Imane Boutanzit - Can climate change help social cohesion? The Hague as a showcase

CAN CLIMATE CHANGE HELP SOCIAL COHESION?

The Hague as a showcase

Dedicated to my dearest parents Najia Belkaid and Simohammed Boutanzit

SPECIAL THANKS TO: Martin Aarts Jaap Brouwer Tess Broekmans Salem Shanina Agnese Fiocchi Heleen Bults Yuleska Ziade Pfeiffer Herman Zonderland Jacqueline Goossens Nada Ben Salah Lianne Hulsebosch Tine Sommeijer Jerryt Krombeen Asmahane Shaikh Taleb Hano Dompeling Badr Boutanzit Faycal Boutanzit

Contact: imaneboutanzit@gmail.com +31 6 38 71 45 15

Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague as a showcase

Imane Boutanzit Graduation Commission: Martin Aarts - mentor Jaap Brouwer - commission member Tess Broekamans - commission member External commission: Maud Aarts Hans van Der Made Academie van Bouwkunst 31 July 2021

1 INTRODUCTION

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2 CHOICE OF LOCATION

12

3 DETERMINING THE FOCUS AREA

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4 INVESTIGATING THE FOCUS AREA

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1.1 "The new climate regime" 1.2 World wide global phenomenon

2.1 Most segregated city in the Netherlands 2.2 The Hague, a historical divide between rich and poor 2.3 The Hague’s urgencies

3.1 Neighborhood liveability 3.2 Segregation factors determining focus area

4.1 History of the focus area 4.2 Property and population forms 4.3 Social forms (existing initiatives) 4.4 Spatial analysis 4.5 Climate isssues of the focus area

APPROACH 5 RESEARCH AREA N1 "THE REGENTESSE BLOCK"

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6 RESEARCH AREA N2 "WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL"

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5.1 Location analysis 5.2 The regentesse block Climate issues 5.3 The regentesse block interventions

6.1 Location 6.2 The Wijkpark Climate issues 6.3 Interventions

TABLE OF CONTENT

7 DESIGNING THE EDGE "LIJN 11"

104

7.1 Situation 7.2 Improving connections 7.3 From a deprived area to an inclusive neighborhood a. Housing typologies b. Monstersestraat restoration boulevard

7.4 Lijn11 Climate issues 7.5 From "Climate denial" to "Climate adaptation" a. Energy network b. Water proof c. Biodiversity d. City heat

7.6 From neglected public areas to specific designed public spaces

8 CONCLUSION

153

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

156

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 "The new climate regime"

Changing climate is becoming

over time. Evidence of the link

an increasingly crucial part of

between global climate change

our lives all across the world.

and poverty has been offered

The global climate is quickly

(and the quality of life). However,

moving and turning against

the link between climate change

us, forcing us into an uncertain

and social inequality is not yet

future.

at the heart of all attentions.

Can climate change help social cohesion?

We owe it to ourselves as

6

professionals to respond to this

Bruno Latour in his book "Down

global issue. I believe that our

to Earth" arguments the urgency

future cities will need to adapt

of finding a new place to live

to climate change. Adaptive and

in or dealing immediately and

resilient cities are currently

taking

the case, but is that enough? Is

climate regime, the regime of

relying on technical solutions

growing inequalities within a

sufficient? Is it possible for

climatic mutation. An urgency

these solutions to provide a

ignored by world leaders. Until

better environment for everyone,

you are not touched economical

or simply for those who can

and socially, you do not relate to

afford it?

the question of climate change.

The physical impact of climate

This graduation project is looking for links and answers for climate change and social inequalities.

How can climate resilient and adaptative goals help social goals?

change

was

once

primarily

focused

on

the

enormous

impact

on

sociocultural received

nature.

The

influence

has

increased

attention

action

in

this

new

The Hague as a showcase.

"What the militancy of millions of ecologists, what the queries of thousands of scientists, what the action hundreds of industrialists could not obtain, what even Pope Francis was not able to draw attention to , Trump was able: everyone now knows that the climate issue is at the heart of all geopolitical issues and that it is directly linked to that of injustices and inequalities."

Down to Earth: Politics in the New Climatic Regime, Bruno Latour

"Down to Earth", Bruno Latour 2018

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1.2 World wide global phenomenon

Europe has a headline target to be climate neutral by 2050.

One of its investments regarding the environment policy is articulated by the European Green deal.

In order to do so it deals with different topics and strategies: - energy - industry and circular economy - 0 pollution ambition - biodiversity strategy (urban greening plan) - mobility

It is not only at a scale of a city but is also at European scale.

There are investment needs for the green transition, but how are we going to make it happen?

Which investments go to which topics and how?

For climate neutrality to happen climate change solutions are mainly established technically.

However what we also face is the environmental impact and the impact of climate change hitting the poorest countries, the hardest.

Exposure to PM2.5 mapped against GDP per capita, 2013-2014

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European green deal

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Can climate change

Climate adaptation

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help social cohesion?

Social cohesion

Research question

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2 CHOICE OF LOCATION 2.1 Most segregated city in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, segregation is measured not only in terms of social and economics origins, but also in terms of ethnicity. The four major cities are home to the majority of non-western immigrants (Amsterdam- RotterdamDen Haag- Utrecht). They are concetrated in areas of the city where the majority of residents are low-income and uneducated.

Seperated from individuals with great salaries and advanced degrees.

The Hague in the Netherlands third biggest city. It is a home for 546.721 people and is rapidly expanding. It is the city with the highest levels of segregation, ranking third among ethnically diverse Dutch cities (after Amsterdam and Rotterdam).

Top 10 Ethnically diverse Dutch cities (Hirschman-Herfindahl index) Housing market restructuring in combination with the influence of globalizing capital also affect inter-urban hierarchies. For the past decades, cities’ fortunes were determined by their success in transitioning to a postindustrial economy. Areas in which the creative class concentrated have thrived, and those in which the economic base remained centred on traditional manufacturing have declined.

The Hague’ s specialization is centred on public administration (Meijers, 2007 ).

Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague (20%), which is associated with the most pronounced levels of segregation and a historical and geographical divide between poor and rich areas.

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Descriptive statistics and relative contributions of neighborhood change components in each city (Reordering, inequality and divergent growth: processes of neighbourhood change in Dutch cities)

The Hague as a showcase.

13

2.2 The Hague, a historical divide between rich and poor

The Hague is particulary known

growth appears to be shown in

was forced in neighborhoods

for its historical socio-spatial

the fact that it was only a tiny

where houses and streets were

divide

village.

on humid ground.

arranged

based

on

geological caracteristics. Rich

When

residential

places

for

areas were built on the safe

aristocracy were constructed in

sand soil, while poor areas were

the dunes, a nearby community

built on peat soil. Rich people

of laborers was forming. The

refused to build or buy houses

plan then for The Hague was

on a non stable soil.

already taking shape, the shape of a divided city, one for the rich

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We can say that segregation

and the other one for the poor.

is ingrained in the DNA of

Two worlds in one city. For this

the Hague. And follows it’s

reason when the neighborhoods

evolution from a coutry estate

were developing this system was

region for nobility to, later, the

repeated, but this time the high

largest administrative hub in

incomes were living next to the

the Netherlands. The Hague’s

coast, while the working-class

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1500-1600

Explorerscenturies & Reformers of segregation The Hague,

City view around 1550 To the left of it you can see the Lange Vijverberg, which was surrounded by a wall at that time. You could enter through a small wooden gate. The wall probably stood there to keep stray cattle away from the chic houses and back gardens on the Lange Vijverberg.

1664 The construction of the Prinsegracht In 1641, the Hague council made a new plan to expand the city on the west side.

1600-1700 Regents & Monarchs

1854 Forbidden to drive nails In 1854 the ‘Association for the Improvem of the Working Class’ was founded.

The fact that so many workers had to live alleys was due to the rapid growth of the also because there were citizens of The H wanted to make a big profit.

The part between the Grote Markt and the Brouwersgracht quickly developed. But the rest, between Brouwersgracht and Lijnbaan, was not completed until well into the 18th century. This was because the wealthier citizens preferred to live in the area near the Lange Voorhout, close to the Hof and Haagse Bos.

1862 State In 1862 the polder betw A few rows the municip bourgeoisie large house But there w live here. Th the peat”) b sand”).

1705 The New Explanation explained In the period 1613 to 1619, The Hague got its canals around the city center.

The canals turned out to be so spacious around the city center that almost all urban growth could take place within these canals.

Every street a neighborhood You had to pay a membership fee and that was too expensive for some people.

The members of a neighborhood chose a board that had to record the rights and obligations of the members in a neighborhood letter.

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The rich citizens and the nobility wanted to live near the Voorhout and the Haagse Bos

1800-1900 Burgers & steam engines

1950-now After the Second World War

350,000 people who left the former colony of the Dutch East Indies between 1945-1968 and came to the Netherlands Here they could find shelter for a fee or at the expense of the guesthouse, in the event of an emergency. An agency was established in the home that mediated free of charge in obtaining and offering Indonesian personnel.

ment of the Homes

e in slums and e city. But it was Hague who

ely houses around the Oranjeplein e city council gave permission to build on the ween Zuidwal and Hoefkade with houses. of workers’ houses were quickly built up. But pality also wanted housing for the well-to-do e. For example, the Oranjeplein was built with es around a park. was not much interest from wealthy citizens to he rich preferred not to live in the polder (“on but opted for living on the beach walls (“on the

1964 Turkish residents of The Hague In 1964 a contract was signed with Turkey to allow Turkish guest workers to work in the Netherlands. Many Turks then went to live in The Hague and have always stayed here.

Turkish migrant workers had different professions. They worked, for example, at the Laurens cigarette factory or at the fish auction in Scheveningen.

After 1945 , more and more Surinamese young people (only boys) from the Creole and Jewish elite came to study in Amsterdam or Leiden . Like most students, they lived in rooms, often with a landladywho served them Dutch pot

Moroccan of The Hague

Panorama Mesdag

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When climate change occurs, it can have a disastrous and severe impact.

Potential impacts include rising sea levels, hindering lowlands, increase frequency of: storms, drought and forest fires, as well a tremendous drop in species and a rapid loss of agriculture land.

Most problems are caused by an over-consumption of resources by the richest on our planet.

The Hague is adopting a "resilience strategy" to strenghten its com-

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munities, institutions, companies, and systems capabilities to resist the future climate chanllenges.

The pressure on the housing market is very present. Buidling within the inner city development is now a must for the Hague.

De Zand motor

Acting locally is then the only answer to this global issue (climate change)!

Scheveningen boulevard

(cli-

Climate strike in The Hague, 27 September 2019.

Friday, September 27, 2019, the Netherlands faced the climate strike with tens of thousands in The Hague.

This participation in the climate action week shows the high ambitions of the city to be a climate neutral by 2040.

Dutch farmers protest in The Hague, 16 October 2019.

2.3 The Hague’s urgencies

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The Hague is a dense city with paved areas, 50 – 60% of which are privately owned. The City of The Hague encourages greening of these spaces through a range of private owners initiatives.

Increasing the number of green roofs

Urban water bugger, Innovation to tackle the challenges of flooding and secure the fresh water supply

Source: The Hague resilient city

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Diversity workshops: Hindus, christians, muslims talking about the theme of sustainability

Developing cooler, greener schoolyards across the city

Tiny forest project

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3 DETERMINING THE FOCUS AREA 3.1 Neighborhood liveability

Every year the alarm is raised about rising inequalities in Dutch edcation and society. It is much more unstable in the Hague.

It is very important to adress this rising inequality.

Can climate change help social cohesion?

Every year, concerns concerning expanding inequalities in Dutch education and society are expressed. In the Hague, the situation is far more unstable. It is critical to address the growing imbalance.

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The Hague as a showcase.

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24

25

MIGRATION BACKGROUND NON WESTERN

Schildersbuurt

MIGRATION BACKGROUND NON WESTERN

Transvaalkwartier

IN UP CO TO ME 13 HO 0% US SO EH CI OL AL DS M IN IM

UM

IN UP CO TO ME 13 HO 0% US SO EH CI OL AL DS M IN IM

UM

Regentessekwartier

"Segregation is not only about money and assests, it is also about liveability and cultural diversity."

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SOCIAL COHESION

Social cohesion

Gemeente Den Haag Archipelbuurt Belgisch park Benoordenhout Bezuidenhout Bohemen en Meerbos Bomen- en bloemenbuurt Bouwlust en Vrederust Centrum Duindorp Duinoord Geuze- en Statenkwartier

SOCIAL COHESION

Groente- en fruitmarkt

Income

Laakwartier en Spoorwijk Leidschenveen Leyenburg Loosduinen Mariahoeve en Marlot Moerwijk Morgenstond Regentessekwartier Rustenburg en oostbroek Scheveningen Schildersbuurt Stationsbuurt Transvaalkwartier Valkenboskwartier

Background migration

The geographic impact of inequality and disparities between social groups is segregation; an imbalance of individuals over space.

The degree of segregation in a neighborhood is determined by three factors: social cohesion, income and background migration.

3.2 Segregation factors determining the focus area

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Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague as a showcase.

FOCUS AREA Visualising the neighborhoods of the hague following the three factors.

Regentessekwartier – Schilderswijk and Transvaalkwartier have to be within my focus area.

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4 INVESTIGATING THE FOCUS AREA 4.1 History of the focus area

The majority of the projects were small-scale speculative projects for ground level and above level houses. Primarily projects collaboration between municipality and housing corporations.

Mostly portico homes, which are particulary special typologies between Scheepersstraat and Kempstraat. Longitudinal porches.

Since 1938, the market has occured on Herman Costerstraat, a broad strip of land between Transvaal and Schilderswijk, which is until now the largest market in Europe.

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Transvaalkwartier

The houses were constructed by several construction companies, while the streets were taken care of by the municipality. The streets were laid out in the same manner as the previous ditches and meadows. The dwellings were of poor quality, and profiting from this speculative development which was taking priority on the living conditions of the workers that were living in Schilderswijk.

The neighborhood became heavily inhabited after the war due to a housing scarcity.

Roadwayds were built begining 1884. Around the Koningsplein most likely developed area according to a design devised by private companies.

The Regentessekwartier was designed for the middle class, with some expensive houses.

It is caracterised by a neo-renaissance architecture. The majority of the homes have appartments on the first and second floor.

Portico homes by then were not popular in the Hague.

Schilderswijk

Regentessekwartier

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Property forms

Den Haag

45%

33%

21%

Transvaal

31%

45%

23%

Shilderswijk

19%

71%

10%

Regentessekwartier

46%

15%

38%

Owner-occupied home

Social rental

Private rental

Housing typologies

Den Haag

1%

4%

16%

40%

17%

3%

2%

11%

5%

1%

Transvaal

0%

2%

14%

36%

27%

5%

0%

11%

5%

0%

Shilderswijk

0%

2%

11%

52%

14%

7%

0%

9%

7%

0%

Regentessekwartier

0%

1%

9%

10%

30%

2%

0%

32%

14%

1%

Ground floor house

Upper floor house

Other

Freestanding house

Corner Singlefamily house

Between Singlefamily house

Appartment building

Portic houses

Maisonnette

Two houses under one roof

Property forms are showing most presence of social housing in schilderswijk and Transvaal, while less in regentesse.

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Composition of population

Composition of family 9%

35% Den Haag

17%

22%

49%

Den Haag

Native

Western immigrant

22% 47%

Non-western immigrant single person household

Starter

Family

Single-parent family

8% 43%

15%

Transvaal

78%

18%

Transvaal

27%

12%

9% 43%

7%

Shilderswijk

85%

16%

Shilderswijk

26%

15%

51% Regentessekwartier

20% 29%

52% Regentessekwartier

24% 17% 8%

The population in both schilderswijk and Transvaal is mainly composed with families and especially single families, while in regentesse starters are the highest groups.

4.2 Property and population forms Housing corporations properties Housing corporations properties

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Foodscape Schilderswijk

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Artist creates both green and social edible biotopes (foodscapes) in the middle of a densely populated neighborhood in The Hague.

- uban agriculture: herb lawns, fruit facades, vegetable beds and berry fences

The Hague municipality chose to act and started a large renewal deal with Staedion housing corporation. 2500 old homes havebeen demolished to make room for 1800 new dwellings, which will breathe fresh life into the neighborhood’s prosperity and identity.

This is a perfect example to illustrate the collaboration between different parties for the prosperity and the adequte project for the available community.

4.3 Social forms (existing initiatives)

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Kop Groep 2030, Koningsplein and Regentesseplein and surroundings

1 - More greenery, less heat and flooding

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2- Cook and heat differently

3- Save and insulate

4- Helping owners’ associations (HOAs) to make things more sustainable

Kop groep 2030

Foodscape

De orient

Investigating the city of the Hague, certain initiatives relate to both social cohesion and climate adaptation.

What we see happening for example in the regentessekwartier, the emphasis on local sustainable initiatives.

While social initiatives are happening in both schilderswijk and transvaal as foodscape this urban agriculture to bring people together.

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Weimarstraat

bibliotheek Transvaalkwartier

Lifestyle Center WorkOutWijs

stadsboederij de verademing

Hoofdwinkelstructuur Supermarkten Private markten Maatschappelijk Cultuur en laxation Stadsboederij

At

the

Transvaal are

moment, and

both

could attract- and its unsafe

Schilderswijk

places. 42% of residents still feel

neighborhoods

where

unsafe, while the average in the

almost only people with a low

Hague is 25%.

income live. It is noticeable

However the location of both

in its deteriorated public and

Transvaal

communal areas.

is ideal as they are located

and

Schilderswijk

These are areas that attract

not far from the center of the

few

Hague, and sharing an edge with

visitors

from

other

neighborhoods of the city. This

4.4 Spatial analysis

regentessekwartier.

happens due to its low quality of public space -even though there are number of many cultural shops

and

businesses

that

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Interaction areas

1.

Paul Krugerlaan

5.

Sportpark De verademing

2.

6.

De paardenberg

Wijkpark Transvaal

7.

Stadsboerderij Schildershoeve

3.

Kaapseplein

8.

Wijkcentrum de burcht

4.

De Haagsemarkt

Urban connections

9.

Loosduinseweg

12.

Vailantlaan

13.

Steijnlaan

10.

Morgenzolaan

14.

Hoefkade

11.

Square the church house

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1. PAUL KRUGERLAAN Most used shopping street lacking of green and a clear bicycle path diverse commercial plinths to keep and enhance - street needs to be redesigned: green - mobility crossings

5. SPORTPARK DE VERADEMING sport park for the inhabitants from the three neighborhoods space socially mixed diverse sport activities playground for kids -needs a clear connection to Schilderswijk and transvaal

2. de paardenberg Important multifunctional place: church, wijkcentrum and cafes - mobility issue, the building is at a difficult car crossing

6. WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL Lacking heavily of green, mainly paved surfaceS IT is a meeting point for the inhabitants, badly designed. large square with undefined design for the users - Potential place to enhance social mix via a better design

3. KAAPSEPLEIN gathering square for the people (mainly men) from the transvaal - Lacking of green and commercial functions

7. STASBOEDERIJ SCHILDERSHOEVE an intimate square where urban agriculture intiative for eldery is taking place the city farm is used by the kids of the neoghborhood

4. DE HAAGSEMARKT where most interaction of people happens no clear entrance or square next to the market.

8. WIJCENTRUM DE BURCHT an important place where the inhabitants meet to discuss neighborhood issues

9 . LOOSDUINSEWEG Loosduinseweg is on peat soil extremely poor design: green - pedestrian crossing - spatial division special attention for this main connection

13. STEIJNLAAN green stroke that is used for trash from inhabitants connecting stroke from canal to wijkpark transvaal - potential retaining (water) area, better public space design

10. MORGENZOLAAN enhancing with green possible public space for the hindu surinamese community

14. HOEFKADE Hoefkade suffers from a lot of garbage on the street car oriented street transformed into one way 30km/h - area where to enhance social activities by the mean of a better public space

11. SQUARE THE CHURCH HOUSE No sense of place can be a nice square for the church house needs to be redesigned to enhance social mix

12. VAILANTLAAN a car barrier within Schilderswijk not pedestrian friendly potential of enhancing social mix and greening

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15. REGENTESSEPLEIN The ‘worse and better part’ get mixed here north part has many "hipster" local shops while the southern part is know for coffeeshops and drug stores.

19. SCHILDERSBUURT-WEST SPEELTUIN Schildersbuurt-west playground nicely maintained square but unfortunately not very much used.

The flow of people goes mainly to the wijkpark transvaal

16. PLAYGROUND JOUBERTPLANTSOEN Lacking public space in terms of green Proximity to Loosduinseweg Bascket ball field used daily by children

20. VERMEERPARK Vermeerpark, used for sports but aslo as playground Daily used

17. KONINGSPLEIN Koningsplein a lively neighborhood square/playground.

Daily used Well maintained green

18. WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL 24.092 m2 Wijkpark Transvaal is close by the Haagse market An important square for both Schilderswijk and Transvaal

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Parks and squares

17.

Koningsplein

15.

Regentesseplein

18.

Wijkpark Transvaal

19.

Schildersbuurt-west sppeltuin

16 Playground Joubertplantsoen

20.

Vermeerpark

POTENTIAL DENSIFICATION AREA

Industry in Transvaal

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44

Regentessekwartier

Schilderswijk

Transvaalkwartier

45

46

Regentessekwartier

Schilderswijk

Transvaalkwartier

47

48

Temperature increases, changing weather events, and changes in water cycle will all have a major impact on soil, subsoil, and groundwater. And from the other hand, the natural process has an impact on the climate. The main region, or at least the poorest places of it, is built on peat soil due to its soil type. This means that water in particular locations has a hard time finding its course, causing flooding problems in the event of severe rains.

3.5 Climate isssues of the focus area

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Road accessibility During a heavy rain shower, the water on the street can get so high that the road becomes impassable.

Roads are classified as 'passable' if there is a maximum water depth of 10 cm.

At water depths between 10 and 30 cm, the roads are classified as 'accessible for calamity traffic'.

Roads with water depths of 30 cm and more are 'impassable'.

Loosduinseweg

Walkability 70mm/h Passable Only calamity traffic Impassable

Heat stress Here is where heat stress can occur during summer days. The red areas are very sensitive to heat stress, the blue areas hardly.

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Saturation soil water During a heavy rain shower, the water on the street can get so high that the road becomes impassable.

Doosduinseweg

Paul krugerlaan Hoefkade Wijkpark Transvaal

Waterlogging 70mm/h Up to 10cm Up to 20cm 20cm and more

Vermeerpark

Perceived temperature The map indicates where the highest perceived temperature occurs in the public space, the quality of life therefore decreases.

The following factors have been included in the derivation of the wind chill: - Shadow - Humidity - Air temperature - Street width - Building height - Trees

Regentesseplein sportpark De verademing

transvaal bedrijfsterrein

Wijkpark Transvaal

Wind chill 52°C

De Haagse markt

49°C 47°C 45°C 41°C 38°C

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Loosduinseweg Paul Krugerlaan

Playground Joubertplantsoen

Morgenzolaan

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Main interaction areas are overlapping the most problematic areas related to the climate issues.

A clear link is already visible between social interaction and areas in need for climate daptation.

Wijkpark Transvaal

De Haagsemarkt

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APPROACH

I will use sociale cohesion and climate adaptation as guidelines for future development. In order to do so, these guidelines will be researched and tested within two locations. The first one is located in the Regentessekwartier where social housing properties are less dominant.

And the second research area is at the boarder of Schilderswijk and Transvaal the heart of the social interaction.

Based on the lessons learned from the research areas I will build up and frame the new development that will answer my research question, which is located exactly at the edge of Schilderswijk, Regentessekwartier and Transvaalkwariter.

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5 RESEARCH AREA N1 "THE REGENTESSE BLOCK"

The regentesse Block is a housing block in the Regentessekwartier, composed with private ownership houses and few social corporation houses. The courtyards are particulary composed with backgardens, no space available for collective areas a part from a green oasis that is an initiative from private owners with the help of available fonds and the municipality.

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58

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VAN

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AT TRA

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IND

SW

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SELAA

LA

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BE

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TEIJLE

Buildings Particulier owner + rent Housing corporations property House extension Primary school Green Private gardens Collective courtyard Green oasis Trees

rk Wijkpa

la

aal

g

we

rey

v Trans

De

5.1 Location analysis

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Private owned houses

Social housing, STAEDION property

60

from abanded

to hidden

to designed courtyards 61

Existing initiatives

De Uitvindershof is a courtyard collective garden where neighbors can get to know one another and social cohesion is strenghtened, as well as activities for adults and children.

In the Regentessekwartier, there seems to be a green, vibrant, and aromatic sanctuary of serenity, a spot of greening where people contribute to the variety of flora, wildlife, and birds.

As a contrast to the dense and high buildings, Uitvindershof is a green peaceful oasis in the city.

A natural buffer green has been constructed to provide an oasis to the densly populated area.

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A 1.2m wide paved walkway covers the lenght of the garden.

Making it accessible to those with less mobility. There are three terraces, as well as an entrance and a grass. Terraces provide chance for meeting niehgbors and engaging conversation.

The garden is spacious enough for larger neighborhood gathering.

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Source: Den Haag Klimaatatlas

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5.2 The regentesse block Climate issues It is very important to search where are the most hitted spots to

determine

the

adequate

solutions to each climate topic.

These maps show precisely what happens to the immediate urban environment.

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Green facades Polder roofs as rooftop rainwater collection Thresholds at exterior doors and a raised ground floor provide protection against waterlogging of a few centimeters

Regenton A rainwater fence

Building

gravel patio_you should not harden more than 40% of your garden. The rest of the garden is then intended for greenery.

Courtyard

front garden

using street network to discharge rainwater to the canals or ponds...

Street

Water-retardant green strips

water pond

Water-retaining planters temporarily hold rain water and purify it before it drains through a drainage system.

greening streets

Groen voor Grijs project for eldery Courtyard alley greening urban farming

Social intiatives

66

green stoep

Reference toolbox

green oases

A wadi is a trench or ditch filled with gravel and sand, which can both retain and infiltrate water.

n-

communal gardening

vegetable gardens

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1- Large block concept: • larger circulation of cars • new possiblities for Van swindenstraaat

Existing situation

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2- Housing coporation renovation: • smaller foortprint for new social housing • the aim to enlarge collective areas

5.3 The regentesse block interventions

3- New semi private-collective space for the block: • collective block for possible intiatives • space to enhance sociale cohesion • climate adaptation solutions

New situation

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"We want to work with residents to prevent water damage and nuisance to the home as a result of heavy showers."

De Alliantie

Alliantie roofs in Amsterdam

Hosing corporation climate adaptation solutions

Baak Zuid, Rivienrenbuurt Amsterdam

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buildings around a court as an example a multigenerationel housing typologies for families

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Wadi as a solution to cover the exceeding flood of the adjacent streets

Municipal responsability, the "wadi" street

In the Regentesse block the water permeability of the peat soil is 0.1meters of water per day or less.

Which means that the wadi must as a solution be able to hold 60mm shower per day.

810m2 surface of wadi a grass-filled ditch of at least 30cm deep.

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The "wadi" requires maintaince and greening interventions. Many examples show that having a wadi adjacent to your house provoques social responsability from the inhabitants of the block.

Social meetings of different groups are created by designing wadis at the front doors of the houses, in this case at the existing social houses.

- Maximizing the "wadi" profile to obtain as much water retention - a minimum of 3m wide pedestrian path is required for utilities and cables.

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75 household

A++ A+ A B C D

116 household

E F

Neighborhood battery as a solution for collective energy

We have a very pleasant and mixed neighborhood, with many old houses. Not all those people have the time or space to be very involved with sustainability. We therefore look for an alternative to gas in small things.

Buurt bewoner in Regentessekwartier

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850kWh 4 solar panels 1.700kWh 8 solar panels 2.500kWh 12 solar panels 3.400kWh 16 solar panels

1 person 2 people

3 people

4 people

Household size in comparaision to the annual Electricity Usage (calculating how many solar panels are needed)

By choosing a collective energy, users can change supply or demand by transferring something to a different time, momentarily storing it, or converting it to a different type of energy.

The battery is a solution for affordable bill for its users. It is also a place of exchange, buying energy either from energy supplier or surplus of the battery.

In this way, social housing for example do not need to exploit the majority of the roof for energy, they can instead achieve other sustainability goals such as water retention.

Total: 100m2 surface storage Height: 3/4m Residents capacity: 1.000resident

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Polder roof Depth:10/25 cm Water retention: >80% Waeter storage: 30-80 l/m²

Water proof solutions as a tool for social enhancement

There’s many various advantages to

Polder

having fewer concrete surfaces in

increase biodiversity in the city. If

roofs absorb rainfall and

the garden, including the ability for

they are accessible, these roofs might

rainwater to permeate the ground and

serve as an extension of your garden.

refill the aquifer, as well as the ability to keep the garden cooler on warm days. Birds, bees, and bugs all use it as a shelter.

A grass or a flower-filled lawn

Rainwater ponds inglobe rainwater

provides a close look at nature.

for a short period of time before

Rainwater

penetrate

allowing it to gradually fall into

into the subsoil, which is one of

may

easily

the subsoil. This contributes in the

its capacities. This helps restore

recharge of groundwater and the

groundwater

prevents

reduction of drought-related damage.

evaporation and flooding. In addition,

An important element of this kind of

plant gardens heat considerably less

ponds is a greenery around it that

than paved gardens on hot days.

allows a variety of plants and animals

and

that attract to it.

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Gravel Semi-paved surface Depth: 20cm

Grass garden Depth: 40cm

Relief in the garden Depth: 50cm

Rainwater pond Depth: 70cm

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Source: buildings in the Netherlands, GitHub

A++ A+ A B C D E F

Due to old houses it is natural that their ranking of waterlabel is low (F-G). It shows the non capacity of the plot to retain water.

In this case water proof solutions are needed for the plot to achieve a higher label.

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Waterlabel calculation tool

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As a release for neighboring plots

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As a release for neighboring plots

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Lessons learned from Research area n1

A neighborhood battery is an affordable solution for its users, and a release tool on the pressure on electricity grid.

Collective energy share of the new Regentesse block .

Social housing covering only 50% of their roof due to energy supply from battery.

A+

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new energie label

Wadi as a solution to cover the exceeding flood of the adjacent streets

Social meetings of different groups are created by designing wadis at the front doors of the targeted houses.

Specific and special typologies for the new Regentesse block using water proof solutions as key elements for social enhancement.

Collective water management is crucial for inhabitants meetings and collective decisions.

A

new water label

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6 RESEARCH AREA N2 "WIJKPARK TRANSVAAL"

The Wijkpark Transvaal is the main square for Transvaal and schilderswijk, where different amenities are available like a health center, a city farm, the Haagse market, and available sport fields.

It is suffering from both flood and heat stress.

While it is a living square and is the heart of Transvaal.

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Ecozone Green Trees Kids playground

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Buildings

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De Woelige Stal, city farm

sport square

Housing on ground floor

particulier housing

Health center

Haagse markt

6.1 Location

Housing coporation buildings

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Kermess for children

Soccer field

Kurds movement

Wijkpark

HOLI festival

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Playground for kids

The heart of Tranvaal

race parkour for kids

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The Wijkpark facing problems

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Waterlogging

Warm wind, heat stress

6.2 The Wijkpark Climate issues

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Use of "Wijkpark Transvaal" and existing initiative

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Commercial plinth

Stadsboederij

Huisarts praktijk Apotheek Pavilion Bibliotheek Transvaalkwartier Kids playground

Commercial plinth

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Mobility Hub: • combine social function with the hub • solution to release parking pressure on streets

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Community house at the entrance of the wijkpark: • combine neighborhood house with a city hall • provide safety and social place for the inhabitants

Climate adaptable park: • use existing trees and propose extra green spaces • diversity of green + water retention areas • diversity of play areas

Concept

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Existing situation

Cooling solutions are desperately needed in the Wijkpark Transvaal.

When you’re surrounded by only flat rooftops and paved public area, you can’t help but feel a heat impact.

Roof interventions: The Hague, more than any other significant city in the Netherlands, is known for its flat roofs. In the summertime, an asphalt roof can reach temperatures of up to 60 degrees, contributing greatly to The Hague’s heat island effect.

During hot weather, green roofs have low evaporation. Solar panels can also be used to keep roofs cool.

These convert sunlight into electrical energy rather than heat, resulting in a helpful by-product that can be utilized to chill the property.

As a result, the asphalt roof can be replaced in a variety of ways.

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Pavement intervention: The heat island effect is enhanced by pavement. Lighter pavement and less pavement are two strategies for reducing this effect. Porous pavements provide a cooler, less heat-absorbing surface.

Water fountains, for example, are an adequate solution for cooling and refreshing in public spaces in North African countries. Water fountains are not only beautiful elements, but also serve as places for children to play and for parents and others to relax in a cool and comfortable environment.

Linear park for kids (Streets will be replaced in a new parking garage)

New situation

Tree-planting: In terms of heat, tree planting is a no-brainer. Shade is provided by trees, as well as cooling through evaporation.

The Hague’s municipality is selecting and growing a variety of resilient city trees. These trees will then be planted in Schilderswijk and Transvaalkwartier, among other neighborhoods.

6.3 Interventions

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water foutain square in Morocco

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Avenue Mohammed V, Rabat

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Tasinge plads, Copenhagen

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Buiksloterham groenvisie, mobility hub, DELVA

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Lessons learned from Research area n2

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103

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7 DESIGNING THE EDGE "LIJN 11"

Lijn11 is the translation of a suitable future develoment that is beneficial not only for people who live and work in the neighbourhood, but as well its future residents.

Lijn11 answers to the close "realistic" link between climate adaptation and social cohesion,

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LIJN11 7.1 Situation

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The Hague aspires to increase

jumbled tangle that doesn’t

its residential housing quality;

connect

with the wish to provide with

Transvaalkwartier to the rest

the

best

of The Hague.

and

economic

social,

cultural,

Schilderswijk

and

development

chances.

The lijn11 zone, a tram line

Zone Lijn11 is a place with a

that runs north-south from

lot of potential for improving

Hollands

the

present

Scheveningen and east-west

urban tissue as well as its

from Den Haag Centraal to

future development. It’s now a

the western portion of the

quality

of

the

Spoor

station

to

city, brings together a diverse range of opportunities.

The

location

provides

prospects for developments that will to strengthen the segregated areas with their multicultural character.

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warehouse storage

De Hoge regentesse, existing residential tower

Afvalbrengstation

basis markt

Uitzendebureau flexibel

picnic

Housing corporation

Auto bedrijf + VCA school

Auto garage

Basis groothandel office +warehouse

Karwei

For a new development, the

project’s

Uitenhagestraat

plinths.

is

The new developments must

very significant. The accessible

blend seamlessly with the old

enterprises

neighborhood’s DNA. Transvaal

are

district

available

no

longer

appropriate for urban growth.

has a distinct aroma and color thanks to its many ethnicities.

As a result, I’m considering using

It also implies that public space

an empty area as a starting

and social cohesion are of a

point for the Lijn11 project. Where

great importance.

some of the present businesses can be relocated to the new

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110

111

The facade of zone lijn11 along Monstersestraat forms a barriere here to the rest of the city.

112

113

Sections Zone lijn11

Transvaal

Zone lijn11 Herman Costerstraat

Karwei

Transvaal

Zone lijn11

Engelenburgstraat

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Schilderswijk Monstersestraat

Schilderswijk

Uitenhagestraat

Monstersestraat

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Wijkpark Transvaal

Wijkpark Transvaal

The Transvaal and Schilderswijk are actually facing each other with their back sides to each other. As a result, Lijn11 will change the look of the new Monstersestraat boulevard, making it more inviting.

Lijn11 aspires to enhance attractive places and build new pedestrian friendly links with a master plan that fits within the existing urban fabric.

The master plan also aims to improve spatial cohesion in the Lijn 11 zone via spatial interventions, as well as create a new density that is better suited to an inner city development.

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Wijkpark Transvaal

Car traffic is limited to the plan’s edge. Creating a central green backbone that runs the length of the project, from the Transvaal wijkpark to the Regentessekwartier’s Verademing park. Cycling will be promoted, and the Lijn 11 zone’s main routes will be opened up. The goal is to improve the area’s appeal by maximizing and optimizing land use.

7.2 Improving connections

Regentesse Zuid 1,02

Schilderswijk Noord 1,02

Transvaal Noord 1,00

Schilderswijk West 1,00

Schilderswijk midden 0,86

Lijn11 2,40

Total: 101.927m2

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LEGENDA Lijn11 heights 4 to 5m 8 to 15m 15 to 31m 31 to 70m

The development of social resilience is inextricably linked to the formation of cohesive neighborhoods and communities. For the pleasure of life, and for the pleasure of living in a city, it is critical to form bonds with communities. including people of various social classes, cultures, backgrounds, ethnicity, nationality, and other factors. As a result, social segregation is reduced.

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The urban character of Lijn11 will be given a boost by adding specific houses and facilities.

Owner-occupied and rental residences in all price ranges will be covered by the proposal. This not only draws new inhabitants, but it also provides chances for existing residents to stay in the neighborhood as they rise up the social ladder and can afford a better home.

LEGENDA Lijn11 buildings Luxe segment Middlesegment Social segment Student house eldery housing non-housing program

Existing buildings Mid segment Housing corporation

The DNA of the neighborhood is a set of measures that correspond to the community’s identity and that of its citizens. The Lijn11 approach is distinguished by targeted and successful collaboration with district (business) partners, such as corporations and educational institutions, as well as new investors who can create new social opportunities.

7.3 From a deprived area to an inclusive neighborhood a. Housing typologies

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115 Luxe appt.

160 social appt.

S: 90m2 L: 122m2

Size: 75m2

Total residents: 545

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Total residents: 482

93 mid appt.

124 social appt.

Size: 100m2

Size: 55m2

Total residents: 280

Total residents: 248

197 mid appt.

15 student appt.

Size: 75m2

Size: 75m2

Total residents: 593

Total residents: 45

9 social fam. house

4 mid fam. house

Size: m2

Size: m2

Total residents: 36

Total residents: 12

27 eldery appt.

Size: 80m2 Total residents: 81

A diversity of typologies A variety of housing typologies should reintroduce the area to young families who are now leaving because they cannot locate a suitable home for an affordable price.

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LEGENDA Restaurant Supermarket Horeca Basis school Stadswinkel and police bureau Gezondheidcentrum Cultuur Community house

This new edge can be developed into a unique area with its own distinct image, unique facilities, and development space for the culturally rich metropolis.’ New facilities will be built in the new plinths as a result of the setback and expansion of the Monstersestraat boulevard, attracting new functions and social gatherings. It is critical that a community house and a municipal hall, as well as cultural events, take place and be better integrated spatially within the design in order to improve the relationships between various communities and to shape the main character of Lijn11.

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b. Monstersestraat restoration boulevard

Community house 1.245m2 City hall (+possible police station) 2.903m2 HORECA 5.625m2 Public library 1.162m2 Cinema+sport center 2.319m2

Theatre Maurice Novarina, France

Julio Mario Library park. Bogota

Turkse Moskee, Ede

stadswinkel, Tilburg

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The tram line 11, connecting instead of separating The Monstersestraat will then have a boulevard-like character,

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Can climate change

Climate adaptation

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help social cohesion?

Social cohesion

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Warm wind, heat stress

Municipalities seem to be doing

way to avoid flooding. It will show

too little to address heat and

how rainwater can be controlled

drought-related

in a reliable and faster manner.

communities

issues. place

Most

minimal

emphasis on heat and drought.

While

this

is

required.

The

current severe weather scenario aids

people

in

seeing

this.

Climate change will cause Den Haag, along with many other cities, to experience more rain in the future. Allowing water to settle in the urban space for extended periods of time is one

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7.4 Lijn11 Climate issues

Waterlogging

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a. Energy network

Lijn11 is a "smart energy network" that aims to boost societal value.

It is reflected by the average of a community battery located in a central place, as well as the WKO system and batteries built into the mobility hub building.

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By choosing collective energy, users can change supply or demand by transferring something to a different time, momentarily storing it, or converting it to a different type of energy. The influence on the electricity grid and connections, the value on energy markets, CO2 and the environment have all been calculated to determine the social costs and benefits.

Through a collective energy it seems possible to reduce 1/8th of the peak at substation level, and even 20-30% at medium voltage level (source: theme study 2.0, CE Delft 2020).

First, the battery would relieve strain on the electricity grid, and second, it will minimize societal expenses by lowering developer charges for connections and households’ fixed expenditures.

Water infiltration Gardens= 5.795m2 Relief gardens= 919m2 Gravel pavement= 7.161m2

Water retention Polder roof= 9,290m2 Water pond= 3.202m2 Water fountain= 1.387m2 Wadi= 3.186m2

b. Water proof

An incorporated approach requires several stakeholders to coordinate their activities in order to achieve a single goal.

To build a long-term community The majority of integrated water solutions would necessitate a ‘flexible mindset’ on the part of stakeholders. Water as an asset in urban living can be reintroduced by integrating water solutions with urban development.

of handling a shower of at least 60 millimeters in an hour on its own site, with the water storage facility empty and ready for the next shower after 24 hours.

Rainwater is collected and treated internally. On the roof, gardens, water storages, or water ponds, facilities for water storage, reuse, or infiltration are installed.

7.5 From "Climate denial" to "Climate adaptation"

The plot must be constructed in such a way that it is water-neutral. This indicates that the plot must be capable

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c. Biodiversity

Ecological and leisure greenery are beneficial to one’s wellbeing, and this is especially true for persons with poor socioeconomic level.

Turning courts into green havens for rest and recreation that the community enjoys. There is space for both playing and meeting.

A variety of components encourage neighborhood participation, such as a joint maintained vegetable garden, bee houses, trees, plants and flowers, polder roofs, roof gardens.All of them compose a natural system for both humans and species.

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132 Trees + diverse vegetation

d. City heat

The planting of plants in public spaces, on the margins, on the roofs, and on the facades of constructions helps in the prevention of heat islands. Green (indoor) gardening also aid in the prevention of heat exhaustion. To maintain natural cooling throughout the homes, tree planting is taken into consideration.

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Ede Market square, Ede

Ketcheson, Columbia

Boulogne billancourt, Paris

Piazza a Desio, Milan

Boulogne billancourt, Paris

People are brought together by culture and recreation. Lijn 11 zone’s characteristics necessitate a specific, spatial translation. This can be accomplished through the creation of an attractive public space appealing gathering spots, space for social activities, and community events.

Climate adaptation and resilience can be achieved through the use of public spaces in cities. Both of these goals can be combined into a single space, which means that public spaces not only protect peo-

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ple from climate dangers, but also create socially lively locations and contribute to social cohesiveness.

Zeehelentuin, The Hague

Helping inhabitants to become active actors of this process is a key element to increase awareness about a changing climate and by that creating greater social cohesion.

7.6 From neglected public areas to specific designed public space Specific diversity of public spaces for Lijn11

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Towers

Cityhall Foodcourt Community house

LIJN11 MASTER PLAN

Inhabitants gardens

137

"De Wijktuin"

Community serra on roof

"De Groene Lijn"

neighborhood Initiative gardens

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Garden roof

Monstersestraat

139

Community square

Accessible green roofs

"De Groene Lijn"

Water fountain

140

Monstersestraat

Garden roof

141

"Transvalshof groene"

Garden roof

Engelenburgstraat

142

"De Groene Lijn" Community house

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Can climate change help social cohesion?

Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague as a showcase.

LOOSDUINSEPLEIN

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146

Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague as a showcase.

"DE COLLECTIVE COURTS"

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Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague as a showcase.

"TRANSVALSHOF GROENE"

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150

Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague as a showcase.

"DE WIJKTUIN"

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Can climate change help social cohesion?

The Hague as a showcase.

8 CONCLUSION

The Hague should be and remain a healthy and appealing city for all inhabitants that want to live in. This implies, for example, that there must be sufficient affordable housing. It also means that inhabitants must live in their neighborhoods where they may enjoy a suitable, pleasant, clean, and safe living environment.

No Matter what ethnicity and social class they belong to.

In order to do so this graduation project shows how specific and adequate sustainability soclutions do not only serve the changing climate but also enhance and create social mix where you do not expect it to happen.

Climate change can help social cohesion if and only the task is to put investments from climate adaptation goals towards improving everyone’s quality of life.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIE Books Bruno Latour, Ou atterrir? Comment s’orienter en politique; éditions la Découverte . Richard Sennett, Building and Dwelling, Ethics for the City; Kindle edition . Susan Fainstein, The just City, 2010 . Jane Jacobs, The Dealth and Life of Great American Cities, 1961 . Gehl Jan, Life between Buildings, using public space, 2011 . Posad, Waar is ruimte voor de stad? Ontwerpend onderzoek- Stadsdeelverkenningen Den Haag 2040, Maarten Hajer, Peter Pelzer, Martijn van den Hurk, Chris ten Dam, Edwin Buitelaar, A plea for social and Ecological UrbanismNeighborhoods for the future; Trancity*valiz

Articles . Tal Modai-Snir & Maarten van Ham (2020): Reordering, inequality and divergent growth: processes of neighbourhood change in Dutch cities, Regional Studies, article online 07 May 2020 . Ewald Engelen, Sukhdev Johal, Angelo Sa lento and Karel Williams, How to build a fairer city, 2014 . Ronald van Kempen, The urban poor in the Netherlands and the residential mix in the ci ties, espaces populations sociétés, 1995 . PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency The Hague, Adaptation to climate change in the Netherlands – Studying related risks and opportunities, 2015 . Innovation in Climate Adaptation, Knowledge for Climate, Climate Adaptation in the Nether lands

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Internet https://resilientthehague.nl/en/ . Bakkes, J.A. (2012a), Brief evaluation of the PBL study ‘Roads from Rio+20’, interne notitie PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency . https://www.ciddenhaag.nl/wp-content/up loads/CID-agenda-2040.pdf. Kansen voor nieuw Den Haag https://www.waterlabel.net https://www.liander.nl/nieuws/2017/11/23/buren-slaan-lokale-zonnestroom-op-buurtbatterij http://www.sldesign.eu/site/projektvoorbeelden/projectvoorbeeld-buurttuin-de-uitvindershof/ https://www.rainproof.nl https://www.groeneregentes.nl https://alfen.com/

Conferences, online events CAS 2021 Climate Adaptation Summit (online) https://www.cas2021.com Designing cities for all, Fellow #1: Lyong Juliana, event organised by Pakhuis de Zwijger UTC The New Urban Normal #2: The Green New Deal, event organised by TU Delft university

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