Buddha Air In-flight Yatra Magazine | Issue August 2019

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Issue # 37 August 2019

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kolkAta Experience The Artistic & Cultural Grandeur Of This Magical City

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The Kumari and the Bungadyo Jatra @ a i r b u d d h a

Jhumke Topi

@buddhaairnepal

Namaste and welcome on board Buddha Air! We celebrated another exciting and historic milestone for Buddha Air. On 27 May 2019, we had a successful inaugural flight to our new international destination; Kolkata!

The flight departed early in the morning from Kathmandu to Kolkata with 65 passengers. The flight crew were Captain Pramod Thapa and Gaurav Bohara, and flight attendants Sagun Tandukar & Anamika Chaudhary. If you would like to read about a passenger’s journey about this flight, read “My Experience On The Inaugural Buddha Air Kathmandu to Kolkata Flight.”

This inaugural flight was a success due to the hard work of all our employees and the support from our wellwishers and passengers. When we had initially announced that we would be flying to Kolkata, there was a genuine and overwhelming response from our passengers. I would like to extend my gratitude to you for this success.

We understand that some passengers might require that little extra assistance when they fly with us. As a small initiative, we are offering passenger boarding ramp at Tribhuvan International Airport, Kathmandu. This initiative started on 22 June 2019. We hope that we can expand this service to other airports in the future, after feedback from our passengers, and the teams at our technical and

In-flight magazine Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal e-mail: yatra@buddhaair.com

engineering departments.

Our cover story for this issue is the vibrant and beautiful city of Kolkata. Known for its rich heritage, literature and architecture, and there is so much to explore around this city of joy. For inspiration on thrilling and amazing adventures you can have around Nepal, read through the travel experiences of Mohan Duwal- Makalu Base Camp Trek: A Truly Rewarding Journey, Bipin and Sudip’s cycling adventures to Tilicho and how Lumbini has changed over 35 years for Sangita- Lumbini: A Diamond In the Rough. Sharing his experience of travelling around the country is US Ambassador to Nepal, Randy Berry. You can read his interview - From the US to Nepal: An Ambassador’s Experience of Nepal where he shares his encounters with people, nature and unique cultures.

Check out our “Get Featured” section to see the wonderful photos captured by our flyers of their journey with us. We want to hear from you. Please send us your feedback, suggestions, experiences and testimonials - they could be featured on the next edition of Yatra.

Thank you for choosing to fly with us. I hope you have a pleasant flight.

Birendra B. Basnet Managing Director, Buddha Air

Published by: Buddha Air Pvt. Ltd., Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal

Editorial Board : lKhagendra Bahadur Basnet lSubarna Kharel lUL Shrestha lRatna Rai lD.K. Karna Copy Editor: lKabita Thapa

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contents

Issue Aug 2019

kolkata

cover story 38

The city of Joy

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Cycling to Tilicho

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22

1 6 A Generous Doctor Dedicating Retired Life For Rural People

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A Gastronomy Guide to Magar Cuisine 26 The Kumari and the Bungadyo Jatra

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LUMBINI

A Diamond in the Rough

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t r e k k ing

Makalu Base Camp

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A Truly Rewarding Journey

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he Makalu Barun National Park and Base Camp might be less visited than its next-door neighbour, the Everest Base Camp, but do not underestimate the extraordinary vistas and rich wilderness experience you will get from trekking here.

Sharing his tips and experience of trekking the Makalu Barun Base Camp trek is Mohan Duwal, an avid trekker and photographer. He has been trekking to this beautiful region in Eastern Nepal since 2000.

Your journey starts with a morning flight from Kathmandu to Tumlingtar.

After 30 minutes, you land at Tumlingtar Airport and will need to take a drive from the airport to Khandbari. Once you reach

Khandbari, be prepared for an off-road experience all the way to Num. You have the option of driving (due to the recent access of motorable roads) or walking all the way to Num and rest there for the night.

The next morning, start the trek from Num towards Seduwa - the entrance to Makalu Barun National Park. The route starts with a steep descent, and passes through the Barun River, followed by a steep ascent on the other side of the river. You are required to take a permit from the national park authorities. Spend the night at Seduwa.

The next morning, get ready for a trek to Tashigaon, a village with small paddy fields. Unlike the steep route you experienced the day before, the route from Seduwa to Tashigaon is easy.

You pass by plantations and farmers.

Tashigaon is the last major village you encounter. From here onwards, the trail consists of only tea houses and small settlements. Accommodations are available all the way to the base camp.

The next day, from Tashigaon, make your way to Danda Khara and go all the way to Kahuam and camp there. You will need to take a rest for acclimatization and prepare for a hike through stunning landscapes for the subsequent days.

From Kahuma, the trail leads to Mumbuk. You pass by Thulo Pokhari and Sano Pokhari. Trekking this trail is one of the hardest parts of your entire trek, but it is also the most rewarding.

You will ascent Shipton La Pass with the raging Barun River below and you finally reach Thulo Pokhari. This is a magnificent lake, that has religious importance for the locals. It is also a good

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t r e k k ing

spot for photography. The comparatively smaller lake, aptly named Sano Pokhari is also a sight to behold. Stop for a rest at Kalo Pokhari Lake before you start your leisure walk through a pine forest to Mumbuk. Take a much needed

rest for the night once you reach Mumbuk.

The next day promises even more stunning views as the trail gets closer to Makalu Base Camp. From Mumbuk, trek towards Nhe Kharka where you spot the Aama Bhujung peak. The name roughly translates

Makalu Base Camp Trek Facts Duration: 17 to 20 days depending on the

pace you trek, rest days and days

for acclimatization Highest Altitude: 5000 meters Trek Grade: Strenuous Best Time To Visit: September to November Accommodation: Tea houses and tented camps

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at this point. Along with the stunning sunrise, take in the beautiful surrounding of the base camp. You have the option of going towards Advance Base Camp to get a fantastic view of Barun Valley, where you also get stunning views of Everest, Lhoste and Peak 3.

The next day, make your way

back to Yangle Kharka, rest for the night and head to Mumbuk.

Follow the trail all the way back to Num and Khandbari. Drive back to Tumlingtar and catch a flight back to Kathmandu, carrying with you the memories of your difficult yet rewarding journey to Makalu Base Camp!

to ‘pregnant mother.’ Locals believe that the peak has the power to cure infertility.

You will not miss these two distinctive peaks that stand alone as you may your way towards Nhe Kharka. From here, it is a descending trail to Barun Valley where you see the spectacular views of Mt. Tutse and Peak 7. The walk will slowly gain altitude as you pass through Yangle Kharka, situated at the base of the valley.

Take a much needed rest at Nhe Kharka.

The last stretch of the trek can be done in a day or two, according to your pace. From Nhe Kharka, make your way to Sherson. You can rest here, or continue towards Makalu Base Camp. On the way to Sherson, you pass by a waterfall called the Shiva Dara, which is another religious landmark for the locals. Another

Locals believe that the Aama Bhujung peak has the power to cure infertility destination you pass by is Merek, for a rest stop. As the path turns towards a side valley, you get your first glimpse of Mt. Makalu. Following the east bank of the Barun River from Sherson, you will climb a minor pass to reach Makalu Base Camp.

Then, descend a stream towards the base camp on the opposite side of the river, at an elevation of 5000 meters!

Make sure to leave aside one day for excursions at the camp. Enjoy the peaceful isolation of the region as you will not find any villages or cattle grazing

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c y cling

Dauntless Drive for Adventure

Cycling

to Tilicho 10

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Precautions Be well aware of the cycle you are taking. Since not all bikes support trek routes, get yourself a professional cycle with proper grips and brakes.

Do not be over confident in your cycling. There are do or die routes where proper reasoning over over-confidence is needed.

Do NOT take short routes until and unless you are aware of what it's like and the pros & cons of taking the route Sufficient equipment over unnecessary luggage is highly recommended. The only luggage you might want to take is an extra pair of jackets and trouser, socks and water bottle. This makes it easier to ride.

Thorang-la to Muktinath

“Two roads diverged in a wood, and I – I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.” - Robert Frost

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t all started with an informal affirmation at the canteen premises of Buddha Air's hangar, “Do you think we can cycle the Annapurna Circuit including Tilicho?” The two grooming cyclists, Bipin Pokhrel and Sudip, technicians at Buddha Air were casually scrolling through Facebook when they came upon a post which pinpointed the best cycling routes in Nepal. The cycling routes included Lo Manthang, Annapurna Circuit and Pikey Peak in Solukhumbu.

These nature driven trekkers have been to almost every trek in Nepal. They have trekked major trails by foot and cycled around the capital. Bipin who had dared to summit Mt. Everest and his travel buddy, Sudip have cycled around the hills of Kathmandu Valley to places like Nagarjun, Shivapuri, Kakani, etc.

They have even cycled from Thankot,

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Landslide trail on the way to Tilicho

Chandragiri, Chitlang, Kulekhani to Dakshinkali in one day!

The “once in a month” cyclists then decided to take their cycling thrill to next level and undertake the Annapurna Circuit to challenge themselves. Carrying their cycle equipment, which included gears, air pumps, tires and track suit,

the two work-travel buddies marched towards the inception of the trek route to Lamjung. The initial idea was to ride from Lamjung, but due to time constraints, they drove to Chame (30.8 km from Manang). Unveiling the rider and nature lovers in them, both friends headed to Manang as the first night destination.

Thorang-la pass, 5416 mtrs.

cycling movement

“The view of the sloppy sand hills and sun rays between the mountains, created rainbows above the waterfall, which is a meditation in itself,” Sudip points as he excitedly slides through his photo gallery on his phone. Meanwhile, Bipin continued describing the view from Humde height, “One cannot stop falling in love with nature once you see the ranges of snow mountains, sand mountains and the hills with Marshyangdi River flowing with her musical flow from this point” The magical beauty that he could not explain in words could be heard in his voice.

The next day, they rode to Tilicho. If anyone of you have not been through the trails to Tilicho, let me put a light, “IT IS THE MOST DARING ROUTE YOU WILL SEE”. With giant rocks sloping downward like beasts on your right to Marshyangdi River waving her hello to you from the bottom on your left, this is a do or die road. Oh yes! Not to forget the landslide area. At this point, your heartbeat might skip a beat while walking through this route. These daring ones rode through all of it. Yes, there were points where their bicycles had to be carried but it was a 9:1 ratio of cycling to walking. “Tourists and even the some Nepalis named us ‘Crazy Bikers’ when they saw us” laughed Bipin.

“The hassle was worth the tassel as we reached Tilicho,” Sudip said with relief. The view of the BLUE-EST BLUE lake, the WHITE-est white snow-covered mountains and the perfectly textured sand mountains are incredible! The

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There was an epic fall moment “While trying the short route from Muktinath to Kagbeni via Eklebhatti, I slipped badly through the slippery stones and fell, face first!” – Bipin “The cycle didn’t feel like ours as we reached Tilicho.

Trails of people lined up to take a picture, and not with us. Our cycles were the celebrities.” – Sudip There were two more bikers we met at Tilicho, but they were told cycling to Tilicho wasn’t possible. They left their cycles in Manang.

They were however doing the rest of the circuit on cycle as well. This felt like an accomplishment and kept us motivated We did communicate with family at the end of the day.

Sim card networks showed some issues on the way, but there were hotel WiFi to compensate.

The motivation from the other trekkers were the constant energizers. The trekkers on foot helped the biker in front to locate and assure the well-being of the biker behind.

saying “Heaven is myth, Nepal is real” is best suited for this place. Riding though the round path, the riders went to the shore of the lake and took a quick-dip to honour the end-result of the dare they had taken for 5 days. By this time, the destination was covered, but the trip was yet to complete. The group took off to Shreekharga. A night with colors, is how they call it. With live music, camp fire, dances and games with hotel guests, the team of two now bonded with tourist all around. It was the best night.

The sixth day from Shreekharga to Yak Kharka to Phedi to Thorang High Camp was another challenge. Due to variations in elevation with extreme slopes. The cycling trip ended on the seventh day as the ‘crazy riders’ got to Jomsom via Muktinath from Thorang High Camp.

Small incidents like cycle break-down, slipping off the downhill part and getting injured did happen, but the brave men completed the route with full-throttle and gained much respect from everyone they met on the route. Celebration of the victory was done with the prestigious professionals from the United Kingdom who coincidentally happened to lodge in the same hotel as them and other trekkers with whom they had bonded over during trek and tea breaks.

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a r t s & c r aft s

Declining Newari artisans posing risks to traditional skills

P

atan is famous for its wooden architecture and boasts of unique craftsmanship since the medieval time. One of the largest cities of Nepal, Patan is beautifully decorated with traditional woodcrafts.

Unfortunately, 2015 earthquake in Nepal destroyed many of the beautiful structures, including temples, monasteries, and historical monuments. Four years after the earthquake, Patan is rebuilding with the support of foreign aid from several countries. The reconstruction has generated jobs for woodcraft artisans, especially those from neighbouring Bhaktapur district. Of the many artisans, 16 were brought from Bhaktapur district and are paid from Rs 1000 to Rs

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1500 per day.

Wood carving is seeking human resources for continuity n Shyam Krishna Shilpakar

Shyam Krishna Shilpakar - 45 has been working as an artisan for the past 30 years. He is helping to rebuild Patan Durbar Square after the earthquake. He leads a team of 16 woodcraft artisans. Shyam has been working as an artisan for last 30 years. “Our family has been in this occupation for at least four generations." Apart from carving temples,

Unlike the past, it is easier to work because we have technologies at our disposal Shyam Krishna Shilpakar

In recent years the number of women in Bhaktapur has increased to learn woodcarving which is a good sign Shiva Hari Shilpakar

he also makes furniture at his home. Shyam learnt wood carving skills from his father when he was just 15 years old. Although he did not have another option, Shyam had no thoughts of leaving his traditional occupation. During the three decades working as a woodcraft artisan, he had seen the positive and negative changes in this business.

“I have spent my whole life on woodcrafts, especially for temples. This skill has taken me to different parts of the country where I’ve helped to build, rebuild and renovate temples,” he said with a content heart. “Unlike the past, it is easier to work because we have technologies at our disposal,” he added. However, there is a dearth of human resource in the field, largely because the new generation is losing touch with traditional Newari craftsmanship.

Shyam has his own personal experience, “My children are students and I don’t think they will continue our traditional occupation in the future. They do not have an interest and I cannot force them,” he said. Around 600 people from the Shilpakar community in Bhaktapur are artisans. “Perhaps I will be the last artisan from my family tree,” he said. “While there might be more carpenters, artisans with skills to build temples is on the decline.”

The government must make efforts to preserve the occupation n Shiva Hari Shilpakar

Shiva Hari Shilpakar - 39, from Bhaktapur has been working in this field for last 25 years. He has grown up watching his father, grandfather and brother carving shapes of Gods and Goddesses. Shiva was always

interested in this work as he grew up watching his family members working and it was also the only source of income. "I started with simple carving at first like Aakhi Jhyal (Eye Windows) and gradually learned carving Gods and Goddess along with other shapes." says Shiva.

People think that wood carving is difficult to learn and work on, but the reality, explains Shiva is, "Unless you don't know something, that work becomes difficult for you, but once you get it, the work will not be difficult or boring. “You start enjoying work as you had wanted to do and so do I. No matter how much I earn, at least I am happy with my work,” he said explaining that earning luxurious life from wood carving is a dream. There used to be demand for house furniture and tourist’s curios before the earthquake. But the aftermath of the earthquake has led to a decline in business. However the reconstruction work of temples have somehow supported their business. “There are very few people involved in this field. We may find a good number in Bhaktapur but not in Kathmandu and Lalitpur. We can say that the occupation has become endangered,” he added.

He thinks that government has to take an initiation to preserve this occupation. Although the CTEVTE course has included it there is no attraction toward this occupation. Awareness program training centres can be opened for them. “In recent years, the number of women in Bhaktapur has increased to learn woodcarving which is a good sign. Considering this situation, the government must work with public to preserve this occupation,” he added.

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p r o file

A Generous Doctor

Dedicating Retired Life For Rural People

Forty five years ago, a young medical student visited Nepal. After retiring from his medical profession in Japan, he has dedicated his life to providing health services in the remote village of Thabang in mid-western Nepal for the past decade.

n Surendra Rana

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-year-old grey haired doctor is regularly seen examining his patients at Jaljala Community Hospital and Research Center at Thabang, a remote village in Rolpa district. When we reached the center one morning, Dr. Ishida was spotted with a measuring tape in front of the hospital premises. He was calculating the ground's

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area for possible extension of the hospital's beds. Dr. Ishida said there has been a growing demand for beds to meet the increasing number of patients who visit here for medical check-ups. The little break he has after working the morning shift is devoted to this extension plan.

Bin Prasad Pun, Chairman of the

community hospital says, "He is available 24 hours to provide medical services to people of the community whenever necessary. " He is always ready with a stethoscope around his neck to provide his medical service to any patient visiting the center, regardless of time.

After 45 Years To Nepal Rolpa's Thabang Village was once a Maoist stronghold during the 10 years of Maoist Insurgency in Nepal from 1996 to 2006. Located on the lap of Jaljala Hill and on the confluence of two rivers, this beautiful village is seated at 2000 meters.

Before Thabang was connected with Dr. Ishida had walked several time for two days from the small town of Sulichaur via Uwa to reach the village.

Dr. Ryukichi Ishida came to Nepal after 45 year gap, as the Maoist was entering the peace process in 2006. He felt that Thabang village was an appropriate place to contribute his medical expertise he

"Community Based Preventive Approach" for tuberculosis (TB) control. He went around a "TB Caravan", visiting villages on foot. After which, he started volunteering in Tansen Mission Hospital and Chaujahari Hospital in Rukum in 2006. He was surprised to see many patients who came for treatment late, even for a preventable disease like TB during those days. He wanted to know why patients could not come to the hospital earlier? To know the answer, he launched a "Primary Trauma Care Research Caravan" in 2009, walking through the hilly areas of the mid-western region, visiting villages from Jumla from Jumla to Baglung via Jajarkot, Rukum and Rolpa. He had carried out research in twelve villages. This research was designed as a preliminary study to understand the area, but was focused on the on the epidemiology of trauma, public health, and topographical and sociological characteristics based on Dr. Iwamura’s teachings.

According to him, the lack of proper medical access and services in remote regions struck his mind. So, he decided to spend his retired life contributing his medical skills among the underprivileged and oppressed people of these regions.

He also remembers his past days where he walked all the way from Ghorneti, where a small medical center came into operation during war period. It took him two days to reach Thabang by stopping overnight at Duikhuli at Rolpa. "I always wondered how it could be possible to provide qualitative and affordable medical facilities in such remote villages," he recalls. The health system in Nepal is unequal and there are sharp differences between urban and rural life. This was the main reason why Dr. Ishida was interested to work in the rural areas of Nepal. However, he is optimistic that the situation will improve.

Eventually, Thabang will be an example in revolutionizing rural medical system throughout Nepal.

Mini Operation Theatre

had gained at Japan. He worked as an Orthopedic surgeon for over 40 years in Japan. He had an interest to visit Nepal during his tenure as a doctor, but was not able to do so due to this busy life.

He had visited Nepal for the first time when he was a medical student more than 4 decades ago. He still has a vivid memory of walking from Pokhara to Tansen for 5 days along the Kali Gandaki River. He met Noboru Iwamura in Tansen Mission Hospital where he learned about

I always wondered how it could be possible to provide qualitative and affordable medical facilities in such remote villages — Dr. Ishida —

The Dream Project He has established a mini-operation theatre in the center with an operation lamp of his own design, which was made by wrapping up x-ray sheets and aluminum foil. The center has a pharmacy, X-ray room, Lab, operation theatre, OPD and ward.

Jaljala Community Hospital And Research Center was established nine year ago on 13 February 2010. Since its establishment, the center has been providing services

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p r o file

Dr. Ishida examining patients

like free medical check up, medicine distribution, lab, x-ray, video-x-ray, physiotherapy and others. The health center is equipped with USG machine and DR general X-ray machine. It aims to extend its services in medical colleges, Teaching Hospital, Basic Health Training Centers and Rural Health Research Centers.

He says, it is a dream project fulfilled on mutual efforts of local community, funds collected from Japan and exGurkha army personnel from abroad.

Currently, the hospital is serving patients from Thabang, Mirul, Uwa of Rolpa district including Mahatgaon, Rukumkot, Takasera and Maikot the adjoining villages of Rukum (east).

Excellent Health Service At Low Cost The center is gaining reputation in the region for its quality health services at low cost.

"We never advertised our services like other private hospitals," he expressed with contentment. "We don't need the publicity too. The word of mouth among the community helped in promoting our services."

He is always concerned about the possibility of giving good health care

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services at low cost in rural Nepal. He has written a research paper in medical anthropology entitled, " Intercultural Health Care In Rural Nepal." He is optimistic about the government's new health policy included in the new constitution about providing better health care service towards rural people of Nepal. "If implemented effectively, it will surely benefit the marginalized and rural community," he added.

Thabang village

Dr. Ryuchiki Ishida is an unnoticed medical ambassador of rural Nepal

Life Forward At 71 years old, Dr. Ishika is still very energetic and always focused at his goal. "Ma buro manchhe, my time is running out," he whispered with a smile. Regardless of cultural differences, language barrier, unfamiliar food, weather conditions and age, he enjoys working day and night to serve people in remote regions. When asked about his future days, he replied modestly that he will continue to offer his medical services to the people of these regions until his last breath. "In the end , I would like to rest peacefully somewhere nearby Thabang hill," the gentle doctor smiles.

Indeed, Dr. Ryuchiki Ishida is an unnoticed medical ambassador of rural Nepal. He is a selfless and humble Japanese doctor from a distant land and a divine being in a strange land. The people of Thabang and neighboring villages are always grateful for his unfailing and dedicated service he has been providing for years. surand.rana@gmail.com

t r a v el ti p s

Altitude

Photo: freepik.com

Sickness

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ltitude sickness induced when one moves forward to higher altitudes or higher elevations. In Nepal, various locals and tourists get the symptoms of this sickness while trekking to mountains. Generally, the probability of getting altitude sickness starts from 3500 meters.

The reason behind altitude sickness is due to less oxygen exposure in high altitudes. In some cases, the body will adjust with the surrounding, decreasing the risk of altitude sickness.

Some dangerous forms of altitude sickness can lead to life threatening issues. The risk of altitude sickness is seen in 20% of people when they are at a height of 8,000 m and 40% people, at a height of 10,000 m.

There is no hard and fast rule as to why people might suffer from altitude sickness. Anyone in the high altitudes are prone to it. However, young people, people residing in lower altitudes and those who are suffering from respiratory diseases are more susceptible to altitude sickness.

Types of Altitude Sickness - There are three categories of altitude sickness with common and severe form. The types are as follows: Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) - is the most common form of altitude sickness. This type of sickness is suffered by most people. The symptoms of AMS are headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. If these symptoms are ignored, they can lead to life-threatening conditions which affect the brain or lungs.

Furthermore, there is more chances of getting complicated HAPE and HACE sicknesses.

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) - is a severe form of altitude sickness causing breathlessness. Excess fluid gets buildup in the lungs. The symptoms are loss of appetite, fatigue and loss of energy, shortness of breath even while resting, problem sleeping etc. It can also lead to high fever and frothy cough with blood tints.

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) - is another dangerous

form which causes fluid buildup in the brain. The symptoms of HACE are headache, confusions, hallucinations, weakness and loss of co-ordination, lack of consciousness and paradoxical undressing (removing of clothes).

When suffering from altitude sickness, it is observed that the symptoms do not get better even after medications. Necessary precautions and care should be taken in proper time to alleviate sickness. The best proven treatment of altitude sickness is acclimatization. It is the process of letting the body slowly get used to the air pressure at higher altitudes.

Below are the useful treatment to adopt during altitude sickness: - Acclimatization - Ascending slowly to higher elevations - Stop traveling and rest for at least 24-48 hours - Take ibuprofen (pain killer) to reduce headaches - Drink enough water - Avoid alcohol and smoking - Avoid exercise - Moving to lower altitude to take sleep and start ascending again.

- Taking oxygen or using Gamow bag in extreme cases - Taking medication such as Acetazolamide and dexamethasone when you cannot make a slow ascent. It decreases the symptoms of altitude sickness.

Altitude sickness occur anywhere when hiking above 3,500 meters. Several mountaineers and trekkers must be careful while trekking. In Nepal, mountaineers and trekkers climbing mountains or ascending towards higher elevations are often victims of this disease. Additionally in Nepal, Himalayan Rescue Team offers facility of Gamow bag especially in the routes towards Lukla. One must be aware to take necessary precautions regarding altitude sickness while trekking.

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F o o d & D r in k

Beat the heat after meal tastes from Basantapur Street

W

hen we walk across the streets of Basantapur Durbar Square we cannot say no to street foods.

Everyday thousands of people crosses this path and it offers a lot of things to people. Among those the street food is something that you cannot ignore in this area. Roadside tea, fresh bakery items, snacks, momo, panipuri, chatpate, chhoila, chatamari and many more.

Despite being the regular food we encounter in our daily life these street foods have their own local version of taste.

You cannot only have these foods but you can feel a local taste on these foods improvised by the locals of Basantapur.

However, beyond these solid foods there are other street tastes you cannot ignore. After meal tastes for digestion is equally important. And here on the streets of Basantapur one can find best drinks and mouth fresheners for better digestion and to avoid the high temperature of Kathmandu.

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My grandfather started this soda house.

He handed over this business to my father and now I am enjoying this business Naresh Suwal

Ranjana Soda House

Soda Soda is one of the famous drinks from Basantapur street. It is a fizzy soft drink that generally contains carbonated water, a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring. Ranjana Soda House is a famous place for soda where you can find different flavours of soda. Once you reach this place you cannot get satisfied with your regular plain soda, thus, you must try new flavours of soda you offered at this place.

German Flag, fruit beer, wild brew, lime breezer, disco - tonic, rum-punch, blue lagoon, apple guarana and wine-soda are the unique soda flavour one can find at this place. Moreover the special thing about this soda house is it has been serving different taste of soda to its customers for last three generations.

“My grandfather started this soda house.

He handed over this business to my father and now I am enjoying this business,” said Naresh Suwal, owner of the Ranjana Soda House. Growing up watching his father and grandfather doing this business he never thought of doing other jobs or going abroad. Rather he thought of expanding this business. “We have very congested area in this place. Sometimes our crowd of customers cause traffic jam. So, i thought of expanding this job. Now people who love our soda can taste it in Bhaktapur and Lalitpur too. We supply our soda to other shops,” Suwal added.

Paan Paan, made out of a betel leaf, is another famous street taste from Basantapur street. It is an after meal mouth freshener.

There are different flavours of Paan -- sada paan, sweet paan, paan with tobacco, chocolate paan and others. flavours can be added as per your taste. The Paan made out of betel leaf filled with chopped areca nut and slaked lime (chuna or

calcium hydroxide), to which assorted other ingredients, including sweet red kattha paste, tooty fruity (dry fruits), rose petal, coconut powder and saunf. Paan is served folded into a triangle or rolled, and it is spat out or swallowed after being chewed. It is mostly being used as digestive aid. A paan shop in front of Basantapur Durbar square nearby Maru Ganesthan has passed four generations. Bishnu Bista the owner of this Paan shop is here selling paan for last 10 years. Before this his great grandfather started this shop. Then the business was handed over to his grandfather and father and now he is giving continuity to this business.People Bishnu Bista Pan Shop not only came here to have Paan but also visit this shop to know about Paan Pasal that is being run by four generations.

Paan is mostly being used as digestive aid

Lassi Indrachwok is full of people holding a glass full of lassi to beat the 30 degree temperature of Kathmandu. We can see a big crowd in front of Sunil Dai ko Mitho Lassi, a shop that is serving people with sweet lassi for last 15 years. Sunil Man Singh is the owner of Mitho Lassi at Indrachowk.

The lassi is a curd based drink mostly famous in Nepal and India.

Sunil Dai’s lassi is a mixture of curd, sugar, cardamom powder, saffron, dry fruits and sweets. With this mixtures you can have a soft chewy raisins and solid, cashews along with almond. And the best part of this lassi is the extra toppings of Khuwa. “Everyday thousands of people visit our shop to taste lassi. Especially during the summer time,” Sunil said. But you can enjoy this mitho lassi even in winter. The only thing you have to do is pay Rs 40 for small cup and Rs 70 for the big one. Besides, Sunil Man Singh Mitho Lassi Lassi is known for aid in digestion and boosting up immune system.

Everyday thousands of people visit our shop to taste lassi.

Especially during the summer time

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F o o d & D r in k

A G astronomy G uide to

Magar Cuisine A

s a multi-cultural country with more than 100 indigenous ethnic communities, Magar is one of them. The Magar communities used to dwell in Palpa, Gulmi, Arghakhachi, Ramechhap, Tanahun, Syangja, Baglung, Myagdi and Gorkha, but have since moved towards the eastern parts of Nepal's hilly districts after the unification. At present, Magars live in Sarlahi, Mahottari, Dhanusha, Udaypur, Khotang, Bhojpur, Sankhuwasabha, Dhankuta, Panchthar Terathum, Illam, etc.

Magars have more than 100 sub family names like Ale, Thapa, Pun, Rana, Gurmachhane,

22

Balampaki, Pulami, Roka, Budha, Gharti, Jhankri and others. They are nature worshippers, but their rituals are influenced by Hindu culture. The Magars worship nature, idols, spirits, and supernatural beings, hunting gods and goddesses and even the gods of their dead ancestors.

Like most communities, the cuisine of the Magars are best displayed during festivals and special occasions. They get together with family and relatives and celebrate with delicious food and beverages. There are quite a variety of Magar cuisine you can choose from. Here are some of them.

Sel Roti Sel Roti is one of the major food of Magar Community. It is never missed in any occasions. On every festival, Sel Roti is must for the Magar community.

They also carry it as an offering when they go to their relatives. Especially in Maghe Sankrati and Dashain festivals, married daughters come to their maternal house with gifts and Sel Roti to celebrate the festival. It is made out of rice flour mixed with ghee and sugar. It is shaped like a doughnut and fried.

made from millet). The pork is cooked in a variety of ways and can be grilled, fried, boiled, drenched in gravy curry or served as bacon.

Raksi and rice wine Raksi is a popular beverage of the Magar community. Whether it is a rice feeding ceremony or marriage or any other festival, alcohol is a must as an offering to their god. They also take it as a sagun during different religious and cultural ceremonies. It is generally prepared by distillation of fermented rice, millet or fruits. Moreover, it is also a medicine for common cold and indigestion.

Meanwhile the Chhyang or rice wine also has equal importance in the Magar community. People consume rice wine or maize wine as an energy drink as well, provided it is drank in within limit.

Batuk (Lentil Patty) Batuk is also known as Bara in Nepali community is another traditional food of the Magars. Like Sel Roti, Batuks are enjoyed during festivals

Yam Curry ginger paste are some of the common ingredients, but you can experiment and make Batuk according to your taste preferences.

and special occasions. They are made out of black lentils that have been soaked for at least 24 hours. It is shaped like a doughnut. albeit smaller than the Sel Roti and fried. Salt, coriander, chili powder,

Pork The pig has a sacred role in the Magar community, especially during Kul Pooja. A black pig is sacrificed to their god during the occasions of different festivals. The pig is then served as a pork dish, and is usually paired with Kodo Ko Raksi (alcohol

Yam, locally known as Tarul is a major food not only for Magar community but for all indigenous communities. This edible root was a major food source for their survival in the past. However, these days, it is being consumed on special occasions like Maghe Sankrati. Magars use it as a holy offering to their god during festivals. Yam Curry is prepared by boiling the yam, and preparing it like a vegetable curry of your preference.

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t r a v el bl o g

My Everest Mountain Flight Experience & Useful Tips l Gerry Isabelle

F

or all you non-expertmountaineers, there is a way for you to get up close to the Himalayas, including Mount Everest without having to hike or climb: Everest Mountain Flight Tour! There are a few airlines offering the Everest flight tour from Nepal’s Kathmandu airport. I went with Buddha Air since I had positive experiences with them before. Here’s my incredible Everest mountain flight experience from start to finish along with a few tips on getting the most out of your Everest Flight.

Kathmandu Airport’s Domestic Terminal for Mt. Everest Flight For $7 I was driven to the airport and arrived in under 15 minutes from the center of Kathmandu. It was the lightest I’ve ever walked into an airport for a flight. An airy dress, some sandals and my camera. It felt weird and funny.

The domestic terminal at Kathmandu’s Tribhuvan Airport is tiny but pretty straight forward; busy with local Nepalese getting on with their business and travel plans between different parts of their country.

It was my third time flying

24

domestically in Nepal, so I was used to the local airport’s flow. I went straight to the small Buddha Air counter that read “Mountain Flight” about 35 minutes before my flight. Handed in my printed ticket with an ID, and received a formal boarding pass. Passing through security took less than a few minutes. Women and men walk through separate lines as one female security officer stamps your boarding pass and a second

female office pats you down.

With only 3 hours of sleep under my belt, I sat half awake in the waiting room until 7:40 AM when they called my flight number and announced its name “Mountain Flight”. Together with the other 14 passengers, I boarded a bus shuttle to our plane.

Boarding the Mountain Flight Plane The sight of our petite plane

had many of us giddy with nerves and excitement. We were herded onto the plane more manually than usual since most of us were busy taking selfies and pictures of each other. We were going to see the Himalayas including Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain peak in the world, in the smallest plane probably any of us had ever flown in, and we’d get to go behind the scenes in the cockpit with the pilots! Who wouldn’t be beaming with joy snapping away to capture the special moments of this once in a lifetime experience?

The Plane for the Mt. Everest Tour The size of your Buddha Air plane depends on the flight you choose. Our plane was so compact (16 seats) that it was impossible for two people to walk down the aisle at the same time even if we tried to squeeze by each other. But because of its slim shape and small size, every single passenger gets their own window seat!

Everest Mountain Flight Experience & Review The flight over the Himalayas and towards Mt. Everest is one hour round trip. And always in the morning for the best chance of clear mountain views.

From the moment the flight takes off, the views are astonishing. First over Kathmandu, with sights of the white Boudhanath Stupa in the middle of the city street grids. Then, it took less than 10 minutes until we began to see the Himalayas. These mighty mountains towered over the thick clouds and as we got closer we saw more and even taller peaks.

We were instructed by the stewardess that the first half of the flight, the left side of the plane will get mountain views and then the right side of the plane will get their mountains views on the way back.

However, the man to my right kept leaning over and asking to take pictures over my shoulders. I wanted to just sit and enjoy the ride, but most were too excited to sit still. Which is understandable given the

Tips For Choosing Your Seat on the Everest Flight Tour n

1st pro tip: Ask to be seated either at the very front or at the very back so you get less of the wing in your view. n 2nd pro tip: Ask to be seated on the left side if you want the holistic views of the mountains or on the right side if you want up close breathtakingly detailed views of the mountains. n 3rd pro tip: If you go with a friend, you should each sit on one side of the same row so you can both trade seats throughout the flight to catch all the views. n 4th pro tip: If you are flying solo, don’t be shy to ask a fellow passenger or the stewardess to take your picture. People are very friendly and hospitable in Nepal.

time.

On the way back though, the right side had epic up-close views of the mountains so I slid over to the man to my right and began taking pictures over his shoulders too! Haha.

Entering the Cockpit + Meeting the Pilots One by one the stewardess invited us to slightly step into the tiny cockpit. We

got to see the flight deck up close with all its buttons, lights and levers, talk to the pilots, and check out their window views.

The pilots were very sweet and offered to shift around so we could get some shots through their incredible windows views.

One of them explained which mountain we were looking at in his perfect American English. The stewardess allowed us about 3 minutes each, to enter the cockpit twice.

Once at the beginning and again towards the end of the flight experience.

Weather & Flights If the weather isn’t conducive for the Everest Mountain Flight, Buddha Air will cancel the flight and refund/reschedule it. The best time to fly is during the fall or winter when there is less rain/clouds so the chances of seeing everything is greater.

I flew with clouds, but in my opinion, it was still a stunning sight to see the clouds wrapped around the tall mountains.

Conclusion: Is the Everest Flight Worth it?

It is very likely that I will never climb to the top of Mt. Everest in my life. So I feel elated and fulfilled that I was able to fly towards Everest and appreciate it from above. It was an out of this world and a once-in-a-lifetime experience. So yes, I think it is definitely worth it!

You can follow more of Gerry's travel adventures on her blog www.dominicanabroad.com and follow her on Instagram @dominicanabroad too!

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t r aditi o n

26

The Kumari and the Bungadyo Jatra E

very year as the summer starts to descend over the Kathmandu valley, the city of Patan gears up for its favorite festival, the Rato Macchindranath Jatra. Each year, the festival, also known as the Bungadyo Jatra is celebrated in late April to May where a 40 foot tall chariot is pulled by dozens through the streets of Patan among loud music, dance and a ton of devotees and spectators. This festival is so popular that the Lalitpur Metropolitan City office has adapted the chariot as its official logo.

But the tall chariot and its smaller counterpart, the chariot of Chukadyo or Minnath is just one aspect of the festival. While the festival continues with its zeal and celebrations, the Kumari of Patan graces her presence each time the chariot is pulled through the streets. The tradition of the young living goddess, Kumari attending the festival of the Bungadyo is one that dates back to the time of the Malla kings in the 12th century. The Malla kings revered the small girl as a reincarnation of their dynasty’s clan deity, goddess Taleju. Thus, the Kumari would sit beside the Malla kings of Patan as the Bungadyo festival processed. This tradition has survived through the centuries and even through the downfall of monarchy in Nepal. To this day, each time the festive chariot of the Bungadyo and Chukadyo is pulled, you will spot the Kumari seated in a pati, a traditional pavilion nearby, surrounded by her family and devotees.

It is rare to spot the Kumari in public as she spends most of her time in her residence in Ratnakar Mahavihar. Thus, every time the Kumari makes her presence in the public eye, her devotees will queue up to touch her feet and receive blessings. It is not just her devotes who are enraptured by her mysterious, emotionless expression and her patience to sit still for hours. Photographers and tourists equally share the curiosity and can be seen hovering around the small living goddess, trying to snap the best picture against the massive crowd surrounding her.

Following the route of the jatra, the Kumari can be spotted sitting patiently in the designated pati wherever the Bungadyo’s chariot passes by. The Bungadyo chariot starts from Pulchowk and makes its way to Gabahal on the first day. Then the next day, it moves from Gabahal to Mangal Bazaar; Mangal Bazaar to Sundhara and then Sundhara to Tangal.

From Tangal, the chariot is taken to Lagankhel where it spends a couple of days and then follows the path about a few hundred meters back to Thati tole then Iti tole and finally about a month later, the chariot is pulled for its final stretch from Iti tole to Jawalakhel.

At Jawalakhel, the Bhoto Jatra commences, where once again, the Kumari is dutifully presented in her place, clad in her ceremonial red attire and traditional jewelry with a distinctive metal “third eye” placed on her forehead. While the rest of the patis in Patan also function as a rest stop for the locals and is accessible to the public throughout the rest of the year, the pati where the Kumari sits to watch the festival processions from Iti tole to Jatra has been successful in officially naming the street itself as “Kumaripati” and only the Kumari is allowed to use it during the festivals.

The next time you get a chance to attend the Bungadyo Jatra, try to spot the Kumari sitting patiently on her pati nearby. You cannot miss the large gathering of people around the living goddess, the only rightful distraction against two giant chariots being pulled by hundreds of people.

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book

10

Books You Must Read in 2 0 1 9

We might be a few months into 2019 already, but it is not too late to catch up on the books that you must read. Here is a selection of 10 books — a mix of good English and Nepali reads — that should be on your reading list this year. Let’s get started!

1. The Path Made Clear: Discovering Your

Life's Direction and Purpose— by Oprah Winfrey Lady O is out with her new book.

And just like her successful show, she continues to inspire and motivate millions with her books too. In this book, Oprah uses her own life lessons and over a hundred beautiful photographs to encourage readers to figure out their life purpose. In her own words, “Your real job in life is to figure out as soon as possible what that (your purpose) is, who you are meant to be, and begin to honor your calling in the best way possible."

from New York Times bestselling author Yangsze Choo. The story takes you on a journey of five individuals connected to a series of deaths in Kinta Valley. Doused in superstitions, idealism, and love, the novel is a seamless fusion of Chinese lore, mystery, and a touch of history. It is indeed a tantalizing page-turner.

4. The Last Romantics — by Tara Conklin

2. You Know You Want This — by Kristen Roupenian The writer who gave us ‘Cat Person’, the short story published in The New Yorker that had its reader starting hundreds of theories, is here with her much anticipated book. You Know You Want This is a collection of short stories that are as interesting as Cat Person, if not more. With its dark humor, the stories explore the complexities of human nature. In between its pages are stories of horrifying women, of the horrors done to them, a dash of supernatural, some mundane, some murderous and these stories are sure to make you uncomfortable. The book title is apt indeed!

3. The Night Tiger — by Yangsze Choo

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Get ready to be transported to the 1930s colonial Malaysia with The Night Tiger, a gripping novel

With family and love as the core theme of the book, Tara Conklin spins a beautiful and original story around Fiona Skinner. The story starts with the renowned poet Skinner being asked about the inspiration behind her iconic work, ‘The Love Poem'. Thus unfolds a timeless tale of family and betrayal, of love and relationships, that bring us together and make us stronger to forge ahead towards the future, keeping the past behind.

5. The Wartime Sisters — by Lynda Cohen

Loigman At first glance, The Wartime Sisters may seem like a story about two sisters, Ruth and Millie Kaplan who are very different from each other and clearly have a strained relationship. But there is more to this story — it is also, a story about the different sisterhood of the American women during WWII and the years that followed. Through the pages unfolds the stories of women and their effort throughout the war build-up. These women are wives of soldiers at the frontline, they are war widows, and they are also active contributors working in weapon factory as clerk. A theatrical novel of women coming together, that will stir your imaginations and emotions.

N epali

books

1. The Great Hairy Khyaa — by Durga Lal Shrestha

One of the six picture books of children’s songs from Nepal Bhasa poet Durga Lal Shrestha, The Great Hairy Khyaa tells the story of DhalpanKhyaa, a mythical monster that has captured the imaginations of Newar community for generations.

Complemented by some wonderful illustrations by Suman Maharjan, the song book revives an indigenous folklore and bedtime story that seems to have been long lost. Available in Nepal Bhasa and English, the book is intended for children, but it is bound to nostalgic for adults too.

2. Pathshala — by Tirtha Gurung

Pathshala is a beautiful coming of age story, that captures the milieu around modern-day Nepali teenagers, and their emotional and mental struggles. Set in Pokhara some 15 years back, it tells the story of Gagan. Readers will be able to relate to this simple yet gripping story of an adolescent’s dynamics with family, friends, school, and overall social life in urban Nepal. Another Madan Puraskar nominee this year, that should be on your list.

3. Nathiya — by Saraswati Pratikshya

Saraswati Pratikshya’s debut novel, Nathiya is a work of fiction that is based in the gruesome reality of women in different parts of Far-western Nepal. The book tells these women through the story of Samali. An eye-opener in many ways, this Madan Puraskar candidate is worth a read.

4. Yaar — by Nayan Raj Pandey

The man behind the masterpiece ‘Loo’, Nayan Raj Pandey’s latest release Yaar is nothing short of brilliant. Shortlisted for the prestigious Madan Puraskar, the novel takes readers through his childhood in Nepalgunj, his move to Kathmandu, friends, personal life and professional struggles. However, the novel cannot be categorized as an autobiography. Instead, it seamlessly blends stories from his life to elements of fiction in the novel. A beautiful story and a must read!

5. Yogmaya — by Neelam Karki ‘Niharika’

Winner of this year’s Madan Puraskar, Yogmaya is a novel based on the real-life protagonist Yogmaya Neupane. A religious leader, women’s rights activist and poet born in Bhojpur in early 20th century, she was the founder of the first women’s rights organization in Nepal. In this book, Karki beautifully braids Yogmaya’s truth with fiction and recounts her story — her literary journey, her fight against the autocratic Rana regime, and how she led over 60 of her followers to a mass suicide.

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b o o k r e v ie w

Wisdom of Khalil Gibran n Krity Jha

D

ry your tears, my friends and raise your heads as the flowers raise their crowns to greet the dawn. Falling for words is obvious, specifically when it comes from world-renowned Lebanese – American writer, poet, visual artist, and Lebanese nationalist Khalil Gibran.

Gibran was born on January 6, 1883, in the town of Bsharri in the rugged Northern terrain of Mount Lebanon to Khalil Gibran and Kamila Gibran. Gibran Khalil Gibran his full Arabic name was also called Kahlil Gibran Jr. during his schooling days by teachers as reported as he and

30

his father shared the same name. An aboriginal of what is now Lebanon, he immigrated with his family to The United States at his Juvenile age, where he studied Art and began his literary career, writing both in English and Arabic.

Khalil Gibran's writings shook the ruling establishment as a result of which he was banished from his own country. It was not the Lebanese government that ostracized Gibran.

It was their master, the Turkish Sultan who was alarmed by the rebellious poet and frighten by the exordium of free ideas onto the Orthodox Middle Eastern society.

Therefore, He was regarded as a Literary and political rebel in the Arabic world.

Being attached to books, one surely has its own share of love for poetry and Philosophy. I consider good poetry or Poet is someone who can put the whole bit emotions and sentiments in a few lines of a poem which can't be explained in an entire story.

One can commune and find their spirit in Gibran's poetries. He knew how to recreate with expressions legendarily. The aesthetic words of the Gibran have graced everything from greeting cards to inspirational wall hangings and corporate motivational literature for the past eight decades. Among many, his most praised writings beside The Prophet are Broken Wings, The Madman and The Garden of

Prophet.Whenever I feel gloomy, his extravagant words help me soothe my heart and charge it with courage and wisdom.

As wonderful as this is, there is much more to Gibran. Most of us know him as a visionary voice of comfort, love, and tolerance. His article of faith is commendable, as he believed in the existence of the soul and its rebirth but not according to the doctrine of Nirvana, 'Space and matter are in God.' Gibran had said, 'we are the breath and the fragrance of God.' For him the life is related to the common word for breath in the Semitic languages- a breath of life that is found in all of nature and throughout the universe.

Whether in biblical Hebrew, the Aramaic of Jesus, or the literary Arabic in which Gibran wrote many of his early works, life means the energy and vitality or the way someone or something expresses this life, not the way he, she or it appears.

Reading the Wisdom of Khalil Gibran is a true bliss. For me, Gibran writings are naturalistic and insightful but one can also discover satirical sarcasm in expressions presented his books. Each page has its own share of surprise and perceptivity in it. I would say, to all the Readers and Poetry lovers this one is a must read. Concluding my composition with one of my fave quote from this book is, 'He who reveals secrets are considered a fool; silence and secrecy are much for him who falls in love.'

atti r e

The Embellished

Jhumke

Topi

Artistic caps most widely worn by infants in the Rolpa and Rukum districts of Nepal

T

The Dhaka Topi (Nepali Cap) is commonly worn by men of all ages, from young children, teenagers to the elderly. These topis come in different shapes, colors and styles. In rural Nepal, the Dhaka Topi is worn daily, while in urban areas, the topi is donned on special occasions and festivals.

On the contrary, children of Rolpa and Rukum of western Nepal frequently wear the Jhumke Topis. Any person who travels through the remote regions are captivated by the innocence of these cute children with the artistic topis on their head.

These Jhumke Topis are decorated with colorful floral designs bordered by aluminum coins in two to three lines.

Locally known as the Chemana in Magar Kham dialect, the topi is given to newborns after their rice feeding ceremony. Traditionally, the caps are given by the child’s aunt as a gift.

Such caps are habitually worn by children from three months to three years of age. The Jhumke topis are also presented as a souvenir by their maternal uncle. As per local custom, it is mandatory for the first born of the family to wear the Jhumke topi.

An interesting feature of the Jhumke Topi is

that it balances heat and cold. According to Trishna Roka Magar from Thabang, the main purpose of the topi is to protect the child from heat and cold. The baby is kept warm during the winter season and kept cool during the hotter seasons. Hence, the cap can be worn year round no matter the temperature. Madan Kumar Roka from Rukum further explained, “The Jhumke Topi helps to maintain the shape of the baby’s head and is a symbol of Athara Magarat.” Women sew the cloth, local craftsmen design the silver coins and the tailor finally prepares the cap. Along with the cap, children also wear bangles and golden nose ring.

The price of the Jhumke Topi ranges between Rs. 6000 - Rs. 12,000. However, the introduction of the modern caps in rural areas have somewhat replaced the use of the Jhumke topi. “The local government has concerns about this issue, and is planning to preserve it for future generations.” said Ramsur Budha Magar, Chief of Bhume Rural Municipality.

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de s tinati o n

LA Diamond umbini in the Rough n Sangita Basnet Koirala, MD In the Year 1984 It was the end of summer in the year 1984 when, along with some college friends, I traveled from Bhairahawa to Lumbini, cramped in an already overcrowded public minivan. It was still stiflingly hot and dusty. The hours’ drive actually felt like several hours on the bumpy dirt road.

Once in Lumbini, our disappointment was tangible. The whole area was dry, deserted, abandoned, and unimpressive.

There was nothing to show that this was a precious piece of our heritage, let alone a site for pilgrimage.

The only structures at the time, almost in the middle of nowhere (or so it seemed), was an old dilapidated white (Mayadevi) temple with the precariously inclined Ashoka pillar next to it, and a monastery, the Dharma

984)

Tree (1 , Puskarini, Saal

Mayadevi Temple

Swami Maharaja Buddha Vihar. The unkempt pond was to the south of the temple with the Bodhi tree on the other side of the pond. This pond is the sacred Puskarini where Queen Mahamaya bathed before giving birth to her godly child, Prince Siddhartha Gautam in 623 BCE, and where the newly born child had his first purification bath. According to ancient Buddhist texts, this Bodhi tree is a descendant of the original Bodhi tree that Lord Buddha would later meditate under. The famous Sal tree was to the east, in close proximity of the temple. This tree was also apparently a descendant of the one that Queen Mahamaya held on to while she was giving birth to her famous child.

Dharma Swami Maharaja Buddha Vihar was the only place we truly felt the presence of peace in all of Lumbini.

This Tibetan styled Gompa, consisting of an impressive larger than life statue of Lord Buddha, was built by His Eminence Chogya Trichen Ringboche and Raja of Mustang.

History has it that Mayadevi temple was

4)

Ashoka Pilar (198

Mayadevi Temple (2019)

32

built in the 1930s by Kaisar Shamsher JB Rana, the 3rd son of the then Prime Minister of Nepal, Chandra Shamsher JB Rana. He ordered excavation of the area where it was believed Lord Buddha was born, widened the sacred Puskarini, and built this temple on a platform mbini Kathmandu to Lu “By Road” From around a Nativity sculpture. This sculpture that depicts Queen Mayadevi holding on to a tree branch with her right hand and a newly born Prince Siddhartha standing on lotus flowers could be the one commissioned by King Ashoka when he established his pillar in the 3rd century BC. The Ashoka Pillar gives credence to Lumbini as Lord Buddha’s birthplace. Emperor Ashoka of India, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, visited Lumbini in search of solace, to repent all the wars and bloodshed that he had inflicted. He erected a sandstone pillar in 249 BCE with words inscribed in Bramhi script and Pali language. He also placed a commemorative stone, the Marker Stone, on the exact spot where Prince Siddhartha Gautam first touched the earth after birth.

Lumbini Visit 2019 My second visit to Lumbini in January 2019 was surreal.

Weather was almost perfect, comfortable during the day and crisp and a little chilly early mornings and evenings.

It is an hours’ flight on Buddha Air from Kathmandu to Bhairahawa, then another hours’ drive on smooth paved roads to Lumbini. Alternatively, the drive from Kathmandu is about 7-8 hours on largely comfortable, well-maintained, paved roads except for a short bumpy ride immediately after exiting Kathmandu. We decided to travel via our Scorpio experiencing local Nepali conversations and meals along the way, following the beautiful Trishuli and Marsyangdi Rivers. A warning here that this snaking hilly road can be

blocked during monsoon with inevitable landslides causing excruciatingly long delays.

It was 6 pm when we reached Lumbini. The sun had just set. The doors to Mayadevi Temple closed at 7 pm. We hurried to Gate 5 (out of 9 gates along the boundary of the Lumbini Master Plan Area) parked our vehicle outside and walked the half mile road in the dark to the temple. Drivers were beckoning us to their 3-wheeler taxis, claiming there were wild boars and monkeys hiding in the dark woods. I admit I was a little nervous but we were determined to walk after being cramped in a vehicle all day.

It was pitch black in places but the brisk walk was energizing. The cool ambience felt peaceful already. Meeting friendly people along the way, we bought tickets and entered the grounds of the Sacred Garden. The splendor of the beautifully lit temple and Pushkarini, the holy pond, is best visualized after dark. It dawned on me that I was standing on the very grounds Lord Buddha was born over 2500 years ago. I felt both amazed and humbled sitting on the steps of the pond where he received his first bath. The Bodhi tree was well lit with Buddhist flags decorating its branches.

Unlike my first visit, there was a heavy police presence inside Mayadevi Temple to protect the ancient relics and stones. It was with a feeling of wonder that I walked on the raised platform encircling the structural ruins, representing various models of reconstruction of the temple over different eras dating back to the 6th century BCE, to view the Nativity Sculptor in the middle of the temple. This iteration of the Temple is a beautiful steel and brick structure established in 2002 by the joint efforts of the Japanese Buddhist Foundation and Lumbini Development Trust to protect the archaeological treasures. The final excavations of 1990s also uncovered the Marker Stone, most likely from Ashoka (Mauryan) era in 249 BCE, which is sealed under a bulletproof glass casing.

We strolled, awestruck, around the ancient ruins of the several stupas and viharas, remains of ancient shrines and monasteries dating back several centuries, within the sacred garden, south of Mayadevi temple. The latest effort to unearth the archeological treasures and beautify Lumbini

I have visited Lumbini twice.

The first time was in 1984 and the second one was in 2019.

Within these 35 years,a lot had changed for Lumbini.

The Holy Bodhi Tree

33

de s tinati o n

The life story of Lord Buddha depicted in structural art form around the Great Lotus Stupa. Two such statues shown here. Left: Queen Mahamaya just before giving birth to her godly child. Right: Lord Buddha in a state of Parinirvana (death)

started when the then United Nations Secretary-General Mr. U Thant met with Late King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah after his visit to Nepal in 1967. A Master Plan was created by Japanese Architect Kenzo Tange in 1978. Lumbini became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.

The next morning we ventured out into the East Monastic Zone. The Master Plan of the entire area (1 mile x 3 miles) is displayed outside Gate 5. We entered through Gate 1, bought tickets and started walking towards the various monasteries. Again there were 3- wheeler taxis beckoning tourists. Visitors can hire one of these at a very reasonable cost and drive and visit any or all the monasteries. The single lane road was dusty but the weather was cool. We decided to walk. Starting with the stunning Royal Thai Buddhist Monastery with gleaming white marble we visited the various beautiful structures built by different countries.

At the end of the day, we rode a motor-boat on the Central Canal. This Canal, that divides the East and West Monastic Zones, is a 1.4 Km (0.8 miles) long body of water lined on either side by wide brick-paved pedestrian paths with trees. It stretches from the Sacred Garden on the south,

continuing on to the eternal World Peace Flame to end at the north gate on the other side of the Monastic zones.The Eternal Peace Flame was ignited in November 1986 by a flame brought all the way from the United Nations in New York City to commemorate the International Year of Peace.

There were visitors and pilgrims alike, sitting, walking, and on boats on the canal, soaking the peace and the presence of Lord Buddha.

The 3rd day we walked around the West Monastic Zone.

There were 18 strikingly beautiful monasteries reflecting the architectural and religious styles of the nations that built them. Each was unique. The most striking was the Great Lotus Stupa, sponsored by Germany. The complete life story of Lord Buddha is depicted by several larger-than-life size statues surrounding the monastery within the beautiful compound of this magnificent Stupa.

Our visit to Lumbini concluded with a visit to the World Peace Pagoda. This serene, gleaming- white stupa towering into the evening skies was built in 2001 by the NipponzanMyĹ?hĹ?ji Buddhist Order. This is one of several Peace Pagodas built around the world as shrines to world peace. Climbing the marble steps to view the brightly lit giant statues of Lord Buddha, with the chanting of the monks in the background, was surreal and an apt ending to our visit to the birthplace of the symbol of peace and harmony, Lord Buddha.

Dr. Sangita is a Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of Pediatric Critical Care at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine in Illinois, USA.

Peace Pagoda

34

flight e x p e r ience

My experience on the inaugural Buddha Air Kathmandu to Kolkata flight n Dipalay

Dey

@dipalay

O

n 27th May 2019 I flew to Kolkata from Kathmandu on Nepal's one of the most successful private carrier “Buddha Air”. This flight has marked a new era for the Indian - Nepal aviation link.

Although India's capital New Delhi is well connected with Nepal's capital Kathmandu but a connection between India’s “City of Joy” Kolkata and Kathmandu lacked a proper thread of connection. With Buddha Air’s entry this sector got a new boost.

The entire airport experience throughout check-in and boarding was fully satisfactory, thanks to the professional staffs of Buddha Air at Kathmandu’s Tribhuvan International Airport.

Buddha Air deployed its latest acquired ATR72500 9N-AMY on the inaugural day. It was my privilege to be the first passenger on the inaugural aircraft after shaking hands with the company's Managing Director Mr. Birendra Bahadur Basnet who was standing near the aircraft to welcome us with traditional scarfs.

Upon boarding we were warmly greeted by two beautiful Cabin attendants inside the aircraft

with orange candies. They fully ensured to give priority to passenger comfort and well-being for the very first journey. 20 minutes after the smooth takeoff the attendants served us our in-flight meal which included muffins, sandwich, fruit juice, a chocolate and a cup of coffee. To give an honest review I will rate the meal as excellent and was a perfect breakfast.

After 100 minutes of smooth flying we touched down at Kolkata's Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport.

Upon arrival we were welcomed with Rose flowers along with claps and smiles by the ground staffs. Both at the time of boarding and at the time of disembarking Buddha Air authorities at Kathmandu and Kolkata made sure to greet us with full respect and hence it made the inaugural flying experience a memorable trip.

I will always cherish my flying experience with Buddha Air and would like to convey my best wishes to the airline for it’s future endeavors.

Thank you.

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thamel

Things to do in

Thamel

Thamel is a youngsters' junction and tourist paradise. This place has an answer to every question.

‘Where do we go to hang out with friends?’ -Thamel, 'Any cheap restaurants with good food?' - Thamel!

'Adventure place?' - Thamel. 'Night Parties?' - Thamel.

'Peaceful Getaway?' - Thamel!

Food Land It wouldn’t be wrong to say Thamel is one of the largest food hub in the valley. It hosts food options of all ranges starting from vegans to beef eaters, Asian to European, Halal to boiled, local to international.

Kathmandu Steak House, Sandwich Point, Chicken Station, REEF Restaurant and Lounge Bar, Thamel Doner Kebab, Japanese Kitchen Kizuna, OR2K, etc are the most well-known restaurants that serve the best foods.

Party Junction Bars and parties are the second reason why people howl for Thamel in weekends.

There are many bars and pubs outside

Thamel as well, but none can beat the charm that this place beholds. Sisha, Faces Lounge, Irish Pub, Purple Haze Rock Bar, The Electric Pagoda, The Factory Restaurant are some noted bars and lounges Heaven for Tattoo Lovers Thamel has some of the best tattoo shops in Nepal. Comparatively, the tattoo prints are also stated “cheap” by many foreigners using the service. Some tattoo shops may be in the centre of the Thamel market itself, while others require a bit of walking and hassling into the traditional alleys.

Mohan’s Tattoo Inn, Aamali Tattoo Inn, Ink’s Inn Tattoo are some of the popular ones, but there are numerous others serving similar facilities at cheaper prices too.

Wall Climbing Thamel, for a long period is popular for its Astrek Climbing Wall. This rock climbing gym is filled with climbing enthusiasts from different parts every day.

Besides just wall bouldering, Astrek holds sessions for yoga classes and unique training sessions for beginners and enthusiasts too. The price for climbers ranges from Nrs. 350 to 450 according to the time of the day. On week days, from 8 am to 4 pm, the price is NRs. 350 and after that till 8 pm and on Saturdays, it is NRs. 450.

Go Shopping For Souvenirs Thamel is a glamorous place for souvenir shopping. The streets of Thamel are filled with happy people with intimidating products of their own. It is the ultimate place for foreigners to buy Nepali souvenirs. In every shop you will find something unique that unleashes them from the rest.

Thamel has some of the best cashmere products, Singing Bowls, Musical Instruments, handmade showpieces of Harley Davidson, uncountable variations of products culturally representing Nepal, the most unique ashtrays, Nepali jute bags and many more. One may find the products in different locations of the valley as well, but Thamel offers innumerable options and price ranges, giving it a bit of walking exercise for nevertheless worthwhile.

Take A Rickshaw Ride One of the inevitable ride you should take while in Nepal is the richshaw. The most traditional conveyance mode reaches to the tip and toes of the place. A ride in the rickshaw in Thamel tours you through the ancient

roads, market and residents of the area. A tour around Thamel itself is possible in Rickshaw taking you to the religious monuments like Shree Ghar Bihar Kathmandu Durbar Square, Killa Gadh, etc. You can find a rickshaw in any junction, waiting for a ride.

Garden of Dreams Garden of Dreams is the perfect escape out for peace lovers. The closed yet wide scape inside is filled with fresh greenery, and a peaceful aroma. The area consists of a book library, a museum, restaurant and a large sitting area for sunbathing or a shade to escape the sun. Tourists not in the streets of Thamel are most likely to be found here! The pleasance of this place can be witnessed in the satisfied faces of the visitors. Popular among youngsters as a dating spot, this park, like a piece of heaven, has many others just relaxing

in the green contours, reading books, doing assignments, walking around and playing with the squirrels in the trees.

Personally, besides the must-do’s in Thamel, for me, walking around in this place is a natural therapy. The enthusiastic tourists wandering around, the food lovers hunting their delight, the ever smiling shopkeepers handy in selling products add colors to this place. The vehicle-free streets keeps the place fresh and less crowded. A walk in the streets of Thamel after 8 pm is all I could ask for. There is silence, there are colors, there are people enjoying their drinks and partying, there are people sitting in cozy cafes while reading books, there are groups of friends boosting and shouting in excitement and there are families enjoying dinners in their favourite restaurants. These activities make Thamel a must-visit place while in Nepal.

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cover story

38

Kolkata

City of Joy l

Amrit Bhadgaunle

A

s the capital city of West Bengal, Kolkata is bequeathed with conglomerating arts and stands at the epitome of cultural and lingual mélange. It may have sarcastically be dubbed as the “City of Joy” by Dominique Lapierre while he was referring to the slums of Kolkata, but the people of Kolkata have embraced the title with pride and joy! Bongo or Bengalis can find happiness, even in the smallest of things. It seems like they know the secret to happiness, whether it is enjoying tasty meals, indulging in sweets, delving into the rich literature, music and art, or being a part of religious events.

In fact, there is a saying in India which goes, “If you want a clean city go to Delhi, if you want a city full of rich and famous people go to Mumbai, if you want a tech-savvy city go to Bangalore but if you want a city with a soul you can’t look beyond any other city other than Kolkata."

39

cover story

Victoria Memorial Museum

The History of Kolkata The city, located on the banks of the Hooghly River has flourished for more than 2,000 years. There is even a mention of Kolkata as “Kalighata” in the Mahabharata, where it is described as a beautiful city located on the eastern banks of the Bhagirathi-Ganga.

Until 1911 AD, Kolkata was the capital of India. During the colonial rule of the British in India from 17th to 18th centuries, massive developments of roads, railways, communication took place. During the presidency of Sir Richard William the Governor of Kolkata, the city brimmed with striking buildings,

intricate structures, and breathtaking monuments.

The city had resplendent forms of artistry in the forms of its bridges, museums and statues. Kolkata gave such patrimony to its arts that elites gathered in the city to pass on their legacy. The city was entrenched in the history books as, “City of Palaces” and “City of Magnificence.”

10 Must Visit Destinations of Kolkata Kalighat Temple: This is one of the most visited Kali temples in the world and is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas of India!

Kalighat represents the place where the toes of Goddess Sati fell. There are always brims of devotees who visit the temple of offer Akshyata, Pushpa (flowers), Prasad (food offerings) and Dakshina (voluntary donation in the name of deities) to the goddess. The puja of Goddess Kali is performed with various vedic rituals and rites.

Victoria Memorial Park: This park was built in memorial of British

Statute of Queen Victoria

40

bedroom. At the entrance is a statue of Mother Teresa.

Science City: Established in 1997, Kolkata’s Science City is renowned as one of the biggest science museums in the world!

The Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden: This botanical garden covers an area of 273 acres in Howrah. It was constructed in 1787 and has over 12 thousand plants. It is even hypothesized that tea grown in the garden expanded to produce tea in Darjeeling and Sikkim.

Imperial Queen Victoria from 1906 until 1921. The park covers an area of 64 acres, with thick green trees. You can find an old white building which is an allegory of colonial rule in India. Historical artifacts and information of how Kolkata came to be can be found inside the building.

Zoological Garden, Alipore: Also known as the Kolkata Zoo, it is one of the oldest zoological gardens of East India that was established in 1876 with an area

of 46.5 acres. At the zoo, you will find Bengal Tigers, Grant’s Zebras, One horned Rhinoceros, etc.

Eco-Tourism Park: To promote ecotourism in Kolkata, an eco-tourism park was established in New Town, Kolkata.

The park covers an area of 475 acres. The park was constructed after a request from Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal.

ISKCON Temple: The ISKCON RadhaKrishna Temple is one of the most popular tourist destinations of West Bengal.

Inside, you will see a statue of Radha and Krishna. The temple was constructed in 1966 by A.C Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada, founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) to spread the word of Lord Krishna to the world.

Kolkata is famous for its Bengali cuisine. It is characterized by its mild tang and the love for mustard oil and fish. Whether you choose to try its array of fish and meat curries or opt for the splendid vegetarian curries and dishes, Bengali food is sure to tantalize your taste buds. If you are looking for street food options, Kolkata is famous for its Kati Roll (roti stuffed with either grilled meat or paneer), Phuchka (small fried hollow balls stuffed with spicy potatoes) and jhal muri (a tangy and spicy mixture of puffed rice, peanuts and potatoes). And your Kolkata travel is incomplete without trying its juicy Roshagullas, Mishti Doi (Sweet Curd) and Sandesh (a sweet made from milk and sugar).

Fort William: Located on the banks of the Hooghly River is Fort William, named after King Williams III. Built for around 10 years, it was finally completed on 1696 AD. Concurrently, the Fort is under the jurisdiction of the Indian army.

Howrah Bridge: Carved completely from steel, this famous bridge made over the Hooghly River has 8 lanes!

Approximately 100,000 vehicles travel through the bridge daily. It was renamed Rabindra Setu (Rabindra Bridge) in honour of poet Rabindranath Tagore on 14 June 1965.

The Missionaries of Charity’s Mother House: The Mother House was established by Mother Teresa in 1950.

Mother Teresa spent her life in the service of the downtrodden living in Kolkata.

At the well preserved Mother House, you will find Mother Teresa’s humble Statute of Mother Teresa

41

cover story

Vedic Expedition to Jagannath Temple O

n the shores of the Bay of Bengal on Puri, Odisha is the Jagannath Temple - a temple revered by all Hindus as it is one of the temples of the Char Dhams (four divine sites). Jagannath is considered a symbol of Kali Yuga. Jagannath is also another name for Sri Krishna. The temple has statues of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra. Each year, a Rath Yatra (chariot pulling ceremony) is celebrated.

42

The chariot is made new every year by skilled artisans and takes about 2 months to complete due to the sheer size and dimension of the chariot.

On top of Jagannath Temple is a Chakra (wheel) with flags fluttering in the wind. Every morning, an experienced devotee has to climb to the top of the temple to replace flag with a new one.

To commemorate your vedic expedition, you can purchase conch, bell, garlands (malas) and other various religious materials.

To reach Jagannath, Puri you can take a 50 minutes flight from Kolkata to Bhubaneswar. After travelling 65 kilometers from Bhubaneswar, you will reach Jagannath Temple. You can also travel one and a half hour from Biju Patnaik International Airport to reach Puri. You can choose from an array of luxurious hotels, lodges and resorts in Puri for your stay.

Besides Jagannath Temple, you can visit the Sun Temple in Konark. Historians estimate the Sun Temple of Konark to have been built during the 13th century.

It is believed that King Nar Singh Dev built the temple in 1250. The temple is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

There is a museum which consists of various primitive and ancient materials.

Odisha cuisine might be mild in its spices and mustard oil considering the other cuisines of India, but it is just as flavorful! Odisha or Orissa cuisine is influenced by the Jagannath Temple, with an extensive food offering known as the Maha Prasad, which consists of

Jagannath 'Rath Yatra'

56 different dishes. The curries in Odisha are slightly sweeter and its dishes have the signature spice mix of mustard, cumin, fenugreek and other distinct spices.

Getting to Kolkata from Kathmandu is convenient as Buddha Air has direct flights between these two cultural hubs.

Flights to Kolkata take off early in the morning from Tribhuvan International Airport, Kathmandu. In less than two hours, you will reach Kolkata. Besides the direct flight connection, Buddha Holidays, a travel subsidiary of Buddha Air also has pilgrimage and tour packages around Kolkata and Jagannath Temple.

With a city steeped in such rich

history and culture, you will never have a dull moment in Kolkata. Besides the harmonious blend of colonial architecture and religious experiences, its amazing structures and cuisine will leave you with beautiful memories you will cherish for a lifetime.

Puri beach

43

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clxn]; Dd tkfO{s + f nflu ljZjs} ;aeGbf / dfOnf] lrgf] s] xf] < / g] kfnL lrgf] df rflxF s'g pTs[i6 x'G5 xf] nf em} +nfU5 < cd"t{ / lg/ fsf/ s'/ fn] g} pTs[i6 lrgf] sf] sfd u5{g \ . h: t ,} s'g } b[Zosf] ;Demgf, dflg;;Fusf] e] 63f6 / s'/ fsfgLsf] : d/ 0f, gofF ;+: sl[ t, Oltxf;, dflg;;Fusf] ldngsf] ;fd"lxs cg'ej . s'g } klg d"t{ j: te' Gbf lgs} u'0ff pTs[i6 x'G5 .

g] kfn a;fOsf] cg'ejsf cfwf/ df g] kfn cfpg] cd] l/ sL ko{6snfO{ s] s: tf ;'emfj lbg rfxg'xG' 5 <

ko{6snfO{ ;'emfj g] kfnLx¿n] 6qm\ofpg] Gofgf] cfltYo / lrQfsif{s ;+: sl[ tsf nflu tof/ / xg'xf] nf / km] l/ km] l/ kms{ /] cfpg'xf] nf .

g] kfnLx¿n] 6qm\ofpg] Gofgf] cfltYo / lrQfsif{s ;+: sl[ tsf nflu tof/ / xg'xf] nf / km] l/ km] l/ kms{ /] cfpg'xf]n f eGg rfxG5' .

g] kfn ko{6g af] 8h { : tf ;+: yf / g] kfn ;/ sf/ n] ko{6gnfO{ lbuf] / yk kof{j/ 0fd} qL agfpg s] ug{ ;S5g\ < g] kfnsf] ko{6g kx'rF nfO{ cem} Jofks ¿kdf lj: tf/ ug{sf nflu lelh6 @)@) pQd sfo{qmd xf] . k|foMh;f] lxdfn / ;'Gb/ b[Zon] cGt/ fl{ i6«o cfuGt'snfO{ klxnf] k6s g] kfn cfpg k| l] / t u5{ t/ d] / f ] ljrf/ df pgLx¿ / vf;u/ L cd] l/ sL gful/ s af/ Daf/ kms{ /] cfpg] oxfFsf dflg;, ;+: sl[ t, / Oltxf;sf sf/ 0f xf] . jfo'u0' f: t/ dfkb08, : jR5 pmh{fdf nufgL, / : yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfdfly hf] 8 nufotsf jftfj/ 0fLo r'gf} tLsf ;dfwfgsf] vf] hLaf6 km: 6fpFb } u/ s ] f] ko{6gnfO{ kmfObf x'G5 .

English version also available https://www.buddhaair.com/blog

g]kfnu~hdf cfudg

47

xjfO{ ?6

ljdfg p8\g] af6f] v'nf cfsfzdf ljdfg htf p8fPklg eOxfNof] lg Û t/, To;/L ljdfg p8fpg ;lsGg, ldNb}g . ljdfgsf] klg Pp6f lglZrt dfu{ x'G5 . To;}cg';f/ p8fg u/] dfq xjfO{ ;]jf ;'/lIft x'G5 .

b]

zsf] Ps dfq lqe'jg cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: yn cToGt Jo: t / xG5 . of] ljdfg: yndf x/ s ] lbg kfFr ;o j6feGbf a9L p8fg tyf cjt/ 0f x'g ] u5{ . xhf/ f F} ofq'nfO{ kfOn6n] ljdfg p8fP/ uGtJo;Dd k'¥ofpF5g\ . tL kfOn6nfO{ sG6«f n ] ?ddf a;] sf Po/ 6«flkms sG6«f n ] / -P6L;L_n] af6f] b] vfpF5g\ . w] / n } fO{ nfUg;S5, v'nf cfsfzdf ljdfg htf p8fPklg eOxfNof] lg Û t/ , To;/ L ljdfg p8fpg ;lsGg, ldNb} g . ljdfgsf] klg Pp6f lglZrt dfu{ x'G5 .

To;} cg';f/ p8fg u/ ] dfq xjfO{ ;] jf ;'/ lIft x'G5 . o;/ L ljdfg p8\g ] xjfO{ dfu{ g] kfnsf] p8\8og If] qsf] lgofds lgsfo g] kfn gful/ s p8\8og k|flws/ 0fn] to ug]{ u5{ . xjfO{ dfu{ s;/ L lglZrt ul/ G5 < Tof] dfu{df ;'/ lIft p8fgsf nflu kfOn6 / P6L;Ln] s;/ L ;xsfo{ u5{g \ < sf7df8f} Flelqg] / oxfFaf6 aflxl/ g ] xjfO{ dfu{ slt j6f / s: tf 5g\ < ;'/ lIft p8fgsf nflu cGo s: tf pkfo ckgfOG5g\ < log} lh1f;fsf] hjfkm vf] Hg xfdLn] k|flws/ 0fsf dxflgb]z { s / fhg kf] v/ n ] , P6L;L 1fg] Gb| e'n, OG: 6S« 6/ kfOn6 k|df] b yfkf / a'4 Po/ sf ck| ; ] g 8fO/ S] 6/ ;'j0f{ v/ n ] ;Fu s'/ fsfgL u/ s ] f 5f} F .

48

h;n] kfOn6nfO{ af6f] b]vfpF5 1fg]Gb| e'n, Po/ 6«flkms sG6«fn] /, lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn xjfO{ dfu{df kfOn6nfO{ ljdfg p8fpg P6L;Ln] ;3fpF5 . ut ^ jif{b l] v P6L;Lsf ?kdf sfo{/ t 1fg] Gb| e'nsf cg';f/ k|flws/ 0fn] lgdf0f{ u/ s ] f] xjfO{ dfu{sf cfwf/ df P6L;Ln] kfOn6nfO{ ufO8 ub{5 . pgsf cg';f/ ;fdfGotM xjfO{ ?6 rf/ k|sf/ sf x'G5g\ . sG6«f n ] -Po/ j] _ ?6, cgsG6«f n ] ?6 / 6ld{gn ?6 kb{5g\ . sG6«f n ] ?6 !! xhf/ % ;o lkm6eGbf dflysf] prfOdf x'G5 . of] ?6df pl8/ x s ] f] ljdfg k"0f{ ?kdf P6L;Lsf] lgoGq0fdf x'G5 . cgsG6«f n ] ?6df eg] P6L;Lsf] s'g } lgoGq0f x'bF g} . o; k|sf/ sf] ?6df kfOn6n] cfkm\g } cfFvfn] aflx/ L jftfj/ 0f x] / /] -leh'cn km\nfO6 ?nsf cfwf/ df_ ljdfg p8fpF5 . To: t ,} P8efOh/ L ?6 x'G5 . o;df s] xL : yfgdf P6L;Ln] lgoGq0f ug] { / s] xL 7fpFdf kfOn6n] cfkm\ gf] ljj] sn] p8fg ug] { u5{ . oLafx] s ljdfg: ynaf6 p8] kl5 d'Vo ?6 ;'? x'g ] 7fpF;Dd k'¥ofpg] / cjt/ 0f ubf{ ljdfgnfO{

d'Vo ?6 ;lsPkl5 ljdfg: yn;Dd k'Ug] ?6nfO{ 6ld{gn ?6 elgG5 . g] kfndf / x s ] f xjfO{ dfu{nfO{ ljleGg gfd lbOPsf] e'n atfpF5g\ . g] kfnaf6 aflx/ hfg] Pp6f ?6sf] gfd xf] , lndf ^@^ . lqe'jg cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: ynaf6 wfs] { sDkn;/ L l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6, e/ tk'/ , kfNkf, ;'vt {] , wgu9L xFb' } dx] Gb|gu/ -cf] lg;f_ ljGb'af6 ljdfg aflxl/ g ] ?6 xf] of] . oxL ?6 xFb } e/ tk'/ , wgu9L, dx] Gb|gu/ nufotsf ljdfg: yndf cfGtl/ s p8fg klg x'g ] u5{ . a|fef] #$% ?6 eg] wfs] { l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6, e/ tk'/ , d] 3f} nL x'bF } e} / xjf -n'DaL_ ljGb'af6 nvgpmtkm{ hfG5 . uNkm ##^ ?6 u'/ f; F l/ kf]l { 6ª KjfOG6, x'bF } l;d/ f ljGb'af6 k6gf hfg k|of] u ul/ G5 . l;d/ faf6 uNkm ##^ ;+u } cGo tLg j6f ?6 5g\ . tL ?6af6 lbNnL, nvgpm, agf/ ; / sf] nsftf hfg ;lsG5 . / f l] dof] #@% / uNkm ##% ?6 Olu|; sDkn;/ L l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6 xFb' } hgsk'/

k|flws/0fn] to u5{ xjfO{ dfu{ /fhg kf]v/]n, dxflgb]z { s, g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ef} uf] lns cj: yfnfO{ x] / /] xjfO{ dfu{ to ul/ G5 . … Po/ ?6 tf] Sbf ef} uf] lns agfj6;Fu } Po/ g] leu] ;g pks/ 0f cyf{t\ ljdfgnfO{ dfu{lgb]z { g ug] { pks/ 0fnfO{ ;d] t cfwf/ dflgPsf] x'G5,Ú g] kfn gful/ s p8\8og k|flws/ 0fsf dxflgb]z { s / fhg kf] v/ n ] eG5g\ . o: tf pks/ 0fsf cfwf/ df ljdfg s'g cj: yfdf sxfF pl8/ x s ] f] 5, eGg] hfgsf/ L kfpg ;lsG5 . of] hldg / : of6] nfO6 b'j d} f cfwfl/ t x'G5 . lj;+ @)$% b] lv k|flws/ 0fdf sfo{/ t kf] v/ n ] sf cg';f/ kxf8L If] qdf 8fF8fsfF8f / dfgjlgld{t 6fj/ eGbf @ xhf/ lkm6dfly prfOdf xjfO{ dfu{ agfOG5 . … t/ fO{sf] xsdf eg] 8fF8fsfF8feGbf Ps xhf/ lkm6dfly xjfO{ dfu{ tof/ ug] { ul/ G5,Ú pgn] eg] . xfn g] kfnaf6 aflxl/ g ] cGt/ fl{ i6«o p8fgsf ljdfgx¿ dx] Gb|gu/ , e} / xjf, l;d/ f, hgsk'/ , lj/ f6gu/ , d] rL / g'lgd xFb' } hfG5g\ . g] kfn

-hgs_ ljGb'a' f6 aflxl/ G5 eg] / f l] dof] #$$ ?6 Olu|;, cfxfn] , r'/ ] xFb' } lj/ f6gu/ -lj/ f6_ ljGb'af6 lbNnLtkm{ nfU5 . uNkm #$* ?6 Olu|; KjfOG6, lvDtL, kmfKn', t'dlnª6f/ , x'bF } d] rLaf6 e'6fgtkm{ hfG5 eg] a|fef] #$% d] rLaf6 g'lgd ljGb'af6 Nxf;ftkm{ hfG5 . g] kfnaf6 aflx/ g ] oL ;a} dfu{af6 ljdfgn] g] kfn k|j z ] ug{ eg] kfpFb g} g\ . g] kfn lelqg] hDdf b'O{ j6f dfq xjfO{ dfu{ 5g\ . h;dWo] Ps xf] , g'lgd ljGb' x'bF } cfpg] a|fef] #$% ?6 . rLgaf6 cfpg] ;a} ljdfg oxL ?6af6 cfpF5g\ . To: t } l;d/ f ljGb' x'bF } hfg] uNkm %() g] kfn k|j z ] sf] csf] { ?6 xf] . klZrdaf6 cfpg] ;a} ljdfg oxL ?6af6 lelqG5g\ . b'j t} km{af6 cfpg] ljdfg u'/ f; F ljGb'af6 sf7df8f} F l55{g \ . … cGt/ fl{ i6«o p8fgsf nflu to ePsf ?6af6 cfGtl/ s p8fg klg ug{ ;lsG5,Ú P6L;L e'n eG5g\, … t/ … cfGtl/ s p8fgsf nflu klg 5'§ } ?6 klg tf] lsPsf] 5 .Ú cfGtl/ s p8fgsf nflu t/ fO{ e] udf lglZrt ?6 tf] lsPsf] x'G5 . t/ , kxf8L e] udf eg] To: tf] lglZrt ?6 x'bF g} , e"uf] n x] / /] kfOn6n] cfkm} F af6f] to ug'k{ 5{ . cfGtl/ s p8fgsf nflu lXj: sL $!, lXj: sL !&, lXj: sL !( h: tf lglZrt dfu{ tf] lsPsf 5g\ . lXj: sL

lelqg] ljdfg eg] l;d/ f / g'lgdsf] af6f] dfq cfpg] Joj: yf 5 . xfn} g] kfn k|j z ] sf] dfu{ yk ug{ g] kfn / ef/ taLr ;xdlt ;d] t ePsf] 5 . e} / xjf / hgsk'/ x'bF } g] kfn cfpg] ?6sf nflu ;xdlt h'6 ; ] uF } cGt/ fl{ i6«o gful/ s p8\8og ;+u7gsf] Unf] an Po/ g] leu] ;g Knfgdf k|sfzg ug{ k7fOPsf] dxflgb]z { s kf] v/ n ] n] atfP . pgsf cg';f/ To;kl5 g] kfnsf] P/ f g] l6sn OGkmd]; { g klAns] ;gdf tL ?6 k|sfzg ul/ G5 . To;kl5 dfq} ;f] ?6df p8fg ug{ ;lsg] Joj: yf 5 . cGt/ f{li6«o xjfO{ dfu{ to ug{ em~eml6nf] eP klg cfGtl/ s ?6 yKg ;lhnf] x'g ] kf] v/ n ] n] atfP . … cfGtl/ s ?6 yKbf To;sf] l8hfOg / p8fg sfo{ljlw cfjZos k5{,Ú pgn] eg] , … To;kl5 P/ f g] l6sn OGkmd]; { g klAns] ;gdf k|sflzt u/ /] gof“ ?6 k|of] u ug{ ;lsG5 .Ú ljdfg / ofq'sf] ;'/ Iffsf nflu xjfO{ dfu{sf] kfngf ug{ cToGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf] pNn+3g ug] { kfOn6nfO{ k|flws/ 0fn] sf/ jfxL ug] {Joj: yf 5 . oBlk xjfO{ dfu{kl| t kfOn6x¿ cToGt ;+j bgzLn ] x'g ] kf] v/ n ] n] atfP . … d n } ] k|flws/ 0fdf sfd u/ b] l] v xjfO{ dfu{ pNn+3g u/ s ] f] df s;} nfO{ sf/ jfxL ug'k{ g] { cj: yf cfPsf] 5} g,Ú clws[t txaf6 ;] jfdf k|j z ] u/ /] kf] v/ f, afh'/ f, g] kfnu~h ljdfg: yn x'bF } dxflgb]z { s ag] sf kf] v/ n ] n] atfP .

$! ?6 sf7df8f}a + f6 wfs], { kfn'ª6f/ , kf] v/ f, bfª x'b } g] kfnuGh;Dd hfG5 . e/ tk'/ af6 bfª;Dd hfg' k/ d] f lXj: sL !& ?6 k|of] u ul/ G5 . lXj: sL !( ?6 e} / xjfaf6 bfª hfFbf k|of] u x'G5 . ljdfg OG: 6d«' G] 6 km\nfO6 ?n -cfO{Pkmcf/ _ k|0ffnLdf p8] sf] a] nfdf !% xhf/ lkm6 eGbf dfly / @( xhf/ lkm6eGbf tn / x /] p8fg ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . leh'cn km\ nfO6 ?n -eLPkmcf/ _ p8fgsf] a] nfdf eg] ljdfg 8fF8fsfF8fdf g7f] lSsg] u/ L @) xhf/ lkm6;Ddsf] prfOdf / x /] p8fg ug'k{ g] { x'G5 . cfO{Pkmcf/ k|0ffnLdf ljdfg p8fpFbf k"j{ lbzftkm{ hfFbf c8 yfph] G8 cyf{t\ !%, !&, !( xhf/ lkm6df / x /] p8fg ug'{ kg] { x'G5 . klZrd lbzftkm{ hfFbf Oeg yfph] G8 cyf{t\ !^, !*, @) xhf/ lkm6df p8fg ug'k{ 5{ . … eLPkmcf/ df / x /] p8fg ug'{ k/ d] f k"jt{ km{ p8fg ubf{ c8 yfph] G8 Knf; kmfOj xG8« 8] cyf{t !( xhf/ %)), !&

cfGtl/s p8fgsf nflu t/fO{ e]udf lglZrt ?6 tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . t/, kxf8L e] udf eg] To:tf] lglZrt ?6 x'bF }g, e"uf]n x]//] kfOn6n] cfkm}F af6f] to ug'k{ 5{ .

49

xjfO{ ?6 xhf/ %)) lkm6 df / x /] p8fg ul/ G5,Ú e'nn] eg] , … klZrdtkm{ p8fg ubf{ Oeg yfph] g Kn; kmfOj xG8« 8] sf] prfOdf p8fg ug] { Joj: yf 5 .Ú oL b'Od{ Wo] h'g;'s } k|0ffnLdf p8fg ubf{ klg b'O{ ljdfgaLr Ps xhf/ lkm6sf] b"/ L / xg'k5{ . dfpG6] g km\nfO6df eg] cfO{Pkmcf/ k|0ffnLdf p8fP @% xhf/ / eLPkmcf/ df p8fP @$ xhf/ lkm6;Dd dfq p8fpg kfOg] k|fjwfg 5 . … x/ s ] ?6df lglZrt l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6 x'G5g\,Ú P6L;L e'n eG5g\, … ToxfF k'u k] l5 kfOn6n] P6L;LnfO{ ljdfgsf] cj: yfaf/ ] l/ kf] 6{ ug'k{ 5{ .Ú pgsf cg';f/ sf7df8f}a F f6 kf] v/ f hfFbf wfs] { / kfn'ª6f/ df l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6 5g\ . To: t } cGo ?6df klg 5'§f5'§ } l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6 / x s ] f] pgsf] egfO 5 . lqe'jg cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: ynaf6 p8] sf ljdfgn] wfs] { / Olu|; l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6af6 eg] clgjfo{ l/ kf] 6{ ug'k{ 5{ . To;} n ] oL b'O{ : yfgnfO{ sDkn;/ L l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6 gfd lbOPsf] 5 .

lqe'jg cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: ynaf6 p8] sf] ljdfgnfO{ !) b] lv !* lsld -% b] lv !) gl6sn dfOn_ ;Dd ToxfFl: yt P/ f 8] d sG6«f n ] 6fj/ n ] ufO8 u5{ . !( b] lv () lsld;Dd cyf{t\ %) gl6sn dfOn -dgsfdgf, gf/ fog3f6, l;d/ f, / fd] 5fk, nfnaGbL, cflb_ ;Ddsf If] qdf Pk|f r] sG6«f n ] 6fj/ n ] ufO8 u5{ eg] To;eGbf aflx/ Pl/ of sG6«f n ] 6fj/ n] kfOn6nfO{ cfjZos lgb]z { g lbg] u5{ . pbfx/ 0fsf nflu, sf7df8f}a + f6 wgu9L eLPkmcf/ p8fg u/ L hfg' k/ d] f !* xhf/ kfFr ;o lkm6df p8fg ul/ G5 . sf7df8f} + ljdfg: ynaf6 !) b] lv !* lsnf] ld6/ -% b] lv !) gl6sn dfOn_ ;Dd P/ f 8] d sG6«f n ] 6fj/ n ,] !( b] lv () lsnf] ld6/ ;Dd cyf{t %) gl6sn dfOn;Dd Pk|f r] sG6«f n ] 6fj/ n] / To;kl5 t'N;Lk'/ gk'Ubf;Dd Pl/ of sG6«f n ] 6fj/ n ] dfu{lgb]z { g u5{ . t'N;Lk'/ k'u k] l5 g] kfnuGh 6fj/ n ] ljdfgnfO{ ufO8 u5{ . g] kfnuGhaf6 6Lsfk'/ k'u k] l5 ljdfg wgu8L 6fj/ sf] sG6«f n ] df x'G5 .

xjfO{ dfu{ k5\ofpFbf k|df] b yfkf, OG: 6S« 6/ kfOn6, a'4 Po/ … afa' ltdL 7"nf] eP/ s] aG5f} <Ú ;fgf] 5Fbf k|df] b yfkfnfO{ w] / n } ] of] k|Zg uy] { . x/ s ] k6s pgsf] Pp6} hjfkm x'GYof] , … kfOn6 .Ú ToxL tLj| OR5fsf sf/ 0f pgL kfOn6 ag] . … kfOn6 k9\b } ubf{ hflu/ vfPkl5 cfgGb xf] nf eGg] ;f] r s ] f] lyPF,Ú yfkf eG5g\ . ;g\ !((* b] lv a'Wb Po/ df sf] kfOn6sf ?kdf pgn] sfd ;'? u/ s ] f lyP . … To;kl5 kf] yfxf eof] , of] If] qdf k9\g / l;Sg afFsL y'k }| ljifo / x 5 ] ,Ú pgn] yk] , … To;dWo] Pp6f Po/ ?6;DaGwL ljifo lyof] .Ú o;af/ ] pgn] cg] sf} F tflnd ;d] t lng'k¥of] . pgn] sfd ;'? ubf{ kfOn6sf] 6« l] gª ;s] / g] kfn kms]s { f] ^ dlxgf eO;s] sf] lyof] . pgn] cd] l/ sfdf !# dlxg] kfOn6 6« l] gª lnPsf lnPsf lyP . hflu/ vfPkl5 yfkfn] klxnf] k6s dfpG6] g km\nfO6 u/ s ] f lyP . … e/ v/ } k9fO ;s] / cfPsf] o'jfnfO{ klxnf] p8fg / dfOnf] gx'g ] s'/ } ePg,Ú pgL ;lDemG5g\, … larqmfkm\6 ljdfg klxnf]

kfOn6sf nflu cfGtl/ s jf cGt/ fl{ i6«o h'g;'s } p8fgsf] klg k|lqmof Ps} x'G5g\ . ljdfg: ynsf] ef} uf] lns cjl: ylt, ljdfgsf] rfk, ef} lts k"jf{wf/ , cflbsf] sf/ 0fn] dfq ;lhnf] / cK7] / f ] kg] { x'G5 .

50

k6s p8fg ubf{ lgs} v';L lyPF .Ú klxnf] p8fgsf] ;Demgf cem} tfh} 5 . uPsf] , kms]s { f] / l/ kf] l6{ª u/ s ] f] If0f pgL cem} ;lDemG5g\ . … dfpG6] g km\nfO6 eLPkmcf/ k|0ffnLdf p8fPklg ljz] if k|fjwfgsf sf/ 0f @% xhf/ lkm6df klg p8fg ug{ kfOGYof] ,Ú pgL eG5g\, . pgn] ofq'nfO{ ;u/ dfyfsf] blIf0ftkm{ 3'dfP/ sf7df8f} F kmsf{Psf lyP . … HffFbf @% xhf/ lkm6df uP klg kmls{bF f @@ xhf/ lkm6df cfOPsf] lyof] ,Ú OG: 6S« 6/ kfOn6 yfkfn] eg] , … sf7df8f}a + f6 dfpG6] g km\ nfO6 ubf{ l/ kf]l { 6ª KjfOG6 lh/ L lyof] .Ú kfOn6n] p8fg ug'e{ Gbf klxn] g} km\nfO6 Knfg eg'{ kg] {x'G5 . h;df ljdfg s'g ?6df, slxn] , s;n] p8fpg] , slt cln6Ro'8df hfg] ;a} ljj/ 0f pNn] v ul/ Psf] x'G5 . ToxL of] hgfcg';f/ g} kfOn6n] ljdfg p8fpg'k5{ . of] hgfcg'?ksf] p8fg ug{ kfOn6nfO{ sG6«f n ] ?daf6 Pl6;Lsf] lgoldt ;xof] u k|fKt x'G5 . kfOn6sf nflu xjfO{ dfu{sf] kfngf / l/ kf] l6{ª cToGt dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . x/ s ] l/ kf] l6{ª KjfOG6df k'u k] l5 p;n] P6L;LnfO{ cfjZos hfgsf/ L u/ fpg'kg] { x'G5 . ;fy} , P6L;Ln] lbPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lgb]z { g clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug'k{ g] { x'G5 . kfOn6n] cfkm\gf] lx;fan] ljdfg p8fg ug{ kfpFb g} . df} ;dnufot s'g } sf/ 0fjz lgwf{l/ t dfu{df ljdfg n} hfg g;s] kfOn6n] tTsfn P6L;LnfO{ To;sf] hfgsf/ L u/ fpg' k5{ . P6L;Ln] klg p8fgsf] ;+j b] gzLntfnfO{ dWogh/ ub} { cfjZos hfgsf/ L lbg'k5{ . p;n] kfOn6nfO{ bafa lbg kfpFb g} . kfOn6sf nflu cfGtl/ s jf cGt/ fl{ i6«o h'g;'s } p8fgsf] klg k|lqmof Ps} x'g ] OG: 6S« 6/ kfOn6 yfkf atfpF5g\ . … p8fg;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/ L ljdfgdf g} x'G5,Ú pgL eG5g\, … To;} n] h'g;'s } ?6df p8fpg klg ;lhn} x'G5 .Ú ljdfg: ynsf] ef} uf] lns cjl: ylt, ljdfgsf] rfk, ef} lts k"jf{wf/ , cflbsf] sf/ 0fn] dfq ;lhnf] / cK7] / f ] kg] { pgsf] egfO 5 . cjt/ 0fkl5 ljdfgnfO{ cfjZos kg] { t] n sxfF eg]h { : tf ljifon] klg km/ s kfg] { pgn] atfP . … sf] nsftfh: tf] 6«flkms w] / } x'g] ljdfg: yndf p8fg ug{nfO{ eg] s] xL xb;Dd ufx|f ] x'G5,Ú yfkfn] eg] , … / f l] dof] #@% / uNkm ##% ?6 Olu|l/ ; x'bF } hgsk'/ -hgs_ ljGb'a' f6 sf] nsftf hfG5 . Tof] ?6df w] / } ljdfg p8\5g\ . To;} n ] ljdfg Pscsf{;uF gh'wg" \ eg] / ljdfgsf] ult d] G6] g ug'k{ 5{ .Ú

p8fg ;'/Iff a'Wb Po/sf] klxnf] k|fyldstf ;'j0f{ v/]n, ck/];g 8fO/]s6/, a'Wb Po/ lghL If] qsf] g] kfnsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] xjfO{ ;] jf k|bfos sDkgL xf] a'Wb Po/ . !@ ljdfg;lxt ;] jf lbO/ x s ] f] a'4n] p8fg ;'/ IffnfO{ cToGt 7"nf] dxTj lbPsf] ck| ; ] g 8fO/ S] 6/ ;'j0f{ v/ n ] atfpF5g\ . … p8fg ;'/ IffnfO{ dWogh/ ub} { a'Wb Po/ n ] km\nfO6 8f6f df] lg6l/ ª l;: 6d dfkm{t ljdfgsf] cjnf] sg ug] { u/ s ] f] 5,Ú v/ n ] n] eg] , … of] ;km\6j] o/ dfkm{6 ljdfg slt clN6Ro'8df 5, s'g ;dodf sxfF pl8/ x s ] f] 5, ;a} yfxf x'G5 .Ú ljdfgsf] cj: yf s: tf] lyof] , To;sf] 8f6f / s ] 8{ x'g ] x'bF f ;f] ;km\6j] / dfkm{t\ s'g } ljdfgdf ;d: of cfP tTsfn yfxf x'g ] pgsf] egfO 5 . … ljdfg p8fpFbf Po/ ?6 kfngf u/ ] gu/ s ] f] ;d] t of] ;km\6j] o/ af6 yfxf x'G5,Ú pgn] eg] . of] ;km\6j] o/ @& xhf/ s] hL eGbf a9L tf} nsf] ljdfgsf nflu dfq cfjZos dflgG5 . t/ , a'4 Po/ n ] cfkm";uF Tolt 7"nf ljdfg gePklg ofq'sf] ;'/ Iff / p8fgsf] ;d: of yfxf kfpg eGb} of] ;km\6j] o/ vl/ b u/ s ] f] xf] . p8fg ;'/ Iff s} nflu eg] / of] sDkgLn] km\nfO6 kmnf] Oª l;: 6d klg a'4 Po/ n ] ;~rfng ul/ / x s ] f] 5 . of] l;: 6ddfkm{t pl8/ fv] sf ;a} ljdfg;Fu ;Dks{ / ;~rf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . df} ;dsf] v/ faL tyf cGo sf/ 0fn] cfsl: ds cjt/ 0f ug'{ k/ d] f s'g ljdfg: yn vfnL 5 eGg] hfgsf/ L lbg;d] t of] ;km\6j] o/ cfjZos k5{ . @& xhf/ s] hLeGbf tnsf] ljdfg ePsf sDkgLdWo] of] ;km\6j] o/ / fVg] cg'dlt lng] df a'Wb Po/ klxnf] jfo'; j] f sDkgL ePsf] klg v/ n ] n] atfP . olt dfq xf] Og, a'Wb Po/ ;uF Pcf] ;L sDkgL lk|mSj] G;L ;d] t / x s ] f] ck| ; ] g 8fO/ S] 6/ v/ n ] n] hfgsf/ L lbP . … xfdLn] o;sf] PG6] gf km'nrf] sLdf / fv] sf 5fF ,} Ú v/ n ] n] eg] , … h; dfkm{t kfOn6;“u ;~rf/ ug{ / p;nfO{ cfjZos hfgsf/ L lbg ;lsG5 .Ú o;sf nflu sDkgLn] gful/ s p8\8og k|flws/ 0fnfO{ x/ s ] jif{ @) nfv ?k} ofF ltg'k{ g] { klg pgn] atfP .

p8fg ;'/ IffnfO{ dWogh/ ub} { a'Wb Po/ n ] km\nfO6 8f6f df] lg6l/ ª l;: 6d dfkm{t ljdfgsf] cjnf] sg ug] { u/ s ] f] 5

51

JolQmlrq

sLlt{dfgL

cf/f]xL

@$ k6s ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f u/]sf sfldl/ tf z]kf{ eG5g\–sLlt{dfgsf nflu lxdfn r9]sf] xf]Og, k];fut lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] x'“ . l

alatf tfdfª

;+

;f/ sf sl7gtd\ sfddWo] Ps xf] , ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f . ;u/ dfyf r9\g ;lhnf] 5} g, To;} n ] g} o;k|lt ;+;f/ e/ sf cf/ f x] L df] lxt x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ Hofg hf] lvddf kf/ /] ePklg ;u/ dfyf ljhosf] uf} / j xfl;n ug{ rfxG5g\ . w] / s } f nflu hLjge/ of] ;kgf dfq / xG5 . t/ , sfldl/ tf z] kf{ To: tf JolQm x'g,\ h;n] ;u/ dfyfnfO{ @$ k6s lhlt;s] sf 5g\ . oBlk pgL of] sLlt{dfgnfO{ uj{sf] xf] Og, lgoldt sfdsf] lx: ;f 7fG5g\ . ut d] dlxgfdf Ps ;ftfd} b'O{ k6s ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f u/ /] $( jifL{o z] kf{n] cfkm\g } sLlt{dfg tf] 8 ] . ut jif{ @@ cf} + k6s ;u/ dfyf lzv/ df kfOnf / fv] / pgn] cfKkf z] kf{sf] sLlt{dfg e+u u/ s ] f lyP . t/ , pgsf] Wofg sLlt{dfgdf lyPg . ;u/ dfyf ufO8sf ?kdf pgL cfkm\gf] lhDd] jf/ L dfq k"/ f ub} { lyP . … d /] f ] nflu ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod ug'e{ Gbf 7"nf] s'/ f cf/ f x] LnfO{ ;kmntfk"js { cf/ f x] 0f u/ fpg' / g] kfndf ko{6s a9fpg' xf] ,Ú pgn] eg] , … cl3Nnf] jif{ @@ cf} + k6s ;u/ dfyf r9\bf ldl8ofn] ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod eof] eg] / ;dfrf/ n] Vof] . t/ To;a] nf dnfO{ sLlt{dfgaf/ ] yfx} lyPg .Ú

lxdfn;“usf] gftf ;f] nv ' D' a'sf] yfd] ufp“df hlGdPsf z] kf{sf] kl/ jf/ sf] cfly{s cj: yf sdhf] /

52

lyof] . sIff $ ;Dd dfq k9\g kfPsf pgL cefjdf x'ss {] f lyP . To;} n ] pgL kof{Kt k} ;f sdfpg rfxGy] . To;sf nflu ;u/ dfyfdf ufO8 aGg'eGbf pQd ljsNk c? x'g } ;Sb} gYof] . pgsf] 3/ d } a'af / bfO klg ufO8 lyP . pgn] !@ jif{sf] pd] / b l] v el/ ofsf] sfd ug{ yfn] sf lyP . ef/ L af] s /] a] ;SofDk;Dd w] / } k6s k'u ] . t/ , ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0fsf] ef] s pgdf lyPg . tLg jif{ el/ ofsf] ?kdf sfd u/ k] l5 pgL 6« l] sª ufO8 eP . sfdk|ltsf] nufj b] v /] } sDkgLn] pgnfO{ %–^ xhf/ ld6/ cUnf lxdfn cf/ f x] 0fsf] ufO8 ug{ lbof] . ToxL qmddf pgn] d] / flks, cfONofG8 lks cf/ f x] 0f u/ ] .

To;kl5 eg] ;u/ dfyfn] pgnfO{ nf] Eofpg yfNof] . ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f u/ /] gfd sdfPsf t] lGhª gf] u, {] cfªl/ tf, cfKkf z] kf{x¿ cfkm\g } ufp“sf] ePsfn] pgnfO{ d klg ;S5' eGg] nfUof] . pgn] ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0fsf] OR5f bfOnfO{ ;'gfP . pgsf] bfO nfSkfl/ tf ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f ufO8 lyP . bfOn] g} pgnfO{ ;g\ !((@ / !((# df ;u/ dfyf hfg] df} sf lbnfP . t/ , To;a] nf * xhf/ ld6/ prfOsf] cGo lxdfndf ufO8 u/ s ] f] cg'ej geO{ ufO8nfO{ ;u/ dfyf r'r/' f ; ] Dd hfg lb“Ob} gYof] .

To;} n ] pgL klg lzv/ df k'Ug kfPgg\ . b'O{ jif{sf] cg'ej a6'n k] l5 sfldl/ tf @$ jif{sf] pd] / df klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(($ df ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f u/ ] . lzv/ df k'Ubf pgL v';L

53

JolQmlrq lyP . t/ Tof] v';Lsf] sf/ 0f ;u/ dfyf ljho lyPg . … dgdf ;u/ dfyfsf] ufO8sf ?kdf sfd ug{ kfpg] eP“ eGg] dfq lyof] ,] Ú pgL ;lDemG5g\, … ;u/ dfyf ufO8n] w] / } k} ;f sdfpg] ePsfn] dgdf ca k} ;f sdfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 eGg] dfq eof] .Ú To;otfsf] sxfgL bf] xf] ¥ofpg h?/ L 5} g . pgL @$ k6s ;jf]R { r lzv/ df k'lu;s] sf 5g\ . clxn] sfldl/ tf ;+;f/ e/ L k|Voft gfd xf] . t/ , pgn] o;sf] ;kgf b] v s ] f lyPgg\ . … @$ k6s ;u/ dfyf r9'n “ f eGg] d} n ] ;f] r s ] } lyOg“,Ú sfldl/ tf eG5g\, … ufO8sf] cfkm\gf] k] ;fut lhDd] jf/ L k"/ f ubf{ub} { / s ] 8{ aGg k'Uof] .Ú ;d: ofdf ;jf]R { r lzv/ o;jif{ w] / h } gf ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] Lsf] Hofg uPkl5 ljZje/ sf ;~rf/ dfWoddf g] kfn / ;u/ dfyfaf/ ] gsf/ fTds ;dfrf/ sf] af9L cfof] . ;u/ dfyfdf … 6f« lkms hfdÚ sf sf/ 0f w] / s } f] d[To' ePsf] eGb} ;/ sf/ L Joj: yfkg / lghL sDkgLx¿sf] nfkjf{xLsf] cfnf] rgf ul/ of] . t/ , sfldl/ tfn] of] ts{ unt ePsf] atfP . pgsf cg';f/ ;u/ dfyfdf 6«flkms hfd t a9] sf] xf] , t/ cf/ f x] Lsf] d[To'sf] sf/ 0f of] xf] Og . … ;g\ !((# ;Dd cu: 6 / ;] K6] Da/ tyf clk|n / d] df ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f ul/ GYof] ,Ú pgL eG5g\, … t/ !((% kl5 lxp“ a9L k/ s ] f sf/ 0f cu: 6 / ;] K6] Da/ sf] cf/ f x] 0f aGb ul/ of] . To;} n ] 6«flkms a9] sf] xf] . t/ d[To'sf] sf/ 0f of] xf] Og .Ú 6«flkms hfd eof] eg] lxp“n ] xftv'66\ f vfg] h: tf ;d: of cfpg] pgsf] egfO 5 . … dT[ o' x'gs ' f] sf/ 0f 6«flkms hfd geO{ cg'ej lagfsf] ufO8 xf] ,Ú pgn] yk] . dfgjhlgt kmf] xf] / Joj: yfkg ljZjs} 6fpsf] b'MvfO alg/ x s ] f] 5 . of] ;d: ofaf6 ;+;f/ sf] 5fgf] klg c5'tf] 5} g . kl5Nnf] ;do ;u/ dfyfdf k|bi' f0f a9] sf] rrf{ rln/ x s ] f] 5 . kmf] xf] / lgoGq0fsf] k|of; klg ePsf 5g\ . gfDr] df ;u/ dfyf kf] n; ' g sG6«f n ] sf] d'Vo clkm; 5 . Toxf“ cf/ f x] Ln] nu] sf] ;a} ;fdfg btf{ u/ fpg'k5{ .

To;} sf] cfwf/ df slt kmf] xf] / lgl: sG5, yfxf x'G5 . Tolt g} kmf] xf] / p;n] a] ;SofDkdf / x s ] f] kf] n; ' g sG6«f n ] sf] sfof{nodf a'emfpg' k5{ . tL kmf] xf] / nfO{ gfDr] ;Dd Nofpg cf/ f x] Ln] % lbgsf] Hofnf klg ltg'k{ 5{ . ;u/ dfyfdf clS;hgsf l;lnG8/ , 6] G6, PnkL Uof; l;lnG8/ , 6] G6 agfpg k|of] u x'g ] 7'6fx¿ b] lvg] pgsf] egfO 5 . cfhef] ln k|foM kmf] xf] / cf/ f x] Ln] g} tn Nofp“5g\ . o;kfnL ;/ sf/ n ] kmf] xf] / ;kmf ug{ !* hgfsf] 6f] nL ;u/ dfyf k7fPsf] lyof] . t/ !) hgf a] ;SofDkdf a;] eg] * hgf dfq kmf] xf] / ;+sng ug{ uP . … ;u/ dfyf ;kmfO eg] / 3'Dg] hfg] sfd eof] ,Ú pgL eG5g\ . s;/ L r9\g ] ;u/ dfyf < Pp6f egfO g} 5, ;u/ dfyf r9\ge' Gbf sl7g Pp6f dfq sfd 5, Tof] xf] , cf/ f x] 0fsf] vr{ hDdf ug' { . lsgeg] o;sf nflu lgs} 7"nf] / sd cfjZos k5{ . ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f k|lqmofsf] ;'?jft ;+: sl[ t,

54

ko{6g tyf gful/ s p8\8og dGqfnocGtu{tsf] ko{6g ljefuaf6 cg'dlt lnPkl5 x'G5 . o: tf] cg'dlt cf/ f x] 0f sDkgLn] g} lnOlbG5 . ;fdfGotM ljb] zLsf nflu cg'dlt z'Ns !! xhf/ cd] l/ sL 8n/ / g] kfnLsf nflu &% xhf/ ?k} of“ nfU5 . cf/ f x] Ln] cg'dlt, ufO8, vfgf, ;fdu|Ljfkt #) b] v #% nfv z'Ns sDkgLnfO{ ltg'k5{ . ljb] zLsf] xsdf Ps s/ f 8] sf] xf/ fxf/ Ldf vr{ x'g ] u/ s ] f] z] kf{sf] cg'ej 5 . … cg'ejL ufO8 eP cem a9L vr{ nfU5,Ú pgL eG5g\ . cf/ f x] Ln] clgjfo{ ladf ug'k{ 5{, ufO8sf] sDkgLn] g} ul/ lbG5 . ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f ;DkGg ug{ ljb] zLnfO{ $) lbg;Dd nfUg ;S5 eg] k|foM g] kfnLn] Ps dlxgfleq cf/ f x] 0f k"/ f ul/ ;S5g\ . n'Snf k'u k] l5 ;u/ dfyfsf] ofqf ;'? x'G5 . n'Snfaf6 lx“8 /] gfDr] k'luG5 . Toxf“ s] xL lbg cf/ fd u/ k] l5 t] ªaf] r ,] lbªa'r ,] nDa'r ,] uf] / If x'bF } ;u/ dfyfsf] a] ;SofDk k'luG5 . n'Snfaf6 a] ;SofDk;Dd k'Ug ljb] zLnfO{ ( lbg / g] kfnLnfO{ % lbg nfU5 . sf7df8f}b + l] v a] ;SofDk;Ddsf] ofqfdf cf/ f x] Lsf] ;fydf 6« l] sª ufO8 x'G5g\ eg] To;kl5sf] ofqfdf ;u/ dfyf ufO8n] af6f] b] vfp“5g\ . … cf/ f x] L a] ;SofDk k'Ug'eGbf dlxgf lbg

cufl8 g} ufO8 ;u/ dfyfdf k'Ug'k5{,Ú sfldl/ tf ufO8sf] b'Mv aofg u5{g,\ … cf/ f x] L a] ;SofDk cfOk'Ug'cl3 g} xfdLn] ;a} SofDkdf a: g ] vfg] , ;'Tg] Joj: yf ldnfpg' kg] { x'G5 . lxp“ sf6] / a: g ] Joj: yf ug'k{ 5{, o;df lgs} hf] lvd x'G5 .Ú ;u/ dfyfdf x/ s ] jif{ ufO8n] af6f] agfpg'k5{ . a] ;SofDk tof/ ug} { pgLx¿nfO{ !% b] lv @) lbg hlt nfU5 eg] rf/ j6} SofDk tof/ ug{ dlxgf lbg hlt v6\ gk' 5{ . ufO8n] ;a} Joj: yf ul/ ;s] kl5 dfq} a] ;SofDkdf k'u s ] f cf/ f x] Lx¿ ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0fsf] tof/ Ldf h'65 \ g\ . ;u/ dfyfsf] r'r/' f t] km{ nfUg'cl3 cf/ f x] LnfO{ SofDk # ;Dd k'¥ofP/ tn emfl/ G5 . … of] Ps k|sf/ sf] 6« l] gª xf] ,Ú sfldl/ tf eG5g\, … hlt g} lxdfn r9] sf] eP klg of] l;sfpg' ufO8sf] st{Jo xf] .Ú pgsf] cg'ejdf SofDk !

6«flkms hfd eof] ;Dd k'Ug' ;a} eGbf sl7g sfd xf] . lsgeg] a] ;SofDkb] lv eg] lxp“n ] xftv'66\ f SofDk ! sf] aLrdf !)–!% j6f vk{Gr cyf{t e¥ofª vfg] h: tf ;d: of kf/ ug'k{ g] { x'G5 . To; 7fp“nfO{ v'Da' cfO;kmn klg cfpg] xf] . d T[ o' x'gs ' f] elgG5 . a] ;SofDkaf6 Toxf“ k'Ug !@ 306f;Dd nfUg] sf/ 0f 6«flkms hfd u5{ . ef] lnkN6 cf/ f] xLx¿ SofDk @ df k'U5g\,\ hxf“ @ lbg cf/ fd u/ fOG5 . csf]l { bg pgLx¿nfO{ SofDk # geO{ cg'ej lagfsf] k'¥ofP/ k'gM SofDk @ d} kmsf{OG5 . & xhf/ ld6/ sf] ufO8 xf] prfOdf / x s ] f] SofDk # ;Dd k'u k] l5 ;u/ dfyf c/ f x] 0f ug{ ;Sg] b] lvg] x'gfn] of] 6« l] gª lbg] ul/ Psf] sfldl/ tf atfpF5g\ . o;kl5 eg] cf/ f x] Lx¿ r'r/' f d] f k'Ug] plrt cf/ f x] 0fsf nflu df} ;dsf] kvf{Odf a: 5g\ . cfjZos vfg] s/' f, clS;hg, cfjZos ;/–;dfg sk8fh: tf ;fdfg z] kf{x¿n] SofDk $ df k'¥of;s] sf

d"No -?=_ x'G5g\ . SofDk @ ;Dd bfneft, t/ sf/ L klg vfg] ]

8fpg ;'6 !,^),))) Joj: yf x'G5 eg] Toxf“eGbf dfly 8«fOkm'8 vfg] ul/ G5 . cf/ f x] 0fsf nflu 8fpg ;'6, Hofs] 6, KofG6, a'6h: tf h'Qf !,@),))) ;fdu|L cfjZos k5{ . ltgsf] d"No klg dx+uf] x'G5 .

qmdk] g !%,))) 8fpg ;'6 ! nfv ^) xhf/ , h'Qf ! nfv @) xhf/ , kGhf @%,))) qmdk] g !% xhf/ , kGhf @% xhf/ , x] 8NofDk !) xhf/ ,

x] 8NofDk !),))) dfOg; $) sf] l: nlkª Aofu ! nfv %) xhf/ , 6f] kL –$)) sf] l: nlkª Aofu !,%),))) ^ xhf/ / r: dfsf] d"No !@ xhf/ hlt kg{ cfp“5 .

6f] kL ^,))) df} ;d ;kmf ePkl5 a] ;SofDkaf6 Ps} lbgdf SofDk

r: df !@,))) @ sf nflu ofqf ;'? x'G5 . cf/ f] xLx¿ / flt @ ah] a] ;SofDkaf6 lx“85 \ g\ / laxfg * ah]kl5 SofDk ! af6

cl3 a9\5g\ . SofDk @ df Ps lbg cf/ fd u/

kl5 ] Ps lbgdf SofDk # / Toxf“af6 Ps lbgdf SofDk $ k'luG5 . … w /] h } ;f] cf/ f x] L SofDk $ df cfOk'Ubf cflQG5g\,Ú sfldl/ tf eG5g\, … xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbG5f} + .

SofDk $ df k'u k] l5 t ufO8n] emg} Vofn ug'k{ 5{ .Ú cf/ f x] LnfO{ cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ rLhsf] Joj: yfkg ufO8n] ug'k{ 5{, clS;hg af] Sg] / km] l/ lbg] ug'k{ 5{ . z] kf{sf nflu @ / cf/ f] xLsf nflu $ j6f clS;hg cfjZos k5{ . … @)!# df r'r/' f d] f k'u /] kmls{bF } ubf{ b'aO{sf Ps cf/ f x] L clN6Ro'8 nfu] / lx“8g\ g;Sg] eP,Ú pgn] ;'gfP, … ltgnfO{ l3;f/ /] SofDk $ df NofOk'¥ofOof] . Tof] 7fp“df k'Ubf d clxn] klg eml: sG5' .Ú SofDk $ af6 r'r/' f ; ] Ddsf] af6f] nfdf] 5 . To;} n] ;fFemd} ofqf ;'? x'G5 . ;f“em & ah] lt/ SofDk $ af6 lx“l8G5 . * b] lv !@ 306fsf] ofqfkl5 laxfg ^ ah] lt/ ;u/ dfyfsf] r'r/' f d] f k'Ug ;lsG5 . … xfjfx'/ L w] / } rNg] x'b“ f r'r/' f d] f nfdf] ;do a: g ;lsGg,Ú sfldl/ tf eG5g\, … cf/ f x] Ln] kmf] 6f] lvRg] , cfkm"n ] nu] sf] lrgf] / flvlbg] u/ k] l5 kmls{G5f} + .Ú laxfg ^ ah] lt/ r'r/' f d] f k'u d] f lbp“;f] @ ah] lt/ SofDkdf cfOk'lug] pgL atfp“5g\ .

To;kl5 @ lbgdf cf/ f x] Lx¿ a] ;SofDk cfOk'U5g\ . cf/ f x] 0fdf / x s ] f dlxnfx¿nfO{ dlxgfjf/ L x'b“ f yk sl7gfO x'g ] sfldl/ tf atfp“5g\ . … cf/ f x] Ln] geg] klg ufO8x¿n] yfxf kfOxfN5g\, / pgLx¿sf nflu cg'sn " x'g ] cf/ f x] 0f u/ fp“5g\,Ú pgL eG5g\ .

6'l+ uPsf] 5} g sfldl/ tfsf] cf/ f x] 0f ofqf ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0fsf] ;a} eGbf w] / } cg'ej ePsfn] sfldl/ tfnfO{ cf/ f x] Lx¿ ;Nnfx dfUg] u5{g \ . tL ;a} nfO{ pgL klxn] & xhf/ ld6/ dflysf s] xL lxdfn r9\g ;'emfp“5g\ . … d n } ] cf/ f x] LnfO{ ;u/ dfyfsf nflu tof/ u/ fp“bf klxn] cfONofG8 lks, cfdfbAnd clg * xhf/ ld6/ sf] dgf: n' r9fpg] u/ s ] f] 5' . o;n] ;u/ dfyf r9\g s] xL ;xh x'G5,Ú pgL eG5g\, … lagf tof/ Lsf] cf/ f x] 0fdf hf] lvd w] / } x'G5, To;} n ] cfjZos ;a} lsl;dsf] 6« l] gª lng'k5{ . … ;kmn cf/ f x] 0fsf nflu lxdfn;DaGwL 6]l « gª dfq kof{kt x'b g} . zf/ Ll/ s, dfgl;s cj: yf, Jftfj/ 0fdf cg'sn ' g x'g;Sg] Ifdtf x'gk' 5{ .Ú ;u/ dfyfdf cf/ f x] 0fdf hf] lvd 5 . 7"nf] vr{ 5 . t} klg ;u/ dfyf r9\g t5f8d5f8 5 . ;u/ dfyfn] cf/ f x] LnfO{ s] lbG5 < … yk' n }| ] ;u/ dfyf lzv/ df k'u k] l5 hLjgnfO{ x] g {] cfkm\gf] b[li6sf] 0f g} ablnPsf] xfdLnfO{ ;'gfpF5g\,Ú sfldl/ tf eG5g\ . s] xLn] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] ;kmntf k|fKt u/ s ] f] cg'ej u5{g \ . t/ , sfldl/ tf g hLjgbz{g abNg ;u/ dfyf rl9/ x s ] f 5g\, g ;kmntfsf] cx+ t'li6 ug{ g} . / , of] ;kmntfn] pgsf] cf/ f x] 0fsf] ef] s klg ;dfKt ePsf] 5} g . … efUojz d ;a} eGbf a9L ;u/ dfyf r9\g ] JolQm ag], “ Ú ;u/ dfyfnfO{ eujfg dfGg] sfldl/ tf eG5g\, … d /] f ] ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0f 6'l+ uPsf] 5} g .Ú

55

xf]d:6]

hd'jf sf]zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If k|j ]zåf/sf] yf? ;fd'bflos xf]d:6]df ld7f] vfgf / cfTdLo Jojxf/ kfOG5

56

h+

unL e}; + L cgf{ / r/ fsf nflu VoftL sdfPsf] sf] zL6Kk' jGohGt' cf/ Ifsf] k|j z ] åf/ hd'jfdf ;fd'bflos xf] d: 6 ] ;~rfng ul/ Psf] 5 . ;Kt/ Lsf] s~rg?k gu/ kflnsf–^ hd'jfsf & 3/ df xf] d: 6 ] ;~rfng ePsf] jif{ lbg eof] . hd'jf yf? a: tL ePsfn] xf] d: 6 d] f yf? kl/ sf/ , yf? ;+: st[ L / hLjgz} nLsf] : jfb rfVg ;lsG5 . xf] d: 6 d] f ;: tf] df vfgf / af; ;'ljwf kfOG5 . ufpFn ] cfTdLo / dfofn' 5g\ . kfx'gfn]

cfkm\g } 3/ df a;]s f] cg'ej ug{ kfpF5g\ . ToxfF a] 8sf] k|lt JolQm b'O{ ;o ¿k} ofF k5{ . clg vfgfsf] b'O{ ;o ¿k} ofF k5{ . kfx'gfsf] l8df08 cg';f/ ;fFem 3/ sf] cfFugdf yf? ;f+: sl[ ts sfo{qmd b] vfOG5 . To;sf nflu kfx'gfn] OR5f cg';f/ bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ufpFdf ;f+: sl[ ts ejg / yf? ;+ux| fno agfpg] ufpFn s ] f] of] hgf 5 . xf] d: 6 s ] f] k|j4{g PsLs[t ljsf; ;dfh g] kfnn] ub} {cfPsf] 5 . ufpFn n ] fO{ xf} : ofpFb } cfPsf ;+/ If0fsdL{ gGbnfn dfemL eG5g\, … xf] d: 6 d] f b'O{ / ft a;] / 3'dlkm/ ug'{ / fd|f ] x'G5 .Ú ToxfF a;] / sf] zL6Kk' dfq xf] Og, ;] / f k] m] / f s ] f l5Ggd: tf, xg'dfggu/ , a/ fxIf] q, rt/ fwfd, / fdw'gLnufot wfld{s If] q klg e|d0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kfx'gfn] rfx] df xf] d: 6 ] Joj: yfkg

;ldltn] aon uf8fdf ;] / f k] m] / fsf uf] 8/ fhf dlGb/ , sdn bx / ufpF 3'dfpF5 . ;fOsn r9] / ufpF 3'Dg'sf] dHhf klg a] Un} x'G5 . hd'jfsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f sf] zL6Kk' g} xf] . cgf{ ;+/ If0f ug{ g] kfn ;/ sf/ n ] )@^ ;fndf !@ ju{ lsld If] qkmn hldg ;+/ lIft u/ s ] f] lyof] . To;sf] If] qkmn a9fP/ !&% ju{ lsld k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . cf/ Ifdf rf/ ;o $! j6f cgf{ 5g\ . To;} u/ L kfFr ;o @^ k|hfltsf r/ f . tLg ;oeGbf a9L k|hfltsf r/ f t / y} fg] g} x'g \ . ax';V+ os r/ f xfF; k|hfltsf . hf8f] ofddf ;fOa] l/ ofb] lvsf lkm/ Gt] r/ f e] l6G5g\ sf] zLdf . cgf{ / r/ fafx]s c? hLjhGt'sf] klg a;f] af; 5 . ltgdf df5f, k'tnL, z/ L;[k, lgnufO{, nu'gf, lrQn, / tj' f, h+unL xfQL, dnfx la/ fnf] , v/ do'/, 8lNkmg, du/ uf] xL cflb x'g \ . kl5Nnf] ;do v'Nnf r/ 0fn] cf/ Ifdf ;d: of k/ s ] f] 5 . cf/ Ifsf jf8]g { / fdb] j rf} w/ Lsf cg';f/ sf] zL6Kk' If] qsf] 5] p5fpdf dfgj a: tL 5 .

ToxfFsf sltko : yfgLon] cfkm\gf ufO{, e}; + L /

afv|f sf] zL6Kk'df 5fl8lbG5g\ . bzf} +xhf/ sf] ;+Vofdf x'G5g\ 3/ kfn'jf hgfj/ . o;af6 h+unL hgfj/ nfO{ vfB ;+s6 ePsf] 5 . h+unL hgfj/ nfO{ oy] i6 af;: yfgsf] sdL 5 . ;fy} sf] zLsf] s6fg / gbLn] af/ Daf/ wf/ kl/ jt{g ubf{ klg sf] zL6Kk'n ] ;d: of em] ln/ x s ] f] 5 . sf] zL6Kk'df hLk ;kmf/ L, h+un jfs, xfQL ;kmf/ L / 8'u+ f ;o/ u/ fOG5 . ;Dks{ M yf? ;fd'bflos xf] d: 6] lji0f'b j] rf} w/ L–(*!$&^&^!% / fds'df/ rf} w/ L–(*$@*@&((! gGbnfn dfemL–(*$!@(#%@)

57

JolQmlrq

ljb]zL lkmNdsf] cf“vfdf g]kfn n

xf

n;fn} ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] ;+oQ' m a}7sdf /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Ln] k|:t't u/]sf] cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&& sf] ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf lkmNd;DaGwL Pp6fdfq a'b“ f ;dfj]z eof] . Tof] lyof] g]kfndf ljb]zL lkmNd 5fof“sg;DaGwL . ;+;b\df /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Ln] pb\3f]if u/]sL lyOg\, …5fofFsgsf nflu g]kfn sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L l;g]df tyf 5fofFsgsf nflu g]kfn cfpg] ljb]zLsf] nfuL cfjZos kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx? Ps4f/ k|0ffnLaf6 pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . 5fofFsgsf nflu ljb]zLx¿sf] cfsif{0f j[l4 ug{ cfjZos sbd rflng]5.Ú o;n] klg :ki6 ;+st] u5{, ljb]zLx? g]kfndf cfkm\gf] lkmNd ;'l6ª ug{ slt cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] .

58

clgn ofbb

;'l6ª xa aGb} g] kfn g] kfn clxn] ljb]z L lkmNd ;'l6ªsf nflu ;'Gb/ xa alg/ x s ] f] 5 . kl5Nnf s] xL jif{df 7"N7"nf Aofg/ sf xlnp8 tyf alnp8 lkmNd oxfF ;'l6ª x'gn ' ] klg o: t } ;+s t] u5{ . rf/ jif{cl3 rlr{t ;'k/ lx/ f ] lkmNd … 8S6/ : 6 G]« hÚ Go'/ f 8] , kf6g, 7d] n, c;g, : joDe'nufotsf : yfgdf sl/ a Ps xKtf ;'l6ª ePsf] lyof] .

Tolta] nf of] lkmNdsf] ;'l6ªsf nflu nf] slk|o xlnp8 cleg] tf a] g l] 8S6 sDa/ Aofr g] kfn cfPsf lyP . pgL;Fu } cf] : sf/ ljh] tf lkmNd … 6j' N] e Oo;{ c : n e] Ú sf cleg] tf lrp6] n Olhkmf] / klg ;'l6ªdf pkl: yt lyP . xlnp8sf] csf] { 7"nf] lkmNd … Pe/ i] 6Ú sf] ;'l6ª klg g] kfnd} ePsf] xf] . )&) ;fnlt/ ;'l6ª ePsf] of] lkmNdn] ;g\ !(*^ df ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] 0fsf qmddf lgwg ePsf cf/ f x] Lsf] syf k|: tt' u/ s ] f] lyof] . ;'l6ªs} nflu xlnp8sf ; aln{g, Hof;g Snfs{ nf] slk|o cg'xf/ hf] nufot snfsf/ Tolta] nf g] kfn cfPsf lyP . g] kfnsf ljho nfdf / s] xL z] kf{n ] klg Tof] lkmNddf clego u/ s ] f 5g\ . jfN6;d/ sf] df{s/' n] lgb]z { g u/ s ] f] Tof] lkmNd sf7df8f}d F f s] xL efu / ;u/ dfyf cfwf/ lzlj/ df ;'l6ª ul/ Psf] lyof] . of] lkmNdn] aS;clkm;df wdfsf;d]t lk6\of] . %%

cIfos'df/ clelgt lxGbL lkmNd … a] aLÚ eQmk'/ b/ af/ If] qb] lv xfoft xf] 6n;Ddsf b[Zo 5g\ .

cIfos'df/ clelgt lxGbL lkmNd … a] aLÚ eQmk'/ b/ af/ If] qb] lv xfoft xf] 6n;Ddsf b[Zo 5g\ .

k|foM b/jf/ :Sjfo/, n'lDjgL / lxd>[v + nfsf dgdf]xg b[Zox? lvRg xlnp8 / alnp8sf lgdf{tf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\

g] kfnd} lsg < ljb] zL lkmNdx¿ g] kfndf ;'l6ª ug{ lsg cfslif{t 5g\ < rnlrq k|fljlws ;+3sf cWoIf lkmNddf clego u/ s ] f 5g\ . oxfF ;'Gb/ lxd>[v + nfx¿ To: t } … n8{ a'4Ú / … c gfO6 6« g] 6' sf7df8f}Ú + , k'is/ nfdf eG5g\, … … b uf] N8g rfON8Ú , … a/ fsÚ , … ; e] g] Pc;{ Og 5g\ . ljZjs} cUnf] lxdfn 5 . oxL“ uf} td a'4 ldlnog 8n/df ag]s f] elgPsf] of] lkmNdn] ! ;o ltAatÚ vf{nLsf ?kdf , … b kmnÚ , … ljof]G 8 bL PhÚ nufot klg klg hlGdP . ljZje/ axfb'/ uf] (* ldlnog 8n/ sdfPsf] aS;clkm; l/ kf] 6{ 5 . g] kfndf ;'l6ª ePsf cFu h g] kfnLx¿sf] 7"nf] klxrfg 5 . k|fs[lts ?kdf ]| L lkmNd x'g \ .

To: t } cGo b'O{ c+u h ]| L lkmNd … ;f] N8Ú / … xfOj] } . lo ;a sf/ 0fn] ljb] zLx¿ To: t } b] jfgGbsf] … x/ ] / fd x/ ] s[i0fÚ , cldtfe klg g] kfn wgL 5Fb 5 6" wDk';Ú klg g] kfndf 5fof“sg ePsf lyP . b'j } aRrgsf] … vb' f ujfxÚ / … dxfgÚ , clgn sk'/ sf] … o4 ' Ú g] kfntkm{ nf] lePsf x'g;S5g\ .Ú lkmNd kf] v/ f / cf;kf;sf If] qdf ;'l6ª ePsf / uf] ljGbfsf] … Ps xl;gf Ps lbjfgfÚ nufotsf sf/ 0f oltdfq} xf]O g, g] kfndf ;'l6ª ug{ lyP . lxGbL lkmNddf klg g]k fnsf b[Zo b] Vg ;lsG5 . ;xh / ;'ne ePsfn] klg ljb] zLx¿ otf cfslif{t g] kfndf xlnp8sf 7"N7"nf l;g] df dfq} xf] Og, ;fpy OlG8og lkmNdx¿ … \ . g]k fndf lkmNd ;'l6ª ug{sf nflu b;sf bdÚ df klg ePsf x'g alnp8sf 7"N7"nf Aofg/ sf l;g] df klg 5fof“sg g] kfnsf b[Zo s} b 5g\ . ;u/ dfyf cf/ f x] L ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 : jLs[lt lng'k5{ . ePsf 5g\ . cIfos'df/ : 6f/ / lxGbL lkmNd … a a] LÚ P8dG8 lxnf/ Lsf] hLjgLdf cfwfl/ t Go'lhNofG8sf] : jLs[ltsf nflu lkmNdsf] syf, snfsf/ / sf7df8f}d + } 5fof+sg ePsf] xf] . of] lkmNddf Pp6f 6] lnlehg 8«fdf … lxnf/ LÚ sf] 5fof+sg klg k|fljlwsaf/ ] k"0f{ hfgsf/ L dGqfnodf a'emfpg'k5{ . eQmk'/ b/ af/ If] qb] lv xfoft xf] 6n;Ddsf b[Zo ot} ePsf] xf] . ;Fu;Fu } lkmNdsf nflu Pp6f … nfOg k|f 8] o\ ; ' / Ú 5g\ . rnrlq k|fljlws ;+3 g] kfnsf cWoIf k'is/ g] kfnL d'ns} / fVg'kg] { k|fjwfg 5 . z'Nssf] s'/ f blIf0f ef/ tLo lkmNd … b; lug] ;] kx] n Ú] sf] nfdfsf cg';f/ g] kfndf cFuh

]| L, lxGbL, lrlgof, ug'k{ bf{ w] / } vr{ nfUb} g . k/ld6sf nflu ljsf; ;'l6ª klg g] kfndf ePsf] lyof] . blIf0f ef/ tLo sf] l/ og, / l;og, a|flhnL, O6fnLnufot b] zsf af]8 n { fO{ %) ?k} ofF z'Ns a'emfpg' k5{ eg] ;'l6ªsf lkmNdsf ;'k/ : 6f/ ljqmd clegLt of] lkmNd tLg lkmNd ul/ sl/ a $ xhf/ eGbf a9L 7"nf lkmNdsf] qmddf lvlrPsf b[Zosf] ;] G;/ l;ksf nflu !% ;ftfsf] cjlwdf eQmk'/ , e}; F k] f6L, : joDe" / d'8 d] f ;'l6ª eO;s] sf] 5 . … oxfF ;'l6ª x'g ] k|foM ljb] zL xhf/ ?k} ofF z'Ns a'emfpg'k5{ .

5fof+sg ePsf] lyof] . ;'l6ªsf nflu ef/ taf6 lkmNdn] sf7df8f} To: t } ;Dkbf, / fli6«o lgs'~hh: tf dxTjk'0f{ + pkTosfsf ljleGg P] ltxfl;s Ps ;o snfsf/ / k|fljlws cfPsf lyP . ;Dkbf / lxdfnL If] qnfO{ vf;u/ L cfkm\gf] ;'l6ª nf] s ; ] gdf 5fof“sg ubf{ 5'§ } / sd ltg'kg] {rnlrq g] kfnsf tkm{af6 cleg] tf ;'lgn yfkfn] klg of] nf] s ; ljsf; af] 8s { f cWoIf s] zj e§/ fO{ atfpF5g\ . ] g agfpg] u5{g,\ Ú pgn] eg] .

59

ljjfx

eujfg

;fIfL /fv]/=== n

rGb| sfkm\n]

e

lgG5 dfG5] hGdFb d} f eujfgn] p;sf] hf] 8L klg wlt{df k7fOlbPsf x'G5g\ . j+z wfGg dfq xf] Og, hLjgnfO{ / l;nf] , el/ nf] / cy{k0" f{ agfpg klg ;fyL rflxG5 . To;} n ] ;lbof}b + l] v ljjfxsf] l/ t rn] sf] 5 . … cfhb] lv xfdL cf} krfl/ s ?kdf hLjg;fyL eof} + x} Ú eg] / ;dfhnfO{ hfgsf/ L lbg] sfo{qmd g} ljjfxpT;j xf] . eujfgn] g} hf] 8L agfP/ k7fOlbPsf x'G5g\ eGbfeGb} klg sltkon] ;dod} hf] 8L e] §fpFb g} g\ . vf] Hbfvf] Hb} pd] / 9lNsFb } hfG5 . tgfj x'G5 . clg t lax] x'g } ufx|f ] k5{ . lax] eg] sf] pd] / 5Fb } ug'k{ 5{ . lax] df vr{sf] s'/ f cfpF5 . b'nxf, b'nxLsf ;fdfg vl/ b ug{, Oi6ldqnfO{ v'jfpg / sd rflxG5 . ;dfhdf ldtJooL lax] ug]x {¿ klg 5g\ . t8se8s ug]x {¿ klg 5g\ .

60

;do / k};fsf lx;fan] klg sd vlr{nf] g] kfnL ;dfhdf x'g ] ljjfxsf lglDt slDtdf % nfvb] lv s/ f 8] f} + ?k} ofF vr{ x'g ] u/ s ] f] kfOG5 . ***

lxGb" k/ Dk/ f cg';f/ j} zfv, h] 7, c;f/ , d+l;/ , df3, kmfu'g ljjfx ug{ of]Uo dlxgf x'g \ . ljjfx sxfF ug]{ / s;/ L ug] { eGg] kl/ jf/ sf] cfly{s l: ylt, b'nxf b'nxLsf] l: ylt / ;dfh x] / /] km/ s kf5{ . ufpF3/ lt/ k|foM 5f] / f5f] / Lsf] lax] 3/ df cfFugd} ul/ G5 . s;} s;} n ] dlGb/ df klg u5{g \ . dlGb/ cfkm}d + f kljq 7fpF . cfkmGthg / eujfgnfO{ ;fIfL / fv] / ljjfx ug'{ yk ;fy{s sbd dflgG5 . kl5Nnf] ;do dlGb/ df ljjfx ug] { dflg;sf] ;+Vof a9] sf] 5 . sf7df8f}s + f u'Xo] Zj/ L, / fd dlGb/ , eb|sfnL ;"ol{ jgfos, uf] 7f6f/ , aNv', sn+sL, rf] ef/ nufot dlGb/ x¿df nugsf a] nf ljjfx ug] { hUu] afSn} b] lvG5 .

u'x Z] j/ Ldf t olt w] / } hUu] x'G5g\ ls kfx'gfnfO{ … Oi6ldq / gft] bf/ sf] ;do klg v] / ghfg] cfkm"n ] lgDtf] dfGg' kg] {b'nxf, b'nxL stf 5g\ / ;a} s'/ fn] Ps lbj;Lo ljjfx g} pko'Qm x'g ] eg] / vf] Hg} ;do nfU5 . ePsfn] dlGb/ / f h ] s ] f xf} ,Ú pgn] eg] . ;a} If] qsf dflg;sf nflu kfos 7fpF ljjfxkZrft\ ;'vb\ hLjg laTg'k5{ eg] / ePsfn] klg dlGb/ df ljjfx ug]q { md a9] sf] dlGb/ df eujfgnfO{ ;fIfL / fv] / ljjfx ubf{ u'Xo] Zj/ L dlGb/ Joj: yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf ;'ldt sd{sf08 p;} klg k"/ f x'g ] o'jfk': tfsf] egfO 5 . v8\uL atfpF5g\ . c? ljleGg sf/ 0fn] dlGb/ dlGb/ kl/ ;/ df d08k lgdf{0f ul/ Psf] x'G5 . / f h ] fO{df k5{g \ . sltko o'jfn] eujfgnfO{ ;fIfL / fv] / l;Gb'/ lxGb" k/ Dk/ f cg';f/ Ps lbj;Lo ljjfx xfNg] u/ s ] f] klg b] lvG5 . ubf{ w] / } ljjfxsf sd{sf08 k"/ f x'bF g} g\ . … nug ePsf] ;dodf Ps} lbg $)–%) t/ , dlGb/ df ljjfx u/ d] f k"0f{kmn j6f ;Dd lax] x'G5,Ú ;ldltsf eujfg k|fKt x'g ] kl08t gf/ fo0f kf} 8 n ] n] cWoIfn] v8\ uLn] eg] , … oxfF ljjfx / cfkmGtx¿nfO{ atfpF5g\ . … 5f] 6f] ;dodf ug{ @%) b] lv @))) ¿k} ofF ;fIfL /fv]/ dlGb/ ljjfx ug{k' bf{ dxTjk"0f{ ;Dd z'Ns nfU5 .Ú df ljjfx u/]/ k|d] sf] sd{sf08 5'6g\ ] / u|xbzfsf dlGb/ df ljjfx ubf{ ;do cFufnf]df afFlwg]x¿ cfwf/ df ;d: of cfpg;Sg] sd / k} ;f sd nfU5 . cfkm'nfO{ efUodfgL ePsfn] dlGb/ df ljjfx ubf{ ldtJoL x'g dlGb/ df lax] dfG5g\ .

To;sf] bf] if sl6G5,Ú kf} 8 n ] n] ug]x { ¿ w] / } e] l6G5g\ . sltko eg] . rflxF bfOhf] k|yfaf6 aRg dlGb/ Ps lbj;Lo ljjfx sfdrnfp / f H] 5g\ . s] xL rflxF kl/ jf/ n ] lax] sf] dfq ePsf] / l;Gb"/ xfNg] cf} krfl/ stf dfq} : jLs[lt glbFbf ;'6S' s dlGb/ df cfP/ uf9f lbg] sfd eO/ x s ] f] pgsf] ts{ 5 . klxnf–klxnf k| d] nfO{ ljjfxdf kl/ 0ft u5{g \ . b'O{ lbjl;o ljjfx ul/ GYof] . / fte/ u/ fPsf] ;dfh ;'wf/ rfxg] sltko o'jf yf] / } vr{df ljjfx kljq dflgGYof] . ljjfx u5{g \ . h: tf] ls )&^ j} zfvdf d} tLb] jLdf cfw'lglss/ 0f;Fu Ps lbg] ljjfxn] k|fyldstf ljjfx u/ s ] f / f z ] g pbf; / / dLnfsf hGtL !) kfPsf] 5 . b'O{ lbgsf] ljjfx ;donfO{ Ps} hgf dfq lyP . vfglkgdf klg ld7fO{ / kmnkm"n lbgdf ;DkGg ubf{ sd vlr{nf] / ;do jrt x'g ] dfq lyof] . hDdfhDdL %% ;o ?k} ofF vr{ u/ ] aNv'l: yt e'jg] Zj/ L dlGb/ df ljjfx u/ s ] f hLjg pgLx¿n] . dlGb/ nfO{ !% ;o afx'gnfO{ @ xhf/ kf} 8 n ] n] atfP . / afFsL / sd vfgfdf vr{ eof] .

gSsnL ljjfx l8k]G 8] G6 le;fdf ljb] z hfg rfxg] sltko o'jfn] gSsnL ljjfx u5{g \ . sltkon] dlGb/ df ;'6S' s lax] u5{g \ . sltkon] eg] kl08tnfO{ va/ u/ /] } u5{g \ . … gSsnL lax] ubf{ dGq kl9Gg,Ú kl08t kf} 8 n ] n] eg] . ljjflxt hf] 8L c: 6 l]« nof, cd] l/ sf hfkfg sf] l/ of rLgnufot d'ns ' df lax] u/ /] hfg] u/ s ] f 5g\ . pgLx¿n] dlGb/ df kmf] 6f] dfq} lvr] / dfq} klg hfG5g\ . ljb] z hfg dfq} lax] ug{ cfpg] x¿ klg dlGb/ df cfpg] u/ s ] f 5g\Ú , cWoIf v8\uLn] eg] .

61

ljjfx

cfbz{ hf] 8L ;Kt/ Ldf bfOhf] / lxt ljjfx u/ /] Ps hf] 8L gd'gf ag]s f] 5 . pgLx¿n] hDdf %)! ?k}o fF vr{ u/ /] ljjfx u/ s ] f x'g \ . l5Ggd: tf eujtLnfO{ ;fIfL / fvL @@ aif] {c+s z ] ofbj / @) jlif{of k|ltef s'df/ Ln] ljjfx u/ s ] f x'g \ . hGtL ag] / cfPsf cleefjsnfO{ pgLx¿n] lrof / la: s6' v'jfPsf lyP . dfnf, l;Gb'/ kf] t ] / k+l8t g/ z ] emfnfO{ lbPsf] blIf0ff hf] 8 /] hDdf %)! ?k} ofF vr{ ePsf] a] xn ' Lsf afa' / fd;'Gb/ ofbjn] hfgsf/ L lbP .

To;} u/ L )&% kmfu'gdf u'x Z] j/ Ldf ljjfx u/ s ] f / ljGb| l;+x / dLgfsf] hDdf @^ ;o ?k} ofF vr{ ePsf] lyof] . kl/ jf/ sf] ;xdlt ljgf ul/ Psf] ljjfxdf kl08tnfO{ !! ;o / dlGb/ nfO{ !% ;o ¿k} ofF lbg' afx] s cGo vr{ gePsf] atfP . csf]{ d"Vo sf/0f ef] hdf df5f, df;' / dlb/ f lgif] w ePsfn] klg vr{ sd x'g] sf/0fn] klg dlGb/df ljjfx ug]x{ ? aflSnPsf 5g\ . dlGb/ df ljjfx ubf{ pd] / v'nfpg' k5{ . d'ns ' L P] gn] ljjfx ug]s { f] pd] / @) jif{ k'u s ] f] x'gk' g] { afWofTds Joj: yf u/ s ] f] 5 . u'x Z] j/ L dlGb/ Joj: yfklg ;ldltsf cWoIf v8\uL eG5g\, … pd] / k'u s ] f] k|df0f lagf xfdL ljjfx u/ fpFb g} f} + .Ú dlGb/ x¿n] cf–cfkm\g } 9+un] c? lgod klg agfPsf 5g\ . afun'ªsf] sflnsf dlGb/ df pd] / sf] k|df0fkq a'emfP/ dfq k'Ub} g, cleefjsnfO{ klg clgjfo{ pkl:yt u/ fpg' kg] { lgod ePsf] dlGb/ Joj: yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf / fh' v8\sfn] atfP . eujfgnfO{ ;fIfL / fv] / dfq ljjfx ;kmn x'bF g . } ;kmntfsf nflu cfk;L ;dembf/ L, dfofk| d] x'gk' 5{ .

62

/]i6'/f“

:jfb,;+uLt / snfsf] lqj]0fL

g]

kfn 3'Dg cfpg] ko{6s nf] sn ;+ux| fnodf k'us

] f] cg'ej x'G5 . ToxfF g]k fnL hLjgz} nL emNsg] t: jL/ , : jfbsf kl/ sf/ vf] H5g\ . lrq, sfi7snf, afhfufhf, k'/ fgf efF8fjt{g cflb ;hfOPsf] 5 . e'OdF f rfVbf ld7f] nfu] yk] / vfG5g\ . ;'sn ' laR5fOPsf] 5 . : jfb dg k/ g] eg] klg cg'xf/ / i] 6'/f dF f x/ s ] ;fFem df} lns g] kfnL gfrufg k|bz{g ul/ G5 . lxdfn, kxf8 cFWof/ f ] agfpFb g} g\ . a? : df6{ kmf] g / / t/ fO{sf gfrx¿ x]b {} vfgf vfg kfOG5 . lxdfnsf z]k f{b l] v sf7df8f}s + f] Sofd] / fn] tL kl/ sf/ sf tl: j/ lvR5g\ . nfv] gfr x'bF } t/ fO{sf yf? gfr;Dd b] vfOG5 . ;f+uLlts sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs ;~hfndfkm{t\ ;fyL;+uL / cGTodf g] kfnL nf] suLt / z ] d lkml/ l/ ;uF } ;a} kfx'gfnfO{ grfOG5 .

Oi6ldqnfO{ b] vfpF5g\ . o;/ L : jfb, ;+uLt / snfsf] lqj] 0fL ag] sf] 5 g] kfnL r'nf] . g] kfnLnfO{ 6\jfSs6'Ss : jfb dg k5{ t/ lrNnf] , lk/ f ] / … g k] fnL r'nf] Ú ;g\ @))) df v'n s ] f] xf] . / i] 6'/F fsf hg/ n sf7df8f}s + f] d;n] bf/ vfgf o'/ f k] n ] L / cd] l/ sL ko{6sn] ?rfpFb g} g\ . nflhDkf6df cjl: yt Dofg] h/ b'ne{ sfsL{sf cg';f/ oxfF Ps} k6s b'O{ ;o hgf pgLx¿sf nflu lrNnf] , d;nf / lk/ f ] sd ePsf vfgf a;] / vfglkg ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf d'Vo u|fxs ljb] zL / … g k

] fnL r' n f] Ú

/ i

] 6' / f

F dfq rflxG5 . o: t } : jfb kfOG5 sf7df8f}s + f] nflhDkf6l: yt u} / cfjfl;o g] kfnL x'g \ . xf] Og, g]k fnL snf / … g k] fnL r'nf] Ú df . ToxfF l6lksn g] kfnL / g] jf/ L kl/ sf/ ;Dks{ M g] kfnL r'nf] , nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}, + ;+ u Ltsf]

;+ u x | fno g}

kmf]g M )!–$))@))(, (*%!@#@@(& kfS5 . xf] . … g k] fnL r'nf] Ú / i] 6'/ fF dfq xf] Og, g] kfnL snf / ;+uLtsf] ;+ux| fno g} xf] . k'/ fgf] b/ af/ df ;~rflnt / i] 6'/ fdF f k'Ubf s'g}

63

vfglkg

snfsf/sf]

vfGsL

elg/xg' gknf{, ;]lnla|6Lsf x/]s ultljwL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] rf;f]sf] ljifo x'gu] 5{ . snfsf/ sxfF a:bf x'g,\ s] vfFbf x'g,\ sf];uF p7a;\ ubf{ x'g,\ lo / o:t} ofjt\ ljifodf bz{ssf] lh1f;f x'g' :jefljs g} xf] . w]/n } fO{ nfUbf] xf], snfsf/sf] hLjg eJo x'G5 . pgLx?sf] vfGsL klg To:t} eJo x'bF f] xf] . cfh xfdL kl5Nnf] ;do rrf{df /x]sf snfsf/sf lk|o vfgf;lxt pgLx?sf] …km'8 Xofla6Úaf/] rrf{ ub}5 { f}+ M

… bfneft t/ sf/ L g} Kof/ f Ú] cfFrn zdf{, cleg] qL cfFrn … km'8LÚ snfsf/ df kl5{g\ cyf{t,\ pgsf] vfglkgdf ljz] if ?rL 5 . pgsf] dgkg] {vfgf eg] sf] … bfneft t/ sf/ LÚ xf] . ;+hf] u t s] 5 eg] xfn} pgn] … dx;~rf/ Ú Aofg/ af6 … bfneft t/ sf/ LÚ gfdsf] lkmNd klg ul/ ;lsg\ . cfkm\gf] vfglkgaf/ ] pgn] ;'gfOg\, … d Psbd} km'8L 5' . dnfO{ ;a}e Gbf dgkg] {vfgf eg] sf] bfneft t/ sf/ L g} xf] . a] ;L g} dgkg] { vfgfrfFxL oxL xf] . Tof] afx] s dMd klg Psbd} dgk5{ .Ú cfFrn h+s km'8df Tolt ?rL / flVbgg\ . dMdsf] cfO6d eg] clt dgkg] { atfpFl5g\ . emf] n dMd, ;L dMd pgnfO{ Psbd} dgk5{ . … dnfO{ s] Pkm;L klg dgk5{,Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . cfFrn k] o kbfy{df … sf] sÚ lkpg ?rfpFl5g\ . lxhf] cfh t sf] s;Fu dMd pgL b} lgsh;f] lnO/ x s ] L x'lG5g\ . dMd vfgsf] nflu pgnfO{ ;do lgsfln/ xg' kb}g { . hlta]n f dg nfUof] , Tolta] nf vfOlblG5g\ . ljb] zsf] sfo{qmddf k'Ubf eg] pgL k|m6' clg g6\;x¿ vfg] atfpFl5g\ . lkmNd, Do"lhs lel8of] nufotsf] ;'l6ªdf t k'/ f o'lg6 ;b: osf nflu Pp6}

64

vfgf kfSg] u5{ . To: tf] cj: yfdfrfFxL pgL s] ubL{ x'g \ Û Tolta]n f eg] pgL ;'l6ªdf h] aGof] Tolx vfg] ul5{g \ . ;fydf s] lx kmnkm"n klg vfg 5'6fpFlbgg\ .

To: t } x/ s ] laxfg pgL kmnkm"n;Fu } kfgLdf 3f] n /] ;ft' klg lkpl5g\ . kmnkm"n laxfgdfq} vfP/ k'Ub} g, km] l/ lbpF;f] klg rflxG5 pgnfO{ . … a n ] s ' LrfFxL / f 6] L d] / f ] klxnf] / f r] fO x'g ] u5{,Ú pgn] elgg\ . cfFrn clxn] lkmNd / Do"lhs lel8of] nfO{ ;Fu;Fu } lnP/ cl3 al9/ x s ] L l5g\ .

… cfkm\g } xftn] ksfPsf] ld7f] Ú ljN;g ljqmd / fO{, xf“: o cleg] tf

xfF:o snfsf/ ljN;g ljqmd / fO{ cfkm} ksfP/ vfgf vfg ?rfpF5g\ . pgL klg vfglkgsf ;f} lvg g} x'g \ . … dnfO{ w] / } d;nf / t] n gePsf] vfgf vfg dgk5{,Ú pgL eG5g\, … laxfgM k|fo d / f 6] L clg rgf vfg ?rfpF5 ' . lbpF;f] bfneft g} vfG5' . a] ns ' frfFxL 3fd 8'Ag' cl3 olx vfG5' eGg] 5} g . rgf / ds} ldl;Psf] ;ft'nfO{ sfutL kfgLdf ;a{t agfP/ lkpg v'a dL7f] nfU5,Ú pgn] eg] . pgL / S;L eg] lkpFb g} g\ . To;} n ] ;km\6 l8«S+ ;df n] dg ;f] 8f lkpg ?rfpF5g\ . h+s km'8 klg Tolt ?rfpFb g} g\ pgL . slxn] sfxLF dfq vfg] u/ s ] f] atfpF5g\ . ;flyefO clg kl/ jf/ sf] aLr x'bF f rfxLF h] aGof] Tolx vfg] u/ s ] f] atfpF5g\ . … ljb] z hfFbf eg] ToxLF b] zsf] k|rlnt vfg] s/' f vfg ?rfpF5,' Ú pgn] eg] .

lkpF5,' Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . bLkf sfd ug] {;dodf eg] vfglkgdf Tolt jf: tf ulb{gg\ . km';l{ bnf] ;dodf eg] ld7f] ld7f] vfg ?rfpFl5g\ . pgsf] dgkg] { vfg] s/' f t r6k6] xf] . cldnf] –lk/ f s ] L kf/ vL x'g\ pgL . … sfd u/ s ] f] ;dodf d'vdf cldnf] lk/ f ] k¥of] eg] dg To;} r+uf x'G5,Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . pgnfO{ vfgfdf bfneft t/ sf/ Lafx] s dMd, cfn'sf] crf/ , ltnsf] n•', clg klg/ sf] cfO6d klg v'a dgk5{ . … d t ljz'4 zfsfxf/ L x',F Ú pgL elG5g\ ,… t/ , vfgfdf t km'8L g} 5' . w] / } slG;o; eg] 5} g . jls{ª 6fOddf eg] em6k6 x'g ] r6k6 vfg ?rfpF5 ' .Ú pgL laxfg sfutL kfgL, : ofp, cf] Vv/ , abfd ldnfP/ vfg] ul5{g \ . To;kl5 of] uf / dlg{ª jfs ul5{g,\ clg !! ah] lt/ e"hf vflG5g\ . … lbpF;f] rfxL“ oxL“ vfhf vfOG5 eGg] 5} g,Ú pgn] elgg\, … slxn] rfprfp vfOG5 . slxn] lrp/ f– t/ sf/ L vfOG5 . slxn] rfpldg–dd vfOG5 . slxn] sfxLF gvfO klg al;G5 . To: t ,} a] ns ' f slxn] pdfn]s f] ;AhLdf lgDa' xfn]/ vfOG5 . slxn] / f 6] L vfOG5 .Ú pgL a]n s ' f x] eL km'8 eg] gvfg] u/ s ] f] atfpFl5g\ . l8«S+ ;df klg pgL ;km\6eGbf xf8{ g} lng ?rfpFl5g\ . xf8{ l8«S+ ;df jfOg, lao/ a9L lkpg] atfpFl5g\ . bz}d +f pgnfO{ dfG5] x¿ ;f] Wg] u5{g,\ … df;' gvfOsg klg bz} +dgfOG5 / <Ú pgL hjfkmdf eGg] u/ s ] L l5g\ … e h ] x'g' / gg–e] h x'gr' fxLF ;f] r xf] . lx+;f lagf klg bz} +eOxfN5 lg, e/ ;s lx+;f gu/ s ] } / fd|f ] h: tf] nfU5 .Ú lkmNdsf] ;'l6ªdf eg] s'sn] pgnfO{ g} x] / /] vfg ksfpg] u/ s ] f] pgn] atfOg\ . … dnfO{ h: tf] vfgf dgk5{, s'sn] ToxLcg';f/ agfOlbG5g\,Ú pgn] ;'gfOg\ . clxn] pgL … 5 dfof 5kSs} Ú sf] lkmNdsf] ;'l6ªdf Jo: t l5g\ .

… cldnf] –lk/ f s ] L kf/ vL dÚ bLkf>L lg/ f n } f, xf“: o cleg] qL bLkf>L lg/ f n } fsf ljifodf sltnfO{ yfx gxf] nf, pgL e] lh6] l/ og x'g,\ cyf{t\ zfsfxf/ L . @! jif{ eof] pgL e] h 6] l] / og ePsf] . cS;/ ljb] zdf sfo{qmd x'bF f pgsf z'elrGts pgnfO{ gg–e] h / :] 6/" flF t/ nfg] u5{g \ . Toltv] / bLkf e] lh6] l/ og eg] / yfx kfpFbf pgLx¿ crDddf kg] { u5{g \ . bLkfsf nflu eg] Tof] ;fdfGo nfUg yfln;s] sf] 5 . … gg–e] h vfG5g\ eg] / To: t } / :] 6/" fdF f nfg'xG' 5 . e] h eg] / yfx kfpg'ePkl5, tkfO{+ e] h eg] / 5Ss kg{x' G' 5 .

To: tf] ;dodf slxn] sfxLF pl;g] sf] ;fu vfG5' clg h';

65

vfglkg … lrof–8'g6 t nt g} eO;Sof]Ú

… d lkHhf ne/ x'ÚF

k|sfz ;k"t, ufos

nIdL ab]j { f, cleg] qL / u+ d~r x'bF } clegodf cfkm\gf] klxrfg agfpg ;kmn cleg] qL x'g,\ nIdL ab]j {f . pgL vfglkgdf TolQ km'8L 5} gg\ . pgL e] h 6] l] / og x'g \ . To;} n ] ;fbf vfgf vfg ?rfpFl5g\ . … vfglkgdf TotL r'hL 5'OgF d,Ú pgn] elgg\, … h ] xf] ;,\ ef] s } rfxL“ a: g ;lSbgF d . b] Vb} vfO xfNg'kg] {klg xf]O g . e] h ePsf] sf/ 0f ;fwf/ 0f bfn eft t/ sf/ L g} vfgf dgk5{ . t/ , v';f{gL 5'6g\ ' ePg . vfgfdf lk/ f ] a9L g} vfg dgk5{ .Ú pgL laxfg vfgf vfg] u/ k] lg / ftL vfgf vfg] ulb{gg\ . laxfg t ;fdfGo vfg g} vfg ?rfpFl5g\ . … laxfg ;fdfGo tj/ d} vfgf vfG5', lbpF;f] ;do cg';f/ pknAw ePsf] vfhf / a] ns ' f& ah] lt/ s] xL xNsf k|m6' ;nfb lnG5',Ú pgn] elgg\, … / ftL eg] vfgf vfg 5f] 8 s ] f] w] / } eof] .Ú pgL aflx/ lt/ vf;} l8«S+ ; lkpFlbgg\ . slxn]s fxLF lao/ lkpg] ul5{g\ t/ ult g5fl8sg . elG5g\, … ult 5f8] / / S;L lkPsf] dgkb}g{ .Ú pgL h+s km'8 ;s] ;Dd vfFlbgg\ . pgnfO{ lkHhf w] / } dgk5{ . … d lkHhf ne/ x',F Ú pgL elG5g\, … lkHhf cf} wL vfg dgnfU5, lkHh} vfg eg] / lg: s s ] f] sfG8 w] / } 5g\ .Ú … an ' a'nÚ , … sa•LÚ , … sfuhkqÚ , … 8d?sf] 8l08laof] Ú nIdLn] clego u/ s ] f kl5Nnf lkmNdx¿ x'g \ . pgL gf6sdf klg plQs} ;lqmo l5g\ .

ahf/ df clxn] k|Voft 5, k|sfz ;k"tsf] kl5Nnf] uLt … unaGbLÚ . w]/ n } fO{ hfGg dg xf] nf, lo nf] s ufossf] … km'8 Xofle6Ú rfFxL s: tf] xf] nf < vfhfdf 8'gf] 6 / lrof ?rfpF5g\ pgL . st} ;8s 5] plt/ jf sfo{nosf] cf;kf;df x'g ] lrof k;nsf s';L{df a;] / lrof clg 8'gf] 6 vfFbf a] Un} lsl;dsf] cfgGb ldN5 pgnfO{ . … d Tolt ;f¥xf] r'hL / km'8 l8l;lKng 5} g, ePsf] eP d] / f ] z/ L/ clxn] cs} { x'GYof] ,Ú pgn] xfF: b} cfkm\ gf] vfglkg ;f} vaf/ ] eg] , … vfgfdf dnfO{ s'v/' fsf] df;'sf] emf] n / eft eP s] lx rflxFb g} . ufpF hf“bf l98f] / b'w vfg ;fx} }| dgk5{ . lxhf]c fh laxfg lrof dfq} lkpF5,' lbp;f] rfFxL eft / ;fFemrfFxL / f 6] L vfg yfn] sf] 5' . o;nfO{ ?lr eGg] ls, v} s] eGg] ÛÚ b'wsf] lrof t pgsf] nt g} xf] . udL{sf] df} ;ddf klg pgL #–$ sk b'wsf] lrof cyf{t\ slkm glkOsg lrQ} a'emfpFb g} g\ . … hf8f] df t *–!) sk g} k'Ug] u5{,Ú pgn] cfkm\gf] lrof nt ;'gfP . pgn] clxn] ;Dd / S;LrfFxL lkPsf 5} gg\ . lr;f] k] o kbfy{df 7\ofSs} olx g} rflxG5 eGg] 5} g . kl5Nnf] ;do bz{ssf lk|o ag] sf ufos ;k"tsf] … unaGbLÚ ;uF } … af] n dfofÚ , … bf] xf] / L Aof6nÚ nufot uLt klg lx6 g} 5g\ .

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… g k] fndf bfneft, ljb] zdf l; km'8Ú / fh] zkfon / fO{, ufos nf] slk|o ufos / fh] zkfon / fO{ vfgfdf ?rL / fVg] dfG5] xf] Ogg\ . 3/ df h] kfS5 ToxL vfg] dfG5] x'g\ pgL . … g k] fn x'bF f bfn eft t/ sf/ L g} vfG5' ,Ú pgL eG5g\, … ljb] z hfFbfrfFxL dnfO{ l; km'8 g} rflxG5 . ;L km'8dWo] klg dnfO{ qm\ofa c;fWo} dgk5{ . g] kfn x'bF f l98f] , ds} , RofVnf vfg dgk5{ .Ú pgnfO{ lbgdf b'Ot{ LgkN6 vfO/ xg'kb}g{ . PskN6 vfgf vfPkl5 vfhf gvfFbf klg s] xL km/ s kb}g { pgnfO{ . … laxfg PskN6 vfgf vfPkl5 lbpF;f] e/ nfO{ k'U5,Ú pgn] eg] . To: t } k] o kbfy{df eg] pgnfO{ a|f08]8 l8«S+ ; rfFlxb} g . … dnfO{ k|m; ] h'; lkpg dgk5{,Ú pgn] eg] ,… ljz] ifu/ L cfFk, ;'Gtnfnufotsf] h'; lkpg ?rfpF5 .Ú pgL h+s km'8sf] klg ne/ x'g \ . : jf: Yosf lx;fan] of] xflgsf/ s xf] eGg] klg pgnfO{ yfxf 5 t/ s] ug]{ dg dfGb} dfGb} gg\ . eG5g\, … d au{/n e/ x' F . Dofs8f] gfN8sf] au{/ t v'a ld7f] nfU5 .Ú

;f/+uL ;f

/ u+ L g] kfnsf] df} lns afhf . o;sf] k'vf{ j} lbs sfnsf] ljtt\ lj0ff xf] . ;fdj]b ufog ubf{ 5Gb cg';f/ uGwj{÷lsGg/ x¿n] ;f/ u+ L ahfpFy ] . kl5 cfP/ pgLx¿ 3f] / p gfds lj0ff ahfpg yfn] . 3f] /p kf] yL afhf xf] eg] cf/ afhf] efn] afhf dflgG5 . 3f] / p / 6] /] ahfOGYof] eg] cf/ afhf] sf] §ofP/ . ;doqmddf ;f/ u+ gfds r/ fsf] cfjfhaf6 ldnfP/ ;f/ u+ L agfOof] . g] kfnL ;dfhdf ;f/ u+ LnfO{ ;u'g afhfsf ?kdf lnOG5 . 3/ af6 ;fOt u/ /] lg: s s ] f a] nf uGw{j e] l6P jf ;f/ u+ L ahfpFb } u/ s ] f] e] l6P ofqf ;kmn x'G5 eGg] nf] sljZjf; 5 . wfld{s pT;jx¿, dflg;sf] ;f] x| ;+: sf/ dWo] !$ ;+: sf/ df ;f/ u+ L ahfOg] g] kfnL nf] safhf ;+ux| fnosf ;+: yfks Pj+ afhf ljz] if1 / fdk|;fb sF8 n ] atfpF5g\ . g] kfnsf ufpF3/ lt/ afhf ahfP: j?k uGwj{nfO{ jif{sf] b'O{ k6s d+l;/ / r} tdf clgjfo{ ?kdf cGg lbg'kg] {rng lyof] . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] lhljsf rNYof] . cr] n of] qmd 6'l6;s] sf] 5 . ljz] iftM kxf8L e'efudf uGwj{ ;d'bfosf] a;f] af; 5 . ;f/ u+ L ufog Pj+ afbgaf6 gfd rn] sf snfsf/ x¿df lvdaxfb'/ ufos, emnsdfg uGwj{, nfnaxfb'/ uGwj{, / fdz/ 0f g] kfnL,

e/ t g] kfnL, Zofd g] kfnL, / l;s knf~rf] s ,] h+uaxfb'/ uGwj{, tLy{axfb'/ uGwj{ x'g \ . To: t } gofF k': tsf x] dGt sfG5f / ;fOnL, sdn ljs cflbn] VoftL sdfO;s] . kfZrfTo afhfsf] k|efj / nf] safBafbssf] lhljsf grn] sfn] cr] n ;f/ u+ L ahfpg] uGwj{sf] ;+Vofdf sld cfPsf] 5 . t/ , cGo hfltsf o'jf ;f/ u+ L afbgdf cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ . u} / uGwj{nfO{ k'/ fgf efsf / zAbsf] 1fg gePsfn] ;+uLt ;+: sl[ t ;+/ If0f x'g ;s] g . … ljZjljBfnodf ;f/ u+ L ljifo k7gkf7g x'gk' ¥of] Ú , afhf ljz] if1 sF8 n ] eG5g\, … cGoyf afhf t / xnf t/ uGwj{ ;+uLt ;+:s l[ t nf] k eP/ hfG5 .Ú ;f/ u+ Lsf] lrgf/ L ;f/ u+ L 5lQpg cyjf lv/ fs {] f] sf7af6 agfOG5 . of] Ps xftb] lv 8] 9 xft;Dd nfdf] x'G5 . o;df rf/ j6f tf/ hf] l8Psf] x'G5 . oL rf/j6f tf/ sf] : j/ k=;f ;f k ldnfOPsf] x'G5 . oL tf/ b;} +sfn/ fqL k"hf u/ s ] f] af] sfsf] cfGb|faf6 agfOG5 . / 6] g\ ] wg' rflxF 3f] 8fsf] k'R5/ af6 agfOG5 . tf/ df wg'n ] / 6] /] ahfOG5 . ;f/ u+ Lsf tf/ af6 gj} / ;sf : j/ lg: sG5 . ;+;f/ s } 7"nf] / ;fgf] ;f/ u+ L sf7df8f} + lqk'/ Z] j/ l: yt g] kfnL nf] safhf ;+ux| fnodf ;'/ lIft 5 . 7"nf] afhf & km'6 # OGrsf] 5 eg] ;fgf] hDdf & OGrsf] . ;+ux| fnodf ;f/ u+ L ;lxt ^%) k|sf/ sf afhf ;+ul| xt 5g\ . ToxfF k'/ fgf uGwj{x¿sf] hfgsf/ L ;lxt Uofn/ L klg vf] lnPsf] 5 .

67

sf];]nL

a'4 e"ldsf] lrgf]

zfSod'lg uf} td a'4sf] hGdynf] n'lDagL . af] wLj[Ifd'lg slknj: ts ' f / fhf z'4f] bg / / fgL dfofb] jLsf] klxnf] ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf O;fk"j{ ^@# df hGd]s f lyP pgL . ltnf} / fsf] 6 b/ af/ af6 dfOtL b] jbx hfg lxF8 s ] L dfofb] jLn] k'isl/ 0fL kf] v/ L5] pdf l;4f{ynfO{ hGd lbPsL lyOg\ . To;}n ] ;+;f/ e/ sf af} 4dfuL{x¿ n'lDagLnfO{ kljq e"ld dfG5g\ . a'4sf] cy{ … Ao'eF m] sf] dflg;Ú . b/ af/ sf] ;'v Tofu] / l;4fy{ uf} td Ao'lF emP . nf] e, O{iof{, 3d08, df]x / l/ ; Tofu] . zflGt dGq afF8/ ] k|Voft eP . ltg} a'4sf] ;Ddfgdf n'lDagLsf] ljsf; ul/ Psf] 5 . ToxfFsf] dfofb] jL dlGb/ df pgsf] hGd: df/ s lznf 5 . ToxfF rf} yf] ztfAbLsf] d"lt{ klg 5 h;n] l;4fy{sf] hGdb[Zo emNsfpF5 . dfofb] jLn] ;xf/ fsf nflu ¿vsf] xfFuf ;dft] sL 5g\ . b] a k]| l§ pgsL alxgL k|hfklt 5g\

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eg] b'Ol{ t/ b] ju0fn] : jfut ul/ / x s ] f . / , aLrdf l;4fy{ 5g\ . n'lDagLdf k'u k] l5 dg zfGt x'G5 . ToxfFaf6 kms{bF f sf] ; n ] Lsf ?kdf sf7, df6f] / 9nf] 6af6 ag] sf a'4 d"lt{ Nofpg ;lsG5 . To;afx] s a'4 / n'lDagL If] qsf tl: a/ c+lst l6z{6, vfbLsf sk8f, emf] nf, w'k / : yfgLo z'efjtL kfnn] agfPsf x: tsnf klg kfOG5 . n'lDagLsf] % g+ u] 6 cufl8sf] n'lDagL ahf/ / # g+ u] 6 cufl8sf] k;f{ ahf/ df o: tf ;fdfu|L a] lrG5 . k|b z ] g+ % sf] ;/ sf/ n ] n'lDagL e|d0f jif{ @)&^ dgfO/ x s ] f] 5 . e|d0f jif{sf] ca;/ df n'lDagLsf xf] 6n / / i] 6'/ fdF f !% b] lv @% k|ltzt;Dd 5'6 lbO/ xs ] f] n'lDagL xf] 6n ;+3, g] kfnsf dxf;lrj lnnfdl0f zdf{n ] hfgsf/ L lbP\ . xfn n'lDagL If] qdf ^@ j6f xf] 6n ;~rfngdf 5g\ eg] & j6f aGb} 5g\ . cr] n n'lDagL;Dd sf7df8f} + / kf] v/ faf6 ;'ljwfo'Qm l8nS; uf8L rN5g\ . sf7df8f}– + n'lDagL #@% lsld, a;df * 3G6f . cyjf sf7df8f}–+ e} / xjf @% ldg] 6 xjfO{ ofqf . e} / xjf– n'lDagL @) lsld .

Churchill Complex, Sundhara, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 01-6210579, Fax: 01-4268107 email: pathibhara_2010@hotmail.com

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OGb|]0fL

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s'/f bLks/fh lu/L xf“:o cleg]tf ÷ lgdf{tf 3'dlkm/

M d klxn]

3'dlkm/ sf] Psbd} ;f} lvg lyPF, clxn] cln sd ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ kf]v / f v'a dgk5{ . lkmNd 5fof+sgsf nflu pko'Qm / k|Voft 7fpF nfU5 . To: t } Onfdsf] lkmSsn klg uO/ xg dgk5{ . ToxfFsf] lrof aufg clg ;'Gb/ tfn] dg nf] EofpF5 . d ljb]z df g] kfnL a;f] af; ug]{ nueu ;a} b] zdf k'lu;s] F . g]k fndf hfh/ sf] 6, h'Dnf nufotsf 7fpF 3'Dg afFsL 5. c? t c? d': tfª g} uPsf] 5} g . t/ v'a hfg] dg 5 . ;do ldnfP/ hfG5' . l;g] df M d] / f ] ;a} eGbf Kof/ f ] ;fyL xf] , l;g] df . xlnp8, alnp8b] lv g] kfnL;Dd ;a} vfn] l;g] df x] 5 {' . dnfO{ cfld/ vfgsf] … ly| Ol8P6\;Ú v'a dgk/ s ] f] xf] . dnfO{ ljz] ifu/ L afof] lks lkmNdx¿ x] g{ dgk5{ . kl5Nnf] ;~ho bQsf] hLjgdfly ag] sf] … ;~h'Ú ;f¥x} dgk/ s ] f] lyof] . d k': ts gk9] klg k':t sdfly ag] sf lkmNdx¿ x] g{ 5'6fpFlbg . d lkmNdrfFxL sd] 8L agfPklg ;fdflhs ljifoj: t' af]s s ] f lkmNdx¿ a9L x] g{ ?rfpF5 ' . klx/ g M d Tolt km] ;g slG;o; dfG5] xf] Og . kf6L{x¿df hfFbf ljz] if n'uf nufpF5 ' . c?a]n f eg] ;fdfGo klx/ gd} lx8\g ?rfpF5 ' . d k|foMlhG; / l6;6{d } lx8\g ?rfpF5 ' . hf8f] 5 eg] Gofgf] n'uf nufpF5 ' . udL{df ToxL cg';f/ nufpF5 ' . 3/ df nufpg] n'uf >LdtLn] ;lkª ulb{gx'G5, aflx/ ;'l6ªlt/ sf] sk8f bLkfhL -lg/ f n } f_n] ulb{gx' G' 5 . vfgf M d ha;Dd df+;fxf/ L lyPF, Tolta] nf;Dd d]/ f] a] : 6 km'8 lyof] …dMdÚ . Psbd} w] / } vfGy] . ;ft jif{ eof] , zfsfxf/ L ePsf] . To;kl5 dMd vfg 5f] l8of] . klxn] g] jf/ L vfhf klg v'a dgkYof] {. clxn]r fFxL 3/ d } ksfPsf] bfneft t/ sf/ L vfg dgk5{ . u'lnof] klg vfg 5f] l8;s] sf] 5' . d Tolt km'8L 5} g . k] o kbfy{s } s'/f ubf{, klxn] cln a9L lkpFy ,] clxn] dlxgfdf PskN6 . dfk;] df k/ b] l] v aflx/ kf6L{lt/ lkpg 5fl8;s] , lkpFbf klg 3/ d } a;]/ lkpF5,' Tof] klg Psbd} sd . uLt M uLt t g;'Gg] t sf] xf] nf / Û dnfO{ kmf: 6 6«ofssf] uLtx¿ ;'Gg dgkb}g { . em\ofªem\ofª–em'ªem'ª klg dgkb}g { . d] / } lkmNdsf] s'/ f ubf{ … b ]vg rDkf ;'g g rDkfÚ d] / f ] a] : 6 uLt xf] . dnfO{ ljz] ifu/ L gf/ fo0f uf] kfn, / fds[i0f 9sfnsf uLtx¿ ;'Gg dg k5{ . lxGbLdf lszf] / s'df/ , nQf d+u z ] s/ nufot d] / f ] Kof/ f ;+uLtsdL{ x'g \ . nQfsf] … nu hf un] Ú d] / f] cn6fOd km] a/ 6] uLt xf] . kl5Nnf] ;do u'Gu'gfO/ xg] uLtdf … ;fnsf] kftsf] 6k/ LÚ xf] .

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Get Featured on Yatra!

Love that view out the aircraft window? Do you photograph journeys of your travels? Are you an #AVGeek with a knack for plane spotting? If you ’ve answered YES to these questions, now is the chance to share your travel photos with our readers! Simply: • Tweet to us on Twitter by tagging us @airbuddha. We will be happy to share them with all our wonderful flyers!

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• Tag us on Instagram at @buddhaairnepal or use the hashtag #BuddhaAir or #BuddhaAirYatra • Email us your Buddha Air photos at yatra@buddhaair.com. You can even let us know your experience of flying with us.

22nd time flying with_Buddha air, still many more to go and Bhunti's first flight ever from Pokhara_to Kathmandu | @lkarki84

Best PhotoS

Listening to the kids of their flying experience has been wonderful always. Shaalin, my daughter felt great to be part of Buddha Air | Shankar Dahal

From Dhangadhi_Airport | Mamata Adhikari

Flying from Kathmandu to Bhairahawa | Joshua Morin

Takeoff from Pokhara Airport | Khem Roy Jairu

Kathmandu to Pokhara | Anup Giri

Journey with Buddha air has always been memorable and comfortable ! Thank you Team Buddha Air !

Arjun Dahal, Sr Manager, MAW Enterprises Pvt Ltd.

3 generation in Buddha Air! Bharatpur, Chitwan | Aakrity Lama Thapa

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For more information

+91 6289407962 / +91 840084001

Flights every Monday, Wednesday and Friday.

two culture capitals

connecting

10:35

09:05

ccu@buddhaair.com

08:30

07:00

holidays@buddhaair.com

Holiday packages for pashupatinath darshan,mountain views and more also available.

THREE FLIGHTS WEEKLY