FRANCISCO BRAVO MEDICAL MAGNET HIGH SCHOOL H. AMERICAN LITERATURE
BOOK OF WRITING STUDIO GHIBLI
MARILOU CONCEPCION
T A B L E
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CONTENT Introduction About the Author Dedication Punctuation and Capitalization Parts of Speech Phrases and Clauses Sentences Paragraphs Essays Conclusion
3 4 5 6-7 8-17 18-20 21-24 25-29 30-31 32
INTRODUCTION In this book of grammar, the topic I chose to write about is the Studio Ghibli films. These films have been a childhood favorite of mine, and bring me a sense of nostalgia and joy. With films that both children and adults from all cultures can resonate with, Studio Ghibli’s attention to detail is unparalleled by no other.
The grammar tips and tricks you’re about to read have proven results. Each chapter provides new secrets that will help you stay in control of your writing AND get a leg up on your fellow peers when writing. If you follow the formula that is revealed in this book, you can enjoy the rest of your life unburdened by grammatical errors.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Marilou Concepcion is a student at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School. She’s a daughter, sister, friend, but she’s also an avid book reader, a cook, a film enthusiast, and a violin player. She lives with her family in Los Angeles, California.
DEDICATION
Dedicated to my class and to those who enjoy films.
PUNCTUATION . period Function: Ends a sentence and abbreviated. Sentence: Sophie encounters a wizard named Howl. , comma Function: Used to separate words, phrases, or ideas, and to set off dialogue or quotations. Sentence: Jealous, the Witch of the Waste curses Sophie, turning her into an old woman. – em dash Function: Set off extra information, such as examples, explanatory or descriptive phrases, or supplemental facts. Sentence: Howl's fire demon, Calcifer, makes a deal with Sophie—if she breaks the contract he is under with Howl, then Calcifer will lift the curse that Sophie is under, and she will return to normal. - en dash Function: Used to represent a range of data, numbers, or time. Sentence: Under the curse, Sophie physically becomes a 90-year-old elderly woman. : colon Function: Used to separate two independent clauses when the second explains or illustrates the first. Sentence: Sophie repeatedly says: “It’s not easy being old.” ; semicolon Function: Used to link two independent clauses which are closely related in idea. Sentence: Howl wants Sophie to go to the King to tell him that Howl is too much of a coward to fight; Sophie does not want to go. ? question mark Function: Used to punctuate direct and indirect questions. Sentence: Why doesn’t Sophie trust Howl? And why does Suliman, the King’s sorcerer, seem so suspicious? ! exclamation point Function: Used to express surprise, astonishment, or exasperation, or well as to emphasize a short pause or comment. Sentence: It would be so much easier if Howl would not beat around the bush! ' apostrophe Function: Used in possession and for contractions. Sentence: Sophie discovers that Howl’s existence is inextricably linked to Calcifer’s " " quotation marks Function: Used to represent exact language spoken or written by someone else. Sentence: Eavesdropping, the Witch of the Waste grabs on Calcifer, screaming: “It’s mine!” ... ellipsis Function: Used to omit a phrase, word, or line from a quoted section to remove material that is less relevant. Sentence: In a panic, Sophie pours water onto the Witch…which douses Calcifer. [ ] brackets Function: Used to include information that is inserted into a quote as well as a parenthetical material within a parenthesis. Sentence: Sophie watches a child Howl catch a falling star [Calcifer] and give him his heart. ( ) parenthesis Function: Close incidental or extra information. Sentence: Sophie whispers (after pushing Howl’s heart back into his chest), “A heart’s a heavy burden.” / forward slash Function: Used to indicate a choice between words it seperates. Sentence: Although the curse is broken, her hair stays white – a sign that her learning and maturity/experience are intact.
CAPITALIZATION Used to begin a sentence When an insecure young woman is cursed with an elderly body by a malicious witch, her only hope of undoing the spell rests with a vain yet self-conscious young wizard and his associates in his legged, walking palace. Capitalize the first word of a sentence Heavily influenced by the opposition to the United States' invasion of Iraq in 2003, Howl’s Moving Castle the film has strong anti-war sentiments. Capitalize names Directed by Hayao Miyazaki, the film is one of the many produced by the legendary animated film studio, Studio Ghibli. Capitalize the first word of a complete sentence in a quote According to Miyazaki, Howl’s Moving Castle is his favorite film explaining “I wanted to convey the message that life is worth living, and I don't think that's changed.” Capitalize days, months, and holidays The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on 5 September 2004. Capitalize Words in Title Loosely based on Diana Wynne Jones’s novel of the same name, Howl’s Moving Castle, the film deals with the themes of destiny, youth, courage and love.
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NOUNS
Types of Nouns Common Nouns Function: Name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Example: A witch, village, and bakery. Proper Noun Function: Give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Example: Kiki (Name), Koriko (City), and Witch Delivery Service (Business). Compound Noun Function: Consist of words used together to form a single noun. Example: Broomstick, airship, and breakfast. Concrete Noun Function: Refer to material things, to people, or to places. Example: A cat, table, and pillows. Abstract Noun Function: Name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. Example: Anger, freedom, and curiosity. Functions Subject Function: Comes before the verb Example: Kiki spoke harshly to Tombo who tried to ride her broom. Direct Object Function: Comes after the verb and answers what or whom Example: Osono asked Kiki to deliver the bread to the customer who needed it. Indirect Object Function: Answers to who or to whom Example: Kiki’s mother gave a new broom to her daughter on her thirteenth birthday.
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PRONOUNS
Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) I/we You/you He, she, it one/they
Objective (objects) Me/us You/you Him, her, it, one/them
Possessive: Singular My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s
Plural Our, ours Your, yours Their, theirs
Relative: Nominative Who That That
Objective Whom That Those/this
Possessive Whose Of that
Interrogative: Who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: Example: When the action verb is Kiki berates herself more harshly than her friends. The directed toward the subject customer bought himself two loaves. of the construction: To intensify a point: Kiki herself delivered the bread. Even though it was hard work without her broom, “I can finish the job myself” she thought.
Demonstrative: This, these
That, those
Indefinite: All, another, anybody, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, such.
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VERBS
Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense – verbs indicate time via tenses: Simple past Simple present Past perfect Past Present Future Past present Present perfect Future perfect Past progessive Past progessive Types – There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: Auxiliary verbs Function: Helping verbs Linking verbs Function: Verbs that do not describe the action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate Lexical verbs Function: Main verbs Dynamic verbs Function: Indicate the action Stative verbs Function: Describe a condition Finite verbs Function: Indicate tense Infinite verbs Function: Infinitives or participles Regular verbs Function: Weak verbs Irregular verbs Function: Strong verbs Transitive verbs Function: Verbs followed by a direct object Intransitive verbs Function: Verbs that do not take direct objects
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Voice – Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active Voice Example: The customers got their orders in the delivery i. (customers are the subject) Passive Voice Example: The delivery has brought the food to the customers. (customers are the subject but treated as the object) Verbals – Verb Forms Not Used As Verbs Gerund Verbals Function: Word ending in “ing” is used as a noun. Example: Kiki and Jiji enjoy leisurely napping in the grass fields. Participle Verbals Function: Word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Example: There really is no swimming pool on the sixth floor. Example: Kiki carefully flew past the deserted town. Infinitive Function: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs Example: Osono likes to bake bread quietly.
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ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. Demonstrative Adjectives Example: Those customers were rude to Kiki. Common Adjectives Example: Tombo wore a fashionable bow tie that matches his eyes. Proper Adjectives Example: Kiki believes there is nothing called platonic love.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Endings –ly Example: Tombo frequently visits Kiki, much to her annoyance. -wards Example: Her broom flies upwards toward the sky. -wise Example: The food was excellent, likewise the drinks that Osono gave Kiki. Conversions Example: “Happy” becomes “Happily” “Lucky” becomes “Luckily” “Sincere” becomes “Sincerely” Types Manner Example: Osono answered the customer’s phone call quickly. (How did she answer?) Time Example: Kiki will leave for the airship immediately. (When will she leave?) Place Example: Kiki was willingly here earlier today playing with other kids her age. (Where was she?) Degree Example: Osono’s exceptionally good food cannot be over-recognized. (How good is she?) Frequency Example: Tombo is consistently pleasant to the people he meets. (How often is she pleasant?)
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CONJUNCTIONS & PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating FANBOYS: Coordinating for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Either/or; Correlative neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so After, Subordinate though as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, After,since, though so,as, so that, as if, that, as long though, as, astill, though, unless, because, when, where, before,whereas, if, in order while that, provided that, Relative since,pronouns so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Who Relative (refers pronouns to people), Which (refers to nonliving object or animals), and That (may refer to Who animals (refers or nonliving to people), objects) Which (refers to nonliving object or animals), and That (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are PREPOSITIONS NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER aboard, followed about, above, by verbs. according There are to,one-word across, across prepositions from, after, andagainst, complex along, prepositions. alongside,These are alongside some common of, along one-word with, amid, prepositions: among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but aboard, (except),about, by, byabove, means according of, concerning, to, across, despite, across down, from, down after, from, against, except, along, except alongside, excluding alongside for, for, from, of, along from among, with, amid, fromamong, between, apart from from, under, around, in, inas, addition as far to, as,inaside behalf from, of, at, including, away from, in front back of, in of,place because of, inof, regard before, to,behind, inside, inside below,of, beneath, in spite beside, of, instead between, of, into, beyond, like, near, but near (except), to, notwithstanding, by, by means of,of, off,concerning, on, on account despite, of, on down, behalf down of, onto, from,on except, top of,except opposite, excluding out, out for, of, outside, for, from, outside from among, of, over,from overbetween, to, owingfrom to, past, under, prior in, to, in addition to, toward, to, inunder, behalfunderneath, of, including, in until, front unto, of, up, in place upon,of,upinto, regard versus, to,with, inside, within, insidewithout. of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
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INTERJUNCTIONS
A aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C cheers, congratulations D dang, drat, darn, duh E eek, eh, encore, eureka F fiddlesticks G gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H ha, hallelujah, harrumph, haw, hee, here, hey, hm, hoo, hooray, hot dog, how, huh, hum, hurray, huzza I ick, is it, ixnay J jeez, just a sec, just kidding, just wondering K kapish L la, la-di-dah, lo, long time, look, look here, lordy M man, meh, mmm, most certainly, my, my my, my word N nah, naw, never, no can do, no thanks, no way, nooo, not, nuts O oh, oh no, oh-oh, oho, okay, okey-dokey, om, oof, ooh, oopsey, over, oy, oyez P peace, pew, pff, pish posh, psst, ptui Q quite R rah, rats, ready, right, right on, roger, roger that, rumble S say, see ya, shame, shh, shoo, shucks, sigh, sleep tight, snap, sorry, sssh, sup T ta, ta ta, ta-da, take that, tally ho, tch, thanks, there there, time out, toodles, touche, tsk, tsk-t sk, tut, tut-tut U ugh, uh, uh-oh, um, ur, urgh V very nice, very well, voila, vroom W wah, well, well done, what, whatever, when, whew, whoa, whoo, whoopee, whoops, why, word, wow X Y ya, yea, yeah, yech, yikes, yippee, yo, yoo-hoo, you bet, you don’t say, you know, yow, yum, yummy Z zap, zounds, zowie, zzz
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TRANSITIONS OF LOGIC CHART ADDITION
COMPARISON
CONTRAST
MILDER A FURTHER AND AND THEN THEN ALSO TOO NEXT ANOTHER OTHER NOR
STRONGER FURTHER FURTHERMORE MOREOVER IN ADDITIONS ADDITIONALLY BESIDES AGAIN EQUALLY IMPORTANT FIRST, SECOND FINALLY, LAST
JUST AS...SO TOO A SIMILAR ANOTHER... LIKE
SIMILARLY COMPARABLE IN THE SAME WAY LIKEWISE
BUT YET AND YET STILL OTHERWISE OR THOUGH BUT ANOTHER RATHER
HOWEVER STILL NEVERTHELESS ON THE OTHER HAND ON THE CONTRARY EVEN SO NOTWITHSTANDING FOR ALL THAT IN CONTRAST ALTERNATIVELY AT THE SAME TIME THOUGH THIS MAY BE OTHERWISE INSTEAD NONETHELESS CONVERSELY
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TRANSITIONS OF LOGIC CHART MILDER THEN NOW SOON AFTERWARD LATER SHORTLY EARLIER RECENTLY FIRST, SECOND, THIRD NEXT BEFORE AFTER TODAY TOMORROW
STRONGER MEANWHILE AT LENGTH PRESENTLY AT LAST FINALLY IMMEDIATELY THEREAFTER AT THAT TIME SUBSEQUENTLY EVENUTALLY CURRENTLY IN THE MEANTIME IN THE PAST IN THE FUTURE
PURPOSE
TO DO THIS SO THAT
TO THIS END WITH THIS OBJECT FOR THIS PURPOSE FOR THAT REASON BECAUSE OF THIS IN ORDER TO
PLACE
THERE HERE BEYOND NEARBY NEXT TO
AT THAT POINT OPPOSITE TO ADJACENT TO ON THE OTHER SIDE IN THE FRONT IN THE BACK
TIME
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TRANSITIONS OF LOGIC CHART RESULT
EXAMPLE
SUMMARY AND EMPHASIS
MILDER SO AND SO THEN
THAT IS SPECIFICALLY IN PARTICULAR FOR ONE THING IN SUM GENERALLY AFTER ALL BY THE WAY IN GENERAL INCIDENTALLY NATURALLY I HOPE AT LEAST IT SEEMS IN BRIEF I SUPPOSE
STRONGER HENCE THEREFORE ACCORDINGLY CONSEQUENTLY THUS THEREUPON AS A RESULT IN CONSEQUENCE FOR EXAMPLE FOR INSTANCE AN INSTANCE OF THIS THIS CAN BE SEEN IN IN SHORT ON THE WHOLE AS I SAID IN OTHER WORDS TO BE SURE IN FACT INDEED CLEARLY OF COURSE ANYWAY REMARKABLY I THINK ASSUREDLY DEFINITELY WITHOUT DOUBT FOR ALL THAT ON THE WHOLE IN ANY EVENT IMPORTANTLY CERTAINLY
PHRASES
Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: Function: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. Example: All the villagers seriously wanted the wolf pack gone. Verb Phrase: Function: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. Example: Ashitaka knew he would be working hard to find the demon in order to go home. Prepositional Phrase: Function: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Example: Upon arrival, Ashitaka was warmly welcomed into Iron Town. Appositive Phrase: Function: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Function: Lady Eboshi, the leader, worked diligently to help out fellow townspeople. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. Gerund Phrase Function: Verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Example: Running down the forest, Ashitaka saw a glimpse of San and the wolf pack. Participial Phrase Function: Word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. Example: San and the wolves quickly left the destroyed village. Infinitive Phrase Function: Verbs preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Example: San knew it was time to rest for the hunt.
CLAUSES
Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT Function: CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Function: Iron Town requires its people to work really hard. DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) Function: CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: a. Noun Clause: Function: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. Example(s): Where she grew up firmly made San who she is. Lady Eboshi orders to give whoever comes a warm meal. That San was happy when the wolves finished was totally obvious. Ashitaka wisely checked what he had for supplies. b. Adjective Clause: Function: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word. Example(s): This is the forest where animals triumphantly do well. (“where” is an introductory word) There is a weapon that Lady Eboshi absolutely needed. The goal that Ashitaka wanted is clearly within his grasp. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: Example(s): Lady Eboshi is obviously the one who has the most trust. (ONE is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.) The prince who had short hair smiled. (BOY is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.) There is the mountain that Ashitaka is going to climb. Is this the thing that San so vehemently wants? (that is the direct object of want) San is the girl whom Lady Eboshi challenged to a duel. (whom is the direct object of challenged.) The demon to which you refer has sadly gone missing. (which is the object of the preposition to.) Lady Eboshi is someone who easily shrugs off criticism. (who is the subject of shrugs.)
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DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) Function: CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: c. Adverb Clause: Function: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: They fortunately lived in an area where a few could see it. (place) When the fire began spreading, everyone evacuated. (time) Ashitaka sluggishly fell asleep because he was tired. (purpose) Lady Eboshi talked as if she were passionately killing the Forest Spirit. (condition) Modifying adjectives: The summer strangely seems twice as long as it used to be. (how much) Lady Eboshi was amusingly kind to her fellow townspeople. (to what extent) Modifying adverbs: Ashitaka struggled more than his brothers typically did. (condition) d. Relative Clauses: Function: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Example: The villager who finishes first will earn an indulgent tasty meal. e. Elliptical Clauses: Function: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. Example: When walking, Ashitaka keenly keeps his eyes on the road. f. Essential Clauses: Function: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Example: The person that most interests San is clearly Lady Eboshi. g. Nonessential Clauses: Example: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Function: Lady Eboshi’s original village, which began years ago, was regretfully disbanded.
SENTENCES
Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation. Sentence Parts Subject Function: What/who the sentence is about Example: Ponyo and Sosuke patiently for lunch. Predicate Function: What the subject does Example: Ponyo and Sosuke patiently waited for lunch. Sentence Types Declarative Function: A sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Example: Learning to talk helps Ponyo and Sosuke communicate better. Imperative Function: A Sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Example: Learn to talk better immediately. Interrogative Function: A sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Example: Why would Ponyo not want to speak? Exclamatory Function: A sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) Example: That conversation with Sosuke was so much better! Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence Function: A sentence that is just one independent clause. Example: Ponyo’s dad Fujimoto keeps ruining her life. Compound Sentence Function: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). Example: Preparing for food takes up time, but they all can be finished. Complex Sentence Function: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example: When Lisa sets up a plan, work can regularly get done on time.
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Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation. Sentence Patterns Complex-Compound Sentence Function: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Example: Though Sosuke prefers staying on land, he went out to swim, and he enjoyed it very much. Loose Sentence Function: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. Example: It was obvious a storm was coming because of the lightning, thunder and calm in the air. Periodic Sentence Function: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. Example: In spite of rain and cold temperatures, Ponyo and Sosuke kept sailing forward. Parallel Structure Function: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. Example: Ponyo not only likes to be a human, but as a fish as well. Balanced Sentence Function: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. Example: Fujimoto has a right to utter what he thinks is true, and Gran Mamare has a right to knock him down for it. Chiasmus Function: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. Example: You can take Ponyo out of the water, but you can't take the water out of Ponyo.
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Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation. Sentence Patterns Asyndeton Function: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Example: You mean to tell me we lost the boat, the house, the car? Polysyndeton Function: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Example: Sosuke typically exhibits intelligence and loyalty and bravery and, ultimately, determination. Anaphora Function: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. Example: Fujimoto shouts, “Every single day you stress me out. Every single day you make me furious. Every single day you do such foolish gimmicks!” Epistrophe Function: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Example: He continues, “I tell you to be careful, but you ignore me. I tell you to be more attentive, but you disregard me!” Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence Function: A sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. Examples: Sosuke wanted to stop playing by the beach he needed to do work on other chores he had no time. [WRONG] Sosuke wanted to stop playing by the beach BECAUSE he needed to do work on other chores AND he had no time. [RIGHT]
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Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation. Sentence Errors Comma Splice Function: A sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas Examples: Sosuke wanted to stop playing by the beach, he needed to do work on other chores, he had no time. [WRONG] Sosuke wanted to stop playing by the beach. He needed to do work on other chores; he had no time. [RIGHT] Fragment Function: Incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Examples: Because he had no time. [WRONG] Because he had no time, he had to work faster. [RIGHT] Dangling Modifiers Function: Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify Examples: At lunch, Lisa gave ramen to Ponyo and Sosuke that was well prepared. [WRONG] At lunch, Lisa gave some ramen that was well prepared to Ponyo and Sosuke. [RIGHT] Double Negative Function: Combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force Examples: Sosuke knew that it wouldn’t do him no good to waste time. [WRONG] Sosuke knew that it would not do him any good to waste time. [RIGHT]
PARAGRAPHS
Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook Function: Lead / Opening Statement) – can begin with the title a. Anecdotal Function: Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic Example: Spirited Away follows the tale of the fanciful adventures of a ten-year-old girl named Chihiro, who discovers a secret world when she and her family get lost and venture through a hillside tunnel. When her parents undergo a mysterious transformation, Chihiro must fend for herself as she encounters strange spirits, assorted creatures and a grumpy sorceress who seeks to prevent her from returning to the human world. b. Query Based Function: Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you” Example: Do personalities affect people’s moral compass? Thesis Statements Function: the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable a. Assertion Function: A claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject Example: Personality traits show differences across individuals, which tend to characterize the person across varying types of situations. b. Fact Function: Empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about - better used as evidence to support a claim Example: Personality traits affects people's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. c. Opinion Function: A personal position on a topic Example: There is no such thing as being only “good” or “evil”. d. Belief Function: Social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement) Example: Morals tend to be driven by personal beliefs and values.
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Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic.
Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Thesis Statements Function: the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable e. Generalization Function: Uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing the source of the data Example: Every moral belief and personality trait dictates the type of person someone becomes. f. Document Based Function: Cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic Example: In Spirited Away, the film examines the blurred line between good and evil which is a much more accurate reflection of the real world. g. Theory Function: A statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question Example: Settings and circumstances shape one’s personality and beliefs. Clarification/Expansion of Thesis Function: Could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long Example: Spirited Away expands on their claim by examining various elements, rather than making distinct contrasts of good and evil like most films, and create characters who represent the internal conflict of morality that every human struggles with. (preview of evidence) Example: The film examines the a manifestation of fears and anxieties as seen through the lens of its young lead female character, Chihiro, in order to show every person is a mix of good and bad qualities and actions. (purpose of the thesis) Example: This information about the ambiguity of good and evil relates to our initial expectations of people. (establishing the importance or significance of thesis)
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Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Body Paragraphs Topic Sentences Function: Must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Example: Additionally, multiple sources indicate the ambiguity of good and evil relate to our initial expectations of people. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between morality and first impressions) Presenting Evidence from Quotations Function: Quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences ORIGINAL QUOTE – “You must see with eyes unclouded by hate. See the good in that which is evil, and the evil in that which is good. Pledge yourself to neither side, but vow instead to preserve the balance that exists between the two.” (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki). Example: Numerous Studio Ghibli animators agree, “You must see with eyes unclouded by hate. See the good in that which is evil, and the evil in that which is good. Pledge yourself to neither side, but vow instead to preserve the balance that exists between the two.” (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki). Example: “You must see with eyes unclouded by hate. See the good in that which is evil, and the evil in that which is good. Pledge yourself to neither side, but vow instead to preserve the balance that exists between the two,” according to Studio Ghibli (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki). Example: Unfortunately for storytellers, “You must see with eyes unclouded by hate. See the good in that which is evil, and the evil in that which is good. Pledge yourself to neither side, but vow instead to preserve the balance that exists between the two,” according to Hayao Miyazaki (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki). Example: Unfortunately for filmmakers, “You must see with eyes unclouded by hate. See the good in that which is evil, and the evil in that which is good. Pledge yourself to neither side, but vow instead to preserve the balance that exists between the two.” (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki).
PARAGRAPHS CONTINUED... Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Body Paragraphs Examining the Evidence a. Paraphrasing Function: Rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “You must see with eyes unclouded by hate. See the good in that which is evil, and the evil in that which is good. Pledge yourself to neither side, but vow instead to preserve the balance that exists between the two.” (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki). Example: PARAPHRASE – “You must see with eyes unclouded ” (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki). b. Summarizing Function: Condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote ORIGINAL QUOTE – “You must see with eyes unclouded by hate. See the good in that which is evil, and the evil in that which is good. Pledge yourself to neither side, but vow instead to preserve the balance that exists between the two.” (Princess Mononoke. Directed by Hayao Miyazaki). Example: SUMMARY – Don’t judge a book by it’s cover. c. Abstract Examples Function: Hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote Example: The world might be more different if people didn’t judge those by their initial impression. Closing Sentences Function: Must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) Example: Clearly, researchers on the subject of anthropology agree about its often startling and consistently negative effects of first impressions.
PARAGRAPHS CONTINUED... Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Closing Paragraphs Statement(s) of Extension Function: Extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) Example: As such, people, each one of us, are naturally good or rather “innocent”, but ignorant. It is ignorance that leads us into acts that appear to be evil. Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis Function: Could be one or more sentences Example: Thus, as the film indicates, the obscurity of right and wrong relates to our initial expectations of people. Final Sentence Function: Closing statement that connects to the hook and finishes the essay (finish your argument) – the “Smokey the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment… Example: In the end, evil is not vanquished but pushed aside as characters make choices that weaken bad influences.
ESSAYS
Essays – A piece of writing that is written to convince someone of something or to simply inform the reader about a particular topic Types – Explain each type of essay and state its purpose Persuasive (Argumentative) Function: Establish a stance or position on an issue by providing reasons and supporting evidence Expository (Informative) Function: Investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner a. Process (How-to) Function: Explains the process or actions someone needs to take to complete a task b. Compare and Contrast Function: Examines two or more topics (objects, people, or ideas, for example), comparing their similarities and contrasting their differences c. Cause and Effect Function: Use analysis to examine the reasons for and the outcomes of situations Analytical/Critical a. Evaluative Function: Composition that offers value judgments about a particular subject according to a set of criteria b. Interpretive Function: Provides an analysis of another piece of writing Narrative (Tells a story) a. Personal Statement/Anecdote Function: An account of achievements, talents, interests and goals often included in job or university applications or on resumes Research Function: Expanded essay that presents their own interpretation or evaluation or argument Timed a. Document Based Question (DBQ) Function: Essay or series of short-answer questions that is constructed by students using one's own knowledge combined with support from several provided sources b. Synthesis Function: Written discussion incorporating support from several sources of differing views
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Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps – Explain how to plan and organize essays and how to analyze and break down prompts. Pre-writing Function: Preparation process that can be completed before writing paper, essay or summary (Helps to organize thoughts, plan research or writing, and clarify the thesis) Prompt Analysis Function: Identify directive words in the prompt (E.g. analyze, describe, argue) and underline what are asked to do Outlining Function: Map of essay (Shows what information each section or paragraph will contain, and in what order) Researching Function: Physical process of gathering information and the mental process of deriving the answer to question from the information gathered Evaluating of Sources Function: Recognizing whether the information read and include in research is credible Work Cited Page – Explain and give an example of how to set up a works cited entry in both MLA and APA formats - there are subtle differences between each format, so be sure to identify them clearly. MLA Format Function: Specified guidelines for formatting manuscripts and citing research in writing created by the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) APA Format Function: Format and style used for writing academic documents such as scholarly books & journal articles created by the American Psychological Association (APA)
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