, Israel, Europe have very promising R&D, technologies and business opportunities with many funds that could be utilized gainfully.

r) Innovative Solutions: Some innovative solutions that could be employed are as follows:-

(i) Consumer-based Finance: To reduce the cost overloads of various processes involved in Supply Chain Management, financing by the consumer / client could reduce the costs of production of end product; energy or, biofuels etc.

(ii) By-Product Optimisation:

All By-products in the pro cess of utilisation of biomass should be duly tested, uti lised and their end-products marketed. This will enable better circular economy, cap italization of niche segment products, cross-subsidization of manufacturing cost of pri mary product and also lead to more collaborations that make the entire ecosystem more robust and aligned col lectively.

(iii) Village As A Hub Concept: Endeavour should be made to curate Bio-energy and al lied value chains that enable villagers and they are active stakeholders in the ecosys tem. From crop improvement through monetization of their services and feedstocks to rural development, as a concerted effort, will lead to continuation of farming as a vocation and also retard the migration to urban centres.

As an example, involvement of ‘Gaushalas’ and villages could lead to creation of a better ecosystem where cow

dung is used for producing biogas and biogas is supplied to farmers, with some liquid manure and other products and balance of it is commer cialized to realise better prof its; including from by-prod ucts.

(iv) Refined Finance Models: The Finance Models and their acceptability by Financial In stitutions and Banks, needs a pragmatic change, to ca ter to aggregation seasons, financial limits of farmers, constraints of entrepreneurs, understanding of the ‘Cashburn Curve’ in Supply Chains etc. For example, unlike a seg ment like shoe industry where exponential growth or, stable growth can be visualized Yearon-Year (YoY), in agricuture al-residue based supply chain operations, it involves Capex and Opex with each business avenue and as such mon ey has to be borrowed. And, while one operation specif ic to a client is on, another comes up and scales have to be achieved over a period of time and faster, as India has to realise much possibilities in Biofuels to include CBG, E2G, SAF and more. A pragmatic approach from finance world in sync with requirement of such supply chains, will lead to better results in bio-energy sector globally.

(v) Improvised Costing Mod els:

Colonel Rohit Dev Thought Leader in Bio-Energy

Cost of energy shot off the roof post QE3 FY2022 and industry; especially cement, steel and others have had a surge in cost of energy; going as high as INR 2.2 to 3.1 per GCV. In such a scenario, for Supply Chain companies to work on a fixed cost with mar ginal YoY escalation would not be prudent and many such companies faced acute finan cial hardships ever since. An innovative Energy Cost Mod el, that pegs a fixed YoY saving to client, while ensuring prof itability to supply chain com pany and also caters to revi sion of costs mutually, with a benchmarked value, could be a win-win for all stakeholders and will be able to negate few risks as well.

(vi) Import of Woody Bio mass. Import of woody bio mass from USA, Canada etc, could eventually cater to boiler operations, especial ly along coastlines and that would free agri-residue bio mass for biofuels, and other uses. A pragmatic plan could take effect in next two years and enable a faster scale up of biofuels and other applica tions of biomass in India.

and landfill gas analysers

Every half hour measurement for up to

2 sampling points

NDIR for CH4, CO2 and long-life O2, measurement

Choice of H2S sensors for different measuring ranges

Gas sampling from large pressure range gas ± 200 mbar

4... 20mA analog and RS 485 digital data transfer

Analyzer safety features with monitored fan ventilation

monitoring in hazardous area zone 2

Gas sampling from large pressure range gas ± 200 mbar Regulated sample gas pump with sample gas flow

With gas cooler for precise gas analysis NDIR for CH4, CO2, and long-life O2 measurement Very high H2S measurement using dilution method

monitoring

Up to 10 sites sample gas switching and NDIR for CH4, CO2 and long-life O2 measurement

Very high H2S measurement using dilution method

Gas sampling from large pressure range gas ± 200 mbar

With gas cooler for precise gas analysis

Analyzer safety features with monitored fan ventilation

CONTACT US FOR DEMONSTRATION

Vital global experience for creating carbon markets in India

Asthe inevitable transi tion to cleaner fuels in the overall energy mix gathers momentum, the car bon credit market is heating up and seeking more atten tion. This is more apparent from the fact that there were 68 Carbon pricing instru ments (CPIs) in operation as of April, 2022. These include 34 emissions trading systems (ETS) and 37 Carbon taxes, which together account for around 23% of the world's GHG emissions. Three more are expected to be put into practise soon. Revenues from carbon pricing climbed by approximately 60% glob ally in 2021, reaching about $84 billion. As of August 5, 2022, EU Carbon permits are exchanged for Euro 85 per tonne CO2e. China has the

biggest ETS in the world; it is three times bigger than the carbon market in the EU and traded Carbon in April 2022 for $9.29 a tonne of CO2e.

When it comes to mar ket-based strategies for cut ting emissions, Carbon mar kets are becoming more and more popular, which includes Bioenergy fields too. In light of this, the government's proposal to alter the Energy Conservation Act to recognise greenhouse gas emissions—a Bill that was tabled in the Lok Sabha is a positive step. It gives India the opportunity to establish a market for trading greenhouse gas reductions.

However, it is to be noted that the 68 CPIs did not develop suddenly or without learn ings. Here are few ideas for

national consideration and lessons from other countries:

One, corporations began trading in Carbon reductions considerably earlier than countries, which started in 2005. With around 11,500 enterprises in the EU, the EU spent two years debating, ne gotiating, and choosing initial Carbon quotas in 2003 be fore launching the first phase of the EU-ETS from 2005 to 2007. It took 7 years for the Chinese ETS to become a fully operational national carbon market. Before the country's integration one year ago, sev en regional Chinese markets had to prove their trading prowess. Likewise, we could use our own Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) system in In dia to complete it more swift

ly but, still there are subtle differences. PAT is used to set precise energy consump tion goals for various busi nesses. These would need to be transformed into scope 1 and scope 2 GHG emissions for the Carbon ETS. Second, many of those listed in PAT-1 and PAT-2 are not given par ticular SEC targets in PAT fol lowing cycles. Throughout every ETS cycle, the carbon ETS cannot leave any entity unaffected.

Secondly, it could be in form of recognizing extent and cov erage. Other requirements include clearly defining the scope (gases) and coverage of the carbon commodity to be traded (sectors and entities).

Whether India wants to give absolute emission caps to or ganisations or GHG intensity of their annual revenue needs to be discussed and decided. These have to be in line with India's nationally determined contributions (NDCs) on GDP and GHG that were approved in August 2022 by the Union Cabinet. Additionally, we must choose whether to dis tribute any free allowances or require organisations to purchase every emission enti tlement they require through an auction. EU initially distrib uted free allowances before progressively transitioning to auctioning. The EU will utilise the auction profits to encour age green transitions.

Thirdly, India must consider who would be permitted to trade. They could be Individ

ual emitters, business inter mediaries, and associations. We cannot allow the carbon market to become a barrier to entry for new businesses. Trading principles, such as floor and ceiling carbon pric es (Germany recently set a floor price of Euro 60/tonne), limits on real-time trading volumes, controlling carbon price volatility, retiring carbon in accordance with NDC com mitments, banking of carbon across trading cycles, and how to handle carbon leak ages must be discussed with industry before implementa tion (e.g., outsourcing activi ties that could transfer carbon from an entity). It might be possible to make the 34 ETS throughout the world fungi ble so that carbon credits can move between them. This will open up a broader glob al market for Indian emission reduction credits, potentially leading to increased global economic efficiency and the emergence of a carbon price.

Fourth, one of the key distinc tions between PAT and carbon ETS would be the requirement for an Indian carbon register. The entire carbon mitigation would flow into or be traded out of this account, which is analogous to a bank. With out establishing a national carbon registration system, no carbon ETS is feasible. To verify each saved unit of car bon, any carbon credits must be connected to a strong monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system. India must develop a carbon MRV system. We also need to decide on a compliance pro cess, institutional framework, and potential penalties for non-compliance by entities. We must have open forums for these discussions and study the experiences of the EU, China, and other nations who have implemented a car bon ETS.

A phased rollout would make sense; Indian should put or ganisational focus before

geographical focus when launching an ETS. It may be suggested to some of the 15 Maharatna organisations to begin an internal ETS among their facilities. For instance, 23 of NTPC's coal-based pow er facilities might initiate an internal cap-and-trade sys tem. Through an internal, open, and standardised pro cess, NTPC determines the targets for each and devel ops procedures to ensure compliance. Similar to this, all of the zones and produc tion units of Indian Railways, the 9 refineries of Indian Oil Corporation Limited, and the 8 plants of Steel Authority of India might launch their own internal carbon ETS. For the entire nation, a single carbon registry might be established and used by all organisations.

Through this carbon registry technology, trading would take place inside within each organisation. Organization al barriers may be reduced once these organisational ETS systems have been tested for some time, and a nation al regulator may set uniform Carbon restrictions that apply to all sectors and organisa tional units. Each organisa tion will individually choose a carbon price, which should be reasonable enough to entice plants to adopt carbon miti gation strategies. New project funding may also be contin gent on how well they reduce Carbon emissions.

Lastly, we must figure out each entity's Carbon base

line emissions. This would necessitate the use of human resources capable of per forming carbon accounting in accordance with recognised international standards, as well as independent auditors. The time has come for India to establish a National GHG Inventory Management Sys tem (NIMS), which should be integrated with all national GHG reporting requirements to the UNFCCC, the carbon registry, and all policies and initiatives to carry out our NDCs. This would instantly digitise our country's carbon in a bottom-up fashion. Arti cle 6.2 of the Paris Agreement might likewise be simply con nected to our NIMS.

India appears to be pursuing environmental goals more through a command-and-con trol approach, even though markets are capable of doing at least as well. The regulator also chooses the individual caps in markets, maintaining market control along the way. But following their cap fixa tion, the individual entities choose whether to create or

purchase Carbon mitigation credits. ETS is more effective as a result. India ought to consider setting up numer ous environmental markets. Although ESCerts and REC already exist, a significant price discovery has not taken place, possibly as a result of their flimsy compliance stan dards or vague aims. Neither the regulator nor those being controlled benefit from it. To provide the entities more val ue, the Carbon and Sulphur markets might also be estab lished simultaneously (FGD notifications already exist). These marketplaces ought to have always existed together and separately. For instance, switching ESCert to Carbon does not guarantee that its price would rise if it is now very low. Therefore, it is pref erable to have fungibility at this stage through the coexis tence of several marketplac es. After the initial round of testing, we could make a de cision.

Prof. Amit Garg Professor Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

Gaurav Kedia Chairman Indian Biogas Association

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