Yatra Magazine May 2018 | Buddha Air

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Issue # 32 May 2018

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RARA Calling

Natural & Pristine Perfection

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Nagma Miss Universe journey

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Namaste and welcome on board Buddha Air!

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I would like to wish our readers a Happy Nepali New Year 2075.

We have wonderful news for our passengers. Firstly, by the 2nd week of June 2018, ATR Company will be delivering our 11th aircraft, an ATR 72-500. As we all are aware, due to extreme air traffic congestion at TIA and bad weathers we all suffer from flight delays. We hope our new ATR-72 aircraft will help us minimize these delays. Since our inception, we have been committed to provide reliable and affordable services in spite of the adverse situations, and hope with this aircraft delivery, we can provide consistent flights to our destinations as per published schedule.

Secondly, we have started daily and direct flights from Kathmandu - Surkhet- Kathmandu on our ATR 42-320 aircrafts since 12th April 2018 and operate daily flights to Rajbiraj once the infrastructure there is completed. Finally, we will also be operating regular scheduled flights from Kathmandu - Varanasi - Kathmandu from 29th June 2018. Along with these flights, we'll also have attractive tour packages as well.

In this issue, our cover story "Rara Calling" explores the many scenic, historic and natural places of western Nepal like Rara National Park, Rara Lake, Sinja Valley, Surkhet, etc. If you prefer to know about trekking eastern Nepal, look no further than our

In-flight magazine Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal e-mail: yatra@buddhaair.com

"Mundum Trek" article, where you'll delve into the lifestyles and cultures of the Kirati-Rai communities and explore the biodiversity of mid-hill and Terai regions. Nepal has only one hunting reserve at Dhorpatan - if you're ever in the game for the thrill of the hunt, read about it in, "Trophy Hunting in The Himalayas."

Trekking in the Himalayas may seem like an activity best done in a group, but you can also enjoy a solo trek like Ms. Mathilde Lacaze - read her story in "600 km By Foot in The Himalayas." If you're looking for your next book to read, we have some suggestions- flip through the pages of "Crossing Boundaries: English Translation of Nepali Books" and our flight attendant's Ms. Krity Jha's article, "Why The Kite Runner Is My Favorite Book."

We love to hear from you as well. If you have a story to share or a photo you want published on our upcoming issues of Yatra, please send them to yatra@buddhaair.com or post them on our social media platforms.

Thank you for flying with us. We hope you have a pleasant flight.

Birendra B. Basnet Managing Director, Buddha Air

Published by: Buddha Air Pvt. Ltd., Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal

Editorial Board : lKhagendra Bahadur Basnet lSubarna Kharel lUL Shrestha lRatna Rai lD.K. Karna Copy Editor: lKabita Thapa

1 in 5 youth who belong to marginalized, minority and disabled communities are unemployed

The Social Protection Expenditure out of the total national budget is 11.3%

1 in 4 people live on less than $1 a day

1 out of 5 thirty year old people would die before their 70th birthday from any of cancer, diabetes, lung and heart diseases

40,000 people get Tuberculosis every year

3 women die due to pregnancy related causes for every 1,000 children born in Nepal

Due to malnutrition 4 out of every 10 children are too short 36% of people for their age eat less than the minimum daily 4 out of every requirement of 100 children born die calories needed for a before their 5th birthday healthy life

The Global Hunger Index is a measurement of world hunger. On the Index Nepal’s score of 21.9 is classified as “Serious” due to food security problems.

Poor nutrition is involved in more than half of all child deaths.

2 in 5 children suffer from stunting or chronic malnutrition, which is the cause of 1 in 3 deaths in children under-five

There are only 7 women for every 10 men enrolled in higher education

2 in 3 women have never told anyone about the violence they have experienced

37% of women currently aged 20-24 got married before the age of 18

Only 46 out of 100 married women participate in major decisions in their life

www.un.org.np | www.sdgsinnepal.org

Facebook: SDGsinNepal | Twitter: @SdgsNepal

For more information about the SDGs in Nepal, please follow:

48% of students complete secondary education

1 in 2 youth and adults have technical and vocational skills

97.2% of children are enrolled in primary education

1 in 20 formally educated youth have obtained vocational and skill based education

71% of youth in Nepal can read and write

Data Sources: - Government of Nepal - United Nations

6 out of 10 households have an improved toilet facility that is not shared with other households

3 in 4 households do not have access to sewage facilities

22% of the population has no toilet

More than half the population don’t use a piped water supply 32% of the population practices open defecation

THE SDGS ARE 17 GOALS COVERING ALL ISSUES TO ACHIEVE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THE FIRST 6 SDGS ADRESS SOCIAL ISSUES

contents

Issue May 2018

cover story 36

RARA Calling

0 6 Mundum Trek new trail in eastern Nepal

12

Best Travel Apps for a Better Trip

2 0 Lapte Bhoj

What's and how's of a Newari bhoj!

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Trekking

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new trail in eastern Nepal

Surendra Rana

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he newly explored off-the-beaten trail in eastern Nepal comprises of natural beauty, rich bio-diversity, Kirati-Rai civilization, culture, lifestyles, and wide-

ranging landscape view of Himalayan, mid-hill and Terai regions.

The area is largely inhabited by Kirati- Rai communities for centuries, adjoining are Brahman, Chhetri, Newars, Magars and Dalit settlements. According to an expert, Mundum is a verbal scripture of Kirati people that elucidate rituals, lifestyles and traditions. Since ancient time these hills (Temke, Mehrung, Maiyung, Salpa Pokhari) were pilgrimage pathways used by Mundumi (Kirati guru) to reach the sacred Silichung hill.

The trail meets Arun Valley trek at Salpa Bhanjyhang, the footsteps of the first Everest explorers. Few guidebooks have mentioned that HW Tillman had walked from Hile to Lukla through Arun valley in 1950. It takes you through the lush green landscape of the mid-hill region, with steep climbs and strenuous path particularly upon reaching Siluchung hill.

Trekkers on the Mundum trail

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Trekking

Numbur Himal near Rupakot

between Bhojpur and Khotang district is the starting point for Mundum Trek.

There are local lodges available at Chakhewa.

Mt. Everest

Halesi Temple and Rupakot We drove a 12 hour long jeep journey from Kathmandu along Sindhuli-Khurkot along mid-hill road. We visited Halesi Temple en-route, a common pilgrimage center of Hindus, Buddhists and Kiratis .

The devotees were busy in meditation and worshipping activities. In one and half hours drive, we reached Diktel Bazaar, the headquarters of Khotang district.

Early next morning, we ascended for 1.5 hour to reach the hilltop of Rupakot (2526m). We saw a wide range of snowclad mountains like Dudhkunda, Everest, Lhotse, Makalu, etc from the hilltop.

This hilltop is a popular picnic spot and place of worship during festive seasons.

The touristic potential of this hilltop is awaiting infrastructure development and promotional activities After lunch we drove to Chakhewa Pass (2300 m), 42 km eastward along the mid-hill highway. The border

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Side trip to Tempke Danda (Hill) (3010m) The next morning, we set off on our hike to Tempke Hill.

The hill is famous for its religious importance and also a popular tourist destination among the local people. During our hike up to Temke, we were greeted by the dazzling sunrise. The gradual ascending hike of two and half hour towards south from Chakhewa is rewarding. It is

a steady uphill hike through the lush rhododendron forest. Temke Hilltop is situated at 3010m from the sea level and is commonly shared by Bhojpur and Khotang district.

When we reached the hilltop, it was a windy morning. Our friends Pabi Hang, Shyam, Mohan and Ensu had already reached the summit. When we finally reached, Amrit ji and Pawan ji started capturing images while Ensu was astounded on witnessing panoramic view of Himalayas. He exclaimed that he had never seen such a wide Himalayan range during the 19 years, working as a guide and

Silichung Hill - 4156m

climber. The hilltop provides excellent panoramic 1800 view of Himalayan ranges from Manaslu, Dorje Lakpa, Numbur, Karyalung, Gaurishankar, Kwangde, Choyu, Kusum Kangaroo, Thamserku, Khangtega, Kyasar, Mera Peak, Nuptse, Mt. Everest, Lhotse, Chamlang (Dhurbe hatti himal), Makalu to Kanchenjunga in the east.

There are Mahadev Temple and Jogi Cave nearby and its surrounding is a breathtaking place to stroll around. It's a wonderful hilltop trip, one will regret if missed!

The trail TThe steady and gentle trek from Chakhewa Bhanjyang (2300m) northward,

T r e k

follows a long ridge-walk. The highlands have been a livestock grazing area of local people for centuries. The vast pastureland is rich in wildlife and vegetation.

Ramesh Rai, a researcher said more than 12 species of rhododendrons bloom during spring season. There are several ponds along the ridges which are main sources of water for the wild animals and

i t i ne r a r y

Day 1: Kathmandu – Diktel, 1650m (appx 265 km by Jeep) Day 2: Diktel – Chakhewa, 2300m (appx 42km jeep/ bus)

Temke hill 3010m ( Side trip hike 2-3 hr)

Day 3: Chakhewa- Dhotre deurali, 2752m Day 4: Dhotre Deurali – Saatdobate, 3122m Day 5: Saatdobate-Rawa dhap, 3426m Day 5: Rawa Dhap- Salpa Bhanjyang, 3348m Day 6: Salpa Bhanjyang (Kulpankha)- Silichung, 4153m Day 7: Salpa Bhajyang- Rest day Day 8: Salpa Bhanjyang- Hyakule, 2972m Day 9: Hyakule – Haanspokhari, 2962m Day 10: Haanspokhari – Bhojpur, 1600m Day 11: Explore and sightseeing Bhojpur and Taksar ( rest day) Day 12: Bhojpur- Kathmandu (by bus / Air)

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Trekking

How to reach: 1) Kathmandu - Khurkot - Halesi - Diktel Chakhewa ( Jeep/ Bus appx 313 km) 2) Kathmandu - Sindhuli –Bardibas-DharanHile-Bhojpur (Bus appx 452 km) 3) Kathmandu- Bhojpur (By Air 30 min)

livestock. After a moderate 5-6 hours of trek along the ridges, we reached Dhotre Deurali (2752m).

There are few herders' home where Nepali food and basic homestay facility is available.

The trail continues the next day with similar altitude level passing through pastureland of sub- tropical, temperate and subalpine forests. Uninterrupted flat ridge-walk, breathtaking Himalayan ranges throughout the trek along the forested land with mid-hill landscapes view far and wide keeps journey interesting.

An easy 4-5 hour gentle hike reaches Haans Pokhari (Duck Pond, 2962m). Maiyung Danda (3333m)

Silichung (4153m) The highest point of Bhojpur district, also a common pilgrimage center for Buddhist, Hindus and Kirati.

It shares a common border with Solukhumbu, Bhojpur, Khotang ,and Sankhuwasabha . It takes about 3-4 hours steep climb to reach the top from Salpa Bhanjyang. It provides excellent sunrise and sunset views.

The hilltop offers close-up stunning views of Dorje Lakpa,

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lies to north-east standing tall at a few hour climb - a viewpoint worth climbing.

The dense forest has a variety of flora like rhododendron, oak, orchid, chinquapin, juniper and medicinal plants, etc. Walking through open ridges with clear blue sky, the amazing landscape views are a lifetime experience.

The area is peaceful, quiet and simply an unbelievable journey in no man's land. Just a few hours below the ridges lies the scattered Rai settlement while the upper area is covered with meadow and forest richly inhabited by wild animals like wild boar, thar, barking deer, red panda and birds like peasants, wild

Numbur, Karyalung, Gaurishankar, Shishapangma , Kwangde, Choyu, Kusum Kangaroo, Thamsekrku, Khangtega, Kyasar, Mera Peak, Nuptse, Mt. Everest, Lhotse, Chamlang (Dhurbe hatti himal), Makalu to Kanchenjunga in the east. The ridge has great religious importance for Kirati people. It is the final summit where Mundumi receives final blessing from their gurus.

duck , partridges and others.

There are several Chautara (resting place) built by Kirati ancestors at every couple of hours walks. Then the trail heads north, after few ups and downs, the path reaches Saatdobate (3122m). The lunch can be taken nearby Saatdobate and Hyakule as source of water are easily available. While trekking along the ridges, one will encounter shepherds' huts at a distance of every few hours.

The steep climb from Lauri Danda to Rawa Dhap (3426m) takes about 2 -3 hours, where few goths (cowsheds) are available. The herders usually built shelters close by water sources which was a great help for us to set up camp.

The next day it was a gentle trek of 5-6 hours. We came across chhorten , prayer flags, and Choutara. One will reach Salpa Bhanjyang (3348m) a pass that adjoins with Arun Valley trek.

Salpa Pokhari (3500m), a sacred pond is just 500m north from the pass where hundreds of devotees gather to pay homage to fulfill their wishes.

The trail returns the same way from Salpa Bhanjyang towards Rawadhap, Hyakule, Saatdobate, Maiyung, finally descending to Pakhuwa Bhanjyang then Suntale to Bhojpur Bazaar. Alternatively, the route of Arun Valley trek can be followed. It takes 10-12 days to complete the trail.

When I shared my journey, an assistant professor Chiranjibi Bhandari from the department of CPDS, TU opined that trekkers from the world will experience unique

Souvenirs from Bhojpur

Khukuri, the national weapon of Nepal is known as a symbol of bravery, strength and pride among Nepalis and Gurkha Armies abroad.

These edged-knives were widely used for hand-to-hand combat in First and Second World Wars. Some commonly known Khukuris are Angkhola Khukuri, Bhojpure Khukuri, Chainpure Khukuri, Chitlange Khukuri, Chirwa Chiruwa Khukuri, Dhankute Khukuri, Ganjawla Khukuri, Panawala Khukuri, Sirupate Khukuri etc.

Bhojpure Khukuri is renowned for its speed and sharpness in Nepal and abroad. Skilled craftsman prepare this magical knife by continually heating pure iron, smelting, hammering then finally shaping it into the legendary Khukuri.

Other souvenirs from Bhojpur includes Chhurpi, Rudraksha beads, Karuwa, Khajuri and cardamom.

culture, hospitality and natural beauty of eastern Nepal. He also expressed his interest to visit the place soon for both research and trekking purpose.

Highlight of the trek: Mundum trekking trail is a newly explored trail in eastern Nepal. It is an easy ridge-walk, which passes along several ridges of Tempke, Chakhewa, Dhotre deurali, Maiyung, Satdobate, Raba Dhap and Salpa bhanjyang.

The trail is suitable for all age-groups, and promoted as an all season trekking destination. Experience the wide ranges of Himalayan views from Mt. Everest to Mt. Kanchenjunga, and long stretches of snow-clad mountains in the north, while passing through the rhododendron and himalayan bamboo forests. There are ponds, meadows, rivers and streams. It is an easy and excellent trek with altitudes ranging from 2000m to 4000m for 8-10 days. Fascinating panoramic Himalayas, landscapes mid-hill views, Kirati – Rai people with their rich culture and lifestyles along with indigenous cuisine are major highlights of the trail. The trail was recently explored by Temke Salpa Silichung Tourism Promotion Center with support from Nepal Tourism Board and TAAN. In addition Tempke Maiyung Rural Municipality, Bhojpur Municipality and Rupakot Majhuwagadhi Municipality extended assistance during exploration. A team of tourism expert from Concept Nepal cooperated the exploration program.

Best time to visit: All the year round Level of Trek: Easy / Medium/ Strenuous Type of accommodations: local lodge/ homestay/ camping Foods and beverage: Rice, lentil soup, seasonal vegetable and raksi/ tongba (DalBhat and local food) Clothing and equipment: Light trousers for summer and warm for winter, t-shirts, trekking boots, pair of shocks, Jackets, raincoat for summer. Camping tent, sleeping bags, food supplies, medicine kit etc.

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M o b i le A p p

Best Travel Apps for a Better Trip Everyone knows that traveling can be a nerve wrecking yet exciting experience. But planning a trip can be an even bigger hassle. But with these travel apps and handy smartphones, traveling in this age and time has become more convenient and easy. So whether you ’re going on a day tour around Kathmandu or looking for a welldeserved holiday, here ’s a list of top travel apps to help you on your next journey.

Trekking in Nepal/ HoneyGuide Travel App: Created by local app developers, Honeyguide Apps is one travel app you should have on your smartphone when trekking in Nepal. It has detailed information on many trekking trails including the Everest Base Camp Trek, Annapurna Base Camp Trek and Annapurna

Circuit Trek that are available as in-app purchases. As a guiding app, Honeyguide also has a lot of other utility features such as a Deviation Alert that informs when the trekker has strayed too far from the trail, send warnings of possible avalanche and rockfall, identify mountain peaks as well as features that recommend the best lodges to stay in. Updated on a timely basis, this app is gaining popularity with the trekkers and is available for both Android and iOs devices.

Taxi Fares Nepal This utility app is just what you need to get around Kathmandu as well as the rest of Nepal. Taxi Fares Nepal works both online and offline and allows users to estimate the cost of traveling certain distances in a taxi. While this feature is available only for Kathmandu, other features of

Created by Nensuria - Freepik.com

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and also worth having on a smartphone whenever traveling.

this app such as Airways Fare and Public Transportation Fares are also available for places outside the valley. The app also includes safety and security guidelines for riders and pedestrians. The inbuilt maps in the app also show the best routes to get from one destination to another in the shortest time possible. One of the most important features of this app is the Traffic Hotline and Fare Info that contain metro traffic hotline to call in case of inquiries regarding fares or ask about traffic congestion for road blocks.

City Pulse: Developed as a tool to help travelers explore like a local, City Pulse keeps track of restaurants, activities and top heritage sites to visit around Kathmandu Valley. You can find everything from recommended restaurants and bars to lifestyle locations in the city such as fitness destinations, massage and spa locations. This app also features trending events happening around the city. So the next time you find yourself asking, “What to do in Kathmandu?” refer this app and get countless recommendations on the go.

Buddha Air: Buddha Air ’s official app is more

than a flight booking app. A must-have app for frequent domestic flyers, Buddha Air ’s app shows the timely updates of their flight status. The app also allows to book flights with the help of e-Sewa, making an instant or hold-on bookings quite convenient. Royal Club members of Buddha Air can also check their mileage points and get bonus features like subsidized ticket prices on this app. Users can even check out ‘Yatra ’, Buddha Air ’s inflight magazine in this app.

TripAdvisor: Of course, when we speak of travel, we must speak of TripAdvisor. With over 500 million reviews and opinions by travelers, TripAdvisor provides the best platform to check out hotels, restaurants, tourist attractions and fun things to do there. It can also be used to compare airfares and find great deals. The apps ’ user community also allows you to participate in forums to get opinions or find answers to travel related questions. This mobile app is free

Google Trips: This free app by Google is what every traveler needs, whether they ’re embarking on a group or going on a solo travel. Google Trips works as a travel guide and a trip planner for over 200 cities based on personalized recommendations and search history. Travelers can save information on where to stay, where to eat and even prepare an itinerary based on the places that the traveler wants to see.

This revolutionary app also works offline, so that the users can save everything on the app including their flight details or hotel bookings.

Pack Point: Whether its business travel or for leisure, Pack Point will come in handy for any kind of traveler. This pre-travel app helps to organize your packing based on the destination, length of stay, gender and weather forecasting. As basic as it sounds, this app ’s simple features are what makes it one of the must have travel apps for any trip planning. Users can also enter the type of trip they are planning for and include events such as dinner, business meetings or even outdoor adventures.

The app then creates a list of items to be packed for the trip. Users can add or remove items from the list provided in the app and get suggestions to pack extra items from the list.

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H un t i n g

Trophy hunting in the Himalayas Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is the only region in Nepal that permits game hunting

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thrilling and extreme sport, trophy hunting is allowed in very few and selected regions around the world. This risky activity is however, a passionate past time for a number of people. And for those passionate hunters all over the world, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve is a dream destination to go trophy hunting.

The Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve was established in 1987 AD. This reserve covers an area of 1325 square kilometers and covers Rukum, Baglung and Myagdi districts of Nepal. The region is a habitat to 32

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Photo: Shamsher Parajuli

H un t i n g

species of mammals including bears, leopards, sheep and mountain goats.

The reserve is also home to 164 species of birds including rare species such as the Danfe, Munal and Chir. The name “Dhorpatan” is derived from the Nepali words, “dhor” meaning open space and “patan” meaning field. However, Dhorpatan does not only consist of open fields but also has rugged and mountainous terrain.

Dhorpatan can be accessed with a day and half long trek from Muna village

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The name “Dhorpatan” is derived from the Nepali words, “dhor” meaning open space and “patan” meaning field

of Myagdi or direct jeep drive from Burtibang to Dhorpatan. This reserve lies in the part of the Guerilla Trek and used to be a war-torn area during the decade-long Maoist insurgency of Nepal. But today, this remote area is a peaceful getaway which is seldom visited by tourists. This reserve is located in the mountainous region to the west of Annapurna Conservation Area Project and is located at a height of 4000 meters above sea level.

While hunting and conservation do

not seem to complement each other, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve has strict policies regarding its hunting access.

The reserve allows hunting of only two animals, the Bharal (Himalayan Blue Sheep) and the Thar (Himalayan Tahr).

The hunting is also controlled and surveyed carefully by the region ’s rangers and Nepal Army officials who have set a base camp within the reserve. Recently despite the conservation efforts, the Thar has been labeled as a nearly threatened species by the International Union for Conversation of Nature (IUCN) due to its popularity as a trophy animal. In a survey conducted in 2016, it was reported that there were 380 Thars and 2200 Naurs spotted in the region. However, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve moderates the number of animals that can be hunted each year. Each year, a quota is set to decide the total number of the animals that can be hunted.

Hunting is allowed in two seasons of the year, from Asoj to Kartik (September to October) and from Falgun to Baisakh (February to April). The rest of the year, the temperature in this region can get very low with extreme winds. Snowfall also occurs in the lower regions during winter while the upper regions are

Uttarganga Uttarganga, a Hindu heritage site is situated close to Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve. Travelers can find the Dhor Barahi temple where annual festivals are held every year during the full moon of Baisakh (April/ May) and Janai Purnima which falls around August or September. Devotees from nearby villages are known to hike to this region to visit the temple during these festivities.

A holy lake is also situated at Uttarganga where Hindu devotees believe that taking a dip into the lake will wash away a person ’s sins.

The water in the lake comes from a natural spring nearby. After dipping into the lake, devotees generally move lower into the Rudrataal, another lake to provide offerings.

It is strongly believed that making offerings at Rudrataal pleases one ’s ancestors.

Shankar Gurung, a local of the region believes that if this region can be promoted properly, this heritage site can become a popular destination that can cater to domestic and Indian tourists alike.

covered in snow throughout the year.

Trophy hunting is strictly moderated and hunters are allowed to hunt in six blocks of Dhorpatan. Sundaha, Seng, Dogadi, Barse, Phaguney and Ghustung are the only regions where hunting is allowed. Nepal, like most countries with rich bio-diversity is keen on its nature conservation and protection. Thus, hunting outside the permitted areas and hunting animals other than the jharal and thar is illegal.

Strict rules apply to the trophy hunters and things are not easy, especially for foreign tourists seeking to hunt in Nepal. International tourists can hunt in Dhorpatan only through half a dozen tour operators in Nepal and are allowed to stay 3 weeks in the region at a time. Foreign hunters also have a hard time importing guns into the country. There hunters are allowed to keep the horns and fur of the prize animals as trophies, while the meat is provided to the local communities for food.

The hunting of the animals is closely guarded and limitations apply in many ways. The hunters are not allowed to hunt the female of the animals and they only get to target the old animals in the herd. Along with that, if a target is shot

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H un t i n g

but manages to get away, the hunters are required to hunt down the same animal and chasing fresh targets is not allowed either.

Dhorpatan has become an ideal spot for trophy hunters as the hunters are usually escorted to the hunting grounds on helicopters. The choppers are permitted to land within the hunting blocks and hunters generally spend 3-4 days hiking through the scenic reserve in high altitude looking for their target. Tour operators make all the necessary arrangements for the accommodation of the trophy hunters in camps.

Pashupati Adhikari, the reserve ’s assistant conservation authoritarian, says that hunters are provided with a permit of 21 days in the reserve.

Hunting guide and managing directors of Global Safaris Nepal, Shamsher Parajuli

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The hunters are not allowed to hunt the female of the animals and they only get to target the old animals in the herd

states that receiving the permit to hunting in the reserve requires a very lengthy process of going door to door of various ministries to get the documents.

According to Parajuli, who has been in the game hunting industry since 2009, the complications arise when the companies have to move around from one office to another. “Things would ’ve been more convenient for us tour operators if all the required documents could be processed from a single office.”

Located high in the Himalayan region and rich in flora and fauna, Dhorpatan, is an open secret. This region provides spectacular view of the Dhaulagiri peak and its open fields are no less than paradise in the mountains.

While Dhorpatan is known as the only gaming reserve in Nepal, it is also a destination for trekkers, trail runners and nature lovers alike.

Food

A Cool Tibetan Delight For The Summer

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a cool afternoon, when the sun seems to shine just right, there is a high chance that you will end up craving something delicious. You would want something spicy, yet savory.

Something cool yet a dish that would warm you up from the inside. And that ’s exactly what Laphing is.

A popular Tibetan street dish, Laphing is spicy in flavor and slippery in texture and usually eaten with soy sauce. Actually a Sichuan cuisine, the dish originally known as Liang Fen in Chinese, translates literally to cold noodles. The cold jelly noodles are made out of either potato starch or green mung bean daal and are silkier in texture compared to the chewy and floury texture of its Sichuan/ North Chinese counterpart.

The soup is also different in Tibetan style, which migrated to the southern neighbor of Nepal via the northern territory with help of Tibetan refugees and immigrants residing in Boudha.

The noodle for the dish is prepared by boiling and stirring the starch until it

reaches the right consistency. It is then poured down to cool and set into jelly sheets. The sheets are then sliced into thin strips before being dipped into a sauce from dried chilies, onions, garlic extract, a hint of Sichuan pepper, vinegar, and other spices, giving it a unique flavor with a sour taste. You can either order a dry dish, without the soup or add instant noodles or bhujiya to your laphing. You can choose the spiciness of Laphing according to your taste.

There are many reasons why Laphing is getting popular with young Nepalis these days. One, the taste buds of youngsters are always searching for new food to try. Second, Laphing, at least for few years was only available around Boudha which is a relaxing place to hang out with your friends. Three, the dish itself looks very tempting and unique, that you feel like trying it just one glance of it. But more than that, the popularity of the dish is also a symbol of how culturally rich Nepal is, with influxes of people and

various ethnic groups. No matter where you are from in Nepal, your taste buds will welcome all sorts of dishes, brewing out of the corners and meeting in the melting pot we call the capital city; Kathmandu.

Although Laphing is relatively new in the culinary sector of Kathmandu, other Tibetan dishes like Tibetan Momo, Thukpa and Thendup had already entered and gained their respective space in the food business. At the same time, Tongba, an alcoholic beverage from Tibet and butter tea, another famous Tibetan delicacy have also been popular in last few years.

Similarly, Khapse has also become popular to snack on with tea.

Besides the richness in taste, Laphing and other Tibetan food are also one of the best ways to explore the alleys of Boudha and learn about the rich heritage and culture of Tibetan people. It is also an amazing way to learn about how food travels and develops with migration, modernization, and exposure to the world.

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FOO D

Lapte Bhoj

What's and how's of a Newari bhoj! l

Pramita Shrestha

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ewars, the community of culturally and traditionally rich people also have a sarcastically bad reputation to go with, for the amount of money and time they splurge on food. As a local proverb says: Newar bigreko bhoj le i.e., Newars are spoilt of feasts, by feasts and for feasts! Bhoj is a blend of family gatherings, food festival, party, tradition. I believe Newars deserve a chance to justify their much talked about inclination towards bhoj.

Most non Newars friends I have always seem to be complaining about why I don ’t invite them for a bhoj. I mockingly change the topic! However, I cannot stop clarifying every time that it is not just about eating that we have bhoj. Most people might find it a defense against the proverb unless they sit for one themselves.

Feasts are inevitable; they come once a month, twice or even thrice. Festivals follow in a quick succession like Bisket Jatra, Sithi Nakha , Gai Jatra, Dashain, Tihar, Maghe Sankranti, Yomari Punhe, Ghode Jatra, etc that fall a few weeks apart keep the flow of festivals going with respective bhoj. Since the Newars have the tendency of intermarriage, the families are enormous. Hence, there are no feasts without inviting the whole family. Feasts hold a special value to the married off daughters and sisters; no feasts go without their presence!

Women of all ages rejoice at their maternal house till the feasts last. Similarly, several religious and traditional functions like Bratabadha (a kind of baptism for young Hindu boys), Gufa and Bel Vivah (coming of age ceremony for girls), weddings and so on are all occasions for feasts.

The fact that the same festival holds several days of bhoj might make you think how come they spend so much on food alone? But many might not be aware of the fact that the food elements of a Newar bhoj do not have a harsh effect even

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if eaten stale. Some elderly even say that, the popular “Samay baji” is actually a set of food that tastes best when eaten stale and it is hygienic too. Tahkha (jellied buffalo meat) and kwa-ghasa (broth cooked Samay Baji) are actually dishes that have to be stale to eat. History also marks the fact the Newar residents of Kirtipur discovered Gundruk, when the food supply was stopped during unification.

Gundruk is a stale dish, economic and tasty at the same time loved by majority of Nepali people.

There a lot of mouthwatering delicacies those don ’t get unused in the Newar community.

Born and raised in a Newar family, you are taught some strict etiquette about a bhoj. There are some rules you have to abide by especially when you sit for a traditional Newari feast 'The Lapte Bhoj'.

These kinds of feasts hold a special place at a time when people choose buffet for convenience. While it's commendable that the Newars still stick to their own customary culture, many restaurants today find it mandatory to include the bhoj in their menu. Talking about the etiquette, the first thing to do is wear comfortable clothes as you have to you sit crossed leg on the straw mat until you finish the whole meal. Once you take your seat, a member of the host family enters with a pile of lapte, literally meaning leaf plates and keeps them in front of all the attendees with a salincha, (a mud bowl for alcohol) and no, you cannot use a spoon to eat.

The host makes it easier for you as he/ she comes with a hand washing bowl for you.

The first food to served is beaten rice, two handfuls of them on your lapte, followed by bodee (Lentil), Saag (leafy vegetables), gravy buffalo meat, Aaloo Tama (spicy potato and bamboo shoot curry) and two types of Achhaar (pickle) to tingle the taste buds. Another spicy warm drink to go with at a bhoj is Paun Kwaa that rears your appetite. A lady with an Antee (a brass container with a long nozzle) serves local whiskey on request into the salinchas you were served before. The feast continues with a lot of festivity while the host continues to serve you more than a dozen of varieties until your stomach stretches out. Then comes Ju-Ju Dhau, the king curd, popularly made in Bhaktapur. The curd is eaten with great devour by all the people; some even add beaten rice to it. Raw carrot, radish, cucumber, onion and tomato slices with soaked peas come next which is known as Sisa Fusa and is a salad of sorts.

The belief that no one leaves with a half-filled stomach is quite a big deal in the Newari bhoj The protocol is not finished yet. You are not allowed to leave your place unless the eldest member in the bhoj allows you to. After you have finished eating, the host goes to each of the guests with a vessel of water and a bowl for you to wash your hands. Make sure a Newar friend you have invites you to one pretty soon, you will love it!

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J o u r ne y

My Miss Universe 2017 Journey l

Nagma Shrestha

“N

amaste, my name is Nagma Shrestha and I come to you from the top of the world, Nepal.� This line was exactly how I introduced myself in Miss Universe 2017 and reflecting back on the competition, I realized what a marvellous journey it has been. Going to Miss Universe had been a dream of mine for a long time. However due to the absence of the franchise here in Nepal, this dream had remained unfulfilled. Like they say if when you want something, the entire universe conspires in helping you to achieve it. The possibility of me representing Nepal in Miss Universe started getting stronger with a series of random events that took place in my life.

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J o u r ne y Last year I went to the US. Since the passion for participating in the pageant I dreamed for remained in my mind I decided to take a chance with it. I called the Miss Universe organization and I set up an appointment with them in New York. I went there and spoke with the directors of Miss Universe organization. The directors there were very positive about it but I had one step remaining, which was to go back to my country and talk to my potential National Directors which were Hidden Treasure Nepal. I did as planned. I went back and spoke to Hidden Treasure Nepal about how the organization was positive and willing to make Nepal participate in the Miss Universe Pageant. To my good fortune, Hidden Treasure Nepal took everything well and were very positive about bringing the Miss Universe franchise back here. Not only that, they started working very hard towards it. At the end, everything worked out and thanks to their support, I got the glorious opportunity to represent Nepal in the Miss Universe 2017. At that moment I realized if you dream of something and work hard enough for it, anything in the world is possible.

About The Journey Miss Universe 2017 was a life changing process for me. This journey gave me moments I will cherish for a lifetime. It made me more humble and at the same time it made me realize the power of hardwork and self-belief. The competition was as predicted, cut throat. The participants were amazingly talented to a point that I got motivated just by looking at them. Their confidence gave me confidence and made me stronger mentally.

The competition was very healthy where we inspired each other instead of envying one another. The pageant promoted humility, compassion and sisterhood. The environment of the competition enabled us to be so positive towards each other that that I can firmly say that wherever I go around the world I have a friend.

Another important thing the pageant taught me is to be body positive, though this maybe sound like a small point but it is

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a universal issue among girls all over the world which makes it very important. A platform like Miss Universe does not have a weight requirement. All it wants their contestants is to be fit and by fit it does not mean skinny. I myself reduced around 15 kilos for this competition and was under a rigorous diet routine.

However this was a choice and not a requirement. The very fact that a beauty pageant supports healthy body over having to look a certain way is a very strong message to women all over the world about beauty.

Among the many lessons I learned, I found this to be something worth sharing with everyone. All in all, today I can confidently say that Miss Universe has made me more mature, stronger, empowered and confident.

Believe in yourself and your country, if you do so and stay positive, nothing is impossible

Future As I See It My journey may have come to an end but I do not want to end my involvement in pageants just yet. My future plan is to use my passion for pageants to uplift the pageantry scenario in Nepal. During my journey I realized that to win an international title, we have to be strong consistently. A positive environment has to be created for the contestants back home because in platforms other than pageant but also the fashion industry, other related businesses.

Our government should be passionate and supportive as well. I saw that in other countries, their governments funded and supported their respective contestants.

Since our country is filled with beautiful talented women, I have faith that given the support, we can win an international pageant someday. I realize that there is an absence of such environment in Nepal; hence in the future I would love to dedicate my time to create a change to this scenario.

For future participants in Miss Nepal, my message would be to

dream high, get the grandest vision for you and work towards it. Believe in yourself and your country, if you do so and stay positive, nothing is impossible.

About My Love for Travelling I worked as a presenter and producer for a travel show so I have been to a lot of places in Nepal. I am passionate about travelling and I feel like it really enriches one ’s perspectives. The ideal place to relax for me in Nepal is Pokhara. If any Miss Universe contestant visits me here, I would first take them to the Durbar Squares and then urge them to go take the mountain flights.

If you ask what I prefer travelling by air or road, I prefer by air because professionally I need to travel a lot and taking a flight saves so much of my time.

To All My Readers Taking A Flight via Buddha Air I would appeal you to continue flying through this airline since I feel like Buddha Air is one of the safest service providers of their industry here which makes it one of my favourite airlines too. Lastly, thank you for taking the time to read about my journey.

Signing off, Nagma Shrestha

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B A C KP A C KI N G

600 km By Foot in The Himalayas l

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Mathilde Lacaze

I

t is a Friday morning in Namche, Sagarmatha National Park. My "Sherpa mum" Dumang takes me to the market explaining to me that it used to be very big. People from Kumjug, Tengboche, Thame and even Gokyo (a day ’s walk away) used to come to buy their supplies, before carrying their heavy loads on their back, or with the help of yaks. At that time, it was a big market full of people and Dumang had to cook many more momos to feed all the travelers.

Nowadays the remote villages in the mountains get most of their supplies by helicopter. Furthermore, it's off season at the moment and the market is quite small. Still there are some people going to Mustang Guesthouse for the delicious buff momos. I ’ve helped Dumang cook them and now I ’ve learned how to cook this delicious food that I get every day. Indeed, this is my favorite place: in the kitchen with local people.

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B A C KP A C KI N G This is my second time in Nepal. 3 years ago, I trekked the Annapurna circle, Annapurna Base Camp, and the 3 Passes of the Everest. Since then I have always wanted to come back.

This time I wanted to walk more, to spend more time in the mountains and more time with the local people trying to understand their culture and their way of life. I am impressed by how warm the people are here and by how often they speak English, despite never having studied it in school. Often they speak two or three other languages as well. I also wanted to learn some Nepali to be able to speak with my hosts, while enjoying the fire in the evenings.

I started with a 15 days trek in the Helambu region, just North of Kathmandu.

I met three French mountaineers with whom I walked the Langtang Valley, the lakes of Gosaikunda (4380m) and then south to Budhanilkhanta.

This region was totally destroyed by the 2015 Earthquake but I was impressed by how quickly the people (Tamang, Tibetan and Sherpas) rebuilt their guesthouses and still welcomed us with a big smile and a warm solar shower even at altitudes up to 3780m (Kyanjing Gumpa)!

We turned back after our highest point, Tserko Ri (4985m) planning to climb to Gosaikunda and Laurebina pass (4610m) and head south to Shivapuri Park to climb the Shivapuri Peak. Instead we had a

Namche Bazar

more interesting, unexpected experience.

We stayed in Todke Baba Ashram, a little temple where a man called Turkish Baba has lived for ages. This old Indian monk invited us for a delicious Dal Bhat and masala tea and told us about his own life and his 137-year-old master.

I was well acclimatized when I started my trek in Jiri. I had planned to walk for three weeks but I actually ended up coming back to Kathmandu a month and half later! Jiri to Lukla is a 5 to 6 days trek but as I had to wait for a friend ten days later in Lukla, I took the time to climb to Pikey Peak (4000m) and visit the wonderful Nun Tashi Thongom Monastery in Junbesi.

I spent two nights at Taksindu La (3066m), exploring the colorful mani stones in

Tumlingtar Airport

Ringmu and learning some Nepali from a local Sherpa family at Hilltop Guesthouse.

After ten days I met my French friend, Ludo, who landed on the impressively inclined and very short runway of Lukla airport. We hiked into Sagarmatha National Park to reach the Everest Base Camp (EBC) and our highest point at Kala Patthar (5600m). As Ludo wasn't as well acclimatized, we had to be careful to climb slowly taking acclimatization days in Namche and Dingboche. This gave us time to admire the beautiful mountains around us such as Everest (8850m), Lhotse (8516m), Thamserku (6608m), and Ama Dablam (6856m). We came back to Namche through the Cho La Pass (5364m).

Once in Namche, Ludo went back to

Badminton fun with local

people

I spent an entire week without seeing another traveler!

I really enjoyed being alone with the local people

Cho La pass glacier

Dingboche Stupa with Ama Dablam

Lukla and on to France. I spent another ten days around Namche, climbing Renjo La (5360m) to Gokyo (4800m), Gokyo Ri (5360m), and returning to Tengboche for new year, as I love the monastery there.

After three weeks in Sagarmatha National Park I finally decided to return. I had intended to go back through Jiri but I took a new route and went south to Tumlingtar.

This trek was well known twenty years ago as many expeditions used to climb

Mera Peak and go on to EBC from there.

These days it is rather unknown. I spent an entire week without seeing another traveler! I really enjoyed being alone with the local people. They are warm and welcoming and I used this time to improve my Nepali. I went through RaĂŻ and Sherpa villages, saw beautiful old stupas and mani walls, gardens and rice fields. The trek goes south and crosses three passes up to 3300m while descending as low as 700m.

Thus the landscape changes marvelously.

I finished my month and a half trek by taking the Arun River down to the airport at Tumlingtar.

Flying back to Kathmandu I admired the Himalayan range and took pride in seeing the 600 kilometers I had walked.

I am already eager to go back and trek again.

Pictures: YannaĂŤl Girerd, Franck Chassignol, Ludovic Binther, Mathilde Lacaze

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B OOK

Crossing Boundaries

English Translations of Nepali Books

F

oreign books open doors to new world and immerse the readers into stories from thousands of miles away. These Nepali books have been able to cross boundaries and introduce international readers into Nepali literature.

Here, we present you the best of internationally recognized Nepali books.

Radha by Krishna Dharabhasi Relatively lesser known compared to the other books on this list, Radha is yet an epic in its own right. Based on the Sanskrit epic, Mahabharat, “Radha” is an adaptation of the story where, Radha, the lover of the Hindu god, Krishna is in the main lead. Although Radha is a prominent character in the tale of Krishna, she has been ignored in the Mahabharat. However, Dharabhasi ’s Radha represents her as a brave, dignified and revolutionary soul. This story metaphorically represents Nepal during the time of the Maoist People ’s War. Blue Mimosa by Parijat One of the most well known Nepali books that have been translated for international readers, The Blue Mimosa is the English version of the well known book, Sirish ko Phool by Bishnu Kumari Waiba, better known as Parijat.

The book is a very short novel about a man who returns from World War II, torn and unhappy who then turns to alcohol to drown his emptiness. He befriends another alcoholic and becomes close to the friend ’s three sisters, falling in love with the middle sister who is headstrong and stubborn in her own ways. This tragic novel is considered to be one of the first Nepali novels to gain international recognition.

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Muna Madan by Laxmi Prasad Devkota There are very few who haven ’t heard of Devkota ’s finest work, the Muna Madan.

A short epic about Muna and Madan, this poem is widely read in Nepali but it ’s English translation is just as popular. The poem narrates the story of Madan, a poor farmer who decides to go to Tibet as a merchant to earn money leaving his aging mother and newlywed wife, Muna behind. Muna begs her husband to stay however, Madan leaves in hopes of earning riches for the family. The poem is a tragic telling of the hardships that both Muna and Madan face in anticipation of reuniting with each other. Although a short epic, Muna Madan has become commercially successful and is considered as a masterpiece in Nepali literature.

There ’s a Carnival Today/ Aaja Ramita Chha by Indra Bahadur Rai, Translated by Manjushree Thapa A story set in the 1950 ’s in a postindependence India, There ’s a Carnival Today revolves around the incidences of Janakman Yonzon, a businessman and local leader living in Darjeeling.

As the fragile and unstable political situation begins to affect the local governing individuals and protests occur, Janak is faced with situations beyond his control. The novel shadows real-life incidents such as the tea-estate labour protest and Darjeeling ’s movement to create a separate state, Gorkhaland.

Translated expertly by Manjushree Thapa, an accomplished writer in her own right, There ’s a Carnival Today is a modern classic in Nepali literature that originates from India about identity and political transition.

Palpasa Café by Narayan Wagle First published in 2005, Palpasa Café became an instant favorite to readers, young and old alike. The novel was translated into English in 2008 and is one of the rare Nepali books that have been translated even beyond English into Korean and French. The novel is about the protagonist Drishya, an artist living in Kathmandu and Palpasa, a first generation American-Nepali as they travel though the country during the Maoist insurgency in Nepal. The protagonist goes through a series of incidences where both he and Palpasa develop strong feelings for each other. Vividly portraying how the Maoist insurgency affected lives of Nepalis, both in and outside the country, Palpasa Café is a good read for anyone who wants a good understanding of the country ’s recent past, no matter where their roots lie.

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B OOK

Why The Kite Runner Is My Favorite Book - Krity Jha, Purser

R

Reading books is always a joy for me. When you read, you are not just turning random pages. It ’s like an emotional roller coaster reading every line. When you become friendly with books, it ’s rare to feel lonely or in need of any one ’s attention. Though there are plenty of books I am fond of, my favorite is, ‘The Kite Runner ’ by Khaled Hosseini.

The book takes place in Kabul, Afghanistan in 1975. It follows two major characters - Amir and Hassan.

Growing up during the political upheaval in Kabul, a pivotal moment in the book changes their friendship forever. Amir and his father go to America, leaving Hassan and his father behind.

‘The Kite Runner ’ explores the bonds of friendships, loyalty and feelings of hatred, jealousy and being selfish. Reading along, you begin to understand that Amir is a dominating character; envious and sometimes brutally dishonest in his friendship. In stark contrast, we have Hassan who is like a ray of sunshine during winter. In Arabic Hassan (Hasuna) means to be good/ beautiful.

We have been through the pain of a broken friendship. Reminiscing about those days with the best friend we have lost contact with clinches your heart. He/ she was there for you during the school days, listening to your intimate secrets about your first crush, there to hold your hand and console you when no one was around.

You wonder why you could not remain friends forever.

Amir is in a similar situation, he knows he has betrayed his one and only friend. He decides to go back to

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Afghanistan after 27 years in America to change the mistake he made towards Hassan and redeem himself.

It is tough to apologize when your action is not forgiven by your inner soul and you are too ashamed that you unravel in front of your own conscience. But Amir knows that one day he has to confront his mistake.

He decides to go back to Afghanistan, which is now under Taliban rule, hoping to get a shot at redemption.

SPOILER ALERT ! When in Afghanistan, Amir finds out Hassan passed away, and that Hassan is his half-brother. There is someone Amir can rescue to clean his conscience, Hassan's son Sohrab; who is his nephew. This time, he does not betray Sohrab like he betrayed Hassan. Amir kept his promise to his nephew and saved Sohrab.

This is as brief as I can write about the impact 'The Kite Runner' had in my life. With this book, I realized that we all have some traits of Amir and Hassan. Either we're like Hassan; who means every word he says, and is sincere and devoted, especially when he said, "For you, a thousand times over" to Amir. Or we're like Amir, who when given the situation, is not able to stand up to anything and can betray his only friend. But like Amir, you can realize that when given a second chance in life, you have to take it, and make the wrong right again. It is within our power and ability to bring out the best in ourselves.

(Krity Jha has been flying the skies with Buddha Air since 2012. If you meet her on your flight, let her know your favorite book recommendations.)

How To Avoid Airsickness When Traveling? lDr Suman Raj Tamrakar

A

ir sickness is a special form of motion sickness, a sensation which is particularly induced by air travel. Air sickness occurs when the central nervous system receives conflicting messages from the body's inner ear, eyes and muscles.

This affects balance and equilibrium. The inner ear helps in maintenance of balance and equilibrium, as it contains sensors for both angular and linear motion.

Motion sickness functions as a defense mechanism against neurotoxins. These neurotoxins are produced in the body whenever there is conflict between vision and balance. The neurotoxins trigger the area in the brain responsible for inducing vomiting. When a person feels motion but cannot see it, the inner ear transmits to the brain that it senses motion, but the eyes tell the brain that everything is still.

Due to this misinterpretation, the brain comes to the conclusion that the person is hallucinating. The brain responds by inducing vomiting to clear the neurotoxins.

What are the signs of airsickness / motion sickness?

If a person is suffering from airsickness, he/ she may experience nausea, vomiting, vertigo, appetite loss, cold sweats, pale skin, difficulty concentrating, confusion, drowsiness, headache and increased fatigue. If the airsickness is severe, it may cause a person to be incapacitated.

Fatigue, stress and anxiety are some factors that increase susceptibility to

motion sickness of any type. Besides drinking alcohol, certain drugs and medication also contribute to airsickness.

Furthermore, airsickness is common in women (especially during menstruation or pregnancy), young children and individuals prone to other types of motion sicknesses. People who travel on long-haul flights are more prone to airsickness than short-haul flights. Although airsickness is not common among experienced pilots, it may occur in some frequencies among trainee pilots.

How To Cure Airsickness / Motion Sickness?

Follow these tips if you need to take precautionary measures against motion sickness or airsickness:

Motion Sickness Motion sickness is caused when there is a conflict in signals your brain receives when you are traveling in any type of vehicle. This happens because your inner ear senses motion, but your eyes tell your body that you're still. It can be a hindrance during air travel because you do not get the option to stop and stretch your body. Symptoms of motion sickness include nausea, headaches and cold sweats.

• Sit near the front or beside the wings in an aircraft. These areas experience less motion. Getting a window seat helps as well, as you can focus your eyes on the horizon when you feel nauseous to calm your motion sickness.

• Avoid consuming large meals and foods that are greasy, salty, spicy, fatty or salty. Do not consume any alcohol, but drink plenty of water. You can eat snacks and small frequent meals.

• It is believed that drinking carbonated beverages can also lessen nausea.

• Avoid reading during flight and this creates a dissonance when focusing on a stationary page when your body is in motion.

• It's believed that acupressure reduces nausea. Applying pressure on the inside of your wrist reduces nausea.

• ENT doctors also prescribe medicines that alleviate the symptoms of air sickness. However, pilots are advised not to take airsickness medicines as it may cause people to be drowsy or affect brain functions in other ways. Repeated exposure to flight environment decreases the susceptibility to subsequent airsickness.

• If all else fails and you feel nauseated, you can use the sickness bag which is usually located in the back of passenger seats on aircrafts. These bags have been in use since the 1950s.

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OPI N IO N

n Rajin Ranjit

Director, MIS

Environmental Impact of Aviation & Our Approach

C

arbon dioxide is a colorless gas formed during the combustion of any material containing carbon and an important greenhouse gas and is one of the primary causes of human-induced climate change.

All energy production using combustion emits carbon dioxide. This includes driving vehicles, electricity production, heating, etc. It is also produced through the decomposition of organic matter in soils under oxidizing conditions.

Emission is the discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources such as smokestacks, other vents, surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities and mobile sources.

Global warming is a phenomenon believed to occur as a result of the build-up of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. It has been identified by many

scientists as a major global environmental threat.

CO2 releases into the atmosphere in a ton of ways.

The largest source of natural carbon emissions is from the exchange of carbon dioxide between oceans and atmosphere. Animals and plants also emit CO2 through the process of respiration (breathe in oxygen, breathe out CO2). When these plants and animals decompose, organisms within the soil respire to produce energy and emit more CO2 into the atmosphere.

Due to human activities, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has been rising extensively since the Industrial Revolution and has now reached dangerous levels not seen in the last 3 million

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years. Human sources of carbon dioxide emissions are much smaller than natural emissions but they have upset the natural balance that existed for many thousands of years before the influence of humans.

Someone flying from London to New York and back generates roughly the same level of emissions as the average person in the EU does by heating their home for a whole year.

87% of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil. The remainder results from the clearing of forests and other land use changes (9%), as well as some industrial processes such as cement manufacturing (4%).

The transportation sector is the second largest source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.

Transporting goods and people around the world produced 22% of fossil fuel related carbon dioxide emissions in 2010. This sector is very energy intensive and it uses petroleum-based fuels (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.) almost exclusively to meet those needs.

Road transport and marine shipping account for 72% and 14% of this sector's carbon dioxide emissions respectively.

Global aviation accounts for 11% of all transport carbon dioxide emissions. International flights create about 62% of these emissions with domestic flights representing the remaining 38%. Over the last 10 years, aviation has been one of the fastest growing sources of carbon dioxide emissions. Aviation is also the most carbon-intensive form of transportation, so its growth comes with a heavy impact on climate change.

Aircraft engines emit heat, noise and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.

Airplanes emit particles and gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, lead and black carbon which interact among themselves and with the atmosphere.

Comprehensive research shows that despite

anticipated efficiency innovations to airframes, engines, aerodynamics and flight operations, there is no end in sight, even many decades out, to rapid growth in C02 emissions from air travel, due to projected continual growth.

Even though there have been significant improvements in fuel efficiency through aircraft technology and operational management, these improvements are being continually eclipsed by the increase in air traffic volume.

The Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, or CORSIA, aims to stabilize CO2 emissions at 2020 levels by requiring airlines to offset the growth of their emissions after 2020.

Aviation became the first global industry to limit its carbon footprint as International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) approved a plan to offset carbon emissions growth from international flights after 2020.

Buddha Air C02 Emission Per Passenger Mile Fiscal Yr 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Fuel uplift Passenger Ltrs Miles (PM) '000' 7,999,494 64,871 7,717,430 65,175 8,698,048 74,365 9,400,037 92,397 10,208,267 118,695 9,533,258 110,341 8,736,057 102,556 9,252,667 114,737

CO2 emission Kg Per (PM) 0.3147 0.3022 0.2985 0.2596 0.2195 0.2205 0.2174 0.2058

Buddha Air Approach Having gone through all the statistics of Carbon Dioxide Emissions published by international agencies and our commitment to offset it in the long run, we have started our sincere efforts way back in 2008 when we decided to introduce fuel efficient and environment-friendly ATR aircraft which is a milestone in this effort.

The rapid growth of air travel in recent years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation and emits tons of additional carbons which is a natural phenomenon but the million dollar question is whether all stakeholders are able to transport with fewer emissions per passenger mile.

The metric used for C02 emissions is kilograms of emission per passenger mile and this is significantly used in the aviation sector for its effectiveness which has been linked to global warming.

Emissions of passenger aircraft per passenger mile vary

extensively because of different factors such as the size and type aircraft, altitude and the percentage of passenger of a particular flight and the distance of the journey and number of stops en route.

CO2 emissions in air travel vary by length of flight, ranging from 0.251 Kg C02 per passenger mile to 0.143 Kg C02 per passenger mile, depending on the flight distance, assumed to be global standard of carbon emissions although different researchers and authors might have slightly different opinions.

Air travel – short haul (<300 miles) – 0.251 Kg C02 per passenger mile Air travel – medium haul (>=300 <2300 miles) – 0.143 Kg C02 per passenger mile Air travel – long haul (>=2300 miles) – 0.167 Kg C02 per passenger mile (Air Travel factors from 2015 Guidelines to Defra / DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting.

Version 1.0 July 2015) From our own perspective, we have been able to reduce it to quite a significant level with collaborative work with our loan provider, a reputed renowned international agency in 2008 where the figure stands at 0.3147 Kg C02 emission per passenger mile to 0.2058 Kg C02 emissions per passenger mile in the year 2015-16 and the loan was duly approved after going through all our mechanisms, approach and commitment in this field.

It is quite obvious from the figures above regarding our continuous and sincere commitment to offset Carbon and contribution to the environment. The gradual decrease in carbon emissions per passenger mile is only possible due to fuel efficient and environment-friendly ATR aircraft which constitutes 80% of our fleet capacity right now.

ATR has a keen sense of environmental responsibility and strives to minimize the environmental impact of the delivered products and services. The high-tech engines and propeller efficiency of ATR aircraft ensure airlines an unrivalled fuel efficiency and a remarkably low noise signature, thus securing exceptional environmental performance.

Besides that, we have been monitoring every flight through our Flight Data Monitoring Systems for the effective handling and efficiency of all our flights to make sure that minimum fuel is burned for less emission of C02.

Improvement in Air Traffic Management and other operational procedures could reduce aviation fuel burn by between 8% and 18%. The large majority (6% to 12%) of these reductions comes from ATM movements which will be fully implemented in the years to come with significant contribution from the airport authorities.

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C OV E R STORY

RARA Calling Natural & Pristine Perfection

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T

he best way to enjoy a trip to Rara is to be an eco-traveler. The perfect beauty of the lake and its surroundings in unmatched compared to other destinations of Nepal.

Rara Lake may feel like a dreamland to many. Its iridescent and pristine waters can be compared to the beauty of a goddess. This not so secret-secret destinations is located in Mugu District in Karnali province of western Nepal. To promote local tourism to Karnali, Government of Province 6 has pledged the New Year 2075 as Karnali-Rara Tourism Year. The campaign was inaugurated

by Prime Minister KP Oli on 1st Baisakh 2075 at Rara Lake.

There are three main ways to reach Rara - by air, by road or by trekking. Trekking to Rara takes about 3 days starting from Jumla. The trekking route is well facilitated with homestays and restaurants. If you opt

the biggest deepest lake of himalaya

In terms of surface area alone Rara Lake is the largest lake in Nepal.

It has a surface area of 10.8 sq.km and has pristine waters with scenic surroundings

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C OV E R STORY

Surkhet Airport

to go by road, you drive to the border of Rara National Park. From the park, it takes about 40 minutes to reach the lake.

Taking a flight from Nepalgunj or Surkhet will take you to Talcha. Then, it's a two hour drive to reach Rara. Note that flights from Nepalgunj to Talcha are irregular.

The best way to enjoy your trip to Rara is by taking this 6-day travel package we've outlined: Day 1 : An early morning direct flight from Kathmandu to Surkhet takes about

Sinja Valley

The Sinja Valley is believed to be where Nepali language began. The first traces of Nepali language were discovered in this region. Established by a Khas King Nagraj, this is where the Khas ethnicity emerged. The kingdom was ruled by the Khas for 400 years until 1842 B.S when Nepal was unified.

Sinja was the capital of the Khas kingdom while Dullu located in Dailekh was the capital of Shitakalin.

These capitals carry important historical evidence and you can find historical artifacts in the area like ancient ruins, courtyards, temples and shrines. Unfortunately, lack of proper preservation techniques have brought these artifacts to the verge of destruction.

38

Panchadeval, Kalikot

an hour or so. You can enjoy your time in the air by watching the splendor of Nepal's beautiful Himalayas go by. As the regional capital of province no.6, Surkhet has good facilities like hotels, hospitals and academic institutions. There are many attractions to explore Surkhet like Bulbule Lake, Kakrebihar and Deuti. It is best to explore these places at leisure when returning from Rara.

Once you land at Surkhet, take a 20 km jeep ride to Guranshe and stop for an authentic Nepali meal of Dal Bhat.

Guranshe is so named after the blooming rhododendrons known as Gurans in Nepali. It is a small hill station of Dailekh district. It is a good place to get away from boiling temperatures of Surkhet.

During the Nepali months of Chaitra and Baisakh (March-April), this region is covered in colorful rhododendrons.

After lunch, drive towards Kalikot Headquarters, which takes about 7 hours from Guranshe. The drive takes you through several winding roads and inclines. As these roads were only

Wooden Bridge with Art

recently constructed, you can get glimpses of the harsh living conditions of the people as you drive by several houses.

The Karnali highway is graveled and easy to drive in. There are some areas

Murma Top If you wish to enjoy an unobstructed view of the entire Rara Lake, Murma Top is the place to be. Located to the south-west at a height of 3,726 meters, it takes a short hike of 3 hours to reach there. There are two trails leading to Murma Top. One goes through Murma Village while the other passes through the shrine of Chapru Mahadev. The best route to hike is passing through Murma Village when heading up, and visiting Chapru Mahadev when returning back.

Murma Village has around 80 houses that belong to Rokaya caste.

Be sure to stock up on food and water before heading out to Murma Top. You have to plan to stay for the night inside the park if you want to trek to Murma Top.

Pandav Gufa

where road construction is ongoing.

Travelers can use either two-wheelers or mico buses to get to Rara, but the most comfortable ride is on a jeep.

Spend the first night in Manma, which has several hotels to choose from.

Day 2 : Start the day early and head out to Salleri. The journey will take 9 hours on a jeep from Manma. The road starting from Nangmaghat is graveled road, so make sure to embrace for the impact.

After passing Nangmaghat, you will reach Sinja Valley, where you'll stop for lunch.

Sinja is a surreal place with traditional houses made from mud and stone walls and roofs.

It's a good plan to buy food and water here before you heading out to the national park.

The entrance to Rara National Park is at Salleriâ&#x20AC;Ż. Vehicles are not allowed within the park without permission. Rara Lake is a 40 minutes' walk from the entrance.

There are few hotels located in Salleri. If you wish to stay in accommodations closer to the lake, a two hour walk is required.

An alternative to walking towards the lake is to hop on a horse and go horse riding, which would cost Rs. 1200. As the path unwinds itself from the forest to reveal the lake, you will find yourself in full awe of its beauty. During the summer months, the path through the

jungle becomes even more enjoyable as wildflowers carpet the forest floor with colorful blooms. While there are no hotels in Milichaur, the banks of Rara Lake, there are hotels located away from the banks, which are Danfe Hotel and Village Heritage and Resort.

Rara is an asset is of nature that mesmerizes any visitor. It's sparklingly blue waters with the Himalayan peaks in the distance make this place a haven for any nature enthusiast. You can also find

39

C OV E R STORY

Vurti Dewal, Dailekh

a canteen run by the Nepal Army and the park's office is located near the banks of the lake.

Day 3: Get up early and catch the sunrise at the lake. Enjoy leisure activities like walking around the lake or horse riding.

Get you cameras ready to capture the glimmering peaks of Chhayanath and Rinmoksha with the shimmering Rara Lake in the morning glow. The morning is also a great time to witness the iridescent lights reflecting through Rara Lake's waters. The colors seem to be everchanging with the rays of the sun.

Bask in the glory of the lake and enjoy a boat ride. Swimming or bathing in the lake is prohibited. Make sure to have an early lunch and then head out for a boat ride in the

Panchakoshi Jwala, Dailekh

lake's calm waters to the other edge of the water at Milichaur. From Milichaur, head towards Salleri on a horse or take a walk. You can also find park exits at Majhghat, Lamachaur and Talcha, where hotels are located nearby.

Catch a jeep in Salleri and head towards the same route to Sinja. Once you've reached Sinja, visit the Pandav Cave. It is believed that this cave is where the Pandav princes from the tale of Mahabharata lived when they were exiled

Kirtikkhamba and Damupal which have stones believed to have the first inscriptions of the Nepali language.

Kirtikkhamba was erected in 1279 A.D

by King Prithivi Malla.

Chandannath temple, Jumla

from their palace. The cave used to have old statutes of the Pandavs, but the idols were stolen. It has been restored with new ones.

From Sinja, follow the same route to Nangma and Manma and make your way towards Jumla bazaar. The distance from Nagmaghat to Jumla covers 32 kilometers. The Chandannath abd Bhairab temples are located farther from Jumla bazaar so enjoy shopping for the day and rest at the hotel. Some of the specialties to buy in Jumla bazaar are organic spices like jimbu, local vegetables, Marsi rice and dried apple treats.

Day 4 : Begin your day by visiting Chandannath and Bhairab Temples. Then make your way towards Dailekh, where you will find the Panchadewal Temple enroute Manma. Panchadewal Temple has five historical artistic stone statues which are dedicated to Lord Narayan.

Tila River, Jumla

40

Destination Surkhet There are many destinations to visit at Surkhet like Kakrebihar, Bulbule Taal and Deuti Bajai. Kakrebihar is located inside a forest.

There are two lakes found here each worshipped by Buddhists and Hindus. The smaller pond has water bubbling from the underground, hence called Bulbule Taal translated to Bubbling

To get a taste of the local cuisines, the highway offers an array of places which has a line-up of cuisines. At the highway junction, try the local wheat roti and fish gravy prepared with a local twist. Stop for the night at Dailekh.

Day 5 : Dailekh is considered a heritage rich place like Kathmandu and Lumbini.

Start your day by visiting historical sites like Panchakoshi and Dullu. You can also find Kirtikkhamba and Damupal which have stones believed to have the first inscriptions of the Nepali language.

Kirtikkhamba was erected in 1279 A.D

by King Prithivi Malla. This stone has inscriptions of his royal lineage.

At Panchakoshi, you will find religious temples such as Shirshthan, Navisthan, Padukasthan, Dhuleshwor and

Bulbul Tal

Lake. You can enjoy boating on the bigger pond. The Deuti Bajai is another holy site where people believe that worshipping it fulfills their wishes.

Kotilasthan. Panchakoshi is believed to be as holy a site as India â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gaya. At the shrines of Shirsthan and Navisthan, you will find a fire that burns from natural, underground gases. As it is an eternal flame, devotees worship the fire as a powerful force of god.

According to the stories of the Shri Swasthanibrat, when Lord Shiva was travelling with the corpse of this consort, Satidevi, her body parts fell one by one and the places where the body parts fell became holy sites. Shirsthan is believed to be where Satidevi's head fell, Navisthan is where her naval fell, Padukasthan is where her feet fell, Duleshwor is where her body fell and Kotila is where her mole fell. These sites are situated in Dailekh.

After exploring these sites, head to Surkhet and rest for

Kakre Bihar

the day there.

Day 6 : Head towards Surkhet Airport to catch your flight to Kathmandu with fond memories of the Rara Lake and all the other destinations on the way.

This beautiful, serene and peaceful destination of western Nepal is nothing short of a great getaway with many great destinations to discover!

Local at hotel preparing meal

Making Woolen thread for Radi.

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/ tsf] 3/ n ] ' lqms] 6df k'Ug ;LdfjtL{ b] z x'b“ f klg g] kfnLsf nflu lgs} sl7g ofqf xf] . cfly{s lx;fa / d} bfgleqsf] k|bz{gaf6 ef/ tn] ljZj lqms] 6df Ps5q h: t } / fh ul/ / x s ] f] 5 . g] kfn eg] ljZj lqms] 6df ev{/ cl3 a9\b } u/ s ] f] / fi6« xf] . To;} n ] cflwsfl/ s lx;fadf ef/ tsf] lqms] 6df k'Ug g] kfnnfO{ w] / } r'gf} tL 5 . pd] / n ] !* jif{ k'Ug af“sL g} / x ] klg g] kfnL / fli6«o 6f] nLdf ;GbLk nfld5fg] : yflkt an/ x'g \ . log} lszf] / n ] Tof] r'gf} tL kf/ ub} { ef/ tLo lqms] 6df kfOnf 6] Sg] cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . Tof] klg UNofd;{ / k} ;fn] el/ Psf] ljZjs} ;a} eGbf 7"nf] dflgPsf] OlG8og lk|ldo/ lnu -cfO{kLPn_ lqms] 6af6 . l8;] Da/ clGtd ;ftf, @)!& df ef/ tsf] a]U + nf] ?df ePsf] cfO{kLPn cS;gdf g] kfnsf ;g;gLk"0f{ n] u l: kg/ ;GbLkdf efp nfu] sf] lyof] . k|m G] rfOh 6f] nL lbNnL 8] o/ 8 l] e

48

N;n] ;GbLknfO{ @) nfv ef?df vl/ b u¥of] . cS;gdf @) nfv ef? v] nf8Lsf nflu vlr{g ] ;a} eGbf sd / sd lyof] . t/ , To;n] g} g] kfnL lqms] 6df gof“ Oltxf; agfO;s] sf] lyof] , cfO{kLPndf k'Ug] ;GbLk klxnf] g] kfnL v] nf8L ag] / . zlQm uf} rg ;g\ @)!@ df / fh: yfg / f o] N;df 6«fon / k|lzIf0f lng uPsf lyP .

To;sf] csf] { jif{ e'jg sfsL{n ] / fh: yfgd} uP/ k|lzIf0f ug] { cj;/ kfP klg Joj: yfksLo cefjdf pgsf] Tof] df} sf r's s ] f] lyof] . cfO{kLPnsf] cS;gsf nflu cfj] bg k/ s ] f ! xhf/ eGbf a9L v] nf8L ;"rLaf6 5f] 6Øfp“bf ;GbLksf] gfd klg k/ s ] f] xf] . n] u a| s ] u'unL an/ ;GbLk cS;gdf efp nfUg] 6] : 6 v] Ng] / fi6« aflx/ sf PSnf] v] nf8L / x ] . To;cl3 ;GbLknfO{ g] 6; \ d} af] nfP/ lbNnLsf k|lzIfs l/ sL kf] lG6ª;lxtsf] 6f] nLn] alnª x] / s ] f] lyof] . lbNnL 8] o/ 8 l] eN; hLPdcf/ OGk|mf: 6S« r/ lnld6] 8sf]

: jfldTjdf 5 . 8] o/ 8 l] eN;sf k|dv ' sfo{sf/ L clws[t x] dGt b'cfn] cS;gdf ;GbLknfO{ lnPkl5 g] kfndf lqms] 6 lgs} k5ØfOg'sf ;fy} kmfObf k'Ug] k|ltlqmof lbPsf lyP . cS;gsf] klxnf] lbg ;GbLk g] kfnL 6f] nL;“u} ljZj lqms] 6 lnu l8lehg @ sf] tof/ LnfO{ o"PO{ hf“b } lyP . bf] ;f| ] lbg pgnfO{ cS;gdf efp nfu] sf] lyof] . Toltv] / g] kfnL lqms] 6 6f] nL b'aO{sf] cfO{;L;L Unf] an Ps] 8 d] L d} bfgdf k|lzIf0f ul/ / x s ] f] lyof] . g] kfnL 6f] nLsf Joj: yfks / dg l;jfsf] 6Ln] ;GbLknfO{ ToxL va/ ;'gfPsf lyP .

To;otf lbNnL 8] o/ 8 l] eN;sf] 6f] nLn] ;f] ;n ldl8ofdf ;GbLksf] x/ s ] ultljlw k5ØfO/ x s ] f] 5 . gfldlaofdf ePsf] l8lehg @ df ;GbLksf] csf] { ;g;gL k|bz{gn] 8] o/ 8 l] eN;nfO{ klg lgs} pT;fxL agfPsf] ;f] ;n ldl8ofdf k|: 6 emNsGYof] . gfldlaofdf !& ljs] 6 ln“b } ;GbLk Dofg ckm b l;l/ hdf r'lgPsf lyP . pgsf] k|bz{gdf g] kfn

49

JolQmlrq ljZjsk 5gf] 6df k'Uof] . ;GbLk cfkm" 8] o/ 8 l] eN ;sf] ;Dks{df / lx/ x s ] f] atfp“5g\ . ;g\ @)!^ df gfldlaof;“usf] ljZj lqms] 6 lnu RoflDkogl;ksf] v] naf6 g] kfnL / fli6«o 6f] nLaf6 v] Nb} cfPsf ;GbLkn] !* v] naf6 #$ ljs] 6 lnO;s] sf 5g\ . ;GbLksf] hGd : ofª\hfsf] cf?rf} / df ePsf] xf] . pgsf a'jf rGb|gf/ fo0f @)@* ;fndf / f h ] uf/ Lsf nflu ef/ t uPsf lyP . pgL xl/ of0ff / N] j] df sd{rf/ L lyP . ;GbLk klg a'jf–cfdf;“u } ef/ t nfu] . ef/ tdf pgn] ^–& jif{ latfP .

Toxf“ pgn] o'he] Gb| rfxfn nufotsf v] nf8L;“u klg v] n ] . ;GbLk !# jif{sf] x'b“ f pgL g] kfn cfP/ lqms] 6 v] Ng] lg0f{odf k'u ] . legfh' clgn Gof} kfg] n ] ;GbLksf cleefjsnfO{ ;xdt u/ fP/ g] kfn lnP/ cfP . To;kl5 pgL lbbL OGb';u“ } gjnk/ f;Lsf] / hx/ df a: g yfn] . clxn] eg]

lqms] 6 ofqf l

lqms] 6 v] Ng] p2] Zo;lxt !# jif{sf] pd] / df ef/ taf6 g] kfn kmls{Psf] .

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@)!$ gf] e D] a/ $

lrtjg lhNnf lqms] 6 ;+3sf] lqms] 6 Ps] 8 ]dLdf e0gf{ ePsf]

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@)!% dfr{ $

/ fli6«o lqms] 6 6f] nLsf k|lzIfs k'ab' ' bf;fgfos] n ] ;GbLksf] k|ltef klxnf] k6s lrtjgsf] SofDkf rf} / df b] v ]sf] .

l

@)!^ hgj/ L

klxnf] k6s cGt/ fl{ i6«o lqms] 6 v] Ng] qmddf cfO{;L;L o"–!( ljZjsksf nflu g] kfnL 6f] nLdf .

l

@)!^ hgj/ L #) cfO{;L;L o"–!( ljZjskdf cfo/ NofG8;“u x\ofl6«s ljs] 6 lng ;kmn . o'jf ljZjskdf s] an kf“rf} + x\ofl6«s .

l

@)!^ clk|n !^

Gffldlaof;“u ljZj lqms] 6 lnu RoflDkogl;ksf] v] naf6 g] kfnL / fli6«o 6f] nLaf6 … 8 A] o"Ú .

l

@)!& h'g

cfO{;L;L Pl;of o"–!( ljZjsk 5gf] 6df g] kfnsf] sKtfgdf rog .

l

@)!& l8;] Da/ @* OlG8og lk|ldo/ lnusf] cS;gdf lbNnL 8] o/ 8 l] eN;åf / f @) nfv ef?df efp nfu] sf] .

l

@)!* hgj/ L !%

l

50

@)!$

@)!* dfr{ !

ljZj lqms] 6 lnu l8lehg @ df g] kfnnfO{ pkljh] tf agfpg] qmddf !& ljs] 6 ln“b } Dofg ckm b l;l/ hdf r'lgPsf] .

Sof/ l] aog lk|ldo/ lnu -;LkLPn_ sf] 8«fkm\6af6 % xhf/ cd] l/ sL 8n/ df ;GbLk ;] G6 ls6\; PG8 g] eL; Kofl6«o6\;df 5flgPsf] .

;GbLksf] 3/ lrtjg ;f} / fxfl: yt lrqf;f/ Ldf 5 . lrtjg lhNnf lqms] 6 ;+3n] lrtjg lqms] 6 Ps] 8 d] L eg] / ;~rfng ul/ / x s ] f] lyof] . ToxL Ps] 8 d] Ldf egf{ x'g ;GbLk lrtgjsf] SofDkfrf} / k'u ] .

Ps] 8 d] Lsf k|lzIfs lyP g] kfnsf k"j{ sKtfg / fh' v8\sf . v8\sfs} k|lzIf0fdf ;GbLksf] lqms] 6 k|ltef yk ltvfl/ of] . ;GbLk k|ltefzfnL lyP .

Ps] 8 d] Lsf] k|lzIf0fn] pgsf] v] nnfO{ Ps tx dfly k'¥ofof] . tLg jif{ pgn] Ps] 8 d] Ldf k|lzIf0f u/ ] . g] kfnsf tTsfnLg k|lzIfs k'ab' ' bf;fgfos] sfd ljz] ifn] lrtjg k'Ug' ;GbLksf nflu … 6lg{ª KjfOG6Ú aGof] . k'ab' n ' ] ;GbLksf] k|ltef b] v /] pgnfO{ l;w} / fli6«o lqms] 6sf] ;+/ rgfdf NofP . cGt/ fli6«o lqms] 6 kl/ ifb\ -cfO{;L;L_ n] g] kfnL lqms] 6sf] eb|uf] n Joj: yfkgsf sf/ 0f lb“b } cfPsf] kmlG8ª / f s ] s ] f] cj: yf lyof] . To;n] / fli6«o k|ltof] lutfx¿ x'g 5f8] sf lyP . o: tf] l: yltdf bf;fgfos] n] ;GbLknfO{ / fli6«o lqms] 6sf] k|lzIf0f SofDkdf gNofPsf] eP pgnfO{ g] kfnL lqms] 6;Dd k'Ug cem} ;do nfUg ;SYof] jf SofDkfrf} / df x/ fO/ x s ] f klg x'g;Sy] . ;GbLkn] a+unfb] zdf @)!^ sf] hgj/ L o"–!(

;GbLksf] alnª g] kfn o"–!( v] n cf] e/ d] 8g / g ljs] 6 cf} ;t @& @@^ !( &!& &@ (=(%

g] kfnL / fli6«o 6f] nL v] n an / g ljs] 6 cf} ;t pTs[i6 Osf] gf] dL !* (#& ^!& #$ !*=!$ %÷@) #=(%

;GbLknfO{ dgkg] { ufos / AofG8 / fh' nfdf / d+uf] lnog xf6{

n8{; n8{; eg] sf] n8{; g} xf] , o;sf] P] ltxfl;s cfkm\g } dxTj 5 . o; d} bfgdf v] Ng kfpg' d cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL ;DemG5' .

3'Dg dg nfUg] : yfg Onfd / d': tfª

v] nf8L ;lrg t] Gb'ns/ / ;] g jfg{ cGo v] nsf dgkg] { v] nf8L 6fOu/ p8\; -uNkm_

ljZjsk v] Nb} cGt/ fl{ i6«o lqms] 6sf] 9f] sf vf] n s ] f lyP . ;'?df $–% k6s SofDkdf k/ /] kmflnPsf v] nf8L x'g\ ;GbLk . To;} n ] klxnf] kN6 g] kfnsf] o"–!( 6f] nLdf kbf{ 3'8“ f 6] s /] / f P] sf] lbg ;Demg pgnfO{ a] nf–a] nf afWo agfp“5 . ljZjskdf Go'lhNofG8nfO{ k/ flht ug',{ cfo/ NofG8;“u x\ ofl6«s ug',{ ToxL k|bz{gdf g] kfn bf] ;f| ] r/ 0fdf k|j z ] ug'{ pgsf : d/ 0fLo If0fx¿ x'g \ . kL8f klg pgn] o"–!( d} w] / } ef] u s ] f 5g\ . h'nfO{df l;+ufk'/ df ePsf] cfO{;L;L Pl;of o"– !( ljZjsk 5gf] 6df g] kfnsf] s] xL nfu] g . ckmuflg: tfg;“u 3'8“ f 6] Sof] . o;n] ljZjskdf k'Ug] g] kfnsf] af6f] aGb ul/ lbof] . hals ;GbLkn] @$ ljs] 6 lnPsf lyP . Ps} cGt/ fl{ i6«o k|ltof] lutfdf g] kfnL v] nf8Ln] lnPsf] of] ;a} eGbf a9L ljs] 6 xf] . g] kfn 5gf] 6 gePkl5 pgL g] kfnL o"–!( sf] sKtfgdf / x g] g\ . bLk] Gb|l;+x P] / L g] kfnL

o"–!( sf gof“ sKtfg ag] . g] kfnn] P;L;L o"–!( O: 6g{ l/ hgn k|ltof] lutf lhTb} Pl;of skdf : yfg agfof] . ;GbLk !^ ljs] 6;fy Dofg ckm b l;l/ h r'lgPsf lyP . pgn] g] kfnaf6 o"–!( df s'n @& v] n v] n ] . pgsf] gfddf s'n &@ ljs] 6 / xo\ f] . dn] l;ofdf

ef/ tdf a: bf lqms] 6 dfq x] l/ / xGYof] . To;} n ] 5f] / fn] g] kfn uP/ v] N5' eGbf s] xL eg] gd\ . xfd|f ] / g] kfnsf] gfd prf] / fV5' eg] / ef/ taf6 p oxf“ cfPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] To;df s'g } afwf c8rg u/ ]gf} + lrGb|gf/ fo0f

nfld5fg] , a'jf

cS6f] a/ @)!& df ;DkGg P;L;L o"–!( Pl;of sk ;GbLkn] pd] / ;d"xaf6 v] n s ] f] clGtd k|ltof] lutf xf] , hxf“ pgn] ( ljs] 6 lnPsf lyP . ef/ t;“usf] v] ndf ! ljs] 6 dfq lnP klg To;n] g] kfnnfO{ P] ltxfl;s !( / gsf] lht lbnfPsf] lyof] . ef/ t;“u ;a} vfn] v] ndf g] kfnsf] Tof] klxnf] lht lyof] . ;GbLksf] cfO{kLPn;Ddsf] ofqfdf of] klg k|dv ' sf/ 0f lyof] . csf] { dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf c: 6 l]« nofsf ljZjsk ljhoL sKtfg dfOsn Snfs{n ] u/ s ] f lyP . ut jif{ xªsª lAN6\h v] Ng xªsª v] Ng hfg' klg ;GbLksf] v] n hLjgsf] csf] { 6lg{ª KjfOG6 aGof] . Toxf“ u/ s ] f] s] an # cf] e/ alnªn] Snfs{nfO{ k|efljt agfPsf] lyof] .

To;otf Snfs{ pgsf] d] G6/ aGb} cfPsf 5g\ . xªsªkl5 Snfs{n ] g} ;GbLknfO{ c: 6 l]« nofdf nflu cfkm\gf] Ps] 8 d] Ldf k|bz{g u/ fpg'sf ;fy} u| 8] lqms] 6 v] nfPsf lyP . a+unfb] zsf] 6\jfG6L–@) k|ltof] lutf a+unfb] z lk|ldo/ lnu / kfls: tfg ;'k/ lnusf] 8«fkm\6df pgsf] gfd lyof] , t/ efp nfu] sf] lyPg . cfO{kLPn cS;gaf6 pgn] 7"nf] 5nfª df/ s ] f 5g\ . x/ s ] lbg r'gf} tL / To;af6 v';L lnP/ hfg'k5{ eGg] l;4fGt ;GbLksf] 5 . j] : 6 OlG8hsf] Sof/ l] aog lk|ldo/ lnu -;LkLPn_ sf] 8«fkm\6af6 % xhf/ cd] l/ sL 8n/ df ;GbLk ;] G6 ls6\; PG8 g] eL; Kofl6«o6\;df 5flgPsf lyP . cu: 6 * b] lv ;] K6] Da/ !^ ;Dd x'g ] ;LkLPndf pgn] j] : 6 OlG8hsf cfqmfds cf] kg/ lqm; u] on;lxt c: 6 l]« nofsf a] g sl6ª, 6d s'k/ , a+unfb] zsf df] xDdb dxDb'Nnfx / lhDafj] sf sKtfg lu|d lqmd/ ;u“ +} v] Ng] 5g\ . 8«fkm\6df kl/ ;s] sf 5g\ . pgL nfdf] ofqfsf nflu tof/ 5g\ . pgsf] oxL ofqfn] g] kfnL lqms] 6df klg gof“ t/ ªu\ Nofpg ;S5 .

51

sf] ;] nL

hgsk'/ ] sf] ;] nL em

nSs x] gl {] jlQs} lrlgG5 hgsk'/ ] snf . af+ufl6+uf / v ] faf6 ag] sf lrq . nfdf–nfdf gfs / 7"N7"nf cfFvf ePsf b] jb] jL jf dfG5] ePsf lrq . tLgdf ;Fu' f, do'/ , s'v/' f, df5f, pmF6, 3f] 8f, xfQL, afF;, ;"or{ Gb| cflbsf lrq x'G5g\ . ;+: sl[ tljb\ / fdbofn / fs] zsf cg';f/ hGd, ljjfx, d[To'h: tf ;+: sf/ / rf8kj{df d} lyn dlxnfn] 3/ sf leQf / e'OdF f lrqn] ;hfpg] rng 5 . ufpFdf df6f], rfdnsf] lk7f] , l;Gb'/ , WjfF;f] , kft, km"n / ?vsf af] qmfsf] / u+ af6 lrq agfOGYof] . cr] n ljsf;] / u+ k|of] u ul/ G5 . ljz] iftM g] kfn 3'Dg

52

cfPsf ljb] zL hgsk'/ ] lrq emNsg] l6z6{, sk, Kn] 6, 8fo/ L, Sofn] G8/ , ?dfn, kmf] 6f] k|m d] , P] gf nufot ;fdfu|L lsG5g\ . g] kfnLdf klg o;sf] qm] h a9\bf] 5 . hgsk'/ sf] s'jf ufpFdf ePsf] … gf/ L ljsf; s] Gb|Ú n ] Joj;flos ?kdf sf] ; n ] L pTkfbg u5{ .

ToxfF $) eGbf a9L dlxnf snfsf/ ;lqmo 5g\ . s] Gb|df dfq} xf] Og, hgsk'/ / sf7df8f}d + f ;d] t hgsk'/ n ] ] kfl/ jf/ Ls Joj;fosf ?kdf o;sf] pTkfbg ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . cfh sfuh, sk8f / efF8fjt{gdf ljsf;] / u+ af6 ldlynf lrq agfOG5 . klxnf o: tf] snf lsGg kfOGgYof] . hgsk'/ sf] k/ Dk/ fut ;LknfO{ Joj;foLs/ 0f ug] { cleofg cd] l/ sL dlxnf lSno/ as]6 { n] rnfPsL x'g \ . pgn]

;g\ !(*( df ;'? u/ s ] f] hgsk'/ dlxnf snf kl/ of] hgfn] e'OF / leQfaf6 ldlynf snfnfO{ g] kfnL sfuh, sk8f / ;] / fldS;sf efF8fjt{g;Dd NofP/ Joj;foLs/ 0f u/ fof] . ldlynf If] qdf ;Lldt snf cd] l/ sf, a] nfot, hd{gL / hfkfg;Dd k'lu;Sof] . ;g\ !(** df kl/ jf/ lgof] hgsf 5f] 6f lkmNd b] vfpg hgsk'/ cfOk'u s ] L as]6 { n] ;flxTosf/ / fh] Gb| ljdn;Fu } ufpF3/ 8'Nbf 3/ sf leQfdf dlxnfn] agfPsf lrq b] lvg\ . To;af6 cfDbfgL x'g;Sg] nfUof] pgnfO{ . ltgtfsf ef/ tsf] dw'jgLdf ldlynf lrqn] Joj;flostf kfO;s] sf] lyof] . as]6 { n] To;s} l;sf] ul/ g \ . / , pgn] hgsk'/ df kl/ of] hgf rnfOg\ hg' ;kmn eof] . sltko g] kfnL snfsf/ ldlynf snfdf gljg k|of] u ug{ l;kfn' 5g\ .

as]6 { sf] ;lqmotfdf ;g\ !(() df sf7df8f}s + f] cd] l/ sL nfOa| /] Ldf hgsk'/ ] snf k|bz{gL ePkl5 tL lrq ljb] z;Dd k'Uf] . / , ;doqmddf hgsk'/ ] snfsf ?kdf : yflkt eof] . o;/ L k/ Dk/ fut ;Lkaf6 cfDbfgL x'g yfn] kl5 snf hf] luof] . hgsk'/ 3'd /] kms{g' cl3 hgsk'/ ] snf lsGg ge'nf} + x} . clg ToxfFsf] gf/ L ljsf; s] Gb|df snf agfpFb } u/ s ] f b[Zo cfFvf / Sofd] / fn] b'a n } ] lvrf} + . To;f] t hgsk'/ aflx/ sf7df8f}, + kf] v/ f / lrtjg h: tf ko{6sLo s] Gb|df ;d] t hgsk'/ ] snf kfOG5 . lsg] / kl/ jf/ , Oi6ldq jf ;fyL;+uLnfO{ pkxf/ lbg] ls <

53

ufos÷uflosfsf] ?rL

cfO ne 6«felnª elg/ xg'gknf{, g] kfnL ;+uLt olta] nf : 6 h ] df lge{/ 5 . PNad laSg 5f8] sf] jiff} { eO;Sof] . To;} n ] b] zljb] z 3'Dg] ;+uLtsdL{sf] : jefj} eO;Sof] . s] xL ufos÷uflosfsf] 3'd3fd ?rLaf/ ] pgLx¿;Fu s'/ fsfgL u/ /] tof/ kfl/ Psf] of] ;fdu|LM

l

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k|df] b v/ n ] , ufos 3'Dg c;fWo} ?rfpg] ufos x'g\ k|df] b . emg\ pgsf] t k] z } 3'ld/ xg] Û bz{s÷>f] tfsf lk|o lo ufos eG5g\, … cfkm\ gf] t sfd} o: tf] k¥of] ls : 6 h ] sfo{qmdsf l;nl;nfdf b] zljb] z 3'ld/ xg'k5{ .Ú xfn;Dd pgn] ## j6f b] z / g] kfnleq ^& lhNnfsf] e|d0f ul/ ;s] sf 5g\ . clxn] ;Dd 3'd s ] fdWo] pgnfO{ b] zleq Onfd / kf] v/ f c;fWo} dgk5{ . … Onfd / kf] v/ fsf] ;'Gb/ tfn] nf] EofpF5, u[x lhNnf emfkf t d] / fnflu ;w} F Kof/ f ,] Ú pgn] b] zleqsf dgkg] { 7fpF o;/ L atfP . o"/ f k] / cd] l/ sf k'Ug' … l8«dÚ lyof] hxfF pgL 3'ld;s] . … ca ;fpy clk|msf / d: sf] hfg dg 5,Ú pgn] cfkm"nfO{ 3'Dg dg nfu] sf] b] zaf/ ] v'nfP . 3'dlkm/ sf qmddf k|df] bnfO{ s] s/' fn] a9L nf] EofpFbf] xf] < … dnfO{ k|fs[lts s'/ fx¿n] a9L nf] EofpF5,Ú k|df] b eG5g\, … d k|sl[ t;Fu a9L / dfpF5 ' . g] kfnsf] ;f] n' k'Ubf xf] ;\ of Sofg] 8fsf] afDkm, v'a OGhf] o u/ s ] f] 5' . Ú pgnfO{ w] / } sl7g ofqf ug{ ufx|f ] nfU5 / ] . eGb} lyP, … d ;'ljwfhgs 7fpF 3'Dg a9L ?rfpF5 ' .Ú pgsf nflu 3'Dg' eg] sf] / dfOnf] lng'dfq} xf] Og, cWoog ug'{ klg xf] . … dfOG8 t k|m ; ] x'G5 g} , ;Fu;Fu } Tof] b] z, Tof] 7fpF / Tof] kl/ j z ] sf] af/ d] f w] / } 1fg klg lng ;lsG5,Ú pgn] eg] . ljb] z ofqfsf qmddf pgL ;lkª ug{ v'a ?rfpF5g . gofF÷gf} nf] s'/ f / a|f08] 8 ;dfg b] Vg} x'Gg, lslgxfNg] atfpF5g\ . 3'd3fdsf qmddf pgn] ef] u s ] f] ;a} eGbf ofbuf/ If0f s] xf] nf < … To: tf ofbuf/ If0f 5g\,Ú k|df] b eG5g\, … : jb] z e|d0fsf qmddf / dfOnf knx¿ w] / } ef] luof] , ;Fu;Fu } cK7] / f kn klg . @–$ k6s b'36{ gfdf k/ /] klg Hofg afFr s ] f] cj: yf 5 .Ú k|df] bsf] klxnf] ljdfg ofqf olt Po/ nfOG;af6 ;'? ePsf] / ] . … t/ ;a} eGbf a9L r9] sf] rfFxL a'Wb Po/ nfOG; xf] ,Ú k|df] bn] ;'gfP .

d] lngf / fO{, uflosf kl5Nnf] ;dosL Psbd} Jo: t uflosf x'g–\ d] lngf / fO{ . : 6 h ] sfo{qmddf b] z÷ljb] z 3'ld/ xg] d] lngfsf] klxnf] ?rL t ufog g} xf] . … t/ ufogkl5sf] bf] >f] ?rLrfFxL 3'd3fd xf] , cfO l/ oNnL ne 6«felnª,Ú pgn] elgg\ . sfo{qmddf qmddf pgL y'k }| b] z 3'd s ] L l5g\ . 7\ofSs} slt Tof] t pgn] elgg\ . t/ o"/ f k] , k|mfG;, : jLh/ NofG8, o"s ,] sf] l/ of, xªsª, ci6]l « nof, stf/ , b'aO{, dn] l;of nufot b] zsf] gfd lnOg\ . : jb] zdfrfFxL ljz] ifu/ L k"js { f 7fpFdf a9L sG;6{ x'g ] u/ s ] fn] Totf a9L 3'd s ] f] pgn] atfOg\ . 3'd s ] fdWo] ;a} eGbf dgk/ s ] f 7fpFx¿rfFxL Onfd, kf] v/ f, lrtjg / wgs'6f / ] . 3'd s ] fdWo] dgk/ s ] f] b] zrfFxL s'g xf] t < eGg] k|Zgdf klg pgsf] hjfkm c?sf] eGbf km/ s ;'lgof] , … dnfO{ t ;a} eGbf dgk/ s ] f] b] z g] kfn xf] . lsgsL d hlt g} cfln;fg 7fpFdf k'u k] lg cfkm\gf] b] z hlxNo} ofb cfpF5 . oxfFsf] h: tf] cflTdotf d c? b] z k'Ubf kfpFlbg .Ú pgnfO{ 3'Dg dg nfu] sf] b] zrfFxL Sofg] 8f xf] .

3'Dbfv] / L pgnfO{ ;a} eGbf a9L s] s/' fn] nf] EofpF5 < elG5g\, … dnfO{ hf8f] 7fpFx¿ a9L 3'Dg dgk5{ . emg\ To;dfly : gf] kmn x'g ] 7fpFx¿, kx]n F f] / ;'Gtnf / ªsf kftsf ?vx¿ b] Vbf dg} x/ fpF5 .Ú pgsf] gh/ df 3'Dbfsf kmfObf cyfx 5g\ . elG5g\, … 3D' bfv] / L gofF–gofF 7fpFsf af/ d] f gofF–gofF s'/ f hfGg÷l;Sg kfOG5 . gofF–gofF

cg'ej ug{ kfOG5 . ljleGg b]z, ljleGg 7fpFsf ;+: sf/ ÷;+: sl[ taf/ ] hfGg kfOG5 .Ú 3'Dbf pgnfO{ v'zL nfU5 / ] . … clg ;+;f/ df v'zL x'ge' Gbf 7"nf] s'/ f csf] { s] x'g;S5 / <,Ú pN6} k|Zg ul5{g\ pgL . afbn lnDa', ufos÷;+uLtsf/ 3'd3fdaf/ ] s'/ f ug] { eGg] ljlQs} o'jf ufos tyf ;+uLtsf/ afbn lnDa' crfgs pT;flxt eP . clg pgsf] d'vaf6 lgl: sPsf] jfSo lyof] , … cfO{ ne 6«felnª .Ú : jb] zdf pgL ljz] ifu/ L k"js { f y'k} | lhNnf 3'd s ] f 5g\ . ljb] zdf xªsª k'u s ] f 5g\ . pgnfO{ cfkm\g } u[x lhNnf emfkf / l5d] sL lhNnf Onfd Psbd} dgk5{ / ] . … emfkfdf klg lemnlemn] eGg] 7fpF dnfO{ uO/ xg dg nfU5,Ú pgn] eg] , … ToxfFsf bz{sn] lbg] dfof clg ljz] ifu/ L ;'/ h

l/ ªfn'ª bfO{n ] ug] { k| d] d slxNo} la;{g ;lSbgF .Ú xªsª klg pgnfO{ ;fx| } dgk/ s ] f] / x 5 ] . … ToxfF k'Ubf g] kfnLx¿sf] dfofk| d] n] ubf{ cfkm\g } b] zdf 5' h: tf] dx;'; ePsf] lyof] ,] Ú pgn] ;'gfP . g] kfnnfO{ w] / n } ] : jLh/ NofG8h: tf] agfpg] eg] / lbPsf] efif0f ;'g /] } pgnfO{ : jLh/ NofG8 Psbd} 3'Dg dg nfu] sf] 5 / ] . … ;a} n ] g] kfnnfO{ : jLh / NofG8h: tf] agfpg] eG5g\ . To;} n ] klg s: tf] xf] nf Tof] 7fpF eg] / PskN6 x] g {] / x/ 5,Ú pgn] eg] . afbnnfO{ h'g;'s } 7fpF 3'Dbf klg vf;u/ L ToxfFsf] df} lnstfn] tfG5 / ] . … ;a} 7fpFsf] cf–cfkm\ gf] ljz] iftf x'G5, d ToFxL ljz] iftf hfGg vf] H5',Ú pgn] eg] . ljz] ifu/ L cfkm" kxf8L If] qdf 3'Dg ?rfpg] pgL atfpF5g\ . afbn 3'Dg ?rfpg'sf] vf; sf/ 0f s] xf] < eG5g\, … 3D' g' eg] sf] hLjgdf gofF gofF cg'ej a6'Ng' xf] . d d] / f ] hLjgnfO{ cg'ejx¿sf] ;+ufnf] agfpg rfxG5' . Ú afbnn] : jb] zdf ofqf ubf{ a9L a'Wb Po/ nfOG;sf] k|of] u ug] { u/ s ] f] atfP .

3 D' g' eg] sf] hLjgdf gofF gofF cg'ej a6'Ng' xf] . d d] / f ] hLjgnfO{ cg'ejx¿sf] ;+ufnf] agfpg rfxG5' . lafbn

lnDa'

55

ufos÷uflosfsf] ?rL / j] t / fO{, ufos 3'Dg c;fWo} ?rfpg] ufosleq k5{g–\ / j] t / fO{ + . k"js { f clwsf+z lhNnf / klZrdsf s] xL lhNnfdf pgL k'lu;s] sf 5g\ . ljb] zdf blIf0f sf] l/ of, xªsª, o"s ,] ef/ tnufot b] z 3'd s ] f 5g\ . clxn] ;Dd 3'd s ] f dWo] : jb] zdf pgnfO{ kf] v/ f dgk5{ . … kf] v/ fsf] k|fs[lts agf] 6 / : jR5 jftfj/ 0fn] nf] EofpF5,Ú pgn] eg] . ljb] zdf a] nfotn] pgsf] dg 5f] of] / ] . … a n ] fotsf] xfjfkfgL, ;x/ Ls/ 0f, lgod, ;dfh clg e'agf] 6n] dnfO{ 5f] Psf] xf] ,Ú pgn] ;'gfP . Sofg8f pgnfO{ 3'Dg dg nfu] sf] b] z xf] . 3'Dbfv] / L ;DalGwt 7fpFsf] dgf] / d b[Zon] pgnfO{ nf] EofpF5 / ] . … kf| s[lts ?kdf dgf] / d 7fpFlt/ 3'Dg dg nfU5 dnfO{,Ú pgn] eg] .

PlGhnf / U] dL, kkuflosf kk–ufogdf hDb} u/ s ] L uflosf PlGhnf / U] dLnfO{ klg gofF–gofF 7fpF 3'Dg Psbd} dgk5{ . sfo{qmdsf l;nl;nfdf : jb] zsf y'k} | lhNnf k'lu;s] sL l5g\ . ?kGb] xL, gjnk/ f;L, emfkf, Onfd, c3f{vfFrL, afUn'ª, u'NdL, uf] / vf, eQmk'/ , alb{of, lrtjg, wflbª, g'jfsf] 6,

56

k f] v/ fsf] k|fs[lts agf] 6 / : jR5 jftfj/ 0fn] nf] EofpF5 . l/ j ]t

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slknj: t' nufot 7fpFdf pgL 3'ld;s] sL l5g\ . ljb] zdf yfONofG8 / b'aO{ k'lu;s] sL l5g\ . clxn] ;Dd k'u s ] fdWo] pgnfO{ Psbd} dgk/ s ] f] 7fpF xf] – tfKn] hª ' / kf] v/ f . … tfKn] hª ' sf] df} ;d, ToxfFsf dfG5] sf] : jfut, ;Tsf/ / af] lnjrg dnfO{ Psbd} dgk/ s ] f] xf] . To: t } kf] v/ fsf] t ;'Gb/ tfn] g} nf] EofPsf] xf] ,Ú pgn] dgkg's { f] sf/ 0f v'nfOg\ . b'aO{ pgnfO{ Psbd} dgk/ s ] f] uGtJo xf] . sf/ 0f– ToxfFsf] ljsf;, Joj: yf / sfg'g . … ;a} s/' f Psbd} Jojl: yt ePsf] / 5f] 6f] ;dodf lgs} ljsl;t ePsf] syfn] emg 5f] of] ,Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . pgnfO{ 3'Dg dg nfu] sf] 7fpFrfFxL g] kfnsf] / f/ f tfn, dgfª / d': tfª / ] .

PlGhnfnfO{ zfGt 7fpFx¿df 3'Dg c;fWo} dgk5{ / ] . … bu' d{ 7fpFx¿df k'u /] ToxfFsf dfG5] x¿;Fu e] 6g\ , pgLx¿sf] hLjgz} nL a'em\g Psbd} dgk5{,Ú pgn] atfOg\ . pgsf]

ljrf/ df 3'Dbfsf kmfObf w] / } 5g\ / ] . … gofF–gofF s'/ f hfGg kfOG5, ToxfFsf] ;+: sf/ / ;+: sl[ t a'em\g kfOG5,Ú pgn] 3'Dg'sf] kmfObf atfOg\ . pgL ha gofF–gofF 7fpF k'lU5g\, ToxfFsf] ljz] if lrgf] lsGg ?rfpFl5g\ . … ljb] zlt/ hfFbf d w] / } ;lkª u5',{ cfkm\gfnflu dfq geP/ ;a} kl/ jf/ sf nflu ug] { u5',{ Ú pgn] elgg\ . a}s + ssf] !) lbgsf] 6'/ pgsf] hLjgs} klxnf] ljb] z 6'/ xf] / ] . / , Tof] 6'/ cfkm"n ] slxNo} gla;{g] pgL atfpFl5g\ . … Tof] d] / f ] nflu Psbd} 7"nf] / cb\ et' cg'ej lyof] ,Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . g] kfnleq ofqf ubf{ pgL a'4 Po/ nfOG; a9L k|of] u ug] { atfpFl5g\ . bLkf nfdf, uflosf kfZj{ ufogdf hDb} u/ s ] f] gfd xf] – bLkf nfdf . bLkf klg gofF–gofF 7fpF 3'Dg v'a / dfOnf] dflG5g\ . sG;6{sf qmddf pgL g] kfnsf k"jL{ efudf y'k k}| N6 k'u s ] L l5g\ . sfo{qmdsf] l;nl;nfdf emfkf, Onfd, kfFry/ , tfKn] hª ' , vf] 6fª, ef] hk'/ , kf] v/ f nufot 7fpF 3'd s ] f] pgn] atfOg\ . ljb] zdfrfFxL sf] l/ of / stf/ k'u s ] L l5g\ . … bj' } b] z dnfO{ dgk¥of] ,Ú pgn] elgg\, … ToxfFsf] jftfj/ 0f g} slt ;kmf / dgdf] xs Sof Û d t hxfFhxfF 3'Dy] , ToxfFsf] ;'Gb/ tfn] pt} nf] leGy] F .Ú : jLh/ Nof08 pgsf] … l8«d sG6«LÚ xf] / ] hxfF Pslbg k'Ug rfxlG5g\ . … tl: a/ df x] bx {} b] {} clxn] k'Ug kfPF x'GYof] eGg] nfU5,Ú yf] / } d': s/' fpFb } pgn] rfxgf JoQm ul/ g \ . bLkfnfO{ a9L

k|fs[lts jftfj/ 0fn] nf] EofpF5 / ] . … st} xl/ ofnL jftfj/ 0f e] 6 F] eg] vf] O lsg xf] d pt} sf] sNkgfdf x/ fOlbG5',Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . 3'Dbfsf kmfObfaf/ ] ;f] Wbf pgn] klg k|df] b / d] lngfsf] eGbf km/ s hjfkm atfOgg\ . p: t } hjfkm lbOg\, … gofFgofF s'/ f l;Sg kfOG5, gofF 7fpFsf] ;+;s[ltnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg kfOG5 .Ú 3'd3fdsf qmddf pgL Tolt w] / } ;lkª ulb{gg\ / ] . elG5g\, … d kmh'n vr{ ug{ ?rfpFlbg, cfjZos k/ s ] f] v08df dfq ;lkª u5' { .Ú tfKn] hª ' sf] lx/ s dxf] T;jdf k'Ubfsf] nfdf] ofqf pgL hLGbuLdf slxNo} ge'Ng] atfpFl5g\ . … Psbd} nfdf] ofqf ug'k{ / s ] f] lyof] Tof] klg a;df,Ú pgL ;lDemb} xfFl;g\ .

: jR5 jftfj/ 0f, k|fs[lts ;'Gb/ tf== cf] xf] Û ;lDembf klg ;kgf h: tf] nfU5 Tof] kn . nueu * jif{cl3 3'Dg uPsf] lyPF .Ú ljb] zsf] xsdf pgnfO{ Psbd} dgk/ s ] f] b] z xf] cfo/ n 0] 8 . … ToFxfsf] ;'Gb/ tfn] df] lxt agfPsf] lyof] t/ !) lbgsf] dfq le;f ePsfn] rfFx h ] lt 3'Dg kfOgF . ca dnfO{ OG8f] g l] ;of 3'Dg dg 5,Ú pgn] elgg\ . km/ s– km/ s 7fpFaf/ ] cWoog ug{, ToxfFsf] / xg;xgaf/ ] hfGg lk|tLnfO{ Psbd} / x/ nfU5, To;} n ] pgL

3'Dg ?rfpFl5g\ . … dfG5] x¿nfO{ cfkm"n ] h] hlt b] v s ] f] 5' Tolt g} ;+;f/ xf] eGg] e|d 5 Tof] tf] 8g\ sf nflu klg km/ s 7fpF / km/ s ;+: sl[ t x] g÷{ a'em\g h?/ L 5 eGg] nfU5,Ú pgL c?nfO{ klg 3'Dg ;'emfpFl5g\ . 3'Dg uPsf a] nf pgL ;lkªk| d] L klg l5g\ . … dnfO{ ;lkªrfFxL cln a9L g} ug'k{ 5{ To;} n ] slxn] sfFxL ;lkªs} nflu eg] / klg 3'Dg lgl: sG5',Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . : jb] zdf pgL a9L a'Wb / olt Po/ nfOG;df ofqf ug{ ?rfpFl5g\ .

lk|tL cfn] du/ , nf] sbf] xf] / L uflosf nf] sbf] xf] / L ;+uLtdf klxnf] kN6 ufos k|sfz ;k't;Fu ldn] / … bf] xf] / L Aof6nÚ ufPkl5 lk|ltcfn] du/ clxn] rrf{df l5g\ . lo uflosf klg hLjgnfO{ 3'dlkm/ b l] v 6f9f nfg ;lSbgg\ . elG5g\, … sfo{qmdsf qmddf w] / } 3'ld/ x s ] f] x'G5' ToxL klg k'Ub} ÷k'Ub} g,\ 3'ld/ xg dgk5{ .Ú g] kfnsf] sl/ a ^) lhNnf 3'ld;s] sf] atfpg] lk|tL b] zaflx/ !% a9L b] z 3'd s ] f] atfpFl5g\ . : jb] zdf pgnfO{ ;a} eGbf dgk/ s ] f] : yfg d'us ' f] / f/ f tfn xf] . … ToxfF km] / L klg hfg dg 5,Ú pgn] elgg\, … ToxfFsf]

dfG5] x¿nfO{ cfkm"n ] h] hlt b] v s ] f] 5' Tolt g} ;+;f/ xf] eGg] e|d 5 Tof] tf] 8g\ sf nflu klg km/ s 7fpF / km/ s ;+: sl[ t x] g÷{ a'em\g h?/ L 5 llk|tL

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g} dxfg cfTdfn] eg] sf lyP, Ú ltdLn] s] slt k9] sf 5f} + dnfO{ g;'gfp . a? ltdLn] s] slt ofqf u/ s ] f 5f} + Tof] rflxF ;'gfpÚ . ;fob ofqfn] lbg] 1fg, k9] sf s'/ fn] eGbf uxg x'bF f] xf] . To;} n ] k9] sf s'/ feGbf ofqfdf dx;'; u/ s ] f s'/ fdf tL dxfg cfTdfn] hf] 8 lbPsf xf] nfg\ . o;k6ssf] d] / f ] tLy{ofqfn] o: t} s] xL l;sfof] . xfdLn] aRrf a] nfdf ;'GYof} , agf/ ; g] kfnLx¿sf nflu 1fg cfh{g ug] { ynf] lyof] , cfkm\ gf cf: yfsf eujfg ;Demg] k'0o e"ld lyof] . ;do qmddf g] kfnLx¿nfO{ 1fg cfh{g ug] { ynf] agf/ ;dfq / x g] t/ k'0o cfh{g ug] { ynf] sf] ?kdf oBlk 5b} 5 . / , ;fob oxL sf/ 0f klg d ToxfF dgsf] zflGt / k'0osf] nf] en] cfslif{t ePF . agf/ ; hLjgdf Psrf] 6L t k'Ug} k5{ / u+uf g'xfpg} k5{ eGg] xfdL g] kfnLsf] ljZjf; 5 . sltko ;Sg] x¿ agf/ ; k'U5g\ / u+uf g'xfpF5g\ . g;Sg] x¿ jfUdtL jf 7"nf gbLx¿df u+uf ;DemFb } g'xfpF5g\ . ;do ldNbf cfkm} lsg sf7df8f}a + f6 agf/ ; / u+uf ;Demg] < lsg cfkm} ToxfF gk'Ug] eGg] nfu] kl5 df3 dlxgfsf] klxnf] ;ftf d a'Wb Po/ sf] Kofs] h lnO{ agf/ ; k'u s ] L lyP . g] kfnL #& xhf/ ?k} ofsf] Kofs] haf6} d} n ] agf/ ;,

;f/ gfy, af] wuof, uofh: tf lxGb'x¿sf] kljq tLy{: ynsf] e|d0f u/ F] . jf/ f0f;Lsf] cf/ tL, k"hfkf7, vfglkg, ;+: sl[ t, / xg;xg, jf/ f0f;Lsf uNnL, ToxfFsf] eL8ef8, pkNnf] au{sf zf] v cflb / fd|f –] g/ fd|f ] w] / } s'/ f d} n ] ;'Gb} cfO/ x s ] L lyP . ToxfF To: tf s} of} + s'/ fsf] cg'ej lng'eGbf klg ljz'4 wfld{s ko{6g d] / f ] ;f] rdf lyof] .

Ps 306fsf] p8fgdf agf/ ; k'luof] . ;'?sf] lbg ;fFem sfne} / jsf] bz{g ul/ of] . sfne} / j j/ f0f;Lsf] åf/ kfn elg lrlgFbf / x 5 ] g\ . ;g\ !&!% df of] dlGb/ : yfkgf ul/ Psf] / x 5 ] . sfn e} / jn] sfzLaf;LnfO{ / f u] AofwL tyf ljljw lsl;dsf 8/ af6 arfpF5g\ eGg] ulx/ f ] ljZjf; / x 5 ] . hf] sf] xL cfpFbf ;a} eGbf klxnf sfne} / jsf] bz{g ug{k' 5{ eGg] dfGotfcg';f/ d} n] klg sfne} / jsf] bz{g u/ F] . ef] lnkN6 laxfg : gfg u/ /] ljZjgfyafafsf] bz{g ug{ k'luof] . laxfgdfq yfxf eof] , sf7df08f} h: t } agf/ ;klg dlGb/ } dlGb/ sf] ;x/ / x 5 ] . htftt} km"n / k|;fb a] Rg a;] sf laqm] tf, ;a} sf] lgwf/ df rGbg / / ftf] 6Lsf, ;a} lt/ ;fsfxf/ L ef] hg, htftt} 306Lsf] lg/ Gt/ 6ª6ª cfjfhn] jftfj/ 0f g} leGb} agfO/ x s ] f] lyof] .

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Churchill Complex, Sundhara, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 01-6210579, Fax: 01-4268107 email: pathibhara_2010@hotmail.com

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dfq kfFrj6f k9\g } kg] { g] kfnL lstfasf] gfd lng' kbf{ gog/ fh kf08] … To; avtsf] g] kfnÚ , … nIdL lgaGw ;+ux| Ú , … dn ' s ' aflx/ Ú , … afns[i0f ;dsf sljtfÚ / … dfwjLÚ k': tssf] gfd lnG5g\ . pgnfO{ nfU5 g] kfnL ;flxTosf ljwfyL{sf nflu oL k': ts Snfl;s x'g \ .

slk|o cfVofgsf/ gog/ fh kf08] cWoogzLn Pj+ af} l4s n] vs x'g \ . pgL cfVofg / u} / cfVofg b'a } k9\5g\ . cfkm" afFr s ] f] ;dosf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / / fhgLlts kf6f s] nfpg] u} / cfVofgn] pgnfO{ tfG5 . pgL k|foM laxfg !) ah] b l] v lbp;f] rf/ ah] ;Dd n] vk9 u5{g . clg ;fFem ;ft ah] ;Dd ldqldngdf Jo: t x'G5g\ . / flt 6] lnlehg ;dfrf/ x] l/ ;s] kl5 xNsf n] vk9 u5{g . / flt rflxF k|foM ;kmn JolQm of n] vssf cfTdsyf of ofqf;+: d/ 0f k9\g ?rfpF5g\ . ;fdfGotM / ftL !) ah] leq ;'lt;S5g\ .

3'dlkm/ df lg: sbF f syf;+ux| , lgaGw of sljtfsf lstfa n} hfg pgL ;'emfpF5g\ . tL ;a} Ps} k6s jf Ps} a;fO{df k9\g' kb}g { . ysfO{ dfg{ / f l] sPsf a] nf Pp6f lgaGw jf b'Or{ f/ sljtf ;lhn} k9\g ;lsG5 . pkGof;df ?lr 5 eg] kftnf vfnsf pkGof; af] Sbf 3'dlkm/ ;uF } pkGof; k9\g EofOG5 . pgL ofqfdf Ps} AolQmsf] / rgf k9\ge' Gbf ljleGg n] vssf syf, sljtf of lgaGw ;d] l6Psf ;+ux| k9\5g\ . dfq kfFrj6f k9\g } kg] { g] kfnL lstfasf] gfd lng' kbf{ pgL ;/ bf/ eLdaxfb'/ kfF8 s ] f] … To; avtsf] g] kfnÚ , nIdLk|;fb b] jsf] 6fsf] … nIdL lgaGw ;+ux| Ú , n} gl;+x af+Ub] nsf] pkGof; … dn ' s ' aflx/ Ú , ;femf k|sfzgaf6 k|sflzt … afns[i0f ;dsf sljtfÚ / dbgdl0f bLlIftsf] … dfwjLÚ sf] gfd lnG5g\ . pgnfO{ nfU5 g] kfnL ;flxTosf ljwfyL{sf nflu oL k': ts Snfl;S; x'g \ . oL lstfaaf6 g] kfnL cg'Gwfg / l;h{gfsf] If] qdf slt uf} / jzfnL sfd ePsf] 5 eg] / a'em\g / k| /] 0ff lng ;lsG5 . pgn] ljZj ;flxTosf w] / v } fn] k': ts k9] sf 5g\ . tL dWo] pgnfO{ Psbd} k|efljt u/ s ] f % j6f k': tssf] oxfF rrf{ ul/ Psf] 5 .

b cf] N8 Dofg P08 b l; cg]i { 6 x] ld+Uj] sf] of] pkGof;sf] k|dv ' kfq a'9f] dfemL ;flG6ofuf] xf] . p;n] ;d'bd| f lgs} 7"nf] df5f ;dfT5 . t/ , aLr ;d'ba| f6 ;d'bs | f] lsgf/ ;Dd df5f Nofpg p;n] cg] s ;+3if{ u5{ . ;flG6ofuf] sf] of] ;+3if{, p;sf] lgolt / lhhLljiffaLrsf] ;+3if{sf] uhasf] ufyf xf] .

lyª\; kmn ckf6{ ljZj;flxTodf dfgjtfsf kIfw/ n] vssf

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b Kn] u $$ jif{sf] pd] / d } gf] a n ] k'/ : sf/ kfpg] cNa] o/ Sofd'sf] b cfp6;fO8/ nfO{ w] / n } ] pgsf] ;jf]T { s[i6 pkGof; dfGb5g\ . t/ , dnfO{ eg] pgsf] b Kn] u pkGof;n] a9L k|efljt u/ s ] f] 5 . cl: tTjjfbL n] vs dflgg] Sofd'n ] o; pkGof;df Kn] usf] dxfef/ Lu|: t k|mfG;sf] Ps zx/ / ToxfFsf ljljw kfqx¿sf] syfnfO{ k|: tt' u/ s ] f 5g\ . dfgjLo lgolt, d[To', lg/ fzf / PSnf] kgnfO{ of] pkGof;n] uhan] cleJoQm u/ s ] f] 5 .

?kdf lrlgg] gfOh] l/ og n] vs clra] sf] pkGof;df clk|msL ;dfhn] ef] Ug' k/ s ] f] ljv08g / cf} klgj] lzs kL8fnfO{ hLjGt lsl;dn] lrq0f ul/ Psf] 5 . elgG5 ls o; pkGof;n] clk|msfnfO{ x] g {] klZrdL b[li6sf] 0f g} k"/ } kl/ jt{g ul/ lbof] . n] Vg t pgn] cfVofg g} n] v ] . t/ , pgnfO{ clk|msL ;dfhsf] Oltxf;sf/ klg dflgG5 .

b xfp; km/ ld: 6/ ljZjf; of] pkGof; leP; gokfnsf] klxnf] s[lt xf] . pkGof;sf 36gfqmdb] lv rl/ q lrq0f;Ddn] xfF: o k|efj pTkGg u5{g \ . t/ , hlthlt pkGof;sf] syfgsleq k|j z ] ul/ G5 To;n] ef/ taf6 lqlgbfbdf a: g k'u s ] f cfk|jf;Lsf] kL8f / pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;fF: sl[ ts dfGotf hf] ufpg ug'{ kl/ / x s ] f] ;+3if{nfO{ pb\3fl6t u/ s ] f] e] l6g] 5 . ld: 6/ ljZjf; eGg] kfqn] cfkm\gf] lghL 3/ agfpg u/ s ] f] ;+3if{ jf: tjdf p;sf] klxrfgl;t hf] l8Psf] ;+3if{ xf] . To;} n ] of] pkGof;n] AolQmleq cGt{lglxt x'g ] klxrfgsf] ;fZjt rfxgfnfO{ phfu/ u/ s ] f] 5 .

b lyª c/ fp08 of] / g] s lrg'cf clra] kl5 clk|msL ;dfhsf] / u+ Lg / Zofd: j t] tl: j/ ljZj ;flxTodf alnof] lsl;dn] k|: tt' ug] { >] o lrdfdf08f clbrLnfO{ hfG5 . clbrLsf] of] syf ;+ux| df cd] l/ sfdf a: g k'u s ] f gfOh] l/ og kfq / pgLx¿sf] cfk|jf;L kL8f, PSnf] kg / kfl/ jfl/ s ljv08gnfO{ lgs} ldlxg lsl;dn] !@ syfdf AoQm ul/ Psf 5g\ .

/ +uLla/ +uL

%

s'/ f

lzjfgL l;+x yf? pkGof;sf/

k': ts M

dnfO{ cfVofg, u} / –cfVofg b'j } vfn] k': ts dg k5{ . w] / } lsl;dsf k': tsn] dnfO{ k|efj kf/ s ] f 5g\ . ljZj] Zj/ k; | fb sf] O/ fnfb] lv jflg/ f lu/ L, gog/ fh, a'l4;fu/ sf] n] vgn] k|efj kf/ s ] f] 5 .

To: t } cu|h +] Ldf lnof] 6f] N;6f] o, bf] : tf] j: sL, PldnL a|f G] t] , / d] G8 RofG8n/ , cfy{/ sf] gfg 8f] on, 8fkm\g ] 8' df] l/ o/ ;Ddn] k|efj kf/ s ] f 5g\ . ] L 5' . d} n ] …sf7df8f}d+ f Ps lbgÚ pkGof; n] v s d] / f ] syf, d} n ] afFr s ] f] ;dosf] syf c¿n] eGbf d cfkm} n ] n] Vg' k5{ eg] / n] v s ] L . d] / f ] pkGof;n] ;Gb] z lbb}g + / lbg' klg x'bF g} . of] cg'el" t xf] .

e|d0f M

dnfO{ 3'dlkm/ df Psbd} ?lr 5 . PSn} 3'Dg ?rfpg] x'gfn] ;s] ;Dd dnfO{ rflxg] l;6fdf] nb] lv n'uf w'g ] ;fa'g af] s /] } hfg] s'/ fdf Wofg lbG5' . clg d} n ] k|0f g} u/ s ] L 5'–dg'{ eGbf cufl8 g] kfnsf] k"jb{ l] v klZrd;Dd ofqf u5'{ eg] / . g] kfnleq d] / f ] dg x/ s ] f] 7fpF dgfª xf] . htf kms] { klg dgfª k] lG6ª h: tf] nfU5– xlnp8 lkmNdsf] ;] 6 h: tf] . dnfO{ 3'Dg hfg dg nfu] sf y'k }| 7fpF 5g\ . ljZj Oltxf;df ?lr ePsf] x'gfn] Psk6s OlhK6 hfg dg 5 .

vfgf M

vfgf eGbf d] / f nflu ef] s ld7f] xf] . ef] s nfu] sf a] nf lg: tf] eft / 6df6/ sf] r6\gLdf klg : juL{o cfgGb kfpF5 ' . ld7f] eGbf k] 6 el/ g ] vfgf vf] H5' . rfprfp ;s] ;Dd vfg gk/ f ; ] \ . ;+;f/ sf] ;a} eGbf / l2 vfgf g} rfprfp xf] h: tf] nfU5 . dgfªdf d} n ] / fof] sf] ;fusf] dMd vfPsL lyPF . d'v gld7f] kf/ /] d'vdf xfln/ fv] sf] lyPF . rkfP/ lgln;Sbf km] / L kfFrj6f vfG5' eg] / yk] + . Sof gf} nf] : jfb Û

klx/ g M dnfO{ h] ;'xfpF5 ToxL klx/ g nufpF5–' ;f/ Lb] lv : NofS;Dd . dnfO{ ;x/ Lof o'jfsf] klx/ g vf: ;fsf] nfU5, Psbd} uHha . xfd|f k/ Dk/ fut kf] zfsnfO{ yf] / } cfw'lgsLs/ 0f u/ /] nufPdf Tof] kl5Nnf] k': tfsf] ?lrdf kg{ ;S5 . l;g] df M

dnfO{ l;lhcfO, Plgd] 6 8] b] lv z6{ lkmNd;Dd dg k5{ . ;of} + lkmNd x] l/ G5 . l56km'6 lkmNd x] g {] dfG5] eP kf] Pp6} lkmNdsf] ;Demgf Rofk] / a: bf] xF ' . To;} n ] ;a} eGbf dg k/ s ] f] s'g\ lkmNd eGg} ;lsFb g} .

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Get Featured on Yatra!

Love that view out the aircraft window? Do you photograph journeys of your travels? Are you an #AVGeek with a knack for plane spotting? If you ’ve answered YES to these questions, now is the chance to share your travel photos with our readers! Simply: • Tweet to us on Twitter by tagging us @airbuddha. We will be happy to share them with all our wonderful flyers!

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Some clicks during Dhangadhi to KTM flight in the evening | Uday Aryal

It's my pleasure to submit my art. I love this aircraft | Ritesh Joshi

Newly married - March 26 2018 Our first flight together after getting married Bhadrapur to Kathmandu| PC Rudy Wagley

We enjoyed flying on Buddha Air | Shree Khanal

Aviral Ghimire

Best Photo #Boudhanath stupa from @AirBuddha window #Kathmandu | Ishwar Babu KARKI @ibkarki

Daddy and our Yatra | Manju Chhetri @ManjuChhetri

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