Table of Contents Introduction
Pg.3
About the Author
Pg.4
Punctuation and Capitalization
Pg.5
Parts of Speech
Pg.6
Sentences
Pg.14
Essays
Pg.17
Introduction I learned how to read and write in Spanish and in English at the same time. Though I would say that my knowledge of the English language is larger due to that being the language that I use the most. Using all the vocabulary that I have learned through the many books that I have read and all that I have learned at school since kindergarten. My book of writing most definitely helped me learn more about sentences and paragraphs. I considered many topics I could write about. I needed a topic that I knew I could write about and I wouldn’t get bored of. A topic about which I could talk about for hours and hopefully turn into writing. Vinland Saga was just what I was looking for. It is filled with many lovable characters as well as many detestable characters. The manga is filled with great drawings of the sea, fields, and buildings.
About the Author My name is Montserrrat Sanchez and I was born in Mexico but raised in LA. I am very glad to say that I am fluent in both English and Spanish. I have been called odd by many people for loving books and history. I also love media set in older time periods. Some of my favorite pieces of media are Hamilton, Downton Abbey, Vinland Saga, and Pride and Prejudice. I get much joy imagining what it must have been like living in such a time where many of our modern devices haven’t been invented yet. I particularly enjoy much of it with a cup of coffee in my hand. I know that many would be disappointed to learn that I really don’t enjoy writing. In fact I would go as far as saying I loathe it. Ever since I was small, teachers would try and find a way of getting me to write. My 1st grade teacher suggested I get a journal in which I would write in daily. It lasted for only 2 or 3 days and the rest was used for random scribbles and drawings. I could talk for hours but when it comes to writing my mind just gets bored and I can’t write anything. This assignment though has let me try again at writing on a topic I enjoy very much which might encourage me to write more than I usually do. Learning again how to write the sentences and paragraphs has also
helped very much since I tend to forget such things. Hopefully what I write this time won’t be boring.
Punctuation/Capitalization Punctuation – Identify the functions of each mark and create one (1) example sentence of the usage for each mark. 1. . Period (ends a sentence and or abbreviates a word) 2. , Comma (its indicates that the two words or two groups can switch places) 3. – En Dash (is used to draw emphasis towards) 4. - Hyphen (can be used to hyphenate(hyphenation)) 5. : Colon (whatever comes after it is related to whatever came before.) 6. ; Semicolon (connects several independent clauses) 7. ? Question Mark (ends an interrogative sentence) 8. ! Exclamation Point (ends an exclamatory sentence) 9. ‘ Apostrophe (to indicate possession, reduces by using contraction) 10. “ ” Quotation Marks (to indicates a when something comes from somewhere else) 11.
… Ellipses (something is unsaid)
12.
[ ] Brackets (to insert things in general)
13.
( ) Parentheses (something to know but was not necessary to know)
14.
/ Slash (to that there is a choice)
Capitalization – 1. It came as a great shock to Leif to see Thorfinn alive and well. 2. Thorfinn was in shock as he watched his life’s work go all to waste.
Parts of Speech NOUNS Types of nouns: (list three to five words of each type) · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: Vikings, town, tower, book, tree · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: England, Iceland, London Bridge · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: eyeball, drawbridge, footprint · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: Arrow, dagger, sword · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: slavery, hatred, freedom
Functions (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. · Subject (comes before the verb) Thorfinn followed the group of vikings on their raids. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Thorfinn kept asking Askeladd when he was going to be able to fight him.
· Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Askeladd threw him the sword without a second thought.
PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s Relative: Nominative who whose That
our, ours your, yours their, theirs
Objective whom that those/ this
Possessive
of that
Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:
He taught himself how to fight in order to survive. He told himself to keep on fighting. to intensify a point: It was the king himself that came to the island Demonstrative: this, these
that, those
Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.
VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect past progressive
simple present present present perfect present progressive
present perfect progressive future future perfect
Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) infinitive verbs (indicate tense) infinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)
Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The vikings got ambushed on a Saturday. Passive: On Saturday there was an attack on the Vikings. (students are the subject but treated as the object)
Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · Killing didn’t bring him joy. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · The crying woman shocked him. · Leif talked to the bored children.. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Thorfinn liked to play with the other children.
CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in
front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and copy/paste an alphabetical list of interjections here. A – Ahh, ahoy, aha, ahem, alas, arrggh, aw B – Blah, brrr, bingo, bravo, bam, bazinga, bleh, boo, boo-yah, bah hambug C – Cheers, congrats, catching, cripes, crud D – Damn, darn, darnit, dang, drat, duh, dear, E – Eureka, eek, eh, er, encore, eww F – Fie, fiddlesticks G – Gak, gee, gee whiz, geez, gadzooks, golly, good grief, goodness, goodness gracious, gosh, gesundheit H – Hey, hmm, hooray, huh, hello, ha, ha-ha, holy cow, hallelujah, holy smokes, humph, hurray, hot dog, huh? K – Ka-ching, O – oh, oh oh, oh dear, oh my, oh my God, oh well, ouch, ow, oww, oops, oy, ooh-la-la, P – Phooey, presto, please, pshaw, pow, phew, pooh R – Rats, S – shoo, shh, shoop-shoop, T – Tut-tut, thanks, U – Uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, um, umm V – Viva, voila W – Whammo, wham, whew, whoa, wow, whoops, Y – Yay, yeah, yikes, yippee, yes, yuck, yum, yo, yahoo, yummy Z – Zap
Transitions of Logic Chart
Milder
Stronger
Addition
a further and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
Comparison
just as ... so too a similar another... like
similarly comparable in the same way likewise
Contrast
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to
Place
there here beyond nearby next to
at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
SENTENCES Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.
Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about The vikings gathered around the fire around the fire for a feast. Predicate – what the subject does Thorfinn’s dad fixed the roof for the winter.
Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Vikings don’t fear death in battle.
Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) You must read this manga immediately. Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Why would you not want to read such a good manga? Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) This manga is very exciting and thrilling!
Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. The vikings don’t hesitate to be cruel. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). The vikings ate a feast, it was a very happy feast. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. When the plan was set, the group set out to sea. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. When the plan was set, the group set out to sea, they had been ready days.
Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. Thorfinn’s life was going to change, for better or for worse. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. For better or for worse, Thorfinn’s life was going to change.
Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. Thorfinn needed to stop training he really needed to eat. [WRONG] Thorfinn needed to stop training because he really needed to eat. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas Thorfinn was really tired, he really needed to eat. [WRONG] Thorfinn was really tired. He needed to eat. [RIGHT]
Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because he was hungry. [WRONG] Because he was hungry, Thorfinn had to stop training. [RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify At the raid, the vikings rode on land the boat. [WRONG] At the raid, the vikings rode the boat on land. [RIGHT] Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force Askeladd knew that it wouldn’t do them no good to fight Thors. [WRONG] Askeladd knew that it would not do them any good to fight Thors. [RIGHT]
ESSAYS Essays – Is a piece of writing that usually focuses on one topic. Types – Explain each type of essay and state its purpose Persuasive (Argumentative) - Is supposed to convince the reader to do ar not to do something. Expository (Informative) - Explains things in detail to make it easier for the reader to understand. Definition or Description - Explains different perspectives, ideas and describes something to the reader so they can use their senses to feel what they are reading. Process (How-to) - Explains how something works or how to do something.
Compare and Contrast - Examines similarities and differences between two things or topics. Cause and Effect - Shows the causes of things to the reader and justifies their effects. Analytical/Critical - Analyzes a piece of literature from different viewpoints and evaluates the literary piece on their strong points and weak points Evaluative - Analyzes the text. Interpretive - Compares the text. Narrative (Tells a story) - A story that is written in essay format. Personal Statement/Anecdote - Explains a story and gives opinions. Research - Revolves around a research question that is supposed to answer a specific question. Timed - An essay that is written under a certain amount of time. Document Based Question (DBQ) - An essay written after using documents to provide information. Synthesis - Gathers information from a variety of sources to create a new idea.
