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The Automotive Book of Writing By Joseph Carpio
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Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3 Section 1 Punctuation & Capitalization……………………………………………………………………………3 Section 2 Parts of Speech…………………………………………………………………………………….5 Section 3 Phrases & Clauses…………………………………………………………………………………10 Section 4 Sentences……………………………………………………………………………...12 Section 5 Paragraphs……………………………………………………………………………..15 Section 6 Essays……………………………………………………………………..19
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INTRODUCTION Cars and writing are two different things on opposite sides of the spectrum of subjects, but they both have small things in common like the way they need structure and a base subject. They both have an ultimate purpose/goal they must achieve. For writing, there are so many ways to go but for cars, it’s the same. Cars need a purpose like fuel economy, motorsports, or tunability. Some cars are simply made for the enjoyment of car enthusiasts but others are made to get you from point A to point B while saving as much money in gas as possible. Writing is the same, in which the purpose of why an article/blog is written. So, I decided to write about cars not only because I’m very passionate about them but because they’re so much more than just rubber, metal, and plastic, and there is so much more thought put into them than the average person may think. In July of 2020 while I was on my summer vacation I was waiting outside of an animal hospital. While waiting I got pretty bored so I decided to watch an anime. The anime I selected was Initial D and I had no clue what it was about. As I continued to watch I realized the show was about street racing cars in japan on mountain passes. At the time I had no interest in things like this but I became immersed in the anime but it also confused me because I knew nothing about cars. I became curious so I began to research. During my research, I became so interested and fascinated with cars and I have spent over a year devoting almost all of my time researching cars and how they work or what they are. I now work with cars and I will continue to work with my passion until I am unable to. PUNCTUATION and CAPITALIZATION Punctuation 1. (.) A period ends a sentence and provides an abbreviation. a. My obtainable dream car is a Honda S2000. 2. (,) A comma indicates that words can switch places. a. Many people’s favorite Japanese cars are Mazda RX7, Honda NSX, Toyota Supra, and Nissan Skyline. 3. (–) An em dash draws emphasis on something. It can replace other punctuations.
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a. Many people have bad things to say about -Honda- vehicles but they have incredible tuning potential. 4. (-) An en dash hyphens/connects words. a. It is always good to check-up on your car for maintenance. 5. (:) A colon connects an idea to what comes directly before it. a. A small list of my favorite car brands are: Honda, Toyota, Nissan, Chevrolet, and Porsche. 6. (;) A semi-colon connects multiple independent clauses. a. The Honda NSX is the best production car that Honda has ever put out; yet I prefer the S2000 because of its balance, power train, and styling. 7. (?) A question mark ends an interrogative sentence. a. What is your favorite car? 8. (!) An exclamation mark ends an exclamatory sentence and puts emphasis on that sentence. a. Keep up with maintenance on your car! 9. (‘) An apostrophe indicates ownership/possession. It also contracts words. An apostrophe can also be used as a quote mark which quotes a quote. a. When talking about variable valve timing you must bring up Honda’s version called VTEC. 10. (“ ”) Quotation marks quote others words a. My brother entered his car and screamed, “Why is my check engine light on?”. 11. (…) An ellipsis indicates something is unsaid. It can also end a sentence. a. Acura teases a new Integra coming soon I think it will be great unless… 12. ([ ]) Brackets indicate that something has been added. a. My brother said, “I… [love] Porsche”. 13. (( )) Parentheses indicate that something is parenthetical. a. In 1999 the Honda S2000’s motor held a record of (120 horsepower) most horsepower per liter. 14. (/) A backslash indicates a choice. a. If I ask the question of -what is the most reliable car company?to someone his/her answer would most likely be Toyota.
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Capitalization – One must capitalize a letter at the beginning of a sentence and/or a noun/pronoun. Capitalization also must be used in titles, titles of people, abbreviations, and the first letter in a quote. EX: (Used to begin a sentence) – Many people have wonderful things to say about the Honda S2000.
PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: track, street, canyons. · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Detail Garage, WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca, Nurburgring, Nikko Circut. · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: freeway, dragstrip, highway. · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: seat, laptop, seatbelt, harness. · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: determination, knoledege, joy.
Functions (How nouns are used): · Subject (comes before the verb) Keiichi Tsuchiya drove the AE86 on the mountain pass. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) I asked Tom the tuner to add a second rev limiter to my car. · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Tome the student added an amazing anti-lag tune to my car.
PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal:
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Nominative (subjects) I/we you/you He, she, it, one/they
Objective (objects) me/us you/you him, her, it, one/them
Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s Relative: Nominative who That
our, ours your, yours their, theirs
Objective whom that those/ this
Possessive whose of that
Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: I bought myself a beautiful car.
to intensify a point: I wanted 400 horsepower but Tom said it himself, “it will make 350 horsepower”. Demonstrative: this, these
that, those
Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.
VERBS
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Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive
simple present present present perfect present progressive
present perfect progressive future future perfect
Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The racers received a receipt with their track times from the officials. (racers are the subject) Passive: The officials brought the receipts to the racers. (racers are the subject but treated as the object) Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · I enjoy driving my car. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · I don’t like self-driving cars. · I don’t like seeing abandoned cars. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
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I like to drive with no music.
ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper This, loud, Japanese
ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (loudly, backwards, zigzagwise ) –ly, -wards, -wise · Conversions (Loud becomes loudly, back becomes backward, zigzag becomes zigzagwise) · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – The car went around the corner quickly. (How did the car go around the corner?) Time – The car had to immediately enter the pit. (When did the car have to enter the pit?) Place – The Toyota Supra was forcefully placed in a shipping container. (Where was the Supra placed?) Degree – The handling of the Mazda RX7 was extremely good for its time. (How good was the handling?) Frequency – The car was consistently fast on the dragstrip. (How often is the car fast on the drag strip?)
CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
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PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Aah, Ah, Aha, Ahem, Argh, Aw, Aye Brr, Bye Cheese, Curses Darn, Drat, Duh Eek, Er Fine Gee, Gesundheit, Good job, Gosh, Grr Ha, Ha-ha, Hallelujah, Hee, Hey, Hmm, Ho hum, Hooray, Hum Ick, Icky Jeez Mmm, My oh my Nah, Naw, No, Nooo, Not, Nuts Oh, Okay, Okey-dokey, Oof, Ooh, Oy
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Pew, Phew, Phooey, Psst Quite so Rah rah, Rats Shh Ta da, Ta ta, Thanks, Touche, Tsk tsk, Tut tut Ugh, Um Voila, Vroom Well well, Whatever, Whee, Whoa, Whoops, Wow Yea, Yeah, Yech, Yikes, Yippee, You bet, Yummy Zap, Zip, Zzz PHRASES and CLAUSES Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. All the cars looked beautiful while on the cruise. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The race cars have been running wonderfully this weekend. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. No cars crashed at the racetrack this week. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Keiichi Tsuchiya, a professional driver, drove his AE86 at Laguna Seca yesterday. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Speeding down the rack, the cars got a nice view of the ocean. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. I quickly ran to the flaming car to try and put the fire out. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The racers began to practice for the race.
CLAUSES
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Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. My dream car is the Honda S2000. DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. ○ The mechanic checked for the problems that he said were there. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: ○ This is the corner where most drivers have issues. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: ■ Keiichi Tsuchiya is very well known he is the one who made drifting popular. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: ■ After the race, the drivers all looked at the leaderboards to see their place. (time) Modifying adjectives: ■ The track oddly seems 3 times longer than it usually seems. Modifying adverbs: ■ Orido drove harder than Keiichi usually does. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. ○ The driver who finishes first will receive a trophy with their name on it. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. ○ When cornering, it’s often difficult to keep your body planted on the seat so people often purchase racing seats to keep their body stable under inertia. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The road that mosts attracts me is Tuna Canyon Road.
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Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. ○ The J’s Racing S2000, which is naturally aspirated, raced up the mountain pass.
SENTENCES Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about Keiichi Tsuchiya spent over $20,000 modifying his AE86. Predicate – what the subject does Keiichi Tsuchiya spent over $20,000 modifying his AE86.
Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Keiichi Tsuchiya made drifting very popular. Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Take better care of your car. Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Do you take your car to the track? Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) The Honda S2000 is the Best!
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Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. I would love to drive a Honda S2000. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). Many projects for school take up time, but they all can be finished.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. When you take a practice lap, the time you get on your actual lap will usually be lower. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Whether you’re a good driver or not, you can always crash, because it’s not always your fault. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. Driving is a privilege, you must keep in mind that the driving privilege can be taken away from you. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. Always drive carefully on a track, accidents happen. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. Many people think the Toyota Supra is fast from the factory, it has 321 horsepower, it’s not very fast.
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Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. Many people get rid of their old project cars and buy new ones. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. The F20c engine makes the S2000 and it would be nothing without it. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. The S2000 is balanced, low weight, makes the highest horsepower per liter in its day. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. The Honda Prelude is a two-door coupe, and quite small, and makes decent power, and is a bit on the heavy side. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. For many people, Honda is the best car brand, while for many Honda is not their desired brand, but most will agree that Honda is a reliable car company. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. People say the Mazda Miata is always the answer, fun daily--Miata, fun project car--Miata, drift car--Miata.
Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. I have mods done to my car I cant drive it right now I have a cracked wheel. [Wrong] I have mods done to my car and I cant drive it right now because I have a cracked wheel. [Right] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas
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I love the Toyota JZX100, I would love to own a white JZX100 with Work wheels. [Wrong] I love the Toyota JZX100. I would love to own a white JZX100 with Work wheels. [Right]
Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because my favorite wheel is the Advan GT. [Wrong] Because my favorite wheel is the Advan GT, I want them for my car. [Right] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add a description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify At the race, the pit crew put tires on the car that was bald. [Wrong] At the race, the pit crew put tires that were bald on the car. [Right] Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force I knew that street racing wouldn’t do me no good because I could go to jail. [Wrong] I knew that street racing would not do me any good because I could go to jail. [Right]
PARAGRAPHS Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook (Lead / Opening Statement) – can begin with the title Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) Ex. Alignment is an extremely important aspect of your car. Alignment has huge importance but is not often taken into consideration by most and there is little thought about how many want to set theirs up. The alignment will bring little to no negatives when set up in a proper manner. There are different types of setups for different uses of the car and the only downsides are in some cases there is more tire wear or less comfort. A proper alignment is likely to bring many things like increased comfort, increased performance, increased stability, and safety.
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Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”) Ex. Alignment is often overlooked and forgotten, what is a proper alignment setup? Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject) Ex. Alignment is often forgotten and not discussed. Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about better used as evidence to support a claim) Ex. Alignment is very important. Opinion (personal position on a topic) Ex. Camber is the most important part of the alignment. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgment) Ex. Many overlook alignment and forget its importance. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing the source of the data) Ex. All alignments are good and important. Document-Based (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic) Ex. The company Continental Tires explains that an alignment for your car is important to save your decrease your tire wear. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) Ex. Alignment is one of the most important parts of a performance cars setup. Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of the thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long) Ex. Alignment dictates many things such as safety, stability, comfort, and performance.
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Alignment can greatly affect the way the car moves thus having great importance.
Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Ex. Many tire and suspension companies state that alignment is very important and it can affect tire wear and in some cases make the car work harder causing the engine to be overworked. Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “If they aren't, you could be damaging your tires and affecting the vehicle's handling characteristics” (Continental Tire Paragraph 5). Ex. Continental tires state, “If they aren't, you could be damaging your tires and affecting the vehicle's handling characteristics” (paragraph 5). Examining the Evidence Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “If they aren't, you could be damaging your tires and affecting the vehicle's handling characteristics” (Continental Tire Paragraph 5). Ex. PARAPHRASE – if the vehicle’s alignment is not properly set up or damaged then it can cause damage to the tires and obscure handling. Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “If they aren't, you could be damaging your tires and affecting the vehicle's handling characteristics” (Continental Tire Paragraph 5). Ex. SUMMARY – Improper alignment damages tires and handling.
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Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote) Ex. Bad alignment may cause one to crash. Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) Ex.Multiple companies and articles like Continental tire and “Does Vehicle Alignment Affect Vehicle Safety” state that alignments can damage tires and cause a vehicle to be dangerous. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) Ex. Therefore the alignment of a vehicle is critical to the way a car performs, gas mileage, safety, and comfort.
Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences) Ex. If a vehicle’s alignment was not important then there would be no need for all of the adjustability within alignment but that isn’t the case because alignment can greatly improve a car or destroy the tires and suspension. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) Ex. A poor alignment or a messed-up alignment can harm not only the tires but the suspension as well. Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis (could be one or more sentences) Ex. In turn, alignment being somewhat forgotten can be bad for new people within the car community or car owners in general. People must understand the importance of alignment and its abilities. Final Sentence (closing statement that connects to the hook and finishes the essay (finish your argument) –Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment… Ex. So given all the health problems associated with fast food, maybe the meals children receive as rewards are not so happy after all…
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A good alignment for comfort and safety will contain a small amount of negative camber in the front and rear, 0 angle of toe in the front and rear for straightness, and a very small amount of positive caster at the front or no caster angle at the front for steering and forces.
ESSAYS Essays – An essay is a series of connected paragraphs that work together to supply information, an argument, or an array of points to get across. Types – Explain each type of essay and state its purpose Persuasive (Argumentative) An essay that’s purpose is to provide a point of view to the reader and show why they should believe that same point of view using a counterargument and a rebuttal to that argument for more reinforcement and reason for the reader to agree. Expository (Informative) Definition or Description An expository essay provides information to the reader about a particular topic. Process (How-to) To write an expository essay one must do extensive research on the topic, attain multiple sources, include them in your text, and show the credibility of your information. Compare and Contrast Show comparisons and differences between information and the topic the essay is focused on. Cause and Effect Show the “what’s” and “how’s” of the subject and provide sufficient reasoning. Analytical/Critical Evaluative An evaluative essay is an essay that is written to assess a subject or particular item. Interpretive An interpretive essay gives the writer’s opinion on what the subject or item is or about, it also shows a perspective or explanation on the subject/item. Narrative (Tells a story) Personal Statement/Anecdote A narrative tells a personal or fictional story that shows expression and has meaning. Research A research essay’s purpose is to provide information on a specific topic using extensive research and sufficient evidence and sources.
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Timed Document-Based Question (DBQ) A timed essay is usually based on an objective or general question. Synthesis A synthesis is writing that shows a theory or a collection of ideas. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining Before one attempts to write an essay it’s best that the prompt and outline for the essay are carefully examined and noted. One can also create or follow an outline to have a foundation for their writing and more organization. Researching/Evaluating of Sources When writing an essay it’s important that there is research conducted and sources used, but the sources must be evaluated for credibility and accuracy. To check one can use a test like the CRAAP test or RAVEN test. Work Cited Page – Explain and give an example of how to set up works cited entries in both MLA and APA formats - there are subtle differences between each format, so be sure to identify them clearly. MLA Format A source cited in MLA format will look like this: Author’s last name, then their first name, and then the title. APA Format To cite a source in APA format it will look like this: Author’s last name and the date of publication. The difference between the two formats is that one contains the date of publication while the other contains the title. Both use the author’s last name.
