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T H E P R E M I E R P E T & AV I A RY B I R D M AG A Z I N E VO L 3 1 I S S U E 3 • J U N -J U L 2018
CONURES
FINCHES LOVEBIRDS
Illiger’s
MACAW
Pacific PARROTLET Bush BUDGERIGARS
CO N TEN T S june–july 2018 VOLUME 31 ISSUE 3
T H E P R E M I E R P E T & AV I A RY B I R D M AG A Z I N E VO L 3 1 I S S U E 3 • J U N -J U L 2018
CONURES
FINCHES
MACAW
Pacific PARROTLET Bush BUDGERIGARS
COVER IMAGE ILLIGER’S MACAW PETER ODEKERKEN
J GRIFFITH
LOVEBIRDS
Illiger’s
FE ATU RES DISCOVERING FIJI’S COLOURFUL BIRDLIFE By Peter Odekerken A visit to Fiji can produce some of the most colourful birds of the world, such as the Orange Dove Chrysoenas victor and the Peale’s Parrot Finch Erythrura peali.
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SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOOS By Jade Welch This iconic and intelligent Australian species deserves more attention than it currently attracts in aviculture.
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BIRTH OF THE YELLAM PACIFIC PARROTLET By Dirk Van den Abeele Dirk takes us through the research and naming conventions that led to the naming of this mutation.
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ILLIGER’S—THE ULTIMATE MINI MACAW By Graham and Glenys Matthews The Matthews’ share their love affair with these intriguing mini macaws and their experiences in housing, feeding, breeding and rearing them. THE BLUE-FACED PARROT FINCH By Graeme Hyde Graeme traces this attractive finch through history and examines its current husbandry needs and captive status both in Australia and England. EASTER ISLAND REVEALS ITS SECRETS By Vickie Lillo Vickie is delighted to discover that despite internet predictions, Easter Island is home to a profusion of avifauna as well as unique statues.
175 CLASSIFIEDS
P ODEKERKEN
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REGULARS 128
BREEDING AUSTRALIAN PARROTS: BUSH BUDGERIGARS By Barry Blanch
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FINCH CHARM: ESTABLISHING A FINCH AND SOFTBILL AVIARY By David Pace
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WILD CORNER: A NEW SET OF FEATHERS FOR PHOENIX, THE MAPGPIE By Dr Claude Lacasse
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BREEDER PERSPECTIVE: RARE CONURES IN AUSTRALIAN AVICULTURE By Andrew Rankmore
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FINCH FUNDAMENTALS: NAPOLEON WEAVERS By Marcus Pollard
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PET PARROT BEHAVIOUR: TEACHING ADULT PARROTS TO FLY By Hillary Hankey
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ABOUT BIRDS: NESTING AND BREEDING HABITS OF AGAPORNIS LOVEBIRDS—PART 2 By Kit Prendergast
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THE WISE OWL: LOOKING TO THE SKIES By Dr Milton Lewis
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AVIAN HEALTH WITH DR BOB: WINTER IS ‘MAKE AND MEND’ TIME By Dr Bob Doneley
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HOOKBILL HOBBYIST: KEEPING PSITTACINES: THE SACRIFICES AND BENEFITS By EB Cravens
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CONSERVATION: • WPT: Caring for Confiscated Parrots in Bolivia By Carolyn Pradun • LPF: Working to Turn the Fortunes of the Endangered African Grey Parrot By Dr David Waugh
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LAST CHIRP: • Parrot Society of New Zealand Convention Success • Captive-bred Orange-bellied Parrot Release Could Save the Species
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SHUTTERBUG: WHITE-BROWED SCRUBWREN By Adam FitzGerald
BIRDKEEPER.COM.AU | VOL 31 ISSUE 3 | JUN-JUL 2018
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The Sulphur‘ crested Cockatoo is an iconic Australian species...
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Sulphur-crested Cockatoos AUTHOR JADE WELCH THE SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOO is an iconic Australian species that attracts various comments from onlookers. For some, they are considered nothing but a raucous and destructive pest. However, for the majority of us, they are a pleasurable sight and appreciated as an integral member of Australian wildlife— the land of parrots! These long-lived birds have a strong presence on the east coast and in northern Australia, where they live in flocks, often in close proximity to man. They are larrikins, and fly about the city calling to one another while performing aerial acrobatics. Sadly, in some localities they are responsible for raiding crops and orchards and, as such, are culled. However, they have adjusted well to encroachment on their habitat since the arrival of Europeans. Sulphur-crested Cockatoos ranked number 11 in the 2017 Bird of the Year competition run by The Guardian. For a species that some call ‘just a big white bird with a little yellow’, they did well to beat the King Parrot and other more colourful species such as the Crimson Rosella. Within Australian aviculture this species has long been underrated, with more focus put on exotic species of
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cockatoos. However, the Sulphur-crested is our biggest white cockatoo species and is highly intelligent and deserves more attention. Fortunately, the days of a cocky in a small cage are over and we have dedicated aviculturists working with this species and giving them the care and attention they deserve. In this article, we explore how two Australian aviculturists from either side of the country keep and breed this hardy and glorious species. Stephan Maric, of Ambessa Aviaries, lives in Melbourne and has been keeping and breeding white cockatoos for some 30 years. Hayden Dix, of Argyle Aviaries, in the south-west of Western Australia, has been keeping and breeding white cockatoos for 15 years. SUBSPECIES There are three subspecies of Sulphurcresteds found in Australia. They are Cacatua galerita galerita, C. g. queenslandica and C. g. fitzroyi. Stephan keeps and breeds C. g. galerita and C. g. fitzroyi. Hayden keeps only the nominate form C. g. galerita, but hopes to add C. g. fitzroyi at a later date. The nominate form is the most widespread, both in the wild and in captivity.
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HOUSING Both Stephan and Hayden house their birds as single pairs in conventional aviaries. This allows the birds to come to ground and forage, just as they would in the wild. Stephan’s aviaries vary in length, with a minimum of 4m. They are 1.2–2m wide x 2m high and he uses 2.5cm (1-inch) wire. Most of the aviary is open and facing north, with the rear covered in Colorbond®, as is the roof leading to the back of the aviary. Stephan utilises a sprinkler system for his aviaries, which cools them and allows the cockatoos to bathe. Stephan doesn’t find the need for full partitions between the aviaries because these cockatoos are social birds and enjoy being able to see one another. He uses a skirt around the aviaries to prevent vermin getting in. This aviary design works particularly well in Stephan’s part of the country, where he can get four seasons in one day and temperatures can go quickly from extreme cold to extreme heat. Hayden’s aviaries measure 6m long x 2m wide x 2.4m high. He has covered 2.5m of the rear of the roof with Zincalume® sheeting which he finds reflects the heat well. On the sides of the flights, the rear half is a combination of 2.5cm (1inch) weldmesh that starts at the floor
J WELCH
Typical wild nest of the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo
AUTHOR HILLARY HANKEY
TEACHING
Adult Parrots to Fly AS OUR UNDERSTANDING of how to keep our companion parrots healthy physiologically and behaviourally evolves with updated veterinary and field research, many companion parrot owners are asking for fully flighted parrots as youngsters, or allowing their adult parrots’ wings to grow out. That said, many parrot owners have found that just because a parrot’s wings grow out does not necessarily mean it will automatically take flight, nor will it necessarily lead to a skilled or confident flyer. WHEN AND HOW DOES A BIRD LOSE FLIGHT? In fact, speaking in broad terms, the older a bird is, the less likely it is that it will fly of its own volition, or at all. This is due to learning history and the exact developmental period that the bird was clipped as a youngster. If it never learned to fly and its wings were clipped promptly as they lost blood supply, or when it had its first crash landings, then the parrot likely does not even regard flying as a form of getting from Point A to Point B. If it was a confident flyer, lost its ability to fly, and had some crash landings that were painful, this can also leave a strong impact on the parrot’s memory. It sees flying as a strongly negative experience and its wings are not to be trusted. On the other hand, if the parrot was allowed to properly fledge at the appropriate biological window, allowed to fly, perfect landings, turns and take-offs from a variety of perches, before its wings were clipped, chances are much higher that the bird will regain its ability to fly well when allowed to regrow its flight feathers. WING LOADING Another variable that impacts how well a parrot regains its ability and its willingness to fly is wing loading. Wing loading is the ratio of body weight to wing surface area. A parrot that has high wing loading has a relatively high weight compared to its wing surface area. Parrots such as Amazons, African Greys and Pionus have high wing-loading ratios. They tend to fly like grenades and, if they crash, they are more likely to damage their keels. Cockatoos, Cockatiels, conures, lories and some macaws have a lower wing loading. They are relatively light on their wings. Lower wingloaded birds tend to recover flight capabilities more easily. These are, of course, generalisations. Each parrot is an individual with unique learning history, and needs to be treated as such in order to be successful. There are plenty of cockatoos with keel injuries and African Greys that regain the ability to fly after being clipped for years. It is, however, important to take into account anatomy and natural history to identify what helps create a successful learning environment for our companions. It’s also important to remember that some older parrots may not overcome their negative learning history, or may take many years to do so. PROS AND CONS OF TRAINING FLIGHT The pros and cons of flight are an important assessment to address before training even starts. Benefits include: • Improvement to cardiovascular health • Improvement to lifestyle • Increase in the ability to make choices • Flight is a more natural way of life • Flying is a form of enrichment in and of itself, and
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Green-winged Macaw approaches landing
• Increased access to enrichment and more… Costs and challenges may include: • Increased risk of flying into windows, walls, or out the door, all leading to potential injury or worse, • Underdeveloped skills can lead the bird to fly or crash where it does not wish to, • Access to household items not considered enrichment, • Increased need for training to stay on appropriate play areas and out of valuable or potentially dangerous household areas, and • The potential for a serious injury or a fatal accident if the parrot is spooked into flight. Taking an accurate assessment of these benefits and challenges can save a lot of heartache and stress in the long run. As a huge proponent of flight, the author recognises that training an adult parrot to fly is an enormous task and having a flighted bird in a busy home with young people walking in and out of the house without a lot of care about open doors can create a situation in which the bird’s life is put in danger. This decision must reflect the gravity of the potential consequences. TAKE IT STEADY AND FAMILIAR A steady perch is a necessity for flight training. Making sure that the bird can launch off something sturdy and straight is helpful. When a parrot doesn’t have great muscle tone, it will use its feet to launch itself and, if its perch wobbles, it can create miscalculations in its landing, leading to lack of trust and less take-offs. Ensuring that it has a steady perch that won’t wobble, and plenty of room to flap its wings so it will not hit them on nearby furnishings, will help create a successful environment. Another often-overlooked component is to conduct the training sessions in a familiar space. Taking the bird into an empty room or garage where it is uncomfortable, or even an outdoor aviary that the bird isn’t used to yet, will slow progress. New behaviours are less likely to occur in new environments as the parrot has not had the opportunity to measure the threat level. This is a natural part of its behavioural repertoire (much like it refusing to show off its vocabulary in front of your friends). Taking into account these small variables can have a huge impact on your sessions. STEP UP AND POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT The first stage is to teach the parrot to step up using positive reinforcement. This step-up should be so well rehearsed that the bird should see the visual cue of the hand in step-up position and race to it to step up. If your parrot does not have the step-up cue trained in this way, then it’s a relatively straightforward process. Even if it does have this step ingrained, we can still strengthen the behaviour to prepare for flight training by adding highvalue reinforcers to step-up training and practicing with a few repetitions in preparation for flight training.
J WELCH
PET PAR R OT BEHAVI OUR
Illiger’s
AUTHOR AND IMAGES GRAHAM & GLENYS MATTHEWS
Illiger’s Macaws— male and female (top)
OUR LOVE AFFAIR WITH ILLIGER’S MACAWS, otherwise known as Blue-winged Macaws, began in the late 1980s, when we saw our first specimens in a private collection during a visit to Melbourne. The intriguing thing about them was that they didn’t appear to be noisy like the other mini macaws, and their nature appeared to be somewhat different. While not startling in appearance, they are quite pretty when housed, cared for and fed correctly, with some individuals carrying more colour in certain areas than others. DESCRIPTION Illiger’s Macaws have a mainly green plumage, are about 42cm in length, with the usual long macaw tail that is often longer than their body, and a strongly shaped black beak. The upper side of the flight feathers and primary coverts are blue, hence the species’ other name. Their cheeks and crown have a bluish tinge, occasionally darker on some individuals, and the forehead has a red patch. This,
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along with the red area on the lower belly, often varies in size and intensity. The base of their tail, lower abdomen and lower back are a red-to-maroon colour. As with all macaws, they have a bare, yellow-white facial skin area, and their iris is amber. WILD HABITAT The Illiger’s Macaw’s natural habitat in South America is evergreen and deciduous forests, but they prefer forests along the banks of rivers and streams. Unfortunately, their range is reducing rapidly with the ongoing clearing of land, but they can currently be found in central, eastern and western Brazil, eastern Paraguay, eastern Bolivia and the far north-eastern tip of Argentina. There is also a remnant population in north-east Brazil. Conservation status as listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on their Red List of Threatened Species is Near Threatened, which means likely to become endangered in the near future.
P ODEKERKEN
the Ultimate Mini Macaw
THE AUSTRALIAN SUBSPECIES of the Blue-faced Parrot Finch is confined to small tracts of tropical rainforest and foothills on the eastern side of Cape York Peninsula, in far north Queensland. They enjoy fossicking in grasslands at the fringe of rainforests and vegetation where (with a degree of luck) they can be sighted in clearings and on tracks, such as old logging tracks and at the edge of grasslands. They have been recorded as feeding on seeds of casuarinas and grasses. Although known for several decades as the Blue-faced Finch, present-day avicultural, ornithological and general literature uses the term Blue-faced Parrot Finch. FIRST SIGHTINGS AND STATUS Heinrich von Kittlitz, a German artist, explorer and naturalist discovered the Blue-faced Parrot Finch on Ualan (Kusaie) Island in the Caroline Islands, northeast of New Guinea in 1835. He named it Fringilla trichroa. It has since been placed in the Erythrura genus and is now E. trichroa. Kittlitz described its three colours as a ‘beautiful parrot-green’ body, an ‘ultra-marine blue’ face and a ‘rusty blood-red’ tail. The first apparent sighting of the Australian subspecies of the Blue-faced Parrot Finch was ‘by Robert Grant on Double Island, about 20 miles north of Cairns, Queensland, on 4 June 1889’ (Cayley 1932). A party comprising Robert Grant and three others reportedly visited Double Island to shoot scrub turkeys but when Grant saw a flock of finches fly into a tree, he fired his shotgun killing one, with another ‘nearly blown to pieces’! The badly damaged specimen has apparently disappeared. In 1986 in Birds of the Australian Rainforests, Walter Boles, ornithologist at
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the Australian Museum in Sydney, wrote, ‘Though a common species in eastern Indonesia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands to Vanuatu and several other South Pacific islands, the Blue-faced Finch Erythrura trichroa is a bird of scattered and enigmatic occurrence in Australia. Until the last few years, there have been no more than 12 records of this species in the country’. TAXONOMY Parrot finches, together with other popular avicultural species, including nuns, mannikins, waxbills, firefinches, and Australian grassfinches all belong to the family Estrildidae and are generally referred to as finches or estrildids. Joseph Forshaw, one of Australia’s most experienced ornithologists said, ‘The genus Erythrura is widely distributed in SouthEast Asia, the Indonesian Archipelago, New Guinea, northern Australia and islands in the South Pacific Ocean from the Caroline Islands east to Samoa’ (2012). The discovery of the first of the 11 recognised parrot finch species, the Pintailed Parrot Finch Erythrura prasina, was described in 1788 by the Swedish naturalist Anders Sparrman. This was followed by an enormous span of over 170 years before the most recent parrot finch discovery, the Katanglad Erythrura coloria, which was found on ‘the remote slopes of Mount Katanglad in the Philippine island of Mindanao’ and named in 1961. SUBSPECIES There are 10 subspecies of the Blue-faced Parrot Finch that vary in both size and richness of colour. Without doubt several races have been interbred in aviculture, with many breeders perhaps not aware
BIRDKEEPER.COM.AU | VOL 31 ISSUE 3 | JUN-JUL 2018
W REMINGTON
J GRIFFITH
The Blue-faced Parrot Finch
Blue-faced Parrot Finch in the wild
AUTHOR GRAEME HYDE
that the Blue-faced Parrot Finch they have just bought or bred is a mixture of more than just one subspecies. Russell Kingston summarised: ‘I have long believed the aviary specimens in Australia are not the nominate form which has, as part of its natural distribution, the eastern side of Cape York Peninsula. Those that I have examined in Australia are brighter in colouration and match very closely E. t. clara, from the Caroline Islands’. DESCRIPTION The Blue-faced is an attractive finch that shows at its best in good sunlight, with its iridescent grass-green body colour contrasting with the blue face and throat, scarlet rump and upper tail coverts and black bill. It measures approximately 11–12cm in length. Sexing Sexing can be difficult for the inexperienced aviculturist as the sexes are almost monomorphic. However, the Bluefaced Parrot Finch can be sexed. The most obvious difference is the face. A mature male has a more extensive and brighter face than a mature adult female. The blue face mask of the male also extends further back over the forehead and around the eyes. Plumage of immature birds varies. As Russell Kingston stated, ‘Immature birds are difficult to sex visually, apart from the male’s call. Only the male of the species has the high-pitched prolonged trill, while the female has a shorter, less intense call’. WILD EXPERIENCES Early in 1996 Len Robinson, of Melbourne, a well-known member of the Avicultural Society of Australia and a widely experienced ornithologist and former
AVI A N H EALT H W I TH DR B OB AUTHOR AND IMAGES DR BOB DONELEY BVSc FANZCVS (Avian Health)
Winter is ‘Make and Mend’ Time WINTER IS UPON US and, for the most part, our birds have lost interest in breeding for the time being. This is our ‘make and mend’ time, when we take stock of the last breeding season, look at our successes and failures, and learn our lessons from both. It is the time when we start to plan for the next breeding season, only a few months away, and get a lot of repairs and maintenance done. As we start our planning, it is wise to go back to basic principles—why do birds breed? Keeping those principles in mind helps us focus on what we need to do for a successful year. WHY DO BIRDS BREED? Most of our parrots are seasonal breeders. Some, however, notably Budgerigars and Cockatiels (both arid zone birds), are opportunistic, breeding whenever conditions appear suitable. So what triggers seasonal (and opportunistic) birds to breed? Basically, it revolves around the evolutionary concept of continuing generations. In other words, birds will breed when they instinctively feel their offspring have the best chance of survival. Day Length The first trigger is increasing day length and warmer days. The Winter Solstice is 21 June—the longest night and shortest day of the year. Every day after the solstice is a longer period of light and, with that, come warmer days. These changes are perceived through the bird’s eyes and skin and begin a hormonal cascade that starts the bird’s process towards the coming breeding season: • The prenuptial (or pre-breeding) moult occurs. Although this is most obvious in softbills such as wrens, even parrots will undergo a heavy moult in late winter to early spring as they discard worn and tattered plumage and replace it with new stronger and brighter feathers. • Calcium is stored in the bones of females, forming a reservoir for egg shell production. • The gonads (ovary and testicles) begin to enlarge and start to secrete some of the sex hormones that not only prepare the body for reproduction but also direct the bird’s behaviour towards courtship and nest selection and preparation. Rainfall & Plant Growth The next triggers revolve around the availability of food. Rainfall comes first. This is a powerful trigger for opportunistic breeders such as Budgerigars and Cockatiels. The rain brings forward the growth of food plants which begin to flower, germinate and grow fruit. There is an abundance of high-energy foods which are needed to sustain not only the parents but also their chicks in the nest. Finding a Suitable Mate & Nesting Next comes the availability of a suitable mate. We don’t really understand what parrots find attractive in other parrots but we do know that in other species it is all about finding a virile partner, a good provider and a good parent. Many parrots are monogamous, choosing a mate for life, but others may change their partners every season. Once a pair has bonded, the courtship behaviours begin. The male feeds the female, prepares the nest site, and defends their breeding territory against all comers. As he does this, more hormonal cascades are beginning, further heightening his desire to breed. It is obvious that the female feels the same way, as she starts to become ‘clucky’ and her reproductive tract develops even more. So the surges and urges are there—all they need is a place to do the deed. In the wild, a pair of birds may return to the same nest hollow year after year. In some cases they rarely move too
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far away. The nest site has to be prepared—cleaned out, wood chips chewed to form a suitable substrate, and potential predators chased away. Mating & Chicks All of these triggers begin to synchronise and the result is that courtship gives way to mating, and egg-laying. Behaviours change again as one or both birds begin to incubate the eggs and then rear the chicks. Once the chicks are fledged, and if the season permits, the whole process can begin again. A second clutch can be laid, incubated and reared. It becomes obvious as you read this that there is a complex interaction of events and triggers that lead to success in breeding. If anything is amiss in this interaction, there may be a flow-on effect that disrupts the whole breeding season, resulting in few or no chicks. It is our job, as aviculturists, to try to ensure that nothing does go wrong. And now is the time to do that—the middle of the breeding season is too late! WHAT DO I NEED TO DO? Review these factors, and make sure you have done what you can to ensure their readiness: • Photoperiod and temperature • Rainfall • Diet • A suitable mate • A suitable nest site and • Catering for territorial behaviour. Photoperiod & Temperature For most Australians, little can be done to control day length and temperature. However, facilities where birds are housed indoors can make use of artificial light, which has the same effect as natural sunlight. I have seen aviaries where outdoor lighting on a timer is used to control the birds’ photoperiod and stimulate reproductive activity. This may be something to consider, but care must be taken not to overdo things by overworking the birds, rather than just replicating the lighting patterns in the birds’ natural environment. Rainfall If you are fortunate to live on the coast, rainfall may not be a big problem for you. For those of us who live further inland, prolonged dry spells are the norm and may have significant impact on a breeding season’s success. Consider installing a sprinkler system to replicate natural rainfall. A misting system just above a perch is usually greatly appreciated by the birds and is also useful in the hot summer months to bring down aviary temperatures. This can be run on a timer system for 30–60 minutes every day or two. Take care, however, that it doesn’t leave the aviary floor a boggy mess that grows harmful pathogens and harbours parasites. Diet The winter months are the time to reduce both the quantity and quality of the food on offer to your birds—in other words, an austerity diet. Feeding a base, low-fat diet of pellets and vegetables in quantities that ensure none is left over after 24 hours, is sufficient to maintain the birds’ health and weight but not stimulate reproductive activity. As the days start to lengthen and warm up, adding seed, nuts and fruit will increase the energy content of the diet which, in turn, stimulates reproductive activity. This is known as ‘flushing’ and it can be a powerful tool for
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