CAN CLIMATE CHANGE HELP SOCIAL COHESION?
The Hague as a showcase
Dedicated to my dearest parents Najia Belkaid and Simohammed Boutanzit
SPECIAL THANKS TO: Martin Aarts Jaap Brouwer Tess Broekmans Salem Shanina Agnese Fiocchi Heleen Bults Yuleska Ziade Pfeiffer Herman Zonderland Jacqueline Goossens Nada Ben Salah Lianne Hulsebosch Tine Sommeijer Jerryt Krombeen Asmahane Shaikh Taleb Hano Dompeling Badr Boutanzit Faycal Boutanzit
Contact: imaneboutanzit@gmail.com +31 6 38 71 45 15
Can climate change help social cohesion? The Hague as a showcase
Imane Boutanzit Graduation Commission: Martin Aarts - mentor Jaap Brouwer - commission member Tess Broekamans - commission member External commission: Maud Aarts Hans van Der Made Academie van Bouwkunst 31 July 2021
1 INTRODUCTION
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2 CHOICE OF LOCATION
12
3 DETERMINING THE FOCUS AREA
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4 INVESTIGATING THE FOCUS AREA
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1.1 "The new climate regime" 1.2 World wide global phenomenon
2.1 Most segregated city in the Netherlands 2.2 The Hague, a historical divide between rich and poor 2.3 The Hague’s urgencies
3.1 Neighborhood liveability 3.2 Segregation factors determining focus area
4.1 History of the focus area 4.2 Property and population forms 4.3 Social forms (existing initiatives) 4.4 Spatial analysis 4.5 Climate isssues of the focus area
APPROACH 5 RESEARCH AREA N1 "THE REGENTESSE BLOCK"
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6 RESEARCH AREA N2 "WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL"
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5.1 Location analysis 5.2 The regentesse block Climate issues 5.3 The regentesse block interventions
6.1 Location 6.2 The Wijkpark Climate issues 6.3 Interventions
TABLE OF CONTENT
7 DESIGNING THE EDGE "LIJN 11"
104
7.1 Situation 7.2 Improving connections 7.3 From a deprived area to an inclusive neighborhood a. Housing typologies b. Monstersestraat restoration boulevard
7.4 Lijn11 Climate issues 7.5 From "Climate denial" to "Climate adaptation" a. Energy network b. Water proof c. Biodiversity d. City heat
7.6 From neglected public areas to specific designed public spaces
8 CONCLUSION
153
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
156
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 "The new climate regime"
Changing climate is becoming
over time. Evidence of the link
an increasingly crucial part of
between global climate change
our lives all across the world.
and poverty has been offered
The global climate is quickly
(and the quality of life). However,
moving and turning against
the link between climate change
us, forcing us into an uncertain
and social inequality is not yet
future.
at the heart of all attentions.
Can climate change help social cohesion?
We owe it to ourselves as
6
professionals to respond to this
Bruno Latour in his book "Down
global issue. I believe that our
to Earth" arguments the urgency
future cities will need to adapt
of finding a new place to live
to climate change. Adaptive and
in or dealing immediately and
resilient cities are currently
taking
the case, but is that enough? Is
climate regime, the regime of
relying on technical solutions
growing inequalities within a
sufficient? Is it possible for
climatic mutation. An urgency
these solutions to provide a
ignored by world leaders. Until
better environment for everyone,
you are not touched economical
or simply for those who can
and socially, you do not relate to
afford it?
the question of climate change.
The physical impact of climate
This graduation project is looking for links and answers for climate change and social inequalities. How can climate resilient and adaptative goals help social goals?
change
was
once
primarily
focused
on
the
enormous
impact
on
sociocultural received
nature.
The
influence
has
increased
attention
action
in
this
new
The Hague as a showcase.
"What the militancy of millions of ecologists, what the queries of thousands of scientists, what the action hundreds of industrialists could not obtain, what even Pope Francis was not able to draw attention to , Trump was able: everyone now knows that the climate issue is at the heart of all geopolitical issues and that it is directly linked to that of injustices and inequalities." Down to Earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime, Bruno Latour
"Down to Earth", Bruno Latour 2018
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1.2 World wide global phenomenon
Europe has a headline target to be climate neutral by 2050. One of its investments regarding the environment policy is articulated by the European Green deal. In order to do so it deals with different topics and strategies: - energy - industry and circular economy - 0 pollution ambition - biodiversity strategy (urban greening plan) - mobility
It is not only at a scale of a city but is also at European scale. There are investment needs for the green transition, but how are we going to make it happen? Which investments go to which topics and how?
For climate neutrality to happen climate change solutions are mainly established technically. However what we also face is the environmental impact and the impact of climate change hitting the poorest countries, the hardest.
Exposure to PM2.5 mapped against GDP per capita, 2013-2014
8
European green deal
9
Can climate change
Climate adaptation
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help social cohesion?
Social cohesion
Research question
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2 CHOICE OF LOCATION 2.1 Most segregated city in the Netherlands
In the Netherlands, segregation is measured not only in terms of social and economics origins, but also in terms of ethnicity. The four major cities are home to the majority of non-western immigrants (Amsterdam- RotterdamDen Haag- Utrecht). They are concetrated in areas of the city where the majority of residents are low-income and uneducated. Seperated from individuals with great salaries and advanced degrees. The Hague in the Netherlands third biggest city. It is a home for 546.721 people and is rapidly expanding. It is the city with the highest levels of segregation, ranking third among ethnically diverse Dutch cities (after Amsterdam and Rotterdam).
Top 10 Ethnically diverse Dutch cities (Hirschman-Herfindahl index) Housing market restructuring in combination with the influence of globalizing capital also affect inter-urban hierarchies. For the past decades, cities’ fortunes were determined by their success in transitioning to a postindustrial economy. Areas in which the creative class concentrated have thrived, and those in which the economic base remained centred on traditional manufacturing have declined. The Hague’ s specialization is centred on public administration (Meijers, 2007 ).
Can climate change help social cohesion?
The Hague (20%), which is associated with the most pronounced levels of segregation and a historical and geographical divide between poor and rich areas.
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Descriptive statistics and relative contributions of neighborhood change components in each city (Reordering, inequality and divergent growth: processes of neighbourhood change in Dutch cities)
The Hague as a showcase.
13
2.2 The Hague, a historical divide between rich and poor
The Hague is particulary known
growth appears to be shown in
was forced in neighborhoods
for its historical socio-spatial
the fact that it was only a tiny
where houses and streets were
divide
village.
on humid ground.
arranged
based
on
geological caracteristics. Rich
When
residential
places
for
areas were built on the safe
aristocracy were constructed in
sand soil, while poor areas were
the dunes, a nearby community
built on peat soil. Rich people
of laborers was forming. The
refused to build or buy houses
plan then for The Hague was
on a non stable soil.
already taking shape, the shape of a divided city, one for the rich
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We can say that segregation
and the other one for the poor.
is ingrained in the DNA of
Two worlds in one city. For this
the Hague. And follows it’s
reason when the neighborhoods
evolution from a coutry estate
were developing this system was
region for nobility to, later, the
repeated, but this time the high
largest administrative hub in
incomes were living next to the
the Netherlands. The Hague’s
coast, while the working-class
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1500-1600
Explorerscenturies & Reformers of segregation The Hague,
City view around 1550 To the left of it you can see the Lange Vijverberg, which was surrounded by a wall at that time. You could enter through a small wooden gate. The wall probably stood there to keep stray cattle away from the chic houses and back gardens on the Lange Vijverberg.
1664 The construction of the Prinsegracht In 1641, the Hague council made a new plan to expand the city on the west side.
1600-1700 Regents & Monarchs
1854 Forbidden to drive nails In 1854 the ‘Association for the Improvem of the Working Class’ was founded. The fact that so many workers had to live alleys was due to the rapid growth of the also because there were citizens of The H wanted to make a big profit.
The part between the Grote Markt and the Brouwersgracht quickly developed. But the rest, between Brouwersgracht and Lijnbaan, was not completed until well into the 18th century. This was because the wealthier citizens preferred to live in the area near the Lange Voorhout, close to the Hof and Haagse Bos.
1862 State In 1862 the polder betw A few rows the municip bourgeoisie large house But there w live here. Th the peat”) b sand”).
1705 The New Explanation explained In the period 1613 to 1619, The Hague got its canals around the city center. The canals turned out to be so spacious around the city center that almost all urban growth could take place within these canals.
Every street a neighborhood You had to pay a membership fee and that was too expensive for some people. The members of a neighborhood chose a board that had to record the rights and obligations of the members in a neighborhood letter.
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The rich citizens and the nobility wanted to live near the Voorhout and the Haagse Bos
1800-1900 Burgers & steam engines
1950-now After the Second World War
350,000 people who left the former colony of the Dutch East Indies between 1945-1968 and came to the Netherlands Here they could find shelter for a fee or at the expense of the guesthouse, in the event of an emergency. An agency was established in the home that mediated free of charge in obtaining and offering Indonesian personnel.
ment of the Homes
e in slums and e city. But it was Hague who
ely houses around the Oranjeplein e city council gave permission to build on the ween Zuidwal and Hoefkade with houses. of workers’ houses were quickly built up. But pality also wanted housing for the well-to-do e. For example, the Oranjeplein was built with es around a park. was not much interest from wealthy citizens to he rich preferred not to live in the polder (“on but opted for living on the beach walls (“on the
1964 Turkish residents of The Hague In 1964 a contract was signed with Turkey to allow Turkish guest workers to work in the Netherlands. Many Turks then went to live in The Hague and have always stayed here. Turkish migrant workers had different professions. They worked, for example, at the Laurens cigarette factory or at the fish auction in Scheveningen.
After 1945 , more and more Surinamese young people (only boys) from the Creole and Jewish elite came to study in Amsterdam or Leiden . Like most students, they lived in rooms, often with a landladywho served them Dutch pot
Moroccan of The Hague
Panorama Mesdag
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When climate change occurs, it can have a disastrous and severe impact. Potential impacts include rising sea levels, hindering lowlands, increase frequency of: storms, drought and forest fires, as well a tremendous drop in species and a rapid loss of agriculture land. Most problems are caused by an over-consumption of resources by the richest on our planet. The Hague is adopting a "resilience strategy" to strenghten its com-
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munities, institutions, companies, and systems capabilities to resist the future climate chanllenges. The pressure on the housing market is very present. Buidling within the inner city development is now a must for the Hague.
De Zand motor
Acting locally is then the only answer to this global issue (climate change)!
Scheveningen boulevard
(cli-
Climate strike in The Hague, 27 September 2019.
Friday, September 27, 2019, the Netherlands faced the climate strike with tens of thousands in The Hague. This participation in the climate action week shows the high ambitions of the city to be a climate neutral by 2040.
Dutch farmers protest in The Hague, 16 October 2019.
2.3 The Hague’s urgencies
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The Hague is a dense city with paved areas, 50 – 60% of which are privately owned. The City of The Hague encourages greening of these spaces through a range of private owners initiatives.
Increasing the number of green roofs
Urban water bugger, Innovation to tackle the challenges of flooding and secure the fresh water supply
Source: The Hague resilient city
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Diversity workshops: Hindus, christians, muslims talking about the theme of sustainability
Developing cooler, greener schoolyards across the city
Tiny forest project
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3 DETERMINING THE FOCUS AREA 3.1 Neighborhood liveability
Every year the alarm is raised about rising inequalities in Dutch edcation and society. It is much more unstable in the Hague. It is very important to adress this rising inequality.
Can climate change help social cohesion?
Every year, concerns concerning expanding inequalities in Dutch education and society are expressed. In the Hague, the situation is far more unstable. It is critical to address the growing imbalance.
22
The Hague as a showcase.
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24
25
MIGRATION BACKGROUND NON WESTERN
Schildersbuurt
MIGRATION BACKGROUND NON WESTERN
Transvaalkwartier
IN UP CO TO ME 13 HO 0% US SO EH CI OL AL DS M IN IM
UM
IN UP CO TO ME 13 HO 0% US SO EH CI OL AL DS M IN IM
UM
Regentessekwartier
"Segregation is not only about money and assests, it is also about liveability and cultural diversity."
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SOCIAL COHESION
Social cohesion
Gemeente Den Haag Archipelbuurt Belgisch park Benoordenhout Bezuidenhout Bohemen en Meerbos Bomen- en bloemenbuurt Bouwlust en Vrederust Centrum Duindorp Duinoord Geuze- en Statenkwartier
SOCIAL COHESION
Groente- en fruitmarkt
Income
Laakwartier en Spoorwijk Leidschenveen Leyenburg Loosduinen Mariahoeve en Marlot Moerwijk Morgenstond Regentessekwartier Rustenburg en oostbroek Scheveningen Schildersbuurt Stationsbuurt Transvaalkwartier Valkenboskwartier
Background migration
The geographic impact of inequality and disparities between social groups is segregation; an imbalance of individuals over space. The degree of segregation in a neighborhood is determined by three factors: social cohesion, income and background migration.
3.2 Segregation factors determining the focus area
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Can climate change help social cohesion?
The Hague as a showcase.
FOCUS AREA Visualising the neighborhoods of the hague following the three factors. Regentessekwartier – Schilderswijk and Transvaalkwartier have to be within my focus area.
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4 INVESTIGATING THE FOCUS AREA 4.1 History of the focus area
The majority of the projects were small-scale speculative projects for ground level and above level houses. Primarily projects collaboration between municipality and housing corporations. Mostly portico homes, which are particulary special typologies between Scheepersstraat and Kempstraat. Longitudinal porches. Since 1938, the market has occured on Herman Costerstraat, a broad strip of land between Transvaal and Schilderswijk, which is until now the largest market in Europe.
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Transvaalkwartier
The houses were constructed by several construction companies, while the streets were taken care of by the municipality. The streets were laid out in the same manner as the previous ditches and meadows. The dwellings were of poor quality, and profiting from this speculative development which was taking priority on the living conditions of the workers that were living in Schilderswijk. The neighborhood became heavily inhabited after the war due to a housing scarcity.
Roadwayds were built begining 1884. Around the Koningsplein most likely developed area according to a design devised by private companies. The Regentessekwartier was designed for the middle class, with some expensive houses. It is caracterised by a neo-renaissance architecture. The majority of the homes have appartments on the first and second floor. Portico homes by then were not popular in the Hague.
Schilderswijk
Regentessekwartier
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Property forms
Den Haag
45%
33%
21%
Transvaal
31%
45%
23%
Shilderswijk
19%
71%
10%
Regentessekwartier
46%
15%
38%
Owner-occupied home
Social rental
Private rental
Housing typologies
Den Haag
1%
4%
16%
40%
17%
3%
2%
11%
5%
1%
Transvaal
0%
2%
14%
36%
27%
5%
0%
11%
5%
0%
Shilderswijk
0%
2%
11%
52%
14%
7%
0%
9%
7%
0%
Regentessekwartier
0%
1%
9%
10%
30%
2%
0%
32%
14%
1%
Ground floor house
Upper floor house
Other
Freestanding house
Corner Singlefamily house
Between Singlefamily house
Appartment building
Portic houses
Maisonnette
Two houses under one roof
Property forms are showing most presence of social housing in schilderswijk and Transvaal, while less in regentesse.
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Composition of population
Composition of family 9%
35% Den Haag
17%
22%
49%
Den Haag
Native
Western immigrant
22% 47%
Non-western immigrant single person household
Starter
Family
Single-parent family
8% 43%
15%
Transvaal
78%
18%
Transvaal
27%
12%
9% 43%
7%
Shilderswijk
85%
16%
Shilderswijk
26%
15%
51% Regentessekwartier
20% 29%
52% Regentessekwartier
24% 17% 8%
The population in both schilderswijk and Transvaal is mainly composed with families and especially single families, while in regentesse starters are the highest groups.
4.2 Property and population forms Housing corporations properties Housing corporations properties
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Foodscape Schilderswijk
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Artist creates both green and social edible biotopes (foodscapes) in the middle of a densely populated neighborhood in The Hague. - uban agriculture: herb lawns, fruit facades, vegetable beds and berry fences
The Hague municipality chose to act and started a large renewal deal with Staedion housing corporation. 2500 old homes havebeen demolished to make room for 1800 new dwellings, which will breathe fresh life into the neighborhood’s prosperity and identity. This is a perfect example to illustrate the collaboration between different parties for the prosperity and the adequte project for the available community.
4.3 Social forms (existing initiatives)
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Kop Groep 2030, Koningsplein and Regentesseplein and surroundings
1 - More greenery, less heat and flooding
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2- Cook and heat differently
3- Save and insulate
4- Helping owners’ associations (HOAs) to make things more sustainable
Kop groep 2030
Foodscape
De orient
Investigating the city of the Hague, certain initiatives relate to both social cohesion and climate adaptation. What we see happening for example in the regentessekwartier, the emphasis on local sustainable initiatives.
While social initiatives are happening in both schilderswijk and transvaal as foodscape this urban agriculture to bring people together.
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Weimarstraat
bibliotheek Transvaalkwartier
Lifestyle Center WorkOutWijs
stadsboederij de verademing
Hoofdwinkelstructuur Supermarkten Private markten Maatschappelijk Cultuur en laxation Stadsboederij
At
the
Transvaal are
moment, and
both
could attract- and its unsafe
Schilderswijk
places. 42% of residents still feel
neighborhoods
where
unsafe, while the average in the
almost only people with a low
Hague is 25%.
income live. It is noticeable
However the location of both
in its deteriorated public and
Transvaal
communal areas.
is ideal as they are located
and
Schilderswijk
These are areas that attract
not far from the center of the
few
Hague, and sharing an edge with
visitors
from
other
neighborhoods of the city. This
4.4 Spatial analysis
regentessekwartier.
happens due to its low quality of public space -even though there are number of many cultural shops
and
businesses
that
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Interaction areas
1. Paul Krugerlaan
5. Sportpark De verademing
2.
6.
De paardenberg
Wijkpark Transvaal
7. Stadsboerderij Schildershoeve
3. Kaapseplein
8. Wijkcentrum de burcht
4. De Haagsemarkt
Urban connections
9. Loosduinseweg
12. Vailantlaan
13. Steijnlaan
10. Morgenzolaan
14. Hoefkade
11. Square the church house
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1. PAUL KRUGERLAAN Most used shopping street lacking of green and a clear bicycle path diverse commercial plinths to keep and enhance - street needs to be redesigned: green - mobility crossings
5. SPORTPARK DE VERADEMING sport park for the inhabitants from the three neighborhoods space socially mixed diverse sport activities playground for kids -needs a clear connection to Schilderswijk and transvaal
2. de paardenberg Important multifunctional place: church, wijkcentrum and cafes - mobility issue, the building is at a difficult car crossing
6. WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL Lacking heavily of green, mainly paved surfaceS IT is a meeting point for the inhabitants, badly designed. large square with undefined design for the users - Potential place to enhance social mix via a better design
3. KAAPSEPLEIN gathering square for the people (mainly men) from the transvaal - Lacking of green and commercial functions
7. STASBOEDERIJ SCHILDERSHOEVE an intimate square where urban agriculture intiative for eldery is taking place the city farm is used by the kids of the neoghborhood
4. DE HAAGSEMARKT where most interaction of people happens no clear entrance or square next to the market.
8. WIJCENTRUM DE BURCHT an important place where the inhabitants meet to discuss neighborhood issues
9 . LOOSDUINSEWEG Loosduinseweg is on peat soil extremely poor design: green - pedestrian crossing - spatial division special attention for this main connection
13. STEIJNLAAN green stroke that is used for trash from inhabitants connecting stroke from canal to wijkpark transvaal - potential retaining (water) area, better public space design
10. MORGENZOLAAN enhancing with green possible public space for the hindu surinamese community
14. HOEFKADE Hoefkade suffers from a lot of garbage on the street car oriented street transformed into one way 30km/h - area where to enhance social activities by the mean of a better public space
11. SQUARE THE CHURCH HOUSE No sense of place can be a nice square for the church house needs to be redesigned to enhance social mix
12. VAILANTLAAN a car barrier within Schilderswijk not pedestrian friendly potential of enhancing social mix and greening
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15. REGENTESSEPLEIN The ‘worse and better part’ get mixed here north part has many "hipster" local shops while the southern part is know for coffeeshops and drug stores.
19. SCHILDERSBUURT-WEST SPEELTUIN Schildersbuurt-west playground nicely maintained square but unfortunately not very much used. The flow of people goes mainly to the wijkpark transvaal
16. PLAYGROUND JOUBERTPLANTSOEN Lacking public space in terms of green Proximity to Loosduinseweg Bascket ball field used daily by children
20. VERMEERPARK Vermeerpark, used for sports but aslo as playground Daily used
17. KONINGSPLEIN Koningsplein a lively neighborhood square/playground. Daily used Well maintained green
18. WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL 24.092 m2 Wijkpark Transvaal is close by the Haagse market An important square for both Schilderswijk and Transvaal
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Parks and squares
17. Koningsplein
15. Regentesseplein
18. Wijkpark Transvaal
19. Schildersbuurt-west sppeltuin
16 Playground Joubertplantsoen
20. Vermeerpark
POTENTIAL DENSIFICATION AREA
Industry in Transvaal
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44
Regentessekwartier
Schilderswijk
Transvaalkwartier
45
46
Regentessekwartier
Schilderswijk
Transvaalkwartier
47
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Temperature increases, changing weather events, and changes in water cycle will all have a major impact on soil, subsoil, and groundwater. And from the other hand, the natural process has an impact on the climate. The main region, or at least the poorest places of it, is built on peat soil due to its soil type. This means that water in particular locations has a hard time finding its course, causing flooding problems in the event of severe rains.
3.5 Climate isssues of the focus area
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Road accessibility During a heavy rain shower, the water on the street can get so high that the road becomes impassable. Roads are classified as 'passable' if there is a maximum water depth of 10 cm. At water depths between 10 and 30 cm, the roads are classified as 'accessible for calamity traffic'. Roads with water depths of 30 cm and more are 'impassable'.
Loosduinseweg
Walkability 70mm/h Passable Only calamity traffic Impassable
Heat stress Here is where heat stress can occur during summer days. The red areas are very sensitive to heat stress, the blue areas hardly.
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Saturation soil water During a heavy rain shower, the water on the street can get so high that the road becomes impassable.
Doosduinseweg
Paul krugerlaan Hoefkade Wijkpark Transvaal
Waterlogging 70mm/h Up to 10cm Up to 20cm 20cm and more
Vermeerpark
Perceived temperature The map indicates where the highest perceived temperature occurs in the public space, the quality of life therefore decreases. The following factors have been included in the derivation of the wind chill: - Shadow - Humidity - Air temperature - Street width - Building height - Trees
Regentesseplein sportpark De verademing
transvaal bedrijfsterrein
Wijkpark Transvaal
Wind chill 52°C
De Haagse markt
49°C 47°C 45°C 41°C 38°C
51
Loosduinseweg Paul Krugerlaan
Playground Joubertplantsoen
Morgenzolaan
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Main interaction areas are overlapping the most problematic areas related to the climate issues. A clear link is already visible between social interaction and areas in need for climate daptation.
Wijkpark Transvaal
De Haagsemarkt
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APPROACH
I will use sociale cohesion and climate adaptation as guidelines for future development. In order to do so, these guidelines will be researched and tested within two locations. The first one is located in the Regentessekwartier where social housing properties are less dominant. And the second research area is at the boarder of Schilderswijk and Transvaal the heart of the social interaction. Based on the lessons learned from the research areas I will build up and frame the new development that will answer my research question, which is located exactly at the edge of Schilderswijk, Regentessekwartier and Transvaalkwariter.
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5 RESEARCH AREA N1 "THE REGENTESSE BLOCK"
The regentesse Block is a housing block in the Regentessekwartier, composed with private ownership houses and few social corporation houses. The courtyards are particulary composed with backgardens, no space available for collective areas a part from a green oasis that is an initiative from private owners with the help of available fonds and the municipality.
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IND
SW
AN
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LA
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BE
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Buildings Particulier owner + rent Housing corporations property House extension Primary school Green Private gardens Collective courtyard Green oasis Trees
rk Wijkpa
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g
we
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5.1 Location analysis
59
Private owned houses
Social housing, STAEDION property
60
from abanded
to hidden
to designed courtyards 61
Existing initiatives
De Uitvindershof is a courtyard collective garden where neighbors can get to know one another and social cohesion is strenghtened, as well as activities for adults and children. In the Regentessekwartier, there seems to be a green, vibrant, and aromatic sanctuary of serenity, a spot of greening where people contribute to the variety of flora, wildlife, and birds. As a contrast to the dense and high buildings, Uitvindershof is a green peaceful oasis in the city. A natural buffer green has been constructed to provide an oasis to the densly populated area.
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A 1.2m wide paved walkway covers the lenght of the garden. Making it accessible to those with less mobility. There are three terraces, as well as an entrance and a grass. Terraces provide chance for meeting niehgbors and engaging conversation. The garden is spacious enough for larger neighborhood gathering.
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Source: Den Haag Klimaatatlas
64
5.2 The regentesse block Climate issues It is very important to search where are the most hitted spots to
determine
the
adequate
solutions to each climate topic. These maps show precisely what happens to the immediate urban environment.
65
Green facades Polder roofs as rooftop rainwater collection Thresholds at exterior doors and a raised ground floor provide protection against waterlogging of a few centimeters
Regenton A rainwater fence
Building
gravel patio_you should not harden more than 40% of your garden. The rest of the garden is then intended for greenery.
Courtyard
front garden
using street network to discharge rainwater to the canals or ponds...
Street
Water-retardant green strips
water pond
Water-retaining planters temporarily hold rain water and purify it before it drains through a drainage system.
greening streets
Groen voor Grijs project for eldery Courtyard alley greening urban farming
Social intiatives
66
green stoep
Reference toolbox
green oases
A wadi is a trench or ditch filled with gravel and sand, which can both retain and infiltrate water.
n-
communal gardening
vegetable gardens
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1- Large block concept: • larger circulation of cars • new possiblities for Van swindenstraaat
Existing situation
68
2- Housing coporation renovation: • smaller foortprint for new social housing • the aim to enlarge collective areas
5.3 The regentesse block interventions
3- New semi private-collective space for the block: • collective block for possible intiatives • space to enhance sociale cohesion • climate adaptation solutions
New situation
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"We want to work with residents to prevent water damage and nuisance to the home as a result of heavy showers." De Alliantie
Alliantie roofs in Amsterdam
Hosing corporation climate adaptation solutions
Baak Zuid, Rivienrenbuurt Amsterdam
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buildings around a court as an example a multigenerationel housing typologies for families
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Wadi as a solution to cover the exceeding flood of the adjacent streets
Municipal responsability, the "wadi" street
In the Regentesse block the water permeability of the peat soil is 0.1meters of water per day or less. Which means that the wadi must as a solution be able to hold 60mm shower per day. 810m2 surface of wadi a grass-filled ditch of at least 30cm deep.
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The "wadi" requires maintaince and greening interventions. Many examples show that having a wadi adjacent to your house provoques social responsability from the inhabitants of the block. Social meetings of different groups are created by designing wadis at the front doors of the houses, in this case at the existing social houses.
- Maximizing the "wadi" profile to obtain as much water retention - a minimum of 3m wide pedestrian path is required for utilities and cables.
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75 household
A++ A+ A B C D
116 household
E F
Neighborhood battery as a solution for collective energy
We have a very pleasant and mixed neighborhood, with many old houses. Not all those people have the time or space to be very involved with sustainability. We therefore look for an alternative to gas in small things. Buurt bewoner in Regentessekwartier
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850kWh 4 solar panels 1.700kWh 8 solar panels 2.500kWh 12 solar panels 3.400kWh 16 solar panels
1 person 2 people
3 people
4 people
Household size in comparaision to the annual Electricity Usage (calculating how many solar panels are needed)
By choosing a collective energy, users can change supply or demand by transferring something to a different time, momentarily storing it, or converting it to a different type of energy. The battery is a solution for affordable bill for its users. It is also a place of exchange, buying energy either from energy supplier or surplus of the battery. In this way, social housing for example do not need to exploit the majority of the roof for energy, they can instead achieve other sustainability goals such as water retention.
Total: 100m2 surface storage Height: 3/4m Residents capacity: 1.000resident
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Polder roof Depth:10/25 cm Water retention: >80% Waeter storage: 30-80 l/m²
Water proof solutions as a tool for social enhancement
There’s many various advantages to
Polder
having fewer concrete surfaces in
increase biodiversity in the city. If
roofs absorb rainfall and
the garden, including the ability for
they are accessible, these roofs might
rainwater to permeate the ground and
serve as an extension of your garden.
refill the aquifer, as well as the ability to keep the garden cooler on warm days. Birds, bees, and bugs all use it as a shelter.
A grass or a flower-filled lawn
Rainwater ponds inglobe rainwater
provides a close look at nature.
for a short period of time before
Rainwater
penetrate
allowing it to gradually fall into
into the subsoil, which is one of
may
easily
the subsoil. This contributes in the
its capacities. This helps restore
recharge of groundwater and the
groundwater
prevents
reduction of drought-related damage.
evaporation and flooding. In addition,
An important element of this kind of
plant gardens heat considerably less
ponds is a greenery around it that
than paved gardens on hot days.
allows a variety of plants and animals
and
that attract to it.
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Gravel Semi-paved surface Depth: 20cm
Grass garden Depth: 40cm
Relief in the garden Depth: 50cm
Rainwater pond Depth: 70cm
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Source: buildings in the Netherlands, GitHub
A++ A+ A B C D E F
Due to old houses it is natural that their ranking of waterlabel is low (F-G). It shows the non capacity of the plot to retain water. In this case water proof solutions are needed for the plot to achieve a higher label.
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Waterlabel calculation tool
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As a release for neighboring plots
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As a release for neighboring plots
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Lessons learned from Research area n1
A neighborhood battery is an affordable solution for its users, and a release tool on the pressure on electricity grid.
Collective energy share of the new Regentesse block . Social housing covering only 50% of their roof due to energy supply from battery.
A+
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new energie label
Wadi as a solution to cover the exceeding flood of the adjacent streets
Social meetings of different groups are created by designing wadis at the front doors of the targeted houses.
Specific and special typologies for the new Regentesse block using water proof solutions as key elements for social enhancement.
Collective water management is crucial for inhabitants meetings and collective decisions.
A
new water label
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6 RESEARCH AREA N2 "WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL"
The Wijkpark Transvaal is the main square for Transvaal and schilderswijk, where different amenities are available like a health center, a city farm, the Haagse market, and available sport fields. It is suffering from both flood and heat stress. While it is a living square and is the heart of Transvaal.
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Regen
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Ecozone Green Trees Kids playground
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AT
RA
T PS
AT
Green
S
Commercial plinth
A TR SS AN AR
Housing corporations property
LM WO
Particulier owner + rent
gH
aa
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De
SCHALK BURGERSTRAAT
Buildings
M
KE
De Woelige Stal, city farm
sport square
Housing on ground floor
particulier housing
Health center
Haagse markt
6.1 Location
Housing coporation buildings
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Kermess for children
Soccer field
Kurds movement
Wijkpark
HOLI festival
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Playground for kids
The heart of Tranvaal
race parkour for kids
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The Wijkpark facing problems
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Waterlogging
Warm wind, heat stress
6.2 The Wijkpark Climate issues
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Use of "Wijkpark Transvaal" and existing initiative
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Commercial plinth
Stadsboederij
Huisarts praktijk Apotheek Pavilion Bibliotheek Transvaalkwartier Kids playground
Commercial plinth
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Mobility Hub: • combine social function with the hub • solution to release parking pressure on streets
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Community house at the entrance of the wijkpark: • combine neighborhood house with a city hall • provide safety and social place for the inhabitants
Climate adaptable park: • use existing trees and propose extra green spaces • diversity of green + water retention areas • diversity of play areas
Concept
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Existing situation
Cooling solutions are desperately needed in the Wijkpark Transvaal. When you’re surrounded by only flat rooftops and paved public area, you can’t help but feel a heat impact.
Roof interventions: The Hague, more than any other significant city in the Netherlands, is known for its flat roofs. In the summertime, an asphalt roof can reach temperatures of up to 60 degrees, contributing greatly to The Hague’s heat island effect. During hot weather, green roofs have low evaporation. Solar panels can also be used to keep roofs cool. These convert sunlight into electrical energy rather than heat, resulting in a helpful by-product that can be utilized to chill the property. As a result, the asphalt roof can be replaced in a variety of ways.
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Pavement intervention: The heat island effect is enhanced by pavement. Lighter pavement and less pavement are two strategies for reducing this effect. Porous pavements provide a cooler, less heat-absorbing surface. Water fountains, for example, are an adequate solution for cooling and refreshing in public spaces in North African countries. Water fountains are not only beautiful elements, but also serve as places for children to play and for parents and others to relax in a cool and comfortable environment.
Linear park for kids (Streets will be replaced in a new parking garage)
New situation
Tree-planting: In terms of heat, tree planting is a no-brainer. Shade is provided by trees, as well as cooling through evaporation. The Hague’s municipality is selecting and growing a variety of resilient city trees. These trees will then be planted in Schilderswijk and Transvaalkwartier, among other neighborhoods.
6.3 Interventions
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water foutain square in Morocco
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Avenue Mohammed V, Rabat
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Tasinge plads, Copenhagen
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Buiksloterham groenvisie, mobility hub, DELVA
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Lessons learned from Research area n2
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7 DESIGNING THE EDGE "LIJN 11"
Lijn11 is the translation of a suitable future develoment that is beneficial not only for people who live and work in the neighbourhood, but as well its future residents. Lijn11 answers to the close "realistic" link between climate adaptation and social cohesion,
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LIJN11 7.1 Situation
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The Hague aspires to increase
jumbled tangle that doesn’t
its residential housing quality;
connect
with the wish to provide with
Transvaalkwartier to the rest
the
best
of The Hague.
and
economic
social,
cultural,
Schilderswijk
and
development
chances.
The lijn11 zone, a tram line
Zone Lijn11 is a place with a
that runs north-south from
lot of potential for improving
Hollands
the
present
Scheveningen and east-west
urban tissue as well as its
from Den Haag Centraal to
future development. It’s now a
the western portion of the
quality
of
the
Spoor
station
to
city, brings together a diverse range of opportunities. The
location
provides
prospects for developments that will to strengthen the segregated areas with their multicultural character.
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Buildings Particulier owner + rent Housing corporations building Business premises Commercial plinth Green Ecozone Green Trees
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PAUL K R
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AAN
LF
DE
AN
LA
E TS
N
AA
EL
D AN
warehouse storage
De Hoge regentesse, existing residential tower
Afvalbrengstation
basis markt
Uitzendebureau flexibel
picnic
Housing corporation
Auto bedrijf + VCA school
Auto garage
Basis groothandel office +warehouse
Karwei
For a new development, the
project’s
Uitenhagestraat
plinths.
is
The new developments must
very significant. The accessible
blend seamlessly with the old
enterprises
neighborhood’s DNA. Transvaal
are
district
available
no
longer
appropriate for urban growth.
has a distinct aroma and color thanks to its many ethnicities.
As a result, I’m considering using
It also implies that public space
an empty area as a starting
and social cohesion are of a
point for the Lijn11 project. Where
great importance.
some of the present businesses can be relocated to the new
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110
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The facade of zone lijn11 along Monstersestraat forms a barriere here to the rest of the city.
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Sections Zone lijn11
Transvaal
Zone lijn11 Herman Costerstraat
Karwei
Transvaal
Zone lijn11
Engelenburgstraat
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Schilderswijk Monstersestraat
Schilderswijk
Uitenhagestraat
Monstersestraat
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Wijkpark Transvaal
Wijkpark Transvaal
The Transvaal and Schilderswijk are actually facing each other with their back sides to each other. As a result, Lijn11 will change the look of the new Monstersestraat boulevard, making it more inviting. Lijn11 aspires to enhance attractive places and build new pedestrian friendly links with a master plan that fits within the existing urban fabric. The master plan also aims to improve spatial cohesion in the Lijn 11 zone via spatial interventions, as well as create a new density that is better suited to an inner city development.
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Wijkpark Transvaal
Car traffic is limited to the plan’s edge. Creating a central green backbone that runs the length of the project, from the Transvaal wijkpark to the Regentessekwartier’s Verademing park. Cycling will be promoted, and the Lijn 11 zone’s main routes will be opened up. The goal is to improve the area’s appeal by maximizing and optimizing land use.
7.2 Improving connections
Regentesse Zuid 1,02
Schilderswijk Noord 1,02
Transvaal Noord 1,00
Schilderswijk West 1,00
Schilderswijk midden 0,86
Lijn11 2,40
Total: 101.927m2
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LEGENDA Lijn11 heights 4 to 5m 8 to 15m 15 to 31m 31 to 70m
The development of social resilience is inextricably linked to the formation of cohesive neighborhoods and communities. For the pleasure of life, and for the pleasure of living in a city, it is critical to form bonds with communities. including people of various social classes, cultures, backgrounds, ethnicity, nationality, and other factors. As a result, social segregation is reduced.
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The urban character of Lijn11 will be given a boost by adding specific houses and facilities. Owner-occupied and rental residences in all price ranges will be covered by the proposal. This not only draws new inhabitants, but it also provides chances for existing residents to stay in the neighborhood as they rise up the social ladder and can afford a better home.
LEGENDA Lijn11 buildings Luxe segment Middlesegment Social segment Student house eldery housing non-housing program
Existing buildings Mid segment Housing corporation
The DNA of the neighborhood is a set of measures that correspond to the community’s identity and that of its citizens. The Lijn11 approach is distinguished by targeted and successful collaboration with district (business) partners, such as corporations and educational institutions, as well as new investors who can create new social opportunities.
7.3 From a deprived area to an inclusive neighborhood a. Housing typologies
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115 Luxe appt.
160 social appt.
S: 90m2 L: 122m2
Size: 75m2
Total residents: 545
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Total residents: 482
93 mid appt.
124 social appt.
Size: 100m2
Size: 55m2
Total residents: 280
Total residents: 248
197 mid appt.
15 student appt.
Size: 75m2
Size: 75m2
Total residents: 593
Total residents: 45
9 social fam. house
4 mid fam. house
Size: m2
Size: m2
Total residents: 36
Total residents: 12
27 eldery appt. Size: 80m2 Total residents: 81
A diversity of typologies A variety of housing typologies should reintroduce the area to young families who are now leaving because they cannot locate a suitable home for an affordable price.
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LEGENDA Restaurant Supermarket Horeca Basis school Stadswinkel and police bureau Gezondheidcentrum Cultuur Community house
This new edge can be developed into a unique area with its own distinct image, unique facilities, and development space for the culturally rich metropolis.’ New facilities will be built in the new plinths as a result of the setback and expansion of the Monstersestraat boulevard, attracting new functions and social gatherings. It is critical that a community house and a municipal hall, as well as cultural events, take place and be better integrated spatially within the design in order to improve the relationships between various communities and to shape the main character of Lijn11.
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b. Monstersestraat restoration boulevard
Community house 1.245m2 City hall (+possible police station) 2.903m2 HORECA 5.625m2 Public library 1.162m2 Cinema+sport center 2.319m2
Theatre Maurice Novarina, France
Julio Mario Library park. Bogota
Turkse Moskee, Ede
stadswinkel, Tilburg
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The tram line 11, connecting instead of separating The Monstersestraat will then have a boulevard-like character,
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Can climate change
Climate adaptation
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help social cohesion?
Social cohesion
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Warm wind, heat stress
Municipalities seem to be doing
way to avoid flooding. It will show
too little to address heat and
how rainwater can be controlled
drought-related
in a reliable and faster manner.
communities
issues. place
Most
minimal
emphasis on heat and drought. While
this
is
required.
The
current severe weather scenario aids
people
in
seeing
this.
Climate change will cause Den Haag, along with many other cities, to experience more rain in the future. Allowing water to settle in the urban space for extended periods of time is one
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7.4 Lijn11 Climate issues
Waterlogging
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a. Energy network
Lijn11 is a "smart energy network" that aims to boost societal value. It is reflected by the average of a community battery located in a central place, as well as the WKO system and batteries built into the mobility hub building.
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By choosing collective energy, users can change supply or demand by transferring something to a different time, momentarily storing it, or converting it to a different type of energy. The influence on the electricity grid and connections, the value on energy markets, CO2 and the environment have all been calculated to determine the social costs and benefits. Through a collective energy it seems possible to reduce 1/8th of the peak at substation level, and even 20-30% at medium voltage level (source: theme study 2.0, CE Delft 2020).
First, the battery would relieve strain on the electricity grid, and second, it will minimize societal expenses by lowering developer charges for connections and households’ fixed expenditures.
Water infiltration Gardens= 5.795m2 Relief gardens= 919m2 Gravel pavement= 7.161m2
Water retention Polder roof= 9,290m2 Water pond= 3.202m2 Water fountain= 1.387m2 Wadi= 3.186m2
b. Water proof
An incorporated approach requires several stakeholders to coordinate their activities in order to achieve a single goal. To build a long-term community The majority of integrated water solutions would necessitate a ‘flexible mindset’ on the part of stakeholders. Water as an asset in urban living can be reintroduced by integrating water solutions with urban development.
of handling a shower of at least 60 millimeters in an hour on its own site, with the water storage facility empty and ready for the next shower after 24 hours. Rainwater is collected and treated internally. On the roof, gardens, water storages, or water ponds, facilities for water storage, reuse, or infiltration are installed.
7.5 From "Climate denial" to "Climate adaptation"
The plot must be constructed in such a way that it is water-neutral. This indicates that the plot must be capable
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c. Biodiversity
Ecological and leisure greenery are beneficial to one’s wellbeing, and this is especially true for persons with poor socioeconomic level. Turning courts into green havens for rest and recreation that the community enjoys. There is space for both playing and meeting. A variety of components encourage neighborhood participation, such as a joint maintained vegetable garden, bee houses, trees, plants and flowers, polder roofs, roof gardens.All of them compose a natural system for both humans and species.
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132 Trees + diverse vegetation
d. City heat
The planting of plants in public spaces, on the margins, on the roofs, and on the facades of constructions helps in the prevention of heat islands. Green (indoor) gardening also aid in the prevention of heat exhaustion. To maintain natural cooling throughout the homes, tree planting is taken into consideration.
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Ede Market square, Ede
Ketcheson, Columbia
Boulogne billancourt, Paris
Piazza a Desio, Milan
Boulogne billancourt, Paris
People are brought together by culture and recreation. Lijn 11 zone’s characteristics necessitate a specific, spatial translation. This can be accomplished through the creation of an attractive public space appealing gathering spots, space for social activities, and community events. Climate adaptation and resilience can be achieved through the use of public spaces in cities. Both of these goals can be combined into a single space, which means that public spaces not only protect peo-
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ple from climate dangers, but also create socially lively locations and contribute to social cohesiveness.
Zeehelentuin, The Hague
Helping inhabitants to become active actors of this process is a key element to increase awareness about a changing climate and by that creating greater social cohesion.
7.6 From neglected public areas to specific designed public space Specific diversity of public spaces for Lijn11
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136
Towers
Cityhall Foodcourt Community house
LIJN11 MASTER PLAN
Inhabitants gardens
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"De Wijktuin"
Community serra on roof
"De Groene Lijn"
neighborhood Initiative gardens
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Garden roof
Monstersestraat
139
Community square
Accessible green roofs
"De Groene Lijn"
Water fountain
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Monstersestraat
Garden roof
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"Transvalshof groene"
Garden roof
Engelenburgstraat
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"De Groene Lijn" Community house
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Can climate change help social cohesion? Can climate change help social cohesion?
The Hague as a showcase.
LOOSDUINSEPLEIN
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Can climate change help social cohesion?
The Hague as a showcase.
"DE COLLECTIVE COURTS"
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Can climate change help social cohesion?
The Hague as a showcase.
"TRANSVALSHOF GROENE"
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150
Can climate change help social cohesion?
The Hague as a showcase.
"DE WIJKTUIN"
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Can climate change help social cohesion?
The Hague as a showcase.
8 CONCLUSION
The Hague should be and remain a healthy and appealing city for all inhabitants that want to live in. This implies, for example, that there must be sufficient affordable housing. It also means that inhabitants must live in their neighborhoods where they may enjoy a suitable, pleasant, clean, and safe living environment. No Matter what ethnicity and social class they belong to. In order to do so this graduation project shows how specific and adequate sustainability soclutions do not only serve the changing climate but also enhance and create social mix where you do not expect it to happen. Climate change can help social cohesion if and only the task is to put investments from climate adaptation goals towards improving everyone’s quality of life.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Books Bruno Latour, Ou atterrir? Comment s’orienter en politique; éditions la Découverte . Richard Sennett, Building and Dwelling, Ethics for the City; Kindle edition . Susan Fainstein, The just City, 2010 . Jane Jacobs, The Dealth and Life of Great American Cities, 1961 . Gehl Jan, Life between Buildings, using public space, 2011 . Posad, Waar is ruimte voor de stad? Ontwerpend onderzoek- Stadsdeelverkenningen Den Haag 2040, Maarten Hajer, Peter Pelzer, Martijn van den Hurk, Chris ten Dam, Edwin Buitelaar, A plea for social and Ecological UrbanismNeighborhoods for the future; Trancity*valiz
Articles . Tal Modai-Snir & Maarten van Ham (2020): Reordering, inequality and divergent growth: processes of neighbourhood change in Dutch cities, Regional Studies, article online 07 May 2020 . Ewald Engelen, Sukhdev Johal, Angelo Sa lento and Karel Williams, How to build a fairer city, 2014 . Ronald van Kempen, The urban poor in the Netherlands and the residential mix in the ci ties, espaces populations sociétés, 1995 . PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency The Hague, Adaptation to climate change in the Netherlands – Studying related risks and opportunities, 2015 . Innovation in Climate Adaptation, Knowledge for Climate, Climate Adaptation in the Nether lands
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Internet https://resilientthehague.nl/en/ . Bakkes, J.A. (2012a), Brief evaluation of the PBL study ‘Roads from Rio+20’, interne notitie PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency . https://www.ciddenhaag.nl/wp-content/up loads/CID-agenda-2040.pdf. Kansen voor nieuw Den Haag https://www.waterlabel.net https://www.liander.nl/nieuws/2017/11/23/buren-slaan-lokale-zonnestroom-op-buurtbatterij http://www.sldesign.eu/site/projektvoorbeelden/projectvoorbeeld-buurttuin-de-uitvindershof/ https://www.rainproof.nl https://www.groeneregentes.nl https://alfen.com/
Conferences, online events CAS 2021 Climate Adaptation Summit (online) https://www.cas2021.com Designing cities for all, Fellow #1: Lyong Juliana, event organised by Pakhuis de Zwijger UTC The New Urban Normal #2: The Green New Deal, event organised by TU Delft university
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