Buddha Air - Yatra November 2020

A

B U D

D

H

Issue # 40 November 2020

w w w . b u d d h a a i r . c o m

;+qmd0f/lxt

xjfO{ofqf

ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfgn] xjfO{ofqf g} ;a}eGbf ;'/lIft / ;+qmd0f/lxt b]vfPsf] 5 xjfO{ ofqfdf sf]/f]gf ;g]{ ;+efjgf Go"g /fhg kf]v/]n, dxflgb]z { s g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f

ljdfgleq ;s];Dd Ps csf{;uF gaf]nf}+ 8f= z]/axfb'/ k'g z'qm/fh 6«fl] ksn tyf ;?jf /f]u c:ktfn, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

f a c e b o o k . c o m / b u d d h a a i r

@ a i r b u d d h a

@buddhaairnepal

Namaste and welcome on board Buddha Air! On 11th October 2020, Buddha Air celebrated 23 years of trusted flying. Flying the Nepali skies for these past years, we experienced many wonderful and some difficult times together.

Throughout these years, the support, trust and loyalty of our passengers, employees, business associates and well-wishers have helped us soar even greater heights.

In this challenging and uncertain times of the coronavirus pandemic, you can rely on us to make sure every flight with us is safe and done according to our COVID-19 Prevention Protocol.

Coronavirus can infect anyone, at any time. It is important for everyone to stay precautious but not panic at crucial times like this. You can read about how three people survived the deadly virus in “Turning Fear into Power: How to Overcome COVID-19?”

Our cover story ‘;+qmd0f/lxt xjfO{ofqf’ explains why air travel is one of the safest ways to travel during a pandemic. We have introduced a ‘Safe PAAS' to travel: which ensures that every passenger, employee and the aircraft is safe for travel. Let us work together to make sure we can stop the spread of COVID-19.

We want to hear from you about your newnormal experiences, please send us your feedbacks, suggestions, and testimonials; it would be featured on the next issue of Yatra.

Thank you for choosing to fly with us.

I hope you have a safe and pleasant flight.

Birendra B. Basnet Managing Director, Buddha Air

In-flight magazine Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal e-mail: yatra@buddhaair.com

Published by: Buddha Air Pvt. Ltd., Jawalakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal Editorial Board : lKhagendra Bahadur Basnet lSubarna Kharel lUL Shrestha lRatna Rai lD.K. Karna

37

Mobile App

DOWNLOAD FOR FREE

FEATURES Search & Pay Directly On The App Login To Your Royal Club Create Your Own Profile Login As Guest Offline Ticket at your fingertips Check Ticket and Flight Status Get Detailed Flight Information Get Inspiration For Your Next Travel Destination

Download the power to fly !

w w w. b u d d h a a i r. c o m

contents

Issue Nov. 2020

cfj/0f syf 3 4

;+qmd0f/lxt xjfO{ofqf

6

The Fikuri Trek An exciting and adventurous journey

12

A Two Decade Love Affair With Nepal’s Mountains

16

Thangka

46

a] gLsf] cuf{lgs pkxf/

52

lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf kmnkm"n

56

ds}sf] dfq kl/sf/ kfOg] /]:6'/G] 6

A Philosophical Message from Lord Buddha

TREKKING

The Fikuri Trek

An exciting and adventurous journey SURENDRA RANA

6

F

ikuri Trek is a virgin trail which offers insights to the culture and lifestyle of the Himalayan people and the exceptional views of peaks like Langtang, Dorje Lakpa, Gosaikunda, etc. Located between Nuwakot and Rasuwa district, it is less than 100 km towards the north of Kathmandu Valley, The Fikuri Trek can be completed in a week, and you get to stay in local villages that serve you locally grown organic food, added with the warm hospitality of the Tamang, Gurung, Brahman and Dalit communities.

THE JOURNEY TO FIKURI DADA We took a recent trip with 3 does tourism entrepreneurs guides and journalists to Fikuri.

7

TREKKING

Our first stop was at Nuwakot Durbar, a UNSECO world heritage site that was built by Prithivi Narayan Shah. It is under renovation as it was ruined by the 2015 earthquake.

The people gave a warm welcome, with the murani dance accompanied by music of local instruments. After which, we reached Chokade town and made a trip to Suryagadi.

Suryagadi, a historic fort is an hour-long uphill climb. The hilltop still has remnants o of the battle between Tibet and Nepal. The surround views of Trishuli Valley, Kalikasthan.

Jib Jibe, Keraghari and the far-off hamlets and eye-catching landscapes were amazing.

As we hiked down. we captured the dazzling sunset view. Thanks to the Suryagadi Rural

8

Municipality, we also enjoyed wonderful cultural programs and an overnight stay at Chokade community homestay.

Chokade is the starting point of the trek, and we travelled by bus directly to Manegaon. The local community gave us a huge welcome and served delicious lunch.

Our journey moved forward towards Bhalchhe Village, where we explored the only government sheep farm at Dumbang.

We returned to Kaule Village, where the local municipality had organised a wonderfulmendomaya dance. We had an overnight stay at a newly-built monastery guesthouse.

The next morning, we had a delicious breakfast of kheer dish and bean curry. With our backpacks ready with a tapari packed lunch, we embarked on our trekking

Pioneer Explorer American anthropologists Dr. David Holmber and Dr. Kathryn March from Cornell University visited the are from 1975 to 1977. They stayed at the Manegaon area for their research into the Tamang people and their culture. Since then, the couple have regularly visited again with university groups, until their retirement in 2011.

During post-earthquake Nepal. they visited for relief work in Nuwakot and Rasuwa. They are pioneers in exploring and promoting tourism in these regions.

Fikuri hill, standing tall at 3,586 meters is the highest point of the

journey.

We climbed through terrace fields, overlooking distant villages and breath-taking landscapes. The journey continued with an ascending trail, and we reached Naughaderi in the afternoon. During a steep climb, the weather turned gloomy and a hailstorm started. But we still continued forward through dense oak trees and finally reached Memthala Goth. Unfortunately, some of our friends, including Dipak Mahat, missed the route and had followed a straight path as there were no signs.

It was difficult to trek along the ridge due to continuous snowfall. The trail was full of snow and the rhododendron forest was blanketed with white snow.

At 5 pm, we reached Dhwachhap goth, which was the overnight camping spot for the night.

Those who had reached earlier were already enjoying camp fire. The sloppy ground was pitched with yellow tents and the kitchen staff were busy preparing meals in a nearby shed.

trek. Fikyuba means rich hill in local Tamang dialect. It is a sacred and common pilgrimage centre for Buddhists and Hindus. There are mane and Mahadev Temple, where a number of Lamas, Jhakris and devotees visit during Ekadashi Mela.

A warm hot noodle soup and a cup of tea was served when we arrived. These were simply blessing in the quivering cold.

The weather became worst with continued snowfall. As we were all tired, we got inside the warm tent after a delicious dinner.

Four of us, Gagan Raj Neupane, Bhumraj Tiwari, Sanjib Gurung and me shared one tent and we each took sips of raksi to warm

9

Photo: Urja Tamang

TREKKING

ITINERARY

Day 1 Kathmandu to Chokade 1308m ( 4-5 hr drive, Homestay ) Day 2 Chokade - Manegaun, 975 (5-6 hr trek, homestay) Day 3 Mane Gaun - Bhalche 1964 m (4-5 hr trek, Homestay) Day 4 Bhalche - Fikuri, 3568m (7-8 hr trek , Camping) Day 5 Fikuri - Taji Village, 1625m (4-5 hr trek, Homestay) Day 6 Taji Village - Thulo Gaun, 1327m (3-4 hr trek, Homestay) Day 7 Thulo Gaun - Kalikasthan, 1250m (4-5 hr trek, Lodge/hotel) Day 8 Kalikasthan - Kathmandu (4,5 hr drive, Hotel)

Manegaon village with Trisuli river at the backdrop

up.

I suddenly woke up at 3:30 am, while it was still dark outside and snowing.

Our tent was filled with snow. I woke up my other friends. When we peeped out, all of our tents were roofed with snow - turning our yellow tent white.

Just then, Bhum shouted, “HELP! HELP! HELP!” Gopal Thapa and Urja Tamang woke up and started clearing up and removing

Wonderful Trek Fikuri trek a wonderful and potential trekking trail which has people’s culture, lifestyles and panoramic view of Himalayan ranges. The trek is suitable both for domestic and foreign trekkers.

DIPAK MAHAT, Executive Board Member, Nepal Tourism Board

the snow from the tents. A big salute to these friends for their courageous help in the middle of the night. Just then, we heard yelling from another tent - the tent also halffell due to heavy snow. Thankfully, none of us were injured and the situation was under control.

We woke up to a snowy and foggy morning. Our base camp was 150 metres away from Fikuri, and was covered in 2 to 3 feet of snow. After breakfast, we returned back, while Sanjib, a climbing guide decided to summit the top to record Fikuri’s elevation.

The team started descended through the deep snow filled trail. Some of us even lost our balance and slipped on the trail. It felt like skating, so it was fun.

After a 2 hour descend, the snowy trail was over and the downhill path continued.

After we reached Naughaderi, the trail took left beside the huge rock.

After an hour of downhill hike, we reached Taji - a beautiful Tamang village where we stopped for light refreshments.

In an hour, we descended further to Satdobate, a predominantly Brahmin and Chhetri settlement. There was a Bhajan and Kirtan performance along with delicious lunch. Following the gravel road for one and a half hour, we reached Thulo Gaun, a densely populated Gurung village. The Uttaragaya Municipality had arranged a welcome program. followed by a speech and cultural program.

THE FINAL DAY It was all sunshine the next morning. After breakfast at a Gurung homestay at Paire, we trailed down to Shantibazar. The actual trail is 2 hours of uphill hiking to Ghalegadi. But we took a bust through Kalikasthan and reached Ghalegadi (a historic fort). After visiting the fort, we returned to Kalikasthan and attended the last program organised by the Kalika Rural Municipality.

We returned to Kathmandu via Galchhi by bus, concluding the 5 days of an exhilarating trip to Fikuri.

The exploration and the familiarisation

TREK OVERVIEW

trip were organised by RasuwaNuwakot Paryatan Samaj, a social organisation actively working in social works and also the promotion of tourism in the area. We express our gratitude to Urja Tamang, Dinesh Tamang and Gagan Neupane, who are actively promoting the trail. surand.rana@gmail.com

NO. OF DAYS: 7-8 days LEVEL OF TREK: Easy/moderate HIGHEST ELEVATION: 3568 m FOOD/ACCOMMODATION: Nepali dal/bhat/curry, lentil soup, Dhido, Sisnu, and fruits. Overnight at homestay and camping.

MAJOR ATTRACTIONS: It is an exciting one week full trekking package, enriched with Nepalese culture and natural heritage, passing through serene villages and wilderness trail with beautiful landscapes and breathtaking Himalayan views.

11

PROFILE

A Two Decade Love Affair With Nepal’s Mountains

Laurent Boiveau

W

hen Laurent first got a taste of Nepal’s Himalayas in 1995, he fell in love with its natural beauty. Since becoming lovestruck by the mountains, Laurent visits the country frequently with his friends and clients to let them experience its wonders.

12

Even though Laurent Boiveau was born and raised in the Alps, the 52-yearold is still amazed by the majestic mountains of Nepal. He is a French guide who specializes in long adventurous trekking. Besides being known as an international tour and trek organizer, Laurent is also an avid photographer and writer. He was once working as a guide in Africa but is now concentrating his guiding profession in Nepal, Pakistan, and Madagascar. He still works as a ski rescuer in France.

When Laurent first arrived in Nepal, he trekked along the Rolwaling and Khumbu region. He did not know that Nepal was famed for its Himalayas.

“Back in those days, only the Annapurna

and Khumbu regions were known to tourists,” he remarks. Once he found out that Nepal had more to offer, he returned to the country. “I started traveling towards far west of Nepal to Kanchenjunga in the east,” he recalls.

The more he trekked, the more he fell in love with the beautiful villages, the people and their culture and of course, the glorious views.

Then, he started working at Terrd Adventures, a French company as a tour leader. He was responsible for researching and exploring new itineraries and developing tour packages.

During those days, tour operators were only selling trekking packages to Annapurna, Langtang, and Khumbu.

After a few years, he started working independently as a freelancer guide. This gave him the freedom to travel, explore and promote new trekking destinations. “I traveled as far as west Mugu, Limi Valley, Saipal and Kanchenjunga and discovered many newer and lesser-known areas, “ he said excitedly. He started promoting and taking his friends and clients to these regions.

The people of Nepal are uniquely different in many ways, they are friendly and always curious and inquisitive. They are not afraid to ask him questions. He has many memories of staying in local homes and sleeping on the floor and roof and enjoying delicious meals with

them. “Whenever I go to the mountains, the people have always been helpful, welcoming and hospitable,” he adds.

After 20 years of guiding people around Nepal’s mountains, Laurent has observed many changes due to the accessibility of flights and roadways.

Dolpo is now connected with road which is a benefit for the local people.

Rather than lamenting on the loss of trekking routes, Laurent is happy to keep discovering new trekking areas.

“Mountains and people, that’s what I love to promote always,” he says.

However, he does advise that sustainable tourism must be kept in checked when developing new roads and

infrastructures. Back in the Alps, even when every villages were connected with roads, the hiking trails were still preserved and maintained properly. The access to better roads will eventually increase the inflow of tourists. However, the unique culture and traditions of the people must be kept intact. Western tourists come to Nepal to experience the pristine natural beauty and amazing culture.

Laurent fears that Nepal’s fame of being known as a country for trekking adventures might be gone when trails become shorter and the best trekking routes are erased to pave ways for roads.

However, he is hopeful that Nepal has been able to preserve its tourism glory.

Photos: Laurent

West Pass and Makalu

Khumbu, Thame

13

PROFILE

Guru Rimpoche, Rowalwaing Valley

Furthermore, there are opportunities to find alternative trekking trails alongside the development of roads.

HIS BEST TREK IN NEPAL When he received news that Nepal was hit with a devastating earthquake in 2015, Laurent did not hesitate to volunteer for research and get first-hand information about the post-earthquake situation.

He did the Great Himalaya Trail for 120 days and trekked the upper part of the trail. He started his trek from Hilsa in the west to the border of Sikkim in the east. The trek took him to Mugu, Dolpo Sarebung Pass, Manaslu, Rolwaling Khumbu, Makalu, Lumba Sumba, and Kanchenjunga. Laurent and his friend could not cross Langtang as the region was devastated by the earthquake. They carried food, kerosene, tents, cameras,

Old Gumpa at Maitgaon, Upper Dolpo

and mattresses. They were the first trekkers to get a Manaslu permit after 2015 earthquake.

He vividly remembers that there was no track between the route in far west Limi to Mugu. The trail was unknown to him but local people helped him to find the way. People had been living there for centuries working as herders, farmers, and traders.

The upper Dolpo regions with low mountains are always his best regions to trek in Nepal. “The trek was very special and significant in my life,” he remembers.

When he returned to France, he wrote numerous articles to give a message that Nepal is safe for travel.

BACK AGAIN IN 2019 He returned to Nepal in 2019 as a tour leader to lead a group of 5 tourists to do the Great Himalaya Trail. He led the group

Dudh Pokhari, Rolwaling

14

Laurent’s TIPS For TREKKERS l Take enough time to plan and trek l Respect local culture, mountain and altitude l Interact with local people and follow local rule l Take interest and take part in local religious activities

from Mugu to Mustang and even went through the difficult Keykep pass, which is the entrance between Upper Dolpo and Mustang. They also did the Tillman Pass in Langtang, Tashi Lapcha, Sherpeni Col and ended up in Makalu Base Camp.

While Laurent returned to Kathmandu, the group continued with local guides and went onwards to Kanchenjunga. He guided the group for 80 days.

“It was challenging, but I will remember it as a beautiful experience of my life.” Everyone came together and helped each other in the most difficult times during the trek. In the end, it was the human relationship that took over.

Laurent did not think that doing the trip would be as amazing as it was when he did a solo trek in 2015.

“Returning to Nepal has become an obsession for me,” Laurent says. He had planned to return to Nepal in spring 2020 after spending a few months in New Zealand. But corona virus outbreak has canceled his trip. Ending the conversation with a smile Laurent concludes, “Leave your mind open and never stop exploring.” surand.rana@gmail.com

OFFLINE around Kathmandu B

lanketed by the fast pace of the hustling Kathmandu, adventurous spirits might find themselves caged if they do not know where to look. Fear not, for we have made that part easy for you by listing the places around Kathmandu that will surely quench your thirst for adventure.

Dhulikhel Zip line Only the second zip line in the country after Pokhara, Dhukilhel zip line is situated 33kms east of Kathmandu at a place called Thakle. A trip to and fro to the place can be comfortably made in a day.

The Zip line is operated by World Wide Adventures and has experts from countries like Austria, India, etc looking over the entire process. The Zip line is 1100 meters in length and can be done as traditional zip line, Superman zip line and Tandem zip line. Dhulikhel Zip line is the first in the country to introduce Superman zip line, which is a horizontal superhero-like flying zip line experience as opposed to the traditional vertical zip line.

Another specialty of Dhulikhel Zip line is that it also offers an adventure course for children which includes Mini-Zip line, Tire Bridge, Brahma Bridge, etc. which means that you can take your entire family to Dhulikhel zip line and enjoy the thrill of an escapade.

Kathmandu Paragliding (Godawari) Located just 13kms away from Tribhuvan International Airport, Kathmandu Paragliding offers a promise of an unparalleled ecstatic flying experience without having to travel for long hours. A comfortable one and half hour ride from the heart of Kathmandu valley takes one to the beautiful Godawari, where at the place Chapakharka that sits 2100 meters above sea level, is the take off point.

Trained pilots from around the world offer tandem paragliding flights in good weather conditions starting right from 8am. The ride is about 20 minutes long

and views of Godawari Botanical Garden, Fulchowki hills and the valley below can be quite the thrill.

Kakani Adventure Camp Established very recently in April 2019, Kakani Adventure camp is 23km away from the heart of Kathmandu Valley, just in the dense woods beside the Shivapuri National Park. Housing solo travelers to a group of about 50, the highlight of this adventure camp is outdoor learning experience, with schools and institutions bringing their students for a few days of relaxation and recreation.

There are a diverse group of activities offered at Kakani Adventure Camp: Rock & Wall Climbing, Mountain Biking, Zip Lining, Bird Watching are namely a few. Situated at 2060 meters above sea-level, the hilltop also provides stunning view of the valley and of beautiful peaks like Manaslu, Ganesh, Langtang and many more. If you’re feeling a bit of wanderlust with just a few days at hand, Kakani would be your chance at the most wholesome experience.

We hope next time you’re in Kathmandu, you won’t find yourself in low spirits; for we’ve uncovered the thrills of the city for you. Happy Travelling!

15

THANGKA

16

Thangka - a philosophical message from Lord Buddha T

hangka painting, also known as the Paubash is detailed paintings of gods and goddesses.

Thangka painting is also considered as a Buddhist painting that simply means a message from the temple.

There are different gods and deities in Buddhism. A painter illustrates them on a textile mounting and one or more following a silk cover, leather corners, wooden dowels and wooden decorative knobs. Each painting of such gods and deities holds different messages and offers its specific spiritual benefits.

Traditionally it is Thangku which has been changed into Thangka in recent years. “The word ‘ku’ has been derived from Tibeten language that symbolises imaginations, images or icons which are supposed to be illustrated on a cotton canvas,” said Tenzin Lama who has been creating Thangkas for more than a decade in Nepal.

Lord Buddha wanted to share the Buddhist philosophies to the public in a simple manner.

He found art and painting as the simplest way to convey the philosophical message of Buddhism. Lord Buddha was the first person to paint Thangka but on a wall. However, the Thangka

BEGINNING OF THANGKA The history of Thangka can be traced back to the timeline of Buddha.

It has been said that

17

THANGKA

became popular only after the seventh century. During the seventh century the Licchavi princess Bhrikuti took a Thangka during her visit to Tibet as a gift for the King she was going to marry. “As the King was a huge believer of Buddha and Buddhism he gave a life to the Thangka in Tibet and from Tibet it flourished and became famous in the world,” Lama said. Earlier the people from Tibetan, Lama and Sherpa communities used to paint their ruling gods on canvas and those arts used to transfer from one generation to another generation. However, in recent years it has commercialised and become a bit more professional. Moreover, people are interested in learning how to make Thangkas and indeed they are earning a good amount from this art, Lama added.

FOUR SPECIFIC DESIGNS OF THANGKA Generally there are four kinds of Thangka designs that represent different forms of Buddhism. The very first one is called a wheel of life which is generally made in circle shape.

“The Wheel of life Thangka was first made by the Lord Buddha himself to make ordinary people understand about life and death. So generally, the Thangka of wheel of life are being illustrated in monasteries. Monks learn to make

18

wheel of life Thangkas in monasteries, Lama informed.

As per Lama the second design of Thangka is Mandala, which is a circle shaped Thangka.

The Mandala Thangka represents the universe, either the micro universe where we live or the macro universe that represents human life. It is also considered as a device for meditation. The centre figure in the mandala represents the symbol of the mandala.

Generally there are four kinds of Thangka designs that represent different forms of Buddhism TENZIN LAMA

Mandala, basically has square and circle shapes. While circle shape represents the universe, square shape represents the aerial view of mediation. The major figures of the Thangka always illustrate the centre of the mandala and other deities are portrayed on the surroundings. However, the symbolic centre does not include any specific figures.

“The third kind of Thangka is related with the lifecycle of the Lord Buddha,” Lama said, “Generally the third kind of Thangka presents the birth, death and the activities Lord Buddha did during his lifetime.” Likewise, the fourth kind of Thangka is basically an art created to present about the deities related with Buddhism and their stories. “However, in recent days such representational Thangkas are also being created to present the god and goddess of Hindu and Christian religions,” he said, “Hindu or Christian Thangka are the latest trend in the market.”

COMMERCIALISED THANGKA Thangka has its own importance related to Buddhism philosophy as well as culture, historical and religious importance in Nepal. People also use it for the mediation purpose. Likewise, in recent years it has also become a means of decoration in houses and offices.

Meanwhile, it already has its specific aesthetic importance as an art of conveying messages to the public. Moreover, in recent years it has also become a part of employment generation in the country. Several schools have been established in the country where a large number of people are learning about Thangka painting.

Moreover, lots of people are earning money from this business.

In the Nepali market the Thangka costs Rs 500 up to millions of rupees. Illustrated characteristics artist, size, materials and the time duration the artist took to complete the Thangka decides the price for it. Talking about the business Lama says that after the earthquake in 2015 the Thangka business is gradually declining in the country.

Although the craze toward learning and selling Thangka is increasing, the business is in decline.

He says that the government now has to play a role to promote it in an international market for international trade.

19

H E R I TA G E

The New Face of Rani Pokhari

20

P

rior to 25th April 2915, the Balgopaleshwar Temple in Ranipokhari was in dome style. Now it has been rebuilt in old Granthkut style.

Ranipokhari is a man-made pond in the central part of Kathmandu city. This pond was built by the then King Pratap Malla three hundred and fifty years ago.

In the middle of the pond is the Balgopaleshwar Temple which is opened only once a year on the day of Bhai tika.

There is a large elephant statue in Ranipokhari where the statues of King Pratap Malla, Queen and his son are erected. There is a history that after the death

of his beloved son Chakravartendra Malla, the king dug a pond to keep the mourning queen happy.

The pond is 180 meters long and 140 meters wide and covers 62 ropanis and 13 annas of land.

The Ganthakut-style temple was rebuilt in dome style after the temple collapsed by the 1933 earthquake.

The temple has been reconstructed in the ancient Ganthakut style as it was damaged by the earthquake on April 25, 2015.

There is a reason for placing the statue of the king on the elephant in Ranipokhari. After the construction

of Ranipokhari, King Pratap Malla used to visit the pond to bathe on a regular basis. Accordingly, he met a tormented spirit lady (Kichkanya) and fell in love with her and she became pregnant. The king was worried.

When the courtiers found out about their love, they captured Kichkanya. A huge elephant with a fetus of the pregnant Kichkanya is wrapped in a bag and a statue of a king, queen and prince have been constructed. The spirit and fetus are stamped by the forefront leg of the elephant and the idol is made believing that Kichkanya will not haunt again.

21

R E S TA U R A N T & F O O D

The blend of food and art Revolutionary 3D printing has now entered the food industry with the launch of One Day 3D Art Restaurant in Kumaripati, Kathmandu n Ankita Jain Pictures: Nina’s photography

O

ne Day 3D Art Restaurant came into existence in the early 2020 and is mesmesiring every single person who visits the restaurant. The concept revolves around commercializing art and the pairing of art with food. The owner of the restaurant, Sundar Bista, has been involved in 3D wall paintings for a long time now and wanted to create an exclusive experience for the people in the capital. Hence, he collaborated with an artist friend and the restaurant fell in place. “I have been in the interior designing for ages now and can proudly say that this initiative is one of the first of its kind in the country,” claims Sundar.

22

With a background in the interior business, he saw an opportunity to combine food, art and storytelling. The restaurant houses ten different theme rooms with a collective capacity of 200 people. The ten rooms include aquarium room, Horror room and many more. For instance, the aquarium themed room takes the visitors on a culinary tour with 3D paintings of sea and dolphins on the wall and floor.

The journey is beamed onto the table using high-definition 3D art. It comes to life with the pictures clicked on the spot. It is a photo oriented restaurant.

“It makes the guests feel that they are dining in the sea,”

23

R E S TA U R A N T & F O O D

Sundar smiles. In horror themed room imagine being surrounded by a world of ghosts, things that aren’t there unless you look hard enough, and in the right way. With 3D paintings, that’s possible—and this restaurant is using this to their advantage.

The food scenario in the restaurant is kept what the people of Kathmandu usually prefers.

Keeping it minimalistic to Indian and continental cuisines. The focus is more on the ambience. If not for the food, one should definitely visit the place for the concept it strives and of course, we wouldn’t mind a book reading session here.

“I began exploring the idea of doing something with 3D printing that could connect to the public and I came to the conclusion that food, the universal language was probably the best way to bring what is otherwise an exotic, intimidating, confusing subject to the mainstream,”

24

he says. Through this one of a kind concept, the restaurant praises the artists of the country and tries to bring them in focus. It is a way to promote the artisans work.

Within this short period of time, the restaurant has welcomed people from different walks of life. Even during the ongoing crisis, the regular visitors are seen enjoying their meal amidst the art scenario.

After opening in Kathmandu which is really open-minded and supportive of innovative initiatives in food, art, and design, and this is at the intersection of the three, Sundar Bista is coming up with yet another one of a kind initiative. It is Nepal’s first 3D art museum in Imadol which will be supposedly ready for the audience by the end of June.

“People will be able to experience stunning 3D illusions and art at the Museum. Capture memorable, interactive photos and have fun with friends and family,” he explains. It will allow visitors to explore historical spaces and artifacts in new ways. Additionally, the museum will have food court, playing zone for kids and adult gaming zone.

Have You Experienced Jet Lag?

n Dr Suman Raj Tamrakar WHAT CAUSES JET LAG? Your circadian rhythm is out of sync with the day-night cycle of the destination. You experience day and night in contrast to the rhythms which you’ve grown accustomed to. Your rhythm dictates times for eating, sleeping, hormone regulation, body temperature, and other functions no longer correspond to the environment. Your body cannot immediately realign to the changed rhythms which caused jet lag.

The speed at which the body adjusts to the new schedule depends on the individual as well as the direction of travel; some people may require several days to adjust to a new time zone, while others experience little disruption.

Jet lag is associated with transmeridian (west-east or east-west) distance traveled. A ten-hour flight between Europe and southern Africa does not cause jet lag, as the direction of travel is primarily north-south. But a five-hour flight between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the United States may well result in jet lag.

WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF JET LAG? • There is sleep disturbance like poor sleep or you have trouble falling asleep and you wake up early.

• Poor performance on mental tasks and concentration.

• Increased fatigue • Headaches • Irritability • Indigestion • Changes in frequency of defecation

Jet lag is a physiological condition resulting from rapid long-distance trans-meridian travel. Due to the huge time variation, there are alterations to your circadian rhythms.

• Anorexia • Less enjoyment of food These symptoms will vary according to time zone alteration, time of day, and individual differences.

The consequences of jet lag can be detrimental to athletes as their performance is dependent on physical and mental strength.

A study found that the relapse of major affective and psychotic disorders occurred more frequently when seven or more time zones had been crossed. The disruptions of the circadian rhythms had been documented to affect people with bipolar disorder.

IS IT DIFFERENT FROM TRAVEL FATIGUE? Unlike jet lag, travel fatigue can happen without crossing time zones. It often disappears after a single day after a good night’s sleep.

Travel fatigue is disorientation and headache caused by a disruption in routine, time spent in congested spaces,

low-oxygen environment, and dehydration caused by limited food and drink.

HOW TO MANAGE JET LAG? • Light is a strong stimulus to realign your sleep-wake schedule. Careful control of the exposure and avoidance of bright light to your eyes can speed up adjustment to a new time zone.

• North-south flights that do not cross time zones don’t cause jet lag.

However, crossing the Arctic Ocean or even the North Pole does cause a significant time change. Also, seasonal differences in sunlight if one crosses the equator may make a slightly disrupted sleeping pattern at the destination.

• Adjustment to the new time zone is faster for east-west travel than for west-east. Traveling east causes more problems than traveling west as the body clock has to advance.

Most people have an endogenous circadian rhythm that is longer than 24 hours, so lengthening a day is less troublesome than shortening it.

• For time zones with fewer than three hours, jet lag is not a big concern.

• When traveling short periods (three days or fewer), retain a “home schedule” may be good for most people.

• Sleeping on the plane is only advised if it is within the destination's normal sleep time.

• Short-acting sleep medication can be used to improve sleep quality and timing.

• Stimulating substances like caffeine can be used to promote wakefulness.

(However, research results on their success is inconsistent.)

25

FOOD

Why Globalise Nepalese Heritage Food?

Nepal is the land of delectable cuisines.

There are a varieties of cuisines according to the ethnicities, geography and climate of the country. However, wherever the people are located, the staple for most Nepalis is the humble Daal, Bhat and Tarkari (lentil soup, boiled rice and vegetable curry). This staple meal is usually accompanied with achar (spicy pickle) - which people consume during lunch and dinner.

26

N

epal’s Daal, Bhat and Tarkari  has gained popularity amongst tourists and foreigners - who have grown fond of its unique taste. At the same time, while Nepalis love eating in their own traditional manner, a plethora of hybrid dishes have also emerged owing to the diversity of people who live in the county. The famous momo, which is believed to be a Tibetan dish, becomes a Nepali dish called the Momo Cha after mixing a blend of spices that will tantalise your tastebuds. In fact, Momo Cha is unofficially known as the national dish of Nepal. Thank

you pakshatri for sharing and exploring Nepali cuisines writing with creative mise en place.

“Newars”, the indigenous people of the Kathmandu Valley, cater the best snacks in the country. No Newari cuisine is complete with the presence of buff meat. No part of the buffalo goes to waste as they can create amazing delicacies from almost all the parts.

Some examples of the tasty morsels that Newars can make with buff meat consists of; Kachilaa (marinated raw minced meat), takhaa (jellied buff), haku choila (broiled and spiced meat), bhuttan (fried intestines), etc. And we should not forget the famous Momo cha (small dumplings filled with minced buff meat).

It’s not just the meat dishes that the Newars are famous for. The valley inhabitants also make a heart-warming bowl of soup known as Aaloo Tama which

Food is an important aspect of our culture, which can be globalised and promoted on a worldwide scale.

Nepalese food festivals should be organised frequently to bring back our memories of these fantastic dishes. is made from potato and bamboo shoots.

They also make bara (a lentil based snack that is doughnut-like), wo (another lentil based snack), chatamari (rice pancake), sel roti (fried bread made from rice flour), kwanti (soup made from nine different beans) and yomari (steamed rice flour filled with molasses and sesame).

These dishes are especially cooked during festive seasons. Sel Rotis are in the limelight during Dashain and Tihar.

People try to one up each other trying to make the perfect sel roti. It’s almost a matter of pride for any households to come up with nice, round and puffed up Sel Rotis. So, if you’re ever in the valley during Dashain or Tihar, try to get yourself

invited to a Newari home. You’ll have an unforgettable gastronomy experience.

People living in the mid-hills of Nepal are renowned for their heavy and delicious lunches. The Thakalis are notable for producing high-grade rice, lentils, vegetables and curries in the country. The Himalayan cuisine of Nepal is influenced greatly by Tibetan culture. The exquisite Yak Cheese of the Himalayan region is famous all over the country and beyond. Butter tea and noodles are also consumed in this region.

The lowlands of Nepal - the terai, is the grain vault of the country. Much of the food and fruits of Nepal are produced in this region. The Tharus who are the

indigenous people of Terai make a delicious food called Chicher and they make the most delicious fish curry in the country.

Many of us are unaware of our own heritage dishes, and the modern generation might not even know the names of these authentic dishes. Food is an important aspect of our culture, which can be globalised and promoted on a worldwide scale. Nepalese food festivals should be organised frequently to bring back our memories of these fantastic dishes. The best way to globalise our cuisine is by localising and starting internal promotions when we celebrate our own parties and festivals.

27

COVID EXPERIENCE

Turning Fear into Power How to Overcome

COVID-19?

The deadly coronavirus pandemic has caused over a million deaths and over 10 million positive COVID-19 cases worldwide.

COVID-19 is reaching its peak in Nepal, with over 1500 positive cases reported every day.

Even with all the precautions you’re taking, the virus might infect you. However, you can recover from it if you can turn your fear into power. Let’s read about how these strong survivors fought against COVID-19.

28

n VIJAY LAMA

n HARI BANSA ACHARYA

Being a pilot of national flag carrier, I have to be responsible towards my job during this crucial moment.

I flew several rescue and repatriation flights amid this pandemic. While fulfilling my responsibility I got infected with COVID-19.

However, it made me more aware than scared when I was diagnosed with COVID-19. It is very difficult to recount the moment, however, being mentally strong and remaining physically active were very important to overcome the deadly virus.

Once you’re infected, you have to be isolated from everyone else. No one can visit you; no one can meet you. This is a lonely battle and you have to be strong on your own.

You have to be mentally strong and motivate yourself. Many thoughts positive, and mostly negative thoughts go through your mind. At one-point you’ll realize that if you die, none of your loved ones will be able to say their last good bye. This feeling will break you apart.

It is crucial to keep yourself motivated. You need to take as much rest as you can and get enough exercise to gather immunity to fight this virus.

Being mentally strong is very important to overcome this disease. I was so afraid of getting infected with this virus. I was also taking all the precautions. But still got infected with this virus very unexpectedly.

Once I realize I got infected I didn’t get afraid though. Being afraid after getting infected will make you mentally weak. There is no other option than fighting with this virus, so, instead of being

depressed it is better to stay positive and follow the directions of doctor.

I have overcome this disease staying at home only. Somehow, I believe that we have to stop the virus entering to our lungs. So, to prevent that virus from attacking our lungs, taking steam is highly preferred and somehow, I believed that steam helps to prevent virus. I used to take steam twice or thrice a day.

Along with that we have to have liquid and lots of protein. Likewise, doing exercise will help you a lot to make your immunity system strong.

Staying at home isolation made me more mentally strong. I used to eat a lot of healthy food and I used to walk at least 45 minutes to one hour a day. I used to do lungs exercise a lot. Even though I didn’t have any symptoms my viral load was high.

However, with own home remedies and advice of doctors I succeeded to overcome this virus. So, being positive, taking steams, eating lots of healthy food and doing exercise will help you fight against this virus.

And for those who are not infected yet, they should use precautions and try to stay safe as much as they can.

Don’t get afraid of this thing. Take is as other normal disease that you can win over.

n RAM KUMAR PHUYAL Being a member of National Planning Commission (NPC), we had to work in frontline.

In course of working as frontline worker I got infected.

However, I chose to stay at home quarantine and considering the health safety of my family I got support from my relatives. I stayed at my relatives’ house for isolation.

Even though I didn’t have any symptoms and my viral load was quite low at first, I lost my smell and taste. Then after I got fever and body ache.

However, staying at home isolation was my best decision.

I surely do have support from Nepal government however, I didn’t even have to go to the government doctor and take any medicines.

Somehow, I felt like neither vaccine nor any fixed medicines to cure this disease has been invented yet. Then, why should I take other medicines. So, rather I thought of taking Ayurveda medicines to make my immunity power strong. For me taking steam and gargling helps a lot to prevent that virus to attack on my lungs.

I cannot suggest everybody to do the same as the viral loads determines the treatment however, steam and gargling with hot water will surely help to prevent the virus to attack your lungs. I also made a schedule for my daily life. Eating and sleeping on time will help you a lot to collect your energy and to make your immune system strong.

Breathing yoga will also help you to improve your respiratory system.

Of course, it is a deadly virus but this is also true that a discipline schedule will help to fight with this disease.

As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. Take all the necessary precautions to make sure COVID-19 does not infect you.

However, if you are tested positive for coronavirus, the first step to take is complete isolation.

It can be difficult at first, but it’s mind over matter.

You must have the willpower and mental strength to fight against COVID-19.

29

C U LT U R E & T R A D I T I O N

Making Peace with the Ghouls A unique tradition of offering human flesh to please the spirits n Anutara Shakya

30

I

n the mystical valley of Kathmandu, one can come across thousands of stories. Each corner of the city holds a secret, a tale or a legend, you only need to find the person willing to share them with you. These ancient tales are intertwined with the supernatural which date back to hundreds or even thousands of years. From stories about goblins coming out at night to eat children to friendly ghouls who reside in homes and consider themselves as part of the family, old tales are abundant in Kathmandu.

Many of the city’s religious traditions, festivities and rituals have resulted from long-held beliefs that are as old as the city itself. Although many of such traditions have faded over time, few of them have been able to survive to this day and age. One of such is the tradition of “La Dhenyu” literally translated to “slicing the skin” which takes place in Jaya Manohar Mahavihar in Subahal, Patan.

Every year, during the day of Nawami in Dashain, devotees gather along with

five high priests to make offerings of their flesh and blood to the fearsome god, Mahankal. It is carried out as a peace offering to the bloodthirsty spirits that reside here. This ritual contrasts sharply to its surroundings.The Jaya Manohar Mahavihar is a Buddhist temple located inside a ‘bahal’. A ‘bahal’ is a square courtyard that houses a ‘bihar’ which is a shrine for the Shakyamuni Buddha and its caretakers. Although bahals are commonly found in cities of Kathmandu valley, you wouldn’t see bloodshed happening in a Buddhist courtyard. So how did this paradoxical ritual come to be in this bihar? To understand exactly why this tradition is carried out, we need to dive into the history regarding the origin of Subahal and the Jaya Manohar Mahavihar.

years ago, during the time of old kings, a great conflagration burned down an entire neighbourhood in a place known as Bishalnagar, close to modern-day Naxal. The fire was so big that it had burned down several houses and also temples. After the fire, the people were left homeless and without the means to rebuild. Then came a divine intervention in the form of an eagle. This eagle is said to have flown over the city of Lalitpur to find a new location for the temple that was destroyed in the fire.

The Great Fire The story starts with fire. About 900

31

C U LT U R E & T R A D I T I O N

The mystic eagle happened to land at Subahal and then burst into flames. When the then king heard of this, he announced that the bihar should be established in the location where the eagle has landed.

Thus, the Subahal courtyard came to be.

However, the place had previously been a crematory. Nevertheless, the bahal was constructed. It is said that the spirits which resided around the crematory began haunting the local residents.

“Spirits that reside around cremation areas thirst for human flesh and blood.” says Suba Ratna Shakya, a local resident and the current president of the Jaya Manohar Mahavihar committee. “It is said that these spirits of the crematory require human sacrifice and can even have the power to take away human lives. As a result, in order to make peace with the spirits and to keep them from disturbing the living, a Mahankal shrine was created and the “La Dhenyu” tradition was started.” he adds.

The Human Flesh Offering The ritual goes like this: during Nawami, five eldest priests from the bihar gather together to chant prayers while the ceremony happens. Then the devotees line up to make their offerings.

One by one, the devotees get ready to offer a piece of their flesh. “The flesh offered can only be cut from the upper body part, above the navel.” explains Shakya.

“We cut off only a small piece of skin from the devotee’s body.” continues Shakya, “We pierce the skin with a needle and pull it, then the skin is neatly sliced off with a blade and placed into a holy fire as an offering to the god, Mahankal and

32

the spirits”. In Buddhism and Hinduism, Mahankal is believed to be the governor of death and time. The statues and images of Mahankal can often be spotted at the sides of entrances to temples, placed there for protection. This deity is also believed to protect the living from demons and evil spirits. If you look at the traditional Buddhist paintings of the Mahankal, you will see that he stands on top of corpses, has skulls embedded in his crown and uses a human skull as a bowl.

The Mahankal’s shrine located within the bahal is believed to be a very

powerful one. Thus, it is covered with several layers of curtains that are painted with elaborate symbols and is dyed dark blue, the hue that represents the deity.

The tattered and faded curtains placed at the very bottom of these layered curtains seem to be as old as the deity’s shrine itself. “Nobody is allowed to see what is behind those curtains. It is said that if you peek behind the curtain, you will either go blind or lose your life altogether.” says Shakya. Thus, the Mahakal at the Jaya Manohar Mahavihar is much revered by the believers.

There are many devotees who believe in the local tradition. It is believed that if you are suffering from an illness somewhere in the body, and if you offer the flesh from that part, your illness gets cured. Unlike other traditions that are bound within a certain clan or religion, this ritual is open to anyone who is willing. “In the past only males used to participate, however, now, many women come to make offerings as well.”

We pierce the skin with a needle and pull it, then the skin is neatly sliced off with a blade and placed into a holy fire as an offering to the god, Mahankal and the spirits SUBA RATNA SHAKYA, Priest However, this year, due to the ongoing pandemic, the number of offerers has been limited to only one. Up until last year, many devotees would show up to contribute to the ritual. In the previous years, almost 20 to 30 devotees would willingly line up to contribute their flesh.

The elder priests would be chanting long into the night as one of the younger priests helps to retrieve the offering from devotees one by one. “This ritual is open to everyone, but we need to take precautions this year, so we’ll only be

offering flesh from one local to complete the ritual.” explains Shakya.

When asked why this ritual takes place only once a year during Nawami, Shakya replies, “It is the most significant time of the year.”. In Hinduism, Nawami is considered to be a very auspicious day as it is the day good won over evil. This day also has significance in astrology and many followers of different sects of Hinduism perform specific rituals during this day.

If you visit Jaya Manohar Mahavihar, after entering, you will find yourself standing right in front of the main Buddha temple. You will see a rectangular formation of bricks on the ground, right in the center of the bahal representing the cremation area which this bahal was built over. But even so, you will naturally turn your head to the left where you will spot the dark shrine of Mahankal. The place where an unusual ritual takes place to keep evil spirits in check and bring peace to its local residents.

33

cfj/0f Province 2

;+qmd0f/lxt p8fgsf] ;xofqL

cWoog cg';Gwfgn] xjfO{ ofqf ;a}eGbf ;'/lIft / ;+qmd0f/lxt b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL cfsfzdf a'Wb Po/ …;+qmd0f/lxt p8fgsf] ;xofqLÚ ag]sf] 5 . ljdfg sDkgLsf sd{rf/L, ofq' / ljdfg:ynsf] lqkIfLo k|of;df ;'/lIft p8fg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

lh

GbuL lhpg ;lhnf] 5} g . kfOnfkfOnfdf ;+3i{ f ug'k{ 5{ . 1fg, ljj] s / lxDdtaf6 ;kmntf ldN5 . To;} n ] ;d: of;Fu cflQP/ xf] Og, a'l4dtfk"0f{ 9+un] h'w /] ;dfwfg vf] Hg' k5{ . clxn] xfdL sf] / f g] f efO/ ;sf] dxfdf/ Ldf 5f} + .

To;f] t a] nfa] nfdf cfpg] dxfdf/ Ln] lglZrt e'uf] nsf afl;GbfnfO{ ;tfpFb } cfPsf] lyof] . o;kfnL rflxF l;+uf] ;+;f/ nfO{ g} sf] le8–!( n] k|efljt agfof] . b'MvL t'Nofof] . rLgsf] a'xfgaf6 ;'? ePsf] efO/ ;n] ;+;f/ e/ ;fd|fHo km} nfPsf] 5 . rLg, ef/ t, a] nfot, cd] l/ sf, ?; nufot b] zsf j} 1flgsx¿ sf] / f g] flj?4sf] vf] k agfO/ x s ] f 5g\ . pgLx¿

34

To;sf] kl/ If0fdf h'6 s ] f 5g\ . cfzf u/ f +} casf] s] xL dlxgfdf To;n] ;kmntf kfpg] 5 . ljsf;sf gfddf dflg;n] k|sl[ tsf] bf] xg u/ s ] n } ] sf] / f g] f efO/ ; km} lnPsfdf z+sf 5} g . sf] / f g] fn] ljZjnfO{ Pp6f ultnf] kf7 l;sfPsf] 5– k|sl[ tk| d] L agf} + . k|sl[ td} qL hLjgz} nL ckgfcf} +. efO/ ; dxfdf/ L / ns8fpgsf sf/ 0f cy{tGq ylnof] . g] kfnsf] dfq xf] Og, ;+;f/ s } . g] kfndf klg lj;+ @)&^ r}t !! b] lv ns8fpg ;'? eP;Fu } cfzf / pT;fxdf a| s ] nfUof] . w] / } s'/ f 7Kk eP . xfdL 3/ leq} aGbL aGof} + . dgdf ps';d's; ' a9\of] .

ofq'sf] tfkqmd r]shfFr ul/+b}

;]So'l/6L r]s

kmf/d eb}{ ofq'

;fdflhs b'/Lsf] kfngf ub}{ nfdj4 ofq'x?

a'Wb Po/sf sd{rf/Låf/f kmf/ddf lbOPsf] hfgsf/L ;f]wk'5 ub}{

clGtd ;]So'l/6L r]shfFr

xfd|f ] b] zdf klg cfGtl/ s xjfO{ p8fg / f l] sof] . aGbfaGbL em08} ^ dlxgf g} rNof] . ;+qmd0f / f S] g cyjf km}n g glbg ns8fpg t ul/ of] t/ cfjZos zt{stf ckgfOPg . To;}n ] ;+qmd0f / f l] sPg a? emg\emg a9\b } uof] . ns8fpgsf sf/ 0f ul/ vfg] ju{ 7"nf] df/ df k¥of] . cGttM ;/ sf/ n ] ns8fpg v'sn ' f] agfof] . cfGtl/ s xjfO{ p8fg / f l] sPsf] !*) lbg kl5 lj;+ @)&& c;f]h % ut] b l] v km] l/ p8fg ;'? eof] . o;/ L p8fg ;'? x'g' eGbf dlxgf} +

cl3b] lv g] kfnsf] cu|0fL xjfO{ sDkgL a'Wb Po/ n] cfkm} + …;'/ Iff lgb]l { zsfÚ agfP/ cfGtl/ s ?kdf ;+qmd0f/ lxt p8fgsf] cEof; ub} {cfPsf] lyof] . cfh km] l/ xjfO{ p8fgdf ofq'x¿sf] cfsif{0f a9\b } uPsf] 5 . cfzfsf] lbof] rlDsnf] aGb} 5 . a;df 3G6f} +jf lbge/ nufP/ ul/ g ] ofqfdf eGbf 5f] 6f] ;dodf ul/ g ] xjfO{ p8fgdf ;+qmd0fsf] hf] lvd Psbd} Go"g x'G5 . s] xL ;do cl3 cd] l/ sL ;+: yfn] u/ s ] f] cWoogcg';f/ ljdfgdf ;+qmd0fsf] hf] lvd Go"g 5 . a'Wb Po/ n ] klg

ofq'x?nfO{ ¥ofDk a;af6 ljdfgtkm{ nlub}

Pl6cf/ $@ / &@ l;l/h / aLrqmfkm\6 !()) …8LÚ ljdfgx? dfkm{t ofq'nfO{ ;] jf lbFb } cfPsf] 5 . g]k fndf klg ljdfg sDkgLsf sd{rf/ L, ofq' / ljdfg: ynsf] lqkIfLo k|of;df ;'/ lIft p8fg x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}a + f6 ;a} eGbf 5f] 6f] b"/ L l;d/ fdf !% ldg]6 sf] p8fg x'G5 eg] ;a}e Gbf nfdf] b"/ L wgu9Ldf ! 3G6f kfFr ldg] 6sf] . clxn] xjfO{ l6s6 klg ;: tf] ePsf] 5 . ;: tf] df l56f] uGtJodf k'Ug kfpg'nfO{ ofq'x¿n] cj;/ sf ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] xjfO{

35

cfj/0f

xfd|f ] hxfhx¿df xfjfsf] jxfj k|0ffnL Psbd} ;'/ lIft / ;+qmd0f/ lxt 5g\ . o;n] x/ s ] # b] lv % ldg] 6sf] cGt/ fndf k'/ fgf] xfjfnfO{ lj: yfkg ub}{ gofF xfjf k|jfx ub{5 .

hxfh lgdf{tf sDkgL

xfd|f] cWoog cg';Gwfgdf – u|f; ] /L k;ndf lsgd]n tyf aflx/ uP/ vfglkg ug{e' Gbf klg a9L ;'/lIft / ;+qmd0f/lxt 5g\ xjfO{ hxfhsf] p8fg .

ofqfnfO{ e/ kbf]{ / ;+qmd0f/ lxt dfg] sf 5g\ . a'Wb Po/ sf] gf/ f 5– …;+qmd0f/ lxt p8fgsf] ;xofqLÚ . sDkgLn] … ; k] m kf; 6' 6«fenÚ gLltdf hf] 8 lbPsf] 5 . cFu h ]| L zAb kf;sf] … lkÚ n] Kof;] Gh/ -ofq'_, … PÚ n ] Po/ kf] 6{ -ljdfg: yn_, … P;Ú n ] P/ qmfkm\6 -ljdfg_ / csf] { … P;Ú n] : 6fkm -sd{rf/ L_nfO{ hgfpF5 . cyf{t ;'/ lIft p8fgsf nflu ofq', ljdfg: yn, ljdfg / sd{rf/ L ;a} sf] plQs} e"ldsf x'G5 . a'Wb Po/ n ] ;'/ lIft xjfO{ ofqfsf] cEof; ub} { cfPsf] 5 . sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] lgb]l { zsfdf ofq' / cfkm\gf sd{rf/ Ln] ckgfpg' kg] { ;t{stfaf/ ] pNn] v u/ s ] f] 5 . sd{rf/ LnfO{ tflnd lbP/ bIf agfPsf] 5 eg] ofq'nfO{ ;'/ lIft / xg cfu|x ub} { cfPsf] 5 . ca s'/ f u/ f +} ofq'sf] bfloTjaf/ ] . ofq'n] p8fg ;do eGbf slDtdf 8] 9 3G6f cl3 ljdfg: yndf l/ kf] l6{ª ug'{ kg]5 { . ofq'x¿n] df: s

36

cg'zfl;t ofqf rfdaxfb'/ k'g s f ] / f ] g f s f ] dxfdf/ Lsf a] nf kf] v/ faf6 sf7df8f} + cfpFbf a'Wb Po/ r9\g ] df} sf ldNof] . klxnf] k6s km] ; l;N8 nufP/ ofqf ubf{ a] nfotL ;] gfdf sfd ubf{sf] ;Demgf cfof] . ;]g fdf h;/ L cg'zfl;t x'gk' 5{ To;} ul/ xjfO{ ofqfdf klg xfdL cg'zfl;t aGg'k5{ . xfdL ;a} ldn] / dxfdf/ Ldf ;'/ lIft aGg' k5{ .

/ dfOnf] cg'ej zf/ bf 9sfn df: s / km] ; l;N8 nufP/ sf7df8f}a + f6 lj/ f6gu/ ;Dd klxnf] k6s xjfO{ ofqf u/ +] . #% ldg]6 sf] ofqfdf cfkm"nfO{ ;'/ lIft dxz'; u/ +] . gf} nf] t/ / dfOnf] cg'ej eof] . km]; l;N8 nufpFbf udL{ x'bF f] / x 5 ] . a8fbz}s + f] d'vdf ul/ Psf] of] ofqf lhGbuLs} clj: d/ l0fo ofqf aGg k'Uof] .

/ ;] lg6fOh/ nufP/ dfq ljdfg: yndf k|j z ] kfpF5g\ . O{–l6s] 6af6 r] lsª ul/ cfkm\gf] Aofu] h t/ fh'df / fVg' kg]5 { . ljdfg: yndf b'Ok{ 6s ofq'x¿sf] z/ L/ sf] tfkqmd kl/ If0f / xft : oflg6fOh ul/ G5 . x/ s ] ofq'n ] kmf/ fd e/ /] cfkm"df sf] le8–!(sf] ;+qmd0f gePsf] : j3f] if0ff ug'{ kg]5

{ . hxfh r9\bf / cf] nb+{ f slDtdf Ps ld6/ sf] ef} lts b"/ L sfod u/ fOG5 . ofq'nfO{ sDkgLn] km] ; l;N8 Joj: yf u5{ . sf] le8–!( sf nIf0f ePsfx¿n] hxfh r9\g kfpFb g} g\ . dlxnfsf] xof08 Sof/ L / Nofk6k afx] s cGo Jofu ljdfgdf nfg lgif] w ul/ Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljdfgleq lxF88'n ug{ kfOGg . ljdfgsf] zf} rfno k|of] udf lgif] w ul/ Psfn] ls t ljdfg r9\g' cl3 ls t ljdfgaf6 cf] nk {] l5 ljdfg: ynsf] zf} rfno k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ofqf calwe/ ofq'n ] df: s ;lxt km] ; l;N8 clgjfo{ nufpg' kg]5 { . cg'zfl;t / ;xof] uL jftfj/ 0fn] g} ;+qmd0f Go"lgs/ 0fdf 6] jf k'U5 . a'Wb Po/ n ] sd{rf/ LnfO{ klg ;+qmd0f/ lxt agfpg e/ dUb'/ k|of; ub} { cfPsf] 5 . x/ s ] sd{rf/ Lsf] tfkqmd hfFr /] xft ;] lg6fOh ul/ G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd lbP/ : jf: Yo ;'/I ffk|lt

;t{s agfPsf] 5 . ljdfg kl/rfl/sf nufotsf sd{rf/ LnfO{ lklkO{ ;] 6 pknAw u/ fOPsf] 5 . x/ s ] sd{rf/ Ln] df: s tyf km] ; l;N8 nufP/ ;fdflhs b"/ L sfod ul/ ofq';uF s'/ fsfgL tyf Jojxf/ ug]5 { g\ .

To: t } wfjgdfu{b l] v ljdfg;Dd n} hfFbf a;df ;fdflhs b"/ L sfod ul/ ofq'nfO{ l;6df a;fOg] 5 . xjfO{ ofqf;Fu ;DalGwt Aofu] h 6«nL, 6«fG;kf] 6{ Eofg nufot oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ k|of] u kl5 ;]l g6fOh ul/ G5 . x/ s ] p8fg kl5 ljdfgsf] ;/ ;kmfO{ tyf l8;OG;km] S6 ul/ G5 . k6sk6s k|of] udf cfO/ xg] 9f] sfsf xof08n, / l] nª nufotnfO{ lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/ fndf : oflg6fOh ul/ g ] a'Wb Po/ n ] hgfPsf] 5 . sf] / f g] f lj?4sf] n8fO{+ PSn} lhTg ;lsFb g} . xfdL ;a} gful/ s ldn] / xft] dfnf] ug'k{ 5{ . cGTodf, ;w} + sf] / f g] f;Fu 8/ fP/ x'bF g} . lhGbuL t rnfpg} k5{ . xfdL sf] / f g] fsf] 8/ n] lhGbuLaf6 efUg ;Sb}g . efUg ldNb}g klg . cflv/ Ps lbg xfdLn] sf] / f g] fnfO{ lhTg] 5f} + .

ToltGh] n lhDd] jf/ eP/ sfd u/ f +} . lhDd] jf/ ag] / vfgf vfcf} + . lhDd] jf/ ag] / ofqf u/ f +} . / , lhGbuLsf ufF7f km'sfP/ hLjgnfO{ cufl8 a9fcf} + . cFWof/ f ] / ft kl5 pHofnf] laxfgL kSs} cfpg] 5 .

37

cfj/0f

uf8Ldf 3G6f} nufP/ ofqf ubf{ ;+qmd0fsf] ;+efjgf x'G5 t/ , xjfO{ ofqf x/ s ] lx;fan] ;'/ lIft dfWod xf] . xjfO{hxfhdf xfdL km] ; 6' km] ; a: b g} f} + . df: s nufP/ , : oflg6fOh/ / efOh/ k|of] u ubf{ ;'/ lIft eOG5 .

38

…xjfO{ ofqfdf sf]/f]gf efO/; ;g]{ ;+efjgf sd x'G5Ú /fhg kf]v/]n, dxflgb]z { s, g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f

d'ns ' df ns8fpg ;'? eP;Fu } nfdf] ;do;Dd p8fg 7Kk x'bF f xjfO{ sDkgLx¿nfO{ t 7"nf] df/ k¥of] lg < g] kfn ;/ sf/ n ] ut r} t !! ut] b l] v ns8fpg u/ k] l5 g] kfndf ;] 8o\ n ' p8fgx¿ aGb eP . r} tsf] klxnf] ;ftfb] lv g} sf] le8–!( sf] c;/ b] lvO;s] sf] lyof] . dfgj ;Eotfd} cfOk/ s ] f] cgk] lIft 36gfn] ;+;f/ nfO{ g} c;/ k'¥ofof] . o;af6 xjfO{ ;] jfdf t emg\ 7"nf] Iflt k'u s ] f] 5 .

OG6/ g z ] gn Po/ 6«fG;kf] 6{ P;f] l;o;gn] klxNo} eg] sf] lyof] ls xjfO{ ofqfaf6 sf] /f g] f ;g]{ ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . hxfhdf xfdL km] ; 6' km] ; a: b g} f} + . df: s nufP/ , : oflg6fOh/ / efOh/ k|of] u ubf{ ;'/ lIft eOG5 . uf8Ldf 3G6f} nufP/ ofqf ubf{ ;+qmd0fsf] ;+efjgf x'G5 t/ , xjfO{ ofqf x/ s ] lx;fan] ;'/ lIft dfWod xf] . o: tf] a]n fdf clt h?/ L x'bF f dfq ofqf u/ f, +} ;s] ;Dd xjfO{ ofqf u/ f + } .

ca km] l/ xjfO{ p8fg / fl ] sg] lbg cfpnf < l5d] sL d'ns ' x¿n] : jf: Yo lgb]l { zsf agfP/ rfF8 } xjfO{ p8fg u/ ,] xfdL l9nf eof} +ls < xfdLn] klg ;] K6] Da/ @ b] lv ;] 8o\ n ' p8fg u¥of}, + To;sf] b'O{ xKtfkl5 cfGtl/ s p8fg ;'? u¥of} +. t/ , ef/ ts} s'/ f ug] {xf] eg] p;n] cem} ;] 8o\ n ' cGt/ fl{ i6«o p8fg vf] n s ] f] 5} g . s'g } s'/ fdf xfdL klxnf 5f}, + s'g d} f ljb] zL klxnf 5g\ . x/ s ] b] zsf] sf] le8nfO{ s;/ L lgoGq0f ug] {eGg] cf–cfkm\g } / 0fgLlt x'G5 . xfdLn] klg s] xL ;do p8fg aGb u/ /] ;+qmd0f / f S] g k|of; u/ s ] f xf} + . To;} n ] xfdL l9nf eof} + eGg] nfUb} g .

;'/ lIft xjfO{ ofqfsf nflu p8\8og k|flws/0fn] s] s: tf] sfd ul/ / x s ] f] 5 < xfdLn] : jf: Yo dfkb08cg';f/ k|f/ Deb] lv cGt/ fl{ i6«o ;/ f s ] f/ jfnf;Fu ;xsfo{ u/ /] sfd u¥of} + . …cfOsfpÚsf] dfkb08adf] lhd : jf: Yo lgb]l { zsf hf/ L u/ s ] f 5f} + . g] kfnsf jfo'; j] f sDkgLn] klg cf–cfkm\gf] lx;fan] lgb]l {zsf hf/ L u/ s ] f 5g\ . xfd|f xjfO{ sDkgLx¿ : jf: Yo ;'/ Iffsf dfdnfdf ;hu 5g\ . xfdLn] efOh/ nfpg'k5{ eg] sf 5} gf}+ t/ xjfO{ sDkgLx¿n] xfdLeGbf cufl8 a9] / ofq'nfO{ efOh/ sf] Joj: yf ul/ lbPsf 5g\ . To;} n ] xfdLn] ckgfPsf] : jf: Yo lgb]l { zsf k|efjsf/ L b] lvPsf] 5 .

g] kfndf ;+tf] ifhgs ?kdf p8fg e} / x s ] f] 5 < xfdLn] cfkm} + xjfO{ ofqf u/

/] cg'udg ubf{ jfo'; j] f sDkgLn] / fd|f ; ] uF : jf: Yo dfkb08 kfngf u/ s ] f] kfPsf 5f} + . xfdLn] cfGtl/ s p8fgdf lk;cf/ k/ LIf0fsf] l/ kf] 6{ clgjfo{ u/ s ] f 5} gf}, + cGt/ fl{ i6«o p8fgdf dfq u/ s ] f 5f} +. nIf0f gb] lvPsf ;+qmd0f ePsf JolQmx¿ klg xjfO{ ofqf ul/ / x s ] f x'g ;S5g\ t/ To;af6 c?nfO{ ;g] { ;Defjgf sd b] lvG5 .

cd] l/ sL cg';Gwfgn] xjfO{ ofqfdf sf]l e8 ;g] {hf] lvd Go"g 5 eGg] b] vfPsf] 5 lg <

xfdLn] hlt ns8fpg u/ ] klg sf] le8 ;d'bfodf km} ln;s] sf] 5 . cr] n c? b] zn] klg ns8fpg u/ s ] f 5} gg\ . ljb]z lt/ klg lglZrt ks8 Pl/ ofdf dfq ns8fpg ul/ G5 . To;} n ] xfd|f ] ;/ sf/ n ] d'ns ' e/ ns8fpg ub}g { xf]n f . xjfO{ ofqf ;'/l Ift 5 . To;} n ] xjfO{ p8fg / f S] g' kg] { s'g } sf/ 0f b] lvFb g} .

ljb] zL kfx'gfnfO{ g] kfn ofqf ;'/ lIft 5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbg] a]n f eof] < ljb] zL ko{6snfO{ g] kfn cfpg cfx\jfg ug{ xtf/ gu/ f +} lsgsL oxfF sf] le8sf] ;+qmd0f a9\bf] 5 . g] kfne/ ;a} lt/ cj: yf Pp6} xf] , a? cfGtl/ s ko{6gsf] ;+efjgf b] lvG5 . t/ kj{tf/ f x] 0f / kbofqfdf cfpg] ljb] zLnfO{ s] xL lbg cfO;f] n ; ] gdf / fv] / ;'/ lIft lx;fan] 3'dfpg ;lsG5, c? ;fdfGo ko{6snfO{ lgDtf] ul/ xfNg] cj: yf 5} g .

xjfO{ p8fg k'/f g} cj: yfdf kms{g slt ;do nfUnf < cfGtl/ s p8fgdf w] / } b] z k'/ fgf] cj: yfdf cfpg nflu ;s] . rLg Pp6f pbfx/ 0f xf] . g]k fnsf] cfGtl/ s p8fg klg pT;fxk|b b] lvPsf] 5 . ;+;f/ d } ;g\ @)@$ df dfq xjfO{ p8fg ;g\ @)!( sf] cj: yfdf k'Ug ;S5 eGg] cfOsfpsf] cg'dfg 5 .

g] kfnL xjfO{ sDkgLx¿nfO{ / fxft lbg Sofgn] s] s: tf sbd rfn] sf] 5 < jfo'; j] f sDkgL / ko{6g pBf]u nfO{ ljsf;zLn b]z n] / fxt lbPsf 5g\ . g]k fn ;/ sf/ n ] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd / fxt lbPsf] 5 . ljdfg sDkgLx¿sf] C0fsf] Aofhb/ 36fpg], C0f ltg] {;do a9fpg] / ;: tf] b/ df k'gs { hf{ lbg] sfd u/ s ] f] 5 . xfd|f ] cfDbfgLsf] >f] t klg ljdfg: ynsf] z'Ns g} xf] . xfdLn] sDkgLx¿nfO{ ns8fpg, lgif] wf1f / p8fg ;'? ePsf] ! dlxgf;Dd kfls{ª z'Nsdf / / G] 6ndf &% k|ltzt;Dd 5'6 lbPsf 5f} +. Pcf]; L gljs/ 0f nufotsf z'Nsdf klg 5'6 lbPsf 5f} +.

39

cfj/0f

%

k|Zg 8f= z]/axfb'/ k'g z'qm/fh 6«fl] ksn tyf ;?jf /f]u c:ktfn, 6]s,' sf7df8f}+

ljdfgleq ;s];Dd Ps csf{;uF gaf]nf}+ xjfO{ ofqfe/ ljdfg sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf lgb{z ] g kfngf ug{' kb{5 eg] ;s];Dd Ps csf{;uF gaf]Ng' g} ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo x'g5 ] . ;8s ofqfdf klg hg:jf:Yosf dfkb08 ;lx tl/sfn] clgjfo{ ckgfpg' kb{5 .

/ f/ ftfn 3'Dg] / x/ k': ts – d ;flxTosf k': ts k9\g dg k/ fpF5 ' . d dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b] jsf] 6fsf] …d'gfdbgÚaf6 k|efljt 5' .

JolQm – k|hftGqjfbL g] tf g] N;g d08] nf / kfls: tfgsL cfO/ g n] 8L d'lgaf dhf/ Lsf] ;+3if{af6 k|efljt 5' . vfgf – dnfO{ ;fdfGo g]k fnL vfg dg kb{5 . kmnkm'n ;a}e Gbf ld7f] nfUg] vfgf xf] . klx/ g – ;6{ / kfOG6 nufpg ?rfpF5 ' .

3'dlkm/ – 3'dlkm/ df 7"nf] zf} v eP klg w] / } 7fpFdf 3'Dg kfPsf] 5} g . cGgk'0f{ ;ls{6df kg{ ] ufpFx¿ dnfO{ lgs} dg k/ ] . / f/ ftfn 3'Dg dg nfu] sf] 5 .

!= sf] / f g] f efO/ ; nflu ;s] sf] dfG5] df s] s: tf] bL3{sfnLg c;/ b] lvG5 < lgsf] eO;s] sf la/ fdLn] vfgkfg / hLjgz} nLdf s] s] ;'wf/ ug{k' 5{ < – sf] / f g] f efO/ ;af6 d'Qm e} ;s] kl5 s] lx JolQmdf bL3{sfnLg : jf: Yo ;d: of b] lvg ;S5 . o;af/ ] xfn;Dd l;ldt hfgsf/ L dfq eP klg o;sf] c;/ laleGg c+ux¿df x'g ] b] vfPsf] 5 . xNsf Hj/ f ] jf z/ L/ tfQ] sf] dxz'; ug',{ vf] sL nfUg' / cTolws ysfg dx;'; x'g' sf] / f g] f ;+qmd0f kl5 b] lvg] k|dv ' ;d: of x'g \ . To: t } 5ftL ef/ L x'g' / Zjf;k|Zjf;df ca/ f w] x'g,' 6fpsf] ef/ L x'g,' d'6s ' f] rfn clgoldt x'g,' lgb|f gnfUg', k] 6 b'Vg', l8k| ; ] g x'g' cflb : jf: Yo ;d: of b] lvg] u/ s ] f 5g\ .

– vfgfdf kmnkm"n, ;fukft / b"wdf hf] 8 lbg ;lsG5 . le6fldg …l8Úsf] ] ;|f t] ;"os { f] ls/ 0f ePsfn] 3fd tfKg' / fd|f ] x'G5 .

To: t } k|z: t emf] lnnf] ;'k vfg' kb{5 . ;+qmd0f e} ;s] kl5 jf pkrf/ ul/ ;s] kl5 z/ L/ df / f u] k|lt/ f w] fTds Ifdtf slt ;do;Dd / xG5 eGg] olsg gePsf] / sf] / f g] f dxfdf/ L ;dfKt geP;Dd ef} lts b"/ L sfod ug{ ,] df: s ;lx tl/ sfn] nufpg] / ;fa'gkfgLn] xft w'g ] afgLnfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf lbO{ / fVg' kb{5 . @= efO/ ;lj?4sf] vf] k gcfP;Dd xfdLn] ;t{s eP/ sf] / f g] f efO/ ;;Fu } afFRg cEo: t aGg' kg{] xf] < – sf] / f g] f efO/ ; tkfO{ xfdL ;+u} / x s ] fn] vf] k ljsf; geP;Dd ;hs / ;ts{ / xg' kg{ ] x'G5 . o;sf nflu hg: jf: Yosf dfkb08x¿ lg/ Gt/ ckgfpg' kg{] x'G5 .

l;g] df – d l;g] df sd x] 5 {' . kl5Nnf] ;do dg k/ s ] f] lkmNd … 5Ss kGhfÚ xf] .

40

f] slt ;do #= ljZjdf vf]k ag]s

–

kl5 s;/ L Tof] g] kfndf s;/ L lelqg] 5 < vf] k NofPsf] slt ;dodf g] kfne/ vf] k nufpg ;lsPnf < sf] / f g] f lj?4sf sltko vf] kx¿ lSnlgsn 6«fonsf] clGtd r/ 0fdf k'lu;s] sf 5g\ t/ o;n] ;a{;fwf/ 0fdf k|of] u ug] { dfGotf slxn] kfpF5 eGg] olsg ePsf] 5} g . g] kfndf klg slxn] s;/ L cfOk'U5 eg] / xfn;Dd : ki6 e} ;s] sf] 5} g .

$= rf8af8sf] df} ;d 5, ofqf ubf{ s] s] s'/ fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{, tkfO{s + f ;'emfax¿ < – ofqf ubf{ laz] ift ;d"x x'g] ePsfn] ;+qmd0f Ps csf{df g;/ f ; ] \ eGg] df Wofg lbg' kg{] x'G5 . df: s ;lx tl/ sfn] nufpg] , gofF dfG5] ;uF s'/ fsfgL gug{ ] / ofqf cjlwe/ xftnfO{ cg'xf/ df -gfs, d'v / cfFvfdf_ 3l/ 3l/ gn} hfg] . uGtJodf k'u k] l5 ;fa'gkfgLn] / fd|/L xft w'g' kb{5 . %= xjfO{ ofqf / ;8s ofqfdf s;/ L ;'/ lIft / xg ;lsG5 < – xjfO{ ofqfe/ ljdfgsf sd{rf/ Ln] lbPsf lgb{ z ] gnfO{ kfngf ug{' kb{5 eg] ;s] ;Dd Ps csf{;uF gaf]N g' g} ;a} eGbf pQd pkfo x'g5 ] . ;8s ofqfdf klg hg: jf: Yosf dfkb08 ;lx tl/ sfn] clgjfo{ ckgfpg' kb{5 .

– efO/ ;sf] ;+qmd0f dflg;n] g} Ps 7fpFaf6 csf] {7fpFdf nUg] xf] . t;y{ ofqf ubf{ ;ts{tfsf ;fy hg: jf: ysf dfkb08 ckgfcf} . ;fgf] x] nr] qmfOFn ] dfq klg ;+qmldt x'g ] / Tof] tkfO{,+ xfdL kl/ jf/ sf Ho] i7 jf bL3{ / f u] ePsf ;b: o ;Dd k'¥ofpg] dfWod aGg ;S5 . To;}n ] vf] k pknAw geP;Dd jf dxfdf/ L d'Qm geP;Dd ;ts{tf ckgfO{ ;+qmd0f yk km} ngaf6 /f]Sg dbt u/f}+ .

41

JolQmTj

hf] ljdfg p8\g] af6f] sf]5g{ \ n

alatf tfdfª

c

lxn] ;+;f/ d } ;a} eGbf w] / } dflg; xjfO{ ofqf ul/ / x s ] f 5g\ . b OG6/ g ; ] gn Po/ 6«fG;kf] 6{ P;f] l;o;gsf] tYof+s cg';f/ ;g\ @)!& df dfq $=! ca{ dflg;n] ljdfg ofqf u/ ] . of] sLlt{dfgL ;+Vof lyof] . w] / s } f] ;f] rfOdf tL ofq'nfO{ kfOn6n] ljdfg p8fP/ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf] {7fpFdf k'¥ofpF5g\, p8fg k|lqmof eg] sf] olt g} xf] . t/ , p8\8og k|0ffnL o;eGbf lgs} hl6n x'G5 . ljdfgnfO{ Po/ 6«flkms sG6«f n ] / -Pl6;L_n] af6f] b] vfpF5g\ . cem, Tof] ljdfg p8\g ] dfu{ klxn] g} to ug'k{ 5{ . g]k fndf o;/ L ljdfg lxF8g\ ] af6f] agfpg] sfd g] kfn gful/ s p8\8og k|flws/ 0fcGtu{tsf] Po/ 6«flkms Dofg] hd] G6 -Pl6Pd_ ljefun] u5{ . oxL ljefusf lgb]z { s x'g\ bLks a/ fn . h;n] g] kfnsf y'k }| Po/ ?6sf] l8hfOg klg u/ s ] f 5g\ . @)&# b] lv of] ljefusf] g] tT[ j ul/ / x s ] f 5g\ a/ fn . pgs} g] tT[ jdf y'k }| Po/ ?6 klg alg;s] sf 5g\ . ljefun] ljdfgsf] p8fgb] lv cjt/ 0f;Ddsf] Po/ 6«flkms ;] jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof tof/ u5{ .

Po/ : k ; ] Dofg] hd] G6 cyf{t Po/ : k ; ] nfO{ s;/ L ;'/ lIft / fVg] , Po/ ?6x¿ s;/ L ljsf; ug], { Po/ 6«flkms km\nf] Dofg] hd] G6 -Pl6PkmPd_ s;/ L ug] {nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfd oxL ljefun] u5{ . Tolt dfq xf]O g, ljefu;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ gLlt, lgod / sfo{ljlw klg o;} n ] tof/ u5{ .

Po/ ?6 tflndk|fKt hgzlQmn] dfq agfpg ;S5 . … To;} n ] xfdLn] cGt/ fl{ i6«o ?6 lgdf{0f ubf{ k|flws/ 0faf6 cjsfzk|fKt sd{rf/ L, ljb] zL ;+: yf Po/ a;sf] ;lA;8/ L sDkgL GofjAn', cfOSo'ah: tf ;+: yf / JolQmsf] ;xof] u lng] u/ s ] f 5f}, F Ú lgb]z { s a/ fn eG5g\ . g] kfnleqs} Po/ ?6 eg] g] kfnLx¿n] g} lgdf{0f ub} {cfPsf] pgsf] egfO 5 . o; ljifodf lj1tf ljsf; ug{ k|flws/ 0fsf sd{rf/ Ln] tflnd lnO/ x s ] f] hfgsf/ L klg pgn] lbP . … kf| lws/ 0fsf sd{rf/ Lx¿ ev{/ tflnd lnFb} x'gx' G' 5,Ú pgn] eg] , … kl5 uP/ ljb] zLsf] ;xof] u lng gkg] { cj: yf cfpg ;S5 .Ú

tYof+s ljefusf] hflu/ b] l] v Pl6Pd ljefusf] g] tT[ j;Dd a/ fn lj/ f6gu/ df hlGdPsf x'g \ . cfdfa'afsf] t] ;f| ] ;Gtfgsf ?kdf hlGdPsf pgsf Ps lbbL, Ps alxgL / Ps bfh' 5g\ . pgsf a'af g] kfn jfo'; j] f lguddf sfd uy] { . a'af hflu/ sf] l;nl;nfdf sf7df8f} F cfPkl5 pgL klg a'af;Fu } ;fg} df sf7df8f} FcfP . g]j f/ 6f] ndf x'ls{P . … To;a] nf d cfwf g] kfnL af] Ny], F cfwf g] jf/ L,Ú pgL eG5g\, … g j] f/ L clxn] klg / fd|/ L af] N5' . w] / } efiff af] Ng kfpFbf dnfO{ / dfOnf] nfU5 .Ú a'af g] kfn jfo'; j] f lguddf sfd ug] { ePsfn] pgn] ;fg} 5Fbf ljdfg r9\g kfP . … kfFr jif{sf] pd] /d } ljdfg r9] / ;'vt {] uPsf] ;Demgf

42

dnfO{ cem} 5,Ú pgL ;'gfpF5g\, … aa' fsf] ;?jf ePsf] n ] xfdL ;'vt {] uPsf lyof} F . ;fgf] 5Fbf ljdfg, ljdfg: yn b] Vbf / dfOnf] nfUYof] . a'afsf] htfhtf ;?jf eof] , xfdL Tot} Tot} hfg'kg] {x'GYof] .Ú @)#^ ;fndf a/ fnn] P;Pn;L kf; u/ ] / k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq txdf egf{ eP . t/ , To;a] nf k~rfotlj/ f w] L ljBfyL{ cfGbf] ng r/ ddf lyof] . af/ Daf/ x8\tfn eO/ xs ] f lyP . kmn: j?k b'O{ jif] { cWoog k"/f ug{ pgnfO{ rf/ jif{ nfUof] . To;kl5 csf] {rf/ jif{ nufP/ : gfts u/ ] . … Aofrn;{ ;Sbf d @$ jif{sf] eO;s] sf] lyPF,Ú pgL eG5g\, … Tof] eg] sf] df: 6;{ kf; ug] { a] nf lyof] t/ b] zsf] / fhgLlts cj: yfn] ubf{ s] xL jif{ u'Dg k'Uof] .Ú x'ls{b+ } hfFbf pgnfO{ lghfdlt sd{rf/ L aGg] / x/ lyof] . k|df0fkq tx kf; ePnuQ} pgL tYof+s ljefudf c: yfoL sd{rf/ Lsf ?kdf sfd ug{ yfn] . ToxfF sfd ul/ / x ] klg cGo If] qdf klg pgL hflu/ sf nflu k|of; ul/ / x s ] f lyP . To;} a n ] f ;dfhsNof0f kl/ ifb\df n] vfkfndf gfd lgsfNg ;kmn eP . tYof+s ljefu 5f] 8 /] pgn] kl/ ifb\df kfFr jif{ sfd u/ ] . ToxL cGt/ fndf pgn] Joj: yfkg ljifodf : gfts pQL0f{ u/ ] .

To;a] nf g]k fn–c/ a a}s + -h'g kl5 uP/ glan a}s + aGof] _ ev{/ v'n s ] f] lyof] . of] g] kfndf lghL tj/ n ] v'n s ] f] klxnf] Joj;flos a}s + lyof] . klxnf] lghL a}s + ePsfn] To;sf] w] / } rrf{ x'g' : jefljs lyof] .

To;} n ] pgnfO{ klg a}s + df hflu/ vfg] OR5f eof] . cfj] bg lbP / 5gf] 6 klg eP . t/ , pgL hflu/ vfg uPgg\ . … lgo'lQm kq lnPF t/ hflu/ df uOgF,Ú pgL eG5g\, … kl5 a}s + nfO{ kq n] v, F] d} n ] ck] Iff u/ c ] g'?ksf] ;] jf;'ljwf kfOgF eg] / . To;a] nf ;/ sf/ L hflu/ vfO/ x s ] f] lyPF / hxfFhxfF k/ LIff lbof] , ToxLF gfd lgsfln/ x s ] f] lyPF .Ú pgL lghfdltdf clws[tsf nflu tof/ L klg ul/ / x s ] f lyP . … To;} a n ] f Ps hgf ;fyLn] k|flws/ 0fdf Po/ 6«flkms sG6«f n ] / sf] tflnd v'n s ] f] 5 eg] / ;'gfP,Ú pgn] eg] , … ;fyLsf] cfkmGt klg k|flws/ 0fdf sfd ug'x{ bF' f] / x 5 ] . To;} n ] ;fyLn] / fd|f ] x'G' 5, kmf/ d e/ eg] .Ú Pl6;Lsf] tflnd lng'eGbf klxn] g} pgnfO{ yfxf lyof] , sG6«f n ] 6fj/ df a;]s f] Pl6;Ln] kfOn6nfO{ dfu{lgb]z { u5{ / df} ;d;Fu ;DalGwt sfd klg u5{ . pgn] kmf/ d e/

] . gfd klg lgl: sof] . @)$$ sf] d+l;/ df tflnd ;'? eof] . Ps jif{sf] lyof] tflnd cjlw . tflnd ;lsPnuQ} ^ dlxgf s/ f/ df sfd u/ ] . To;kl5 : yfoLsf nflu cfj] bg dfu eof] . To;df klg pgn] gfd lgsfn] . … kf; ePkl5 d}n ] @)$% b]l v @)%) ;Dd cyf{t\ kfFr jif{ lqe'jg cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: yndf Pl6;Lsf] ?kdf sfd u/ , F] Ú pgn] ;'gfP .

To;kl5 pgsf] u[xgu/ lj/ f6gu/ ;?jf eof] . @)%# ;Dd tLg jif{ pgn] lj/ f6g/ df sfd u/ ] . km] l/ pgL sf7df8f} F g} kmls{P . To;kl5 @)^) ;Dd lg/ Gt/ ;ft jif{ km] l/ lqe'jg cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: ynd} sfd u/ ] . @)^! b]l v eg] pgL Pl6;L OG: 6S« 6/ sf ?kdf sfd ug{ yfn] .

k':ts

56

43

JolQmTj Surkhet Pokhara Mountain Flight Everest Experience Flight

Tumlingtar

Pokhara

Dhangadhi

Kathmandu

Nepalgunj Bhairahawa

Bhadrapur Bharatpur Simara Janakpurdham Biratnagar

kfFr jif{ pgn] oxL sfd u/ ] . To;kl5 pgsf] a9'jf eP . pgL gful/ s p8\8og sfof{no k|dv ' eP/ e/ tk'/ k'u ] . @)^^ b]l v @)^* ;Dd pgn] ToxfF sfd u/ ] . km]l / @)&! b] lv @)&# ;Dd kf] v/ f gful/ s p8\8og sfof{no k|dv ' sf ?kdf sfd u/

].

To;otf pgL Pl6Pd ljefusf] g] tT[ j ;Dxfln/ x s ] f 5g\ .

Po/ ?6 agfpg] k|lqmof ljdfg: ynsf] wfjgdfu{af6 p8] sf] ljdfgn] uGtJodf k'u /] cjt/ 0f gx'Gh] n;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ p8fg k|lqmofnfO{ OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|fl ] ;h;{ elgG5 . o;sf tLg efu x'G5g\ . klxnf] , wfjgdfu{af6 p8] / Po/ ?6;Dd ljdfg k'Ug'k5{ . o;nfO{ : 6o\ fG88{ OG: 6d'« G] 6 l8kfr{/ elgG5 . of] kf/ u/ k] l5 bf] ;f| ] k|lqmof ;'? x'G5 . cyf{t\ ljdfg lglZrt af6f] x'bF } uGtJotkm{ nfU5 . o;nfO{ Og ?6 elgG5 . t]; f| ,] cjt/ 0fsf nflu Og?6af6 wfjg dfu{;Dd ljdfg n} hfg] k|lqmof k"/f ug'k{ 5{, h;nfO{ Pk|f r] k|f l] ;h;{ elgG5 .

To;} n ] Po/ ?6 agfpg' eg] sf] OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{ agfpg' xf] . h;sf] cy{ xf] , ljdfg p8] sf] ljdfg: ynb] lv Og ?6;Dd / Og?6b]l v cjt/ 0f x'g ] ljdfg: yn;Dd k'Ug] af6f] to ug' { . t/ , Po/ ?6 eGgfn] Og ?6 dfq a'lemg] a/ fn atfpF5g\ . … Pl6Pd ljefun] OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{ agfpg] xf] . o;df Og?6eGbf p8fg / cjt/ 0fsf nflu : 6o\ fG88{ OG: 6d'« G] 6 l8kfr{/ / Pk|fr

] k|f l] ;h;{ a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5,Ú a/ fn eG5g\, … oL b'O{ k|lqmofn] g} ljdfg / flt p8fg jf cjt/ 0f ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb} g eGg] lgwf{/ 0f u5{ .Ú p;f] eP OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{ s;/ L agfpg] t < of] to ug'e{ Gbf klxn] ;e]{ ug'k{ g] {a/ fn atfpF5g\ . … olb lj/ f6gu/ df k|f l] ;h{; agfpg' k¥of] eg] , ljdfg: ynaf6 ljdfg slt prfO{df p8fpg] , Og ?6sf] prfO{ slt / xg] , cjt/ 0f ubf{ slt prfO{ / ultdf ug] {eGg] ljifodf ;e] {x'G5,Ú a/ fn eG5g\, … ljdfg afbnleq, / flt klg p8\g ] ePsfn] kxf8, 3/ , 6fj/ , cflbdf 7f] lSg' ePg . oL ;a}a f6 aRg]u / L ;'/ lIft p8fg / cjt/ 0fsf nflu dfu{ to ug{ OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6k|f l] ;h;{ agfpg] ul/ G5 .Ú ;e]a { f6 cfPsf] tYof+ssf] cfwf/ df Pl6Pd ljefusf] g] tT[ jdf

44

Po/ ?6 agfpg] ul/ G5 . …

Pp6f l6dn] ?6 agfpg] / csf] { l6dn] qm; r]s ug] {k|rng 5,Ú a/ fn ;'gfpF5g\, … cfjZos kbf{ ljb] zL ;+: yfx¿sf] ;xof] u klg lng] ul/ Psf] 5 . OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{ ag] kl5 To;sf] k/ LIf0f x'G5 . klxn] lbpF;f] ljdfg p8fP/ x]l / G5 . kfOn6x¿n] l7s 5 eg] kl5 To;nfO{ P/ f g] l6sn OGkmd]; { g klAns] ;g -PcfO{kL_df k|sfzg ug] {u5f} F {.Ú klxn] o: tf] ?6 agfpg lgs} emGeml6nf] / x s ] f] pgsf] cg'ej 5 . lsgeg] To;a] nf o;;DaGwL ;km\6j]o / lyPg . clxn] ;km\6j]o / sf] ;xof] udf sfd s] xL ;xh ePsf] pgL atfpF5g\ . t} klg ;"Idtfk"js { sfd ug'k{ g] { x'gfn] Pp6f Po/ ?6 agfpg sl/ a Ps jif{ nfUg] u/ s ] f] 5 . a/ fns} g] tT[ jdf rGb|u9L, wgu9L / l;d/ fdf OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{ alg;s] sf] 5 . oL 7fpFdf klxn] leh'cn km\nfO6 ?N; -lePkmcf/ _ cyf{t\ kfOn6n] cfFvfn] x] / /] ljdfg p8fpg' kYof] {. ?6 alg;s] kl5 eg] OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 ?n -cfO{Pkmcf/ _ cyf{t,\ aflx/ sf] b[Zo gb] lvPklg ljdfgleqs} k|ljlwsf] cfwf/ df dfq} klg p8fg / cjt/ 0f ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . To;} n ] oL : yfgdf clxn] / flt klg p8fg ug{ ;lsg] a/ fnsf] egfO 5 . lePkmcf/ p8fg ubf{ % lsnf] ld6/ lelhlaln6L cfjZos kYof] { . lePkmcf/ p8fgsf] cfkm\g } ?6 x'G5g\ . h;nfO{ PcfO{kLdf k|sfzg ug{ k} 5{ eGg] 5} g . t/ , OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{nfO{ k|sflzt ug}k {5{ . klxn] u|fpG8 a] : 8 OlSjkd] G6sf] cfwf/ df k|f l] ;h;{ agfOGYof] . clxn] : of6nfO6 a] : 8 OlSjkd] G6sf] k|of] u al9/ x s ] f] 5 . … xfdLn] klg o;df sfd ul/ / x s ] f 5f}, FÚ pgL ;'gfpF5g\, … of] a9L ;'ljwfhgs klg 5, ;: tf] klg 5, e/ kbf]{ klg 5 . u|fpG8 a]: 8 OlSjkd]G 6 ;a} 7fpF / fVg ;Dej 5} g, w] / } dx+uf] x'g ] ePsf] n ] . xfdL;Fu clxn] lj/ f6gu/ , sf7df8f}, + l;d/ f, e} / xjf / g] kfnuGhdf dfq u|fpG8 a] ; OlSjkd]G 6 5 .Ú oL 7fpFdf ePsf OlSjkd]G 6sf cfwf/ df ?6 tof/ ul/ Psf] lyof] . t/ , : of6nfO6 a] : 8 OlSjkd] G6sf cfwf/ df hxfF klg ?6 agfpg ;lsG5 . rGb|u9Ldf ljefu;Fu u|fpG8 a] : 8 OlSjkd]G 6 5} g t/ klg / flt p8fg eO/ x s ] f] 5 .

sxfFsxfF aGb} 5g\ gofF ?6 < rGb|u9L / wgu9Ldf ag] sf] k|f l] ;h;{ sd ePkl5 yk yg] { tof/ L ljefun] yfn] sf] 5 . To: t ,} hgsk'/ df klg k|f l] ;h;{ tof/ eO;s] sf] 5 . h'g, cfufdL df3af6 nfu" x'g ] 5 . ljefun] Og ?6 dfq} t cg] sf} F agfO;s] sf] 5 . t/ , of] kbf{k5fl8sf] sfd x'gfn] w] / } rrf{ x'bF g} . … xfdLn] w] / } Og ?6 agfpFb } cfPsf 5f} F. t/ , of] aflx/ L dflg;nfO{ yfxf x'g] s'/ f xf] Og,Ú pgL eG5g\, … dfq p8fg ug] {JolQmnfO{ o;af/ d] f hfgsf/ L x'g ] xf] .Ú cGt/ fl{ i6«o p8fgsf nflu OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{ agfpg] k|lqmof cln km/ s 5 . o;df p8fg ug]{ ljdfgnfO{ cfwf/ afgfP/ ;e] { ul/ G5 . / , To;sf] cfwf/ df cGt/ fl{ i6«o OG: 6d'« G] 6 km\nfO6 k|f l] ;h;{ tof/ ul/ G5 . … xfd|f ] b] zsf] cjZostfcg';f/ cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg clwstd $^ xhf/ lkm6;Dd p8\g ;S5 . To;} n ] ;f] xLcg';f/ sf] ?6 rflxG5,Ú a/ fn eG5g\ . cGt/ fl{ i6«o ?6 agfpgsf nflu g] kfnleqsf] ;|f t] dfq kof{Kt 5} g . … e /} xjf ljdfg: ysf] nflu cGt/ fl{ i6«o k|f l] ;h;{ agfpg xfdLnfO{ cfOSo'an] ;xof] u ub} { cfPsf] 5,Ú a/ fnn] hfgsf/ L lbP, … lqe'jg cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: yndf klg xfdL yk k|f l] ;h;{ agfpFb } 5f}

F . oxfF clxn] hlt k|fl ] ;h;{ 5g\, Toltn] k'lu/ x s ] f] 5} g . o;sf nflu xfdLnfO{ GofjAn'n ] ;xof] u ul/ / x s ] f] 5 .Ú

lxdfnog 6' ?6 clxn] g] kfnL cfsfzdflyaf6 p8\g ] Ps dfq ljb]z L Po/ nfOG; eg] sf] e'6fg Po/ xf] . cGofyf g] kfn cfpg] afx] s g] kfnL cfsfzaf6 cGo s'g } klg ljb] zL ljdfg p8\bg } g\ . e'6fgsf] kf/ f ] ljdfg: ynaf6 ef/ tsf] gofF lbNnL hfg] ljdfg g] kfnL cfsfzaf6 p8\g ] u5{ . klZrd o'/f k] / dWok"ja{ f6 pQ/ kj" L{ Pl;ofdf p8fg ubf{ g] kfnL cfsfz eP/ hfg' ;a} eGbf ldtJooL / ;f] emf] k5{ . To: t ,} g] k fnL cfsfzaf6 cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg p8] g] kfnnfO{ cfly{s kmfObf klg x'G5 . hxfhsf] cfsf/ sf lx;fan] g] kfnL cfsfz k|of] u u/ a] fkt\ ljdfg sDkgLn] @ ;o %) b] lv % ;o cd] l/ sL 8n/ ;Dd ltg{k' g] { x'G5 . t/ , g] kfnL cfsfzaf6 ljdfg gp8\bf ljdfg sDkgLx¿ / g] kfn b'j n } fO{ 3f6f eO/ x s ] f] 5 . o f ]

;d: of ;dfwfgsf nflu g] kfnn] gofF cGt/ fl{ i6«o ?6 k|: tfj u/ s

] f] 5 . Tof] xf] , lxdfno 6' ?6 . lxdfno 6' ?6sf] p8fgdf xfn;Dd / xs ] f cGo ?6sf] t'ngfdf ! ;o gl6sn dfOn b"/L sd x'g ] 5 . o;n] a+ufnsf] vf8Lsf] 6«flkms sGh] ;g sd ug{ klg ;xof] u ug]{ 5 . of] ?6 ef/ tsf] gofFlbNnL PkmcfO{cf/ -km\nfO6 OGkm/ d ; ] g l/ hg_af6 dxfsfnL x'bF } g] kfn k|j z ] u/ /] lxdfnosf] blIf0faf6 d] rL x'bF } lgl: sG5 . d] rLaf6 ef/ tsf] afu8f] u/ f, cf;fd x'bF } Dofgdf/ , rLgsf] s'lGdª / xªsª klg of] ?6 hf] 85 \ .

To;} n ] of] ?6 ;~rfngdf Nofpg'cl3 g] kfnn] ef/ t, Dofgdf/ / rLg;Fu klg ;Demf} tf ug'k{ g] {x'G5 . ef/ t / rLg;Fu t o;cl3 g} ;Demf} tf eO;s] sf] 5 . rLgn] Pl6P; ?6 P/ f g] l6sn OGkm/ d ; ] g klAns] ;gdf k|sflzt klg ul/ ;s] sf] 5 . Dofgdf/ ;uF klg g] kfnn] ! gf] e D] a/ df lxdfnog 6' ?6;DaGwL ;Demf} tf ul/ ;s] sf] 5 . a/ fns} g] tT[ jdf Dofgdf/ uPsf] 6f] nLn] of] ;Demf} tfdf x: tfIf/ u/ s ] f] lyof] . … To;} n ] ca tLgb] lv rf/ jif{hltdf of] ?6 : yflkt eO;S5h: tf] dnfO{ nfU5,Ú a/ fn eG5g\, … of] ?6af6 ofqf ubf{ cGt/ fl{ i6«o p8fgsf ofq'n ] lxdfn klg x] g{ kfpF5g\ . / , lxdfnog 6' ?6 : yflkt eof] eg] ljleGg ljdfg sDkgLn] xfd|f ] cfsfzaf6 p8fg ug] {5g\ .Ú

sfdaf6 k|fKt x'g ] ;Gt'li6 a/ fnn] g] tT[ j ul/ / x s ] f] Pl6Pd ljefu Pl6;Lsf] dfp ljefu klg xf] . cyf{t\ ljdfg;Fusf] bf] xf] / f ] ;+jfb / g] leu] ;gsf] lhDd] jf/ L klg oxL ljefu;Fu 5 . vf;u/ L u|fpG8 a] : 8 tyf : of6nfO6 a] : 8 g] leu] ;g / / f8f/ df ljdfgsf] cj: yf x] / /] ljdfgnfO{ dfu{lgb]z { g ug] {sfd x'G5 . klxn] cfkm" klg Pl6;Ldf ?kdf sfd ul/ ;s] sf] x'gfn] a/ fnnfO{ of] sfddf / x s ] f afwf s] s] 5g\ eGg] / fd|f ; ] uF yfxf 5 . To;} n ] pgn] Pl6;Ldf ;'wf/ Nofpg vf] h s ] f 5g\ . … o;sf] k|dv ' eP/ sfd ug{ kfpFbf v';L 5',Ú pgL eG5g\, … d Pl6;L x'bF f h] h] sfd eP x'GYof] eGg] nfUYof], tL sfd clxn] d}n ] ;'? u/ s ] f] 5' . d h'g txdf 5', To;df / x /] cfkm"n ] rfx] sf ;a} sfd ug{ t g;lsg] / x 5 ] . t} klg d} n ] ;s] ;Dd ul/ / x s ] f] 5' .Ú w] / h } ;f] sfd 7"nf] k} ;f;Fu hf] l8Psf] x'g ] / x 5 ] ,Ú pgL yK5g\, … To;} n ] ;/ sf/ n ] ah] 6 slt k|bfg u5{ eGg] s'/ fdf klg y'k} | s'/ f hf] l8Psf] x'G5 .Ú p8\8og If] q sd dfq dflg;n] a'‰g] k]; f xf] . a/ fns} kl/ jf/ sf ;b: onfO{ klg pgsf] sfd / lhDd] jf/ Lsf] dxTj Tolt w] / } yfxf 5} g . … d /] f ] kl/ jf/ n ] klg of] If] qnfO{ vf;} a'‰b}g . ;flyefOnfO{ klg yfxf 5}g ,Ú pgL ;'gfpF5g\, … ;fyLefO t d;Fu cGt/ fl{ i6«o ljdfg: yndf 6\jfOn] 6 o: tf] 5, ljdfg p: tf] 5 eg] / u'gf;f] u5{g \ .Ú rrf{df g/ x ] klg, klqsfsf] cfj/ 0fdf kmf]6 f] g5flkP klg a/ fn cfkm\gf] sfdaf6 eg] ;Gt'i6 5g\ . … d nf] k|f k] mfOndf a: g rfxg] dfG5] , rrf{af6 xf] Og, ljefun] / fd|f ] sfd ubf{ v';L nfU5,Ú pgL eG5g\, … xfdL sd{rf/ Ln] cfkm\gf] gfdsf nflu sfd ug] {xf] Og . ;+:y fsf nflu sfd ug] {xf] . sd{rf/ Lsf] st{Jo xf] , of] If] qsf] ljsf; ug' { . d]/ f ] clwstd k|of; o;} df x'G5 .Ú

45

sf];]nL

a] gLsf] cuf{lgs pkxf/ nufpg] sk8f / ;hfpg] ;fdfgeGbf vfg] s'/ fsf] ljljwtf kfOG5 sf] ;] nL 3/ x¿df

Dof

UbL lhNnfsf] ;b/ ds ' fd a] gL ahf/ sfnLu08sL / DofUbL vf] nfsf] tL/ df pQ/ / klZrd km} lnPsf] 5 . a] gL If] qdf ldl>t hflt If] qL, du/ , g] jf/ , 5GTofn, afx'g, ljs, ysfnL cflb hfthfltsf] a;f] af; 5 .

Oltxf;, k|sl[ t / ;+: sl[ tsf] lqj] 0fLwfd– a] gL . a] gL cfkm}d + f ko{6sLo uGtJo xf] . ToxfFsf] a] gL gu/ kflnsf If] qdf 9f] nyfg, sf] 6 e08f/ ,

46

l;Fuf tftf] kfgL s'08, emfFqmLkfgL, Hofd?ssf] 6, lxdfnL ;f} Gbo{, s] elxn, nEnLlxn, 6f] 8s \ ] nufot k|fs[lts / P] ltxfl;s ;Dkbf 5g\ . wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿df un] Zj/ wfd, huGgfy dlGb/ , dxf/ fgL yfg, a] gL r} To, gjb'uf{ dlGb/ , elb|jd lzjfno, k'nT: o k'nf>d / nIdLgf/ fo0f dlGb/ nufot 5g\ . a] gL ahf/ af6 ( lsld klZrddf l;Fuf

tftf] kfgL s'08 5 . DofUbL vf] nf lsgf/ df / x s ] f] s'08df 8'a /] k|fs[lts pkrf/ ul/ G5 . s'08sf] kfgLsf] tfkqmd $% b] lv $* l8u|L;Dd x'G5 .

To: t u} / L a] gL ahf/ af6 !( lsld b"/ Lsf] 6f] 8 s ]\ -@,#%) ld6/ _af6 wf} nflul/ u'hf{, gLnlul/ , dfgfkfyL, cGgk"0f{ / df5fk'R5« ] lxdfn b] lvG5 . a] gLaf6 (=% lsld b"/ Lsf] s] elxn -@,!@) ld6/ _ af6 klg lxdfnL ;f} Gbo{ b] lvG5 . s] elxn;Fu }

s'g } klg 7fpF 3'd /] kms{g] a] nf cfkmGt / Oi6ldqsf nflu sf] ; n ] L lsGg'k5{ . a] gL ahf/ df cuf{lgs kl/ sf/ / x: tsnfsf ;fdfg kfOG5 . ToxfFsf sf] ; n ] L 3/ df DofUbL, kj{t / d': tfªsf pTkfbg lsGg ;lsG5 .

huGgfy dlGb/ 5 . a] gL ahf/ af6 # lslddf un] Zj/ wfd 5 . sfnLu08sL gbL lsgf/ df ( / f k] gLdf km} lnPsf] Pp6} kTy/ dfly un] Zj/ dlGb/ 5 . a] gL ahf/ af6 !@ lslddf Hofd?ssf] 6 5 . ToxfFaf6 gfua]nL 8fF8f / lxdfno bz{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

a] gL ahf/ af6 @! lsld b"/ Lsf] emfFqmLkfgL du/ hghLjg, v] taf/ L / lxdfnL ns{gsf nflu k|Voft 5 .

Tolt dfq xf] Og, a] gL ahf/ d'lQmgfy, nf] – dGyfª, wf} nflul/ kbdfu{, u'hf{ kbdfu{, vf] kf| kbdfu{ / u'l/ Nnf kbdfu{sf] u] 6j] klg xf] .

s'g } klg 7fpF 3'd /] kms{g ] a] nf cfkmGt / Oi6ldqsf nflu sf] ; n ] L lsGg'k5{ . a] gL ahf/ df cuf{lgs kl/ sf/ / x: tsnfsf ;fdfg kfOG5 .

ToxfFsf sf] ; n ] L 3/ df DofUbL, kj{t / d': tfªsf pTkfbg lsGg ;lsG5 . sf] ; n ] Lsf nflu a}s + / f 8] sf] … wf} nflul/ sf] ; n ] L 3/ Ú rlr{t 5 . ToxfF kmfk/ , sf] bf] / ds} sf] kL7f] , l;dL, df;, e6df;, af] 8L, d'/ nL ds} nufot u] 8fu'8L kfOG5 . To: t } l6Dd'/ , efFuf] nufot crf/ agfpg] vfB kbfy{, dx, : ofpsf] h';, a|f08L nufot k] o kbfy{ kfOG5 .

To;} u/ L l;hgdf : ofp, cf] v/ , : ofpsf] ;'s6' L nufot ;fdfg klg kfOG5 . a] gLsf] u'Gb|s ' , Rofpsf] ;'s6' L, r's cldnf] , tf] / Lsf] t] n, lhDa', a] ;f/ , hf} sf] ;ft', psfsf] ;ft', d'nfsf] l;GsL, e'6 s ] f] abfd klg : jflbnf] dflgG5 . a] gL If] q jif}e { l/ 3'Dg ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}a + f6 @** lslddf kb{5 a] gL ahf/ . ToxfF k'Ug a;df ( 3G6f nfU5 . cyjf sf7df8f}– + kf] v/ f @% ldg] 6 xjfO{ofqf . kf] v/ faf6 a] gL ** lsld, a;df # 3G6f ofqf u/ ] k'U5 .

;Dks{ wf} nflul/ sf] ; n ] L 3/ a] gL ahf/ , DofUbL dLgf / fDhfnL–(*$&^@@*)@

47

afhfufhf

uf]/vsfnL

9f]n

nf]k e};s]sf b'O6f afhf– uf]/vsfnL 9f]n / /fj0f afhfnfO{ k'gMlgdf{0f u/]/ g]kfnL nf]safhf ;+u|xfnon] ;+/If0f u/]sf] 5 . … uf] / vsfnL 9f] nÚ uf] / vfnL ;] gfsf] : yfkgfsfnb] lv o'4df k|of] u ul/ g ] afhf xf] . ltgtfsf 7fpF7fpFdf uf] / vfnL ;] gfn] u9L agfPsf lyP . u9Laf6 o'4 ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf ;~rf/ / zlQmsf nflu o;sf] k|of] u ul/ GYof] . uf] / vfnL ;] gfn] cfqmd0fsf of] hgf agfpFbf afhfsf] tfndf ljleGg ;+s t] ub{y ]. d'v n } ] 7"nf] : j/ df cfb] z lbFbf b'Zdgx¿n] ;'Gg] jf a'‰g] ePsfn] ;]g fn] afhfsf ljleGg tfnnfO{ ljleGg ;+st ] sf ¿kdf k|of] u uy] {. ToxL ;+s t] ;'g /] dftxtsf ;] gfx¿ b'Zdgx¿;Fu hfOnfUy] . b'Zdglj?4 v's/' L, efnf, 5] nf] , 3'oq F] f] , wg'ifsfF8 cflb s'g xltof/ n ] s;/ L / s'g a] nf cfqmd0f ug] { eGg] hfgsf/ L afhfaf6} lbOGYof] . afhf ahfpg b'O{ hgf afgfbf/ x'Gy] . afgfbf/ n] ;] gf k|dv ' sf] cfb] z jf Ozf/ fnfO{ afhfsf] ;'/ / tfndf ¿kfGt/ 0f uy] { . ToxL ;'g /] kmf} h hfOnfUYof] . csf] { s'/ f, uf] / vsfnL 9f] nsf] cfjfh ;'lg/ xbF f pgLx¿ cfˆgf] z/ L/ sf] b] a ]| efudf uf] / vsfnL / bflxg] efudf lzj–uf] / vsf] zlQm k|fKt ePsf] cg'ej ub{y ] / ljho xfl;n uy] {. l;Gw'nLu9L, lhtu9L / s] ?ªsf] n8fOF h: tf ljutsf 7"N7"nf n8fOFdf uf] / vfnL ;] gfn] of] afhf k|of] u u/ s ] f] kfOG5 . t/ , g] kfn PsLs/ 0f cleofg cGtu{t jL/ cd/ l;+x yfkfsf] cj;fgkl5 eg] uf] / vsfnL 9f] nsf] k|of] u ug{ 5f] l8of] . g] kfnL ;] gfn] o: tf P] ltxfl;s afhfsf] ;+/ If0f tyf k|of] u ug{ ;s] / fd| } x'GYof] . cGoq uf] / vsfnL 9f] n e] l6Fb g} . nf] k e} ;s] sf] of] afhfnfO{ g] kfnL nf] safhf ;+ux| fnon] k'/ fgf afgfbf/ sf] >'lt, : dl[ tcg';f/ agfP/ sf7df8f}s + f] lqk'/ Z] j/ l: yt nf] safhf ;+ux| fnodf ;'/ lIft / fv] sf] 5 . uf] / vsfnL 9f] n tfdfsf] kfqdf b'j t} km{ afSnf] / kftnf] 5fnf df] 8 /] agfOPsf] x'G5 . cfsf/ df afhf 7"nf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ b'O{ hgfn] af] Sg'k5{ .

48

of] b'Od{ v ' ] afhf xf], Psftkm{ 3f] / cfjfh / csf]t { km{ : j/ cfjfh lg: sG5 . 3f] / dv ' df Ps hgfn] Pp6f uhfn] ahfpg'k5{ eg] : j/ d'vdf csf] {afgfbf/ n ] b'O6{ f uhfn] ahfpg'k5{ .

/ fj0f afhf

kf} / fl0fs syf cg';f/ n+sfklt / fj0f zlQm k|fKt ug{ sf7df8f}, + uf] s0{ f]Z { j/ dlGb/ sf] klZrdkl§ o18f]n 8fF8fdf o1 ug{ yfn] . o;/ L lzjk'/ Lsf] sfvdf a;] / pgn] sl7g tk: of / o1 ubf{ klg eujfg lzj k|s6 ePgg\ . pgnfO{ h;/ L x'G5 lzjnfO{ v';L agfP/ cfzLjf{b k|fKt ug'{ lyof] . s] xL pkfo gnfu] kl5 / fj0fn] h'lQm lgsfn] . pgn] cfkm\g } bz j6f 6fpsfsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf bz j6f d'v ePsf] afhf agfP clg Tof] afhf ahfP/ k~r rfd/ 5Gbdf lzj tf08j : tf] q l;h{gf u/ ] . o;/ L pgL x/ s ] lbg bzd'v afhf ahfpFb } : tf] q kf7 ub} { lzj bz{gsf] kvfO{df a;] . lzj tf08j : tf] q / bzd'v ] afhfsf] zlQmn] Ps lbg lzj k|s6 eO{ / fj0fnfO{ p;sf] clei6 k"/ f x'g ] j/ bfg lbP . ToxL a]n fb] lv of] afhf / lzj tf08j : tf] q k|rlnt eof] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 . eGgnfO{ / fj0f afhf elgP klg o;sf] cufl8 lzjsf] tf08j d'vf} 6f] hl8Psf] x'G5 .

To;sf] k5fl8 sf7sf] ;fgf] b l] v 7"nf] ;Dd % j6f 9'u+ f| df 5fnf df] / /] v/ L nufO{ agfOPsf afhf x'G5g\ . kfFr j6} afhf cfk;df hf] l8Psf x'G5g\ . ahfpFbf 5Gbsf] tfndf kfn} kfnf] ahfOG5 . nf] k e} ;s] sf] o; afhfnfO{ klg g] kfnL nf] safhf ;+ux| fnon] k'glgdf{0f u/ L ;'/ lIft / fv] sf] 5 . o;/ L k'/ fgf afhfsf] ;+/ If0fdf ;+ux| fnosf afhf ljz] if1 / fdk|;fb sF8 n ] sf] cu'jfO k|z + gLo b] lvG5 .

49

hft lrgf/L

;'gj' f/

jNnf] ls/ftsf] cflbjf;L

g]

kfndf a;f] af; ug] { cg] sf} F hfltdWo] Ps xf] , ;'gj' f/ ;d'bfo . P]l txfl;s e"ld jNnf] ls/ ftsf] afl;Gbf dflgg] of] cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfo xfn d'Vou/ L / fd]5 fk, bf] nvf, l;Gw'nL / cf] vn9'u+ fdf a;f] af; u5{ . / fn ] jflnª lxd>[v + nfsf] jl/ kl/ af6 aUg] dWo–k"jL{ g] kfnsf] ;'gsf] ;L, b"wsf] ;L, tfdfsf] ;L / lnv'j/ k/ sf e"efudf of] ;d'bfosf] a: tL 5 . d"ntM ls/ ft wd{ dfGg] of] ;d'bfosf] cfkm\g} dft[efiff 5, h;nfO{ sf] OrF nf] elgG5 . x'g t of] ;d'bfosf dflg; cfkm"nfO{ sf] OrF hflt eGg] u5{g \ . t/ , cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg / fli6«o k|lti7fg P] g @)%* sf] cg›;"rL ! df eg] of] hfltnfO{ … ;g' j' f/ Ú gfd lbP/ %( cflbjf;L hghfltdWo] Pssf] ¿kdf ;"rLs[t ul/ Psf] 5 . of] ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+: yf ;'gj' f/ ;] jf ;dfhn] … ;g' j' f/ Ú cflbjf;L hghftLo gfdnfO{ ls/ ft … sf] OrF Ú egL ;Rofpg' kg] { dfu / fVb} cfPsf] 5 . ;'gj' f/ x¿sf] hg;+Vof sl/ a %^ xhf/ 5, cyf{t\ g] kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] )=@! k|ltzt 5 . of] ;d'bfon] … dS' b'dÚ bz{gsf] cfwf/ df k/ Dk/ f rnfpg] u/ s ] f] ;'gj' f/ hfltsf cWo] tf pQd ;'gj' f/ atfpF5g\ . d'Sb'ds} cfwf/ df hGdb] lv d[To';Ddsf ;+: sf/ ;~rfng x'g ] u/ s ] f] pgsf] egfO 5 . of] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt d'Vod'Vo ;f+: sl[ ts / Llt–k/ Dk/ f tyf rf8af8sf] oxfF 5f] 6s/ Ldf rrf{ ul/ G5 .

hGd ;+: sf/ cWo] tf ;'gj' f/ sf cg';f/ 5f] / L hlGdP lahf] / lbg, cyf{t\ t] ;f| ,] kfFrf}, F ;ftf} F jf gjf} Flbgdf Gjf/ g ug] {ul/ G5 .

50

o;nfO{ … rf] Vofpg] Ú klg elgG5 . 5f] / f hlGdPdf hf] / lbgdf cyf{t,\ rf} yf] , 5} 7f} F jf cf7f} F lbgdf Gjf/ g ul/ G5 . ;dfGotof % lbgleq Gjf/ g ug] { rng x'G5 .

Gjf/ g ubf{ w'k, aTtL afn] / lkt[nfO{ ;lDemFb} cfdf / aRrfsf] : jf: ynfesf] sfdgf ub} { k"hf ug] { rng 5 . … kh " fdf ;'Ts] / Lsf] gfddf ksfP/ / fv] sf] hfF8 ;u'gsf] ?kdf v'jfpg' k5{,Ú cWo] tf ;'gj' f/ eG5g\, … Gjf/ gsf] a] nf ;'Ts] / L Joyf nufpg] b] ptf rfdb] nfO{ ljbfO{ ug], { aRrf hlGdPkl5 ;+/ If0f ul/ b p] m eg] / snlkt b] ptfnfO{ k"hf ug] { rng 5 . k"hfkf7 ug] {k'/ t] nfO{ gf;f] eGg] rng 5 .

To: t ,} af] Gaf] n ] klg wfld{s sfh] { u/ fpF5g\ .

eftVjfO 5f] / Lsf] eftVjfO cyf{t\ cGgk|f;g ;+: sf/ kfFr dlxgfdf ;DkGg ug]{ rng 5 . 5f] / fnfO{ eg] ^ dlxgfdf eft v'jfpg] ul/ G5 . of] ;+: sf/ k"/ f ug{ af] h,' cyf{t\ xh'/ cfdfsf] k|dv ' e"ldsf x'G5 . aRrfnfO{ vfgf v'jfpg'eGbf klxn] af] hn ' ] k"hfkf7 u/ /] lkt[nfO{ vfgfsf] efu lbg' kg] { x'G5 . To;kl5 af]h n ' ] aRrfnfO{ 3/ aflx/ nu] / Psl5g v] nfpFl5g\ . To;kl5 3/ leq NofP/ vfgf v'jfOG5 .

5f] / LnfO{ u'Go'rf] nL 5f] / L x'ls{b+ } uPkl5 u'Go' / rf] nL lbg] k/ Dk/ f 5 . o;sf nflu gf;f] n ] ;fOt x] / /] lahf] / jif{df ldlt to u5{g \ . ;fdfGotofM dlxgfjf/ L x'ge' Gbf klxn] &, (, !! jf !# jif{df u'Go'rf] nL lbOG5 . of] lbg 5f] /L nfO{ gofF sk8f klx¥ofpg] rng 5 . … / h: jfnf x'gc ' l3 5f] / L ljjfxof] Uo eOg\ eGg] ;Gb] z lbg u'Go'rf] nL lbg] ;+: sf/ 5,Ú cWo] tf ;'gj' f/ eG5g\ . oBlk, ;'gj' f/ ;d'bfodf / h: jfnf x'bF f 5f] / Ln] 5f] Ol56f] afg{ kb}g { .

5f] / fnfO{ 5] j/ 5f] / f klg x'ls{b+ } uPkl5 5] j/ ug] { k|rng 5 . &, ( jf !! jif{df 5] j/ ug] {k/ Dk/ f 5 . efGhfsf] skfn sf6\g ] a] nf eof] x} eg] / dfdfnfO{ rfdn, lrp/ f, / f 6] L, / S;L / efn] lnP/ ;dfrf/ k'¥ofOG5 . To;kl5 dfdf gofF s}r F L, 6f] kL, ;] tf] km] 6f, s] z kf] sf] kfg] {?dfn, yfn, Ps hf] / sk8f, e] 6L / ufu|L;lxt efGhfsf] 5] j/ ug{ cfpF5g\ . dfdf geP gftf kg] {dfdfaf6 5]j / u/ fOG5 .

ljjfx dfgj hLjgs} Ps dxTjk"0f{ ;+: sf/ xf] ljjfx . x/ s ] ;d'bfodf o;sf] plQs} dxTj 5 . ;'gj' f/ ;d'bfodf klg ljjfxsf] k|: tfj lnP/ s] 6fsf] kl/ jf/ klxn] s] 6Lsf] kl/ jf/ df hfg'k5{ . ;u'gsf] ?kdf / S;L lnP/ uO{ 5f] / Lsf] xft dfUg] rng 5 . s]6 L kIf ljjfxsf nflu / fhL ePdf s] 6f kIfn] nu] sf] ;u'g x: tfGt/ 0f ul/ G5 . … bj' } kIfn] / fhLv';L ;u'g vfPkl5 ljjfx kSsf x'G5,Ú ;'gj' f/ eG5g\ . cGo cflbjf;L hghfltx¿df k|rlnt km"k' / dfdfsf] 5f] / f5f] / LaLrsf] ljjfx ;'gj' f/ hfltdf grNg] cWo] tf ;'gj' f/ sf] egfO 5 . … ljjfx ubf{ a'jf / cfdflt/ sf] rf/ k:' tf s] nfOG5 . ;fOgf] gnfUg] / x 5 ] eg] dfq} a] Unfa] Un} y/ sf] aLrdf ljjfx x'G5,Ú pgL eG5g\, … cfkm\gf] hfltleq} ljjfx ug'k{ 5{ .Ú oBlk pgsf cg';f/ s;} n ] cGt/ hftLo ljjfx ul/ xfn] dfkmL dfUg nufP/ : jLsfg] {rng 5 . abnfdf ljjfx ug] {JolQmn] ef] h v'jfpg' k5{ . ;'gj' f/ hfltsf] ljjfx ef] hdf hfF8, / S;L / df;' Vjfpg] k/ Dk/ f 5 . ljjfxcl3 g} s] 6f / s] 6Lsf] gfddf 5'§f5'§} hfF8 ksfOPsf] x'G5 . ljjfx ef] hdf tL b'j } hfF8nfO{ ld;fP/ v'jfOG5 . b'O{ cfTdf / hLjgsf] ldngnfO{ ;f+s l] ts ?kdf b] vfpg o;/ L hfF8 ld;fP/ v'jfpg] rng / x s ] f] ;'gj' f/ sf] egfO 5 . efGhf–efGhLsf] ljjfxsf] vr{ dfdf–dfOh'n ] klg a] xf] g {] rng x'G5 . Toltdfq xf] Og, efGhf–efGhLsf] cfly{s cj: yf sdhf] / ePdf dfdf–dfOh'n ] hLljsfsf nflu klg ;3fpg] rng 5 .

d[To' ;+: sf/ k/ Dk/ fut ?kdf v; ;d'bfodf ljjfx u/ /] 5f] / L k7fpFbf … df/ ] kfk, kfn] k"0oÚ eGg] ul/ G5 . … t/ , xfd|f d] f ljjfxkl5 klg 5f] / L, alxgLdfly dfOtLs} xs nfU5,Ú ;'gj' f/ eG5g\, … s x] Lu/ L csfndf d[To' eP dfOtLnfO{ : ki6Ls/ 0f lbg'kg] {x'G5 . ;fy}, d[To' ;+: sf/ ug'{ klxn] dfOtLnfO{ To;sf] hfgsf/ L lbg'kg] {x'G5 . dfOtLsf] pkl: yltlagf d[To' ;+: sf/ ug{ kfOFb g} .Ú ;b\ult ;lsPkl5 d[tfTdfn] cfkm\gf] k'vf{ e] §fpg ;s"g\ eg] / pgsf nflu k"hfkf7 u/ fpg] rng x'G5 . af]g af] / gf;f] x¿ ldn]/ gf} lbg nufP/ k"hf ul/ G5 . gjf} Flbgdf gf;f] n ] d[tfTdfnfO{ Nxf;f nu] / d'Qm ul/ lbG5g\ . ;'gj' f/ x¿sf] pb\udynf] Nxf;f xf] eGg] dfGotfsf sf/ 0f c: tn ' fO{ Nxf;ftkm{ k7fOG5 . d[tfTdf tLg af6f] eP/ hfg] kl/ sNkgf ul/ Psf] x'G5 . sfnf] af6f] hfg] n ] b'Mv kfpF5, / ftf] af6f] hfg] n ] k'gh{Gd lng' k5{ / ;] tf] af6f] hfg] cfTdfn] b'Mv kfpFb g} eGg] rng 5 .

rf8kj{ ;'gj' f/ ;d'bfosf] ;a} eGbf d'Vo rf8 xf] , : ofb/ lkb/ . of] x/ s ] ^ dlxgf jf jif{df dgfpg] ul/ G5 . sltko cj: yfdf # jf % jif{df klg dgfOG5 . of] rf8df cfkmGt;Fu e] 63f6 u/ /] ld7f] dl;gf] vfg] rng 5 . o;afx] s, ;fpg]

;+qmflGt, df3] ;+qmflGt klg ;'gj' f/ x¿n] dgfpg] u5{g \ .

vfgf ;'gj' f/ ;d'bfodf ;fdfGotofM kxf8L If] qdf k|rlnt vfgf g} vfg] rng 5 . t/ , d'Vou/ L of] ;d'bfodf b'O{ kl/ sf/ nfO{ vf; dfGg] ul/ G5 . h;dWo] Psf] kmfNsL . b'lwnf] ds} nfO{ pl;g] / klxn] 3fddf ;'sfOG5 . To;kl5 e6df; ld;fP/ nfdf] kfOG5 . cGTodf ;fu klg ylkG5 . vf;u/ L hf8f] df} ;ddf of] vfgf vfg] rng 5 . bf] ;f| ] kl/ sf/ xf] , Ujf/ dfnL . ux's F f] lk7f] d'5 /] ;;fgf] 8Nnf] agfOG5 . To;nfO{ w]/ } b"wdf ksfOG5 . of] lgs} : jflbi6 x'g ] u5{ .

klx/ g ;'gj' f/ k'?ifx¿ ;Kt/ ËL e] ife"iffdf ;lhG5g\ . pgLx¿ bf} / f, ;'?jfn / 6f] kL nufPkl5 unfdf ;Kt/ ËL hfnL ?dfn le5{g \ . pQm ?dfnn] cb[Zo zlQmsf] b'ik|efjaf6 arfpg] ljZjf; ul/ G5 . ;'gj' f/ klx/ gdf k'?ifn] sfnf] O: 6sf] 6 nufpg}k g]{ dfGotf 5 . k'?ifx¿ sDd/ df … sDd/ LÚ s: 5g\ . To;leq y} nL klg / flvPsf] x'G5 . h;df k} ;f / fVg] ul/ G5 . ;a}n ] sDd/ df v's/' L le5{g \ . v'§fdf ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] h'Qf nufpg] rng 5 . dlxnfx¿ u'Go', rf] nL nufpF5g\ eg] k/ Dk/ fut klx/ gdf k} ;fn] ;lhPsf] sfnf] , ;] tf] tyf / ftf] / u+ sf] ef] 6f] clgjfo{ dflgG5 . 6fpsf] df … sK' gLÚ l;pl/ gk' 5{ . … sK' gLÚ cg'zf;gsf] k|tLs dflgG5 .

5ftLdf tSdf h: tf] … nh ' S] of] Ú klg leg'{ k5{ . sDd/ df k6'sfsf ;fydf y} nL / fVg'k5{ . k6'sf;Fu} … lsK;'/ km] g Ú] afFWg'k5{ . of] ljjflxtn] b'Ok{ l§ / cljjflxtn] Psfkl§ em'G8\ofpF5g\ . … Sof] Ë afF;Ú cyf{t ljgfof] af] Sg} k5{ . u/ uxgfsf ¿kdf rf/ cfgL, cf7cfgL leg] { rng 5 . kfv'/ fdf af3d'v ] cyf{t\ sfF8 r] /' f nufpF5g\ . v'§fdf rfFbLsf] sNnL nufOG5 . zL/ km"n, 9'u+ L| , d'Gb|L, k} ;fsf] dfnf, r] k6] ;'g cflb nufpg] u5{g\ .

51

kmnkm"n

lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{sf kmnkm"n

l

alatf tfdfª

lx

dfndf kmNg] : ofp xf] ;,\ kxf8sf] ;'Gtnf jf t/ fO{sf] cfFk . cyjf h+unL ao/ xf] ;,\ dl8nf] xf] ;\ of P]; F n ] ,' kmnkm"n : jflbnf dfq} x'bF g} g\, logsf] ;] jg dfgj : jf: Yosf nflu klg lgs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . To;} n ] t eGg] ul/ G5, … b l} gs Pp6f : ofp vfg';,\ 8fS6/ sxfF gwfpg'; \ ÛÚ g] kfndf cg] sf} F k|hfltsf kmnkm"n kmnfpg ;lsG5 . t/ , pTkfbgsf] sdL / dx+uLsf sf/ 0f xfdL kof{Kt kmnkm"n vfO/ x s ] f 5} gf} F . To;dfly klg la/ fdL k/ k] l5 dfq} kmnkm"n vfg] rng Hofbf 5 . s[lifk|wfg elgg] xfd|f ] d'ns ' df oxfFsf] hg;+VofnfO{ wfGg] kmnkm"n pTkfbg x'bF g} .

To;} n ] cGo d'ns ' af6 jflif{s bzf} F s/ f 8] ?k} ofFsf] kmnkm"n xfdLn] cfoft ul/ / x s ] f 5f} F . kmnkm"n dfq xf] Og, vfBfGgnufot s[lifhGo pkh cfoft ubf{ g] kfnn] vaf}F { ?k} ofF Jofkf/ 3f6f a] xf] l/ / x s ] f] 5 . g] kfnn] cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% df ef/ t / t] ;f| ] d'ns ' af6 Ps va{ ^ ca{ $@ s/ f 8] @^ nfv ?k} ofFsf] s[lifhGo j: t' cfoft u/ s ] f] lyof] .

52

;f] xL cfjdf kmnkm"n dfq} *& s/ f 8] !* nfvsf] ?k} ofFsf] cfoft ul/ Psf] lyof] . of] qmd jif]l { g a9\bf] 5 . sl/ a ! nfv @^ xhf/ ( ;o #$ x] S6/ If] qkmndf kmnkm"n v] tL x'g ] u/ s ] f] s[lif dGqfnosf] tYof+s 5 . g] kfndf jflif{s !) nfv $) xhf/ d] l6«s 6g kmnkm"n pTkfbg x'g ] cg'dfg ul/ Psf] 5 . t/ , To;n] gk'u /] ut jif{ dfq} $ nfv !$ xhf/ d] l6«s 6g kmnkm"n cfoft ePsf] lyof] . kmnkm"n lj1 lul/ wf/ L ;'j b] Lsf cg';f/ g] kfndf %) eGbf a9L k|hfltsf kmnkm"n kfOG5g\ . tLdWo] sl/ a @% k|hfltsf kmnkm"n Jofj;flos ?kdf g} pTkfbg eO/ x s ] f 5g\ eg] cGosf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg cufl8 a9\g ;s] sf] 5} g . cyf{t\ g] kfndf kfOg] cfwfhlt k|hfltsf kmnkm"nnfO{ ahf/ ;Dd k'¥ofOFb g} , 3/ n ] ' pkef] u dfq x'g ] u5{ . … ;; + f/ e/ L hlt klg kmnkm"n kfOG5g\, Tof] ;a} kmnkm"n g] kfndf klg pTkfbg x'g ;S5,Ú ;'j b] L eG5g\, … lsgls g] kfnsf] ef} uf] lns agfj6 g} ToxL cg'?ksf] 5 . dWo kxf8, lxdfn t/ fO{nufotsf x/ s ] If] qdf kmNg] kmnkm"n g] kfndf nufpg pko'Qm 5 .Ú

t/ , Jofj;flos ?kdf 7"nf] dfqfdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] kmnkm"ndf klg xfdL cfoftdf lge{/ 5f} F . ;a} eGbf w] / } : ofp, s] / f, ;'Gtnf, cfFkh: tf kmnkm"n cfoft x'g ] u/ s ] f] 5 . ut s] xL jif{df ls;fgx¿ lsaL, Pef] sf8f] h: tf kmnkm"n v] tLk|lt cfslif{t ePsf] b] Vg ;lsG5 . t/ , oL kmnkm"nsf] pTkfbg / dfu b'j } g] kfndf lgs} sd 5 . … g k] fnLnfO{ ?vd} kfs] sf] kmnkm"n vfg] afgL 5,Ú ;'j b] L eG5g\, … t/ , lsaL, Pef] sf8f] h: tf kmn af] 6df kfSb} g . l6k] / / fv] kl5 dfq kfSg] xf] . To;} n ] ltgsf] vkt klg sd 5 . g] kfndf ;a} eGbf a9L cfoft x'g ] / lxdfn, kxf8 tyf t/ fO{df pTkfbg x'g ] d'Vo tLg kmnkm"naf/ ] oxfF rrf{ ul/ G5 . n

: ofp M g] kfnsf lxdfnL lhNnfx¿df : ofp v] tL

x'g ] u/ s ] f] 5 . vf;u/ L s0ff{nLsf x'Dnf, h'Dnf, 8f]N kf, d'u' tyf dgfª, d': tfª, ;f] nv ' D' a'nufotsf lhNnfdf : ofp kmN5 . … g k] fndf nueu #) b]l v #% hftsf : ofp pTkfbg x'g ] u/ s ] f] 5,Ú kmnkm"n lj1 ;'j b] L eG5g\, … t/ Jofj;flos tl/ sfn] v] tL x'g ] : ofpsf] hft rflxF % b] lv ^ j6f dfq} 5 . / 8] 8] lnl;o;, / f o] n 8] lnl;o;, uf] N8] g

e] udf kmNg] ;'Gtnfsf] Pp6} k|hfltsf] / x s ] f] ;'j b] Lsf] egfO 5 . … g k] fnsf] : yfgLo ;'Gtnfdf vf;} km/ skg 5} g . 88] nw'/ f uP lg Onfd uP lg Pp6} vfn] ;'Gtnf vfg kfOG5,Ú pgn] eg] , … : yfgLo hft Ps} lsl;dsf] 5 . g] kfn aflx/ af6 NofOPsf] ;'Gtfndf rflxF u] 8f x'bF g} . To;} kl5 tL

8] lnl;o;, / f d] Ao'6L / hf] gfyg g] kfndf v] tL x'g ] u5{ .Ú clxn] km'hL, DoflsG6f] ; hftsf : ofp klg pTkfbg eO/ x s ] f] pgn] atfP . g] kfnLx¿n] ;a} eGbf a9L 8] lnl;o; hftsf : ofp dg k/ fpg] pgsf] egfO 5 . csf] { w] / n } ] dg k/ fO/ x s ] f] : ofp km'hL eg] w] / h } ;f] rLgaf6 cfoft eO/ x s ] f] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do : ofpdf cfTdlge{/ aGg eGb} ;/ sf/ n ] lxdfnL lhNnfx¿df Jofj;flos pTkfbgnfO{ k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{qmd cl3 ;f/ s ] f] 5 . n ;'Gtnf M kl5Nnf] ;do s]x L gofF hftsf ;'Gtnf g] kfnL ahf/ df cfPsf] ;'j b] L ;'gfpF5g\ . tL hftsf ;'Gtnf ebf} df kfSg] u5{g \ . ;'Gtnf vf;u/ L kxf8L kmn xf] . g]k fnsf] dWokxf8L

?kdf v] tL x'g ] u5{ . … ef/ t;Fu v'Nnf l;dfgf ePsf sf/ 0f klg ef/ tdf kmNg] cfFk g] kfndf klg Jofj;flos ?kdf pTkfbg x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/ 0fsf nflu aDaO{ / rfª\rfnfO{ lng ;lsG5,Ú ;'j b] L eG5g\, … cfFksf k|hfltdWo] gofF cfd|kfnL / dlNnsf Jofj;flos ?kn] kmfObfhgs x'G5 . lsgeg] logsf] af] 6 xf] rf x'G5g\ . yf] / } hUufdf w] / } ?v / f K] g ;lsG5 . To;dfly x/ s ] ;fn kmN5 .Ú g] kfnLdf ahf/ df sl/ a !% y/ Lsf cfFk kfOg] ;'j b] Lsf] egfO 5 . t/ , w] / } y/ Lsf cfFk pTkfbg eP To;n] dfu wfGg ;s] sf] 5} g . t;y{ g]k fnaf6 cfFk guGo dfqfdf dfq} lgof{t x'g] u/ s ] f] 5 .

k|hfltsf ;'Gtnf g] kfnLx¿n] dg k/ fpg yfn] sf 5g\ .Ú uf] / vf, ndh'ª, tgx',F sf: sL, : ofª\hf, kj{t, afun'ª, DofUbL, kfNkf, u'NdL / c3f{vfFrLdf ;'Gtnf aFu r} f ;'b9[ Ls/ 0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/ Psf] 5 . n

cfFk M kmnkm"nsf] / fhf dflgG5 cfFk . lsg

t < ;'j b] L eG5g\– ;fob u'lnof] eP/ xf]n f . g] kfndf w] / } hftsf cfFksf] Jofj;flos

kmnkm"ndf cfTdlge{/ s;/ L aGg] < g] kfndf df} ;d cg';f/ dfq kmnkm"n pTkfbg x'g ] u/ s ] f] 5 . xfdLn] 7"nf] dfqfdf kmnkm"n cfoft ug'k{ g]{ sf/ 0f oxL g} ePsf] ;'jb ] Lsf] 7DofO 5 . … xfd|fd ] f ;'Gtnf # dlxgfhlt dfq x'g ] xf] . cGo kmnkm"nsf] cj: yf klg To: t } 5,Ú pgL eG5g\, …

To;} n ] cfoft clgjfo{ ag] sf] 5 .Ú pgsf cg';f/ ;'Gtnf / cfFk d'Vou/ L ef/ taf6 cfoft x'g ] u5{ . : ofp rflxF ef/ t, rLg;lxt blIf0f cd] l/ sL d'ns ' af6 ;d] t cfoft x'g ] u5{ . g] kfnnfO{ e"uf] nn] ;fy lbP klg g] kfndf cg] sf} F k|hfltsf ;/ s f/ ; u F kmnkm" n df cfTdlge{/ aGg] kmnkm"n kmnfpg ;lsG5 . pko'Qm gLlt g} gePsf] ;'j b] Lsf] lgisif{ t/ , pTkfbgsf] sdL / 5 . p;f] eP cfTdlge{/ aGg ;/ sf/ n] dx+uLsf sf/ 0f xfdL kof{Kt s: tf pkfo ckgfpg' k5{ t< … u0' f: t/ Lo kmnkm"n vfO/ x] sf 5} gf} F . la?jf k|z: t pTkfbg ug'k{ ¥of] / ls;fgnfO{ ljt/ 0f ug'{ k¥of] . h;df ;/ sf/ sf] ;xof] u x'g h?/ L 5,Ú pgL eG5g\, … clxn] ls;fgn] Pp6f cfFksf] la?jfsf] nflu # b] lv $ ;o ?k} ofF ltg'k{ g]{ x'G5 . To;dfly kmnkm"n Ps} jif{df pTkfbg x'g ] rLh xf] Og . t;y{ ;/ sf/ n] la?jf ;x'lnotdf lbg h?/ L 5 .Ú To: t, } kmnkm"n pTkfbgsf nflu ufpFufpFdf ;r] tf a9fpg'kg] {pgsf] ;'emfj 5 . pTkfbg a9fP/ dfq klg s] sfd olb ahf/ sf] plrt Joj: yfkg ePg eg] .

To;} n ] ahf/ Joj: yfkgdf klg Wofg lbg'kg] {;'jb ] L atfpF5g\ . oBlk, a9L vkt x'g ] kmnkm"ndf tTsfn cfTdlge{/ aGg ;Sg] ;Defjgf g/ x s ] f] pgsf] egfO 5 . … lga'jf, cDafnufotdf cfTdlge{/ x'g ;lsG5,Ú pgn] eg] .

:yfgLo km'nkm"n vfg' kmfObfhgs l

8f= c?0ff pk|t] L, kf]if0f lj1

: jf: Yosf nflu x/ s ] kmnkm"n pko'Qm x'G5 . ljz]i fu/ L : yfgLo kmnkm"n : jf: ysf nflu kmfObfhgs x'G5 . cfofltt kmnkm"ndf s]x L dfqfdf ljiffbL x'g ] ePsfn] xfdLn] : yfgLo kmnkm"n pkef] udf hf] 8 lbg'k5{ . g] kfndf sf] xL la/ fdL eO;s] kl5 kmnkm"n vfg] / v'jfpg] ul/ G5 . jf: tjdf la/ fdL x'g glbg rflxF kmnkm"nn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v] Nb5 . To;} n ] la/ fdL x'gc ' l3 g} kmnkm"n vfg] u/ f F} . kmnkm"ndf dflg;sf] z/ L/ sf nflu cfjZos ;a} k|sf/ sf le6fldg x'g ] ePsfn] b} lgs ?kdf vfg h?/ L 5 . sltkodf dx+uf] kmnkm"n vfFbf a9L : j: y eOG5 eGg] e|d cem} 5 . t/ , : j: y / xgsf nflu sd k} ;fdf kfOg] cdnf, cDafnufotsf kmnkm"n vfg ;lsG5 . x/

s ] kmnkm"nn] dflg;nfO{ kmfObf g} u5{ . dw'dx ] sf] la/ fdLn] cfFk vfg' ePg . ljrf/ ug'k{ g] {olt dfq xf] .

53

vfglkg

ld:6/ sg{

g]

kfndf k/ Dk/ fut ?kdf ds} af6 ;Lldt kl/ sf/ agfpg] rng 5 . ds} nfO{ e'6 /] , kf] n /] , pl;g] / cyjf RofFVnf jf l9F8f] agfP/ vfg] ul/ G5 . t/ , ds} af6 bh{gf} F kl/ sf/ aGg ;S5g\ eGg] rflxF yf] / n } fO{ dfq yfxf xf] nf . ds} af6 km/ skm/ s : jfbsf cg] s kl/ sf/ agfP/ g] kfnLx¿nfO{ v'jfO/ x s ] f] 5 ld: 6/ sg{ / :] 6/' G] 6n] . rfalxn / emD;Lv] ndf / x s ] f] ld: 6/ sg{n ] ds} sf] dfq kl/ sf/ kfOg] / :] 6/' G] 6sf] ?kdf g] kfnL ahf/ df cfkm\gf] klxrfg sfod ul/ ;s] sf] 5 . of] / :] 6/' G] 6df cd] l/ sg sg{, af] on sg{, l: j6 sg{, sg{ Kofgs] s, sg{ lk|m6;{, sg{ 8u / sg{ au{/ ;Dd h: tf kl/ sf/ kfOG5g\ . Toltdfq xf] Og, g] kfnLx¿n] vfhfsf] ?kdf vfFb } cfPsf] dMd, rfpldg, y'Skfb] lv ds} sf] / f 6] L / l9F8f] ;Dd ds} s} kfOG5g\ . ds} ;+;f/ df ;a} eGbf w] / } vkt x'g ] cGgdWo] Ps xf] . of] : jflbi6 x'gs ' f ;fy} kof{Kt dfqfdf

54

ds}sf] dfq kl/sf/ kfOg] /]:6'/G] 6

kf] ifs tTjn] el/ k0" f{ x'G5 . kf] if0fo'Qm ds} af6 ld: 6/ sg{ / :] 6/' G] 6n] km/ s km/ s : jfbsf @) eGbf a9L kl/ sf/ agfpg] u/ s ] f] 5 . h;sf] d"No %) ?k} ofFb l] v b'O{ ;o %) ?k} ofF;Dd k5{ . ds} sf] dfq kl/ sf/ kfpg] of] / :] 6/' G] 6 vf] n s ] f x'g\ wgs'6fsf b'uf{axfb'/ ;'j b] L / df] / ªsf / fhs'df/ clwsf/ Ln] . dxfnIdL gu/ kflnsf, nlntk'/d f a: b } cfPsf oL b'Os { f] e] 6 sl/ a kfFr jif{cl3 ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] ;do ljb]z df xf] 6n Joj: yfkg ;DaGwL sfd u/ /] g] kfn kms]s { f b'uf{ / l;len OlGhlgol/ ª tyf Joj: yfkg ljifo cWoog u/ s ] f / fhs'df/ sf] e] 6 x/ s ] lbg h;f] x'g ] uYof] { . b'j } hgf gofF Joj;fo ;'? ug] {of]h gfdf lyP . g] kfnL ahf/ df ljleGg k|sf/ / a|fG8sf / :] 6/' G] 6 v'ln/ x s ] f] klg pgLx¿n] b] lv/ x s ] } lyP . / , x/ s ] lbg e]6 x'bF f pgLx¿aLr Jofkf/ Joj;fos} s'/f x'g ] uYof] { . b'j } ldn] / Joj;fo ;'? ug] { rrf{ eO/ x ] klg pgLx¿ s'g } glthfdf k'Ug ;s] sf lyPgg\ . o: t d} f Ps lbg ;Fu } dlg{ªjfs hfFbf ds} sf]

kl/ sf/ dfq kfOg] / i] 6'/ G] 6 vf] Ng] of] hgf pgLx¿n] agfP . k] ;fn] l;len OlGhlgo/ / fhs'df/ n ] kf] n s ] f] ds} v'a dg k/ fpFy ] . … ds} sf] kf/ vL ePsfn] slxn] af6f] df kf] n s ] f] ds} vfGy] F t slxn] 7"nf xf] 6nx¿df uP/ ,Ú / fhs'df/ eG5g\, … 7n " f xf] 6ndf hfFbf w] / } vr{ x'g ] / ;8s v] pdf a;] / vfFbf cJojl: yt b] lvg] x'G5 . To;} n ] yf] / } k'h F Ldf ds} sf] dfq kl/ sf/ kfOg] / :] 6/' G] 6 lsg gvf] Ng] eGg] cfOl8of dgdf cfof] .Ú pgn] t'?Gt} of] s'/ f b'uf{nfO{ ;'gfP . s'j t] df tLg jif{ / ;fpbL c/ adf b'O{ jif{ xf]6 ndf sfd u/ / ] g] kfn kmls{Psf b'uf{nfO{ klg of] ljrf/ dg k¥of] . To;} n ] b'j h } gf To: tf] / :] 6/' G] 6 vf] ng] of] hgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{tkm{ nfu] . / :] 6/' G] 6 vf] Ng] tof/ L @)&% sf] d+l;/ af6 ;'? eof] . To;sf nflu ;a} eGbf klxn] / :] 6/' G] 6df s: tf kl/ sf/ agfpg] eGg] to ug{ cfjZos lyof] . To: tf kl/ sf/ agfpg h?/ L lyof] , h'g g] kfnLx¿sf] lha|fd ] f em'lG8g klg ;kmn xf]; \ / Tof] dx+uf] klg gxf] ; \ . … To;qmddf ds} sf] kl/ sf/ kfOg] gfd rn] sf g] kfnsf 7"nf xf] 6n k'Uof}, FÚ b'uf{ eG5g\, … xf] 6nx¿df pknAw ds} sf kl/ sf/ sf] : jfb rfVb} xfdLn] cfkm\gf] / :] 6/' G] 6sf] d] g' tof/ u¥of} F .Ú o;} aLrdf b'uf{ / / fhs'df/ sf] of] hgfdf ;fd] n x'g cfOk'u ] sdn ;'jb ] L . ax/ fOg, hfkfg nufot d'ns ' df nueu Ps bzs efG;fdf sfd u/ /] kms]s { f sdnn] kl/ sf/ tof/ ug] { lhDd] jf/ L ;DxfNg] eP . pg} n ] 3/ df g} km/ skm/ s : jfbsf ds} sf] kl/ sf/ agfP . u'un, o'6o\ a' sf] ;xfotfdf pgLx¿ @) eGbf a9L kl/ sf/ agfpg ;kmn eP . … w /] } kl/ sf/ agfpg] k|of; u/ s ] f] lyof} F . t/ , sltkosf] : jfb rflxF gld7f] aGg k'Uof], Ú sdn eG5g\, … : jfb ld7f] ePsf kl/ sf/ nfO{ dfq xfdLn] cfkm\gf] d] gd' f / fv] sf 5f} F .Ú / :] 6/' G] 6sf nflu kfos kg] { 7fpF vf] Hg / kl/ sf/ sf] 5gf] 6 ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ nueu kfFr dlxgf nfUof] . nufgLsf] lx;fa ubf{ sl/ a !@ nfv nfUg] b] lvof] . Tolt / sd nufgL u/ /] / :] 6/' G] 6 : yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 ls ;lsGg eGg]

bf] wf/ pgLx¿df lyof] . t/ , ha / :] 6/' G] 6 v'Nof] , pgLx¿n] of] lrGtf g} lal;{P . lsgeg] , ds} sf kf/ vL u|fxs olt w] / } eP ls b'uf{ / / fhs'df/ n] Pp6f / :] 6/' G] 6 vf] n s ] f] ^ dlxgf gk'Ub} csf] { zfvf vf] Ng EofP . @)&% r} tdf rfalxndf ld: 6/ sg{ v'n s ] f] lyof] . csf] { zfvf eg] ut c;f] hdf emD;Lv] ndf v'n s ] f] 5 . clxn] of] / :] 6/' G] 6df leGgleGg : jfbsf h] h: tf kl/ sf/ kfOG5g\, tL g] kfnsf] : yfgLo ds} af6 ag] sf] eg] xf] Ogg\ . pgLx¿n] cfofltt ds} k|of] u ul/ / xg' k/ s ] f] 5 . … w /] } kl/ sf/ b'lwnf] ds} af6 aGg] u5{ t/ g] kfndf af/ Laf6 Ps} lbgdf Koflsª eP/ ahf/ df gcfpg] ePsfn] xfdLn] ljb] zL ds} k|of] u ug'{ k/ s ] f] 5,Ú / fhs'df/ eG5g\, … ljb] zdf k|ljlwn] ubf{ of] ;a} sfd Ps} lbgdf ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] .Ú ahf/ df Oh/ fon / cd] l/ sfaf6 k|zf] wg u/ /] NofOPsf Kofs] 6sf b"w ] ds} k|ltlsnf] c9fO{ ;ob] lv tLg ;o ¿k} ofF;Dddf pknAw 5g\ .

To;sf] t'ngfdf : jb] zL ds} w] / } u'0ff ;: tf] x'G5 . t/ , k|zf] wg cefjdf k|of]u ug{ g;lsPsf] pgsf] u'gf;f] 5 . g] kfnL ds} af6 g} / :] 6/' G] 6sf kl/ sf/

ds}df k|z: t dfqfdf kmfOa/ kfOg] x'gfn] kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / fVg / : jf: Yosf nflu klg cToGt u'0fL vfBfGg dflgG5

agfpg] pb] Zon] b'uf{ / / fhs'df/ n ] ds} 5f] 8o\ fpg] k|ljlw leq\ofpg] of] hgf agfPsf 5g\ .

To: t ,} ds} lrofsf] : jfb klg g] kfnL kf/ vLnfO{ v'jfpg] of] hgf pgLx¿sf] 5 . / :] 6/' G] 6n] ds} sf] h'uF faf6 lrof agfpg] tof/ L klg ;'? ul/ ;s]s f] 5 . ;fy} , ds} s } lk7f] af6 g'8N; agfpg] of] hgf klg pgLx¿sf] 5 . dMd g] kfnLx¿sf] … / fli6«o vfhfÚ sf ?kdf nf] slk|o 5 . ds}a f6 dMd rflxF s;/ L aG5 t < … ;a} ljlw pxL xf] , df;'sf] 7fpFdf rflxF xfdLn] ds} / fV5f}, F Ú sdnn] eg] , … To;afx] s cfjZos dfqfdf wlgofF, Kofh / d;nf k|of] u u5f} F {.

Pp6f zfvfdf Ps} k6s @$ hgf u|fxsnfO{ ;] jf / :] 6/' G] 6sf] Ifdtf 5 . t/ , / :] 6/' G] 6df sfd ug] { sd{rf/ L eg] hDdf tLg hgf 5g\ . laxfg Ps k6s ds} pl;g] / / fv] kl5 lbge/ Lsf nflu w] / h } ;f] kl/ sf/ agfpg ldNg] ePsfn] w] / } sd{rf/ L cfjZos gkg] {pgLx¿sf] egfO 5 . … ds} pl;g] kl5 cfwf sfd ;lsG5,Ú sdn eG5g\, … To;kl5 kl/ sf/ agfpg w] / } ;do nfUb} g .Ú : jf: Yosf nflu ds} cToGt u'0fL vfBfGg dflgG5 . o;df k|z: t dfqfdf kmfOa/ kfOg] x'gfn] kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / fVg ds} pkof] uL x'g] lrlsT;sx¿sf] egfO 5 . ds} df PlG6clS;8]G 6 klg k|z: t x'G5, h;n] / f u] k|lt/ f w] L Ifdtf a9fpF5 . To: t, } lgoldt ds} vfg] dflg;nfO{ Pl;l86L / slAhotsf] ;d: of x'bF g} . uef{j: yfdf ds} vfg' / fd|f ] dflgG5 . To;} u/ L ds} df sk/ , DofUg] l;od, cfO/ g / kmf] : kmf] / ;sf] dfq klg kfOg] x'gfn] lgoldt vfgfn] x8\8L alnof] x'g ] atfOG5 .

55

3'dlkm/

hf] 3'd/] yfSb}gg\ eG5g\,

…a? l/k|m; ] eOG5Ú 3'Dg s;nfO{ dg nfUb} g / Û gofF–gofF 7fpFaf/ ] hfGg, ToxfFsf] l/ ltl/ jfh / ;+: sl[ taf/ ] a'em\g 3'dlkm/ n ] 7"nf] d2t u5{. emg\ snfsf/ sf] t sd{ g} To: t ,} 3'Dg klg kfOg] , / f l] h/ f 6] L klg rNg] . : 6 h ] sfo{qmdsf qmddf snfsf/ x¿ b] zljb] z k'lu/ x s ] f 5g\. ToxLqmddf cfkm\gf] 3'dlkm/ ?rL klg k'/ f u5{g \ . cfpg';,\ k9f} F s] xL snfsf/ sf 3'd3fd ?rLM

k|sl[ tn] t dnfO{ n7\7 } agfpF5, ;fob Tolt dfbs kbfy{n ] klg agfpFb g} ,Ú 5'lN7d u'?ª, cleg] qL cleg] tf cfo{g l;Ub] n : 6f/ / lkmNd … gf] e D] a/ / g] Ú af6 lkmNd If] qdf k|j z ] u/ s ] L 5'lN7dn] klxnf] lkmNdaf6} bz{ssf] k|z; + f kfOg\ . Toltdfq} xf] Og lkmNd If] qn] klg pgnfO{ Gofgf] : jfub u¥of] , ;Defjgf af] s s ] L cleg] qLsf ?kdf . oxL lkmNdaf6 pgn] pTs[i6 cleg] qLsf ?kdf y'k }| lkmNd cjf8{ klg lhltg\ . log} cleg] qL;Fu xfdLn] pgsf] 3'd3fd ?rLaf/ ] lh1f;f / fVof} F . ;'?d} ;f] Wof}– F 3'd3fddf slQsf] ?rL 5< hjfkmdf pgn] d': s/' fpFb } elgg\, … s x] L s'/ fdf dnfO{ vt/ f ?rL 5 eg] Tof] 3'd3fd g} xf] . d}n ] g] kfnsf clwsf+z 7"nf / rlr{t 7fpFx¿ 3'd s ] f] 5' .Ú g] kfnafx] s aflx/ Ps bh{g a9L b] z 3'ld;s] sf] atfOg\ . … g k] fnsf] ;a} eGbf dgkg]{ 7fpF s'g xf] t<Ú elG5g\, … ;a} 7fpFsf cf–cfkm\gf] ljz] iftf 5g\, ;a} 7fpFaf6 lnP/ kmls{Psf cf–cfkm\gf ;Demgfx¿ 5g\ . To;} n ] of] g} dgk5{ eGg] 5} g . kf]v / f, w/ fg, d': tfª, gfDr] nufot ;a} 7fpF dgk¥of] .Ú ljb]z df eg] pgL b'aO{, sf] l/ of, o's ] nufot b] z k'u s ] L l5g\ . ;a} eGbf a9L dgk/ s ] f] rfFxL o's ] . sf/ 0f, ToxfF ;lkª ug{nfO{ dHhf cfpF5 / ] . … bfdLbfdL ;fdfg kfOg] / 5 } ToxfF, Tof] klg a|fG8] 8, a|fG8] 8,Ú pgn] xfF: b} ;'gfOg . ;]S o'l/ 6Lsf lx;fan] rfFxL pgnfO{ sf] l/ of dgk5{ / ] . ToxfF / ftlj/ ft lx8\g s'g } 8/ dx;'; gePsf] atfpFl5g\ .

3'Dg dgnfu] sf] l8«d sG6«Laf/ ] lh1f;f / fVbf pgn] elgg\, … 7o\ fSs} of] eGg] 5}g . efUon] hxfFhxfF k'¥ofpF5, ToxfF ToxfF k'Ug] xf] .Ú 3'Dg] qmddf pgnfO{ ;a} eGbf a9L nf] Eofpg] eg] sf] ToxfFsf] k|fs[ltsf] ;'Gb/ tfn] xf] . elG5g\, … ks | l[ tn] t dnfO{ n7\7 } agfpF5, ;fob Tolt dfbs kbfy{n ] klg agfpFb g} ,Ú pgn] 76\of}n + L z} nLdf hjfkm lbOg\ . vfglkgsL lgs} ;f} lvg pgL ljb] z hfFbf eg] vfgf Tolt vfGgg\ . a9Lh;f] kmnkm'n vfg ?rfpFl5g\ . elG5g\, … ljb] z hfFbf Pef] sf8f] / lsaL Psbd} vfg dgk5{ .Ú n

56

3'dlkm/ sf qmddf ;lkª klxnf] k|fyldstf n: jl: tdf

v8\sf, cleg] qL

… an ' a'nÚ lkmNdaf6 pTs[i6 cleg] qLsf ?kdf g] ;gn lkmNd cjf8{ lht] sL : jl: tdf klg 3'd3fd eg] kl5 x'?Ss} x'lG5g\ . w] / h } ;f] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf 3'Dg] pgL slxn] sfFxL t sfdaf6 k'/ } d'lQm lnP/ k'/ } cf/ fd ug] {x] tn ' ] klg 3'lD5g\ . o;} jif{ pgL >Ldfg\ lgZrn a: g t] ;Fu pgL ljbf dgfpg yfONofG8 k'u s ] L lyOg\ . g] kfnsf k|foM h;f] 7fpF pgL k'u s ] L l5g\ . ljb] zdf eg] ci6« l] nof, l;+ufk'/ , yfONofG8, Dofgdf/ , >Ln+sf nufot b] z k'u s ] f] atfpg] pgL cfkm"nfO{ 3'd d] Wo] sf] ;a} eGbf dgk/ s ] f] b] z eg] g] kfn g} / x s ] f] atfpFl5g\ . … aflx/ hfFbf sltv] / sf7df8f} + kmls{pm x'G5,Ú pgL elG5g\, … hxfF k'u k] lg sf7df8f}s + f] ofbn] ;tfpF5 .Ú oBkL ljb] zdf 3'd s ] f] dWo] / fd|f ] nfu] sf] 7fpFsf] rrf{ ug'k{ bf{ pgL yfONofG8nfO{ lal;{Ggg\ . pgsf] l8«d Kn] ;rfFxL … k l] / ;Ú xf] / ] . ci6« l] nofsf] l;8\gLrfFxL PskN6 >Ldfg\;uF 3'Dg dg 5 / ] . : jl: tdf k|foM ljb] z k'Ubf ;d'Gb|L t6 k'lu/ x s ] } x'lG5g\ . ToxfF k'u /] kf] hkf] hdf kmf] 6f] ;] ;g u/ s ] } x'lG5g\ . clg, ;fdflhs ;+hfndf kf] i6 ug{ t 5'6fpg] s'/ } ePg . elG5g\, … ljb] z hfFbf ljz] ifu/ L dnfO{ ;d'Gb|L t6lt/ hfg dgk5{ . dnfO{ 7"N7"nf lalN8ªx¿n] eGbf klg ToxfFsf] k|fs[lts s'/ fn] rfF8 } nf] EofpF5 .Ú 3'Dg' eg]s f] pgsf nflu l;sfO{ klg xf] . … gofF gofF 7fpF k'Ubf ToxfFsf dfG5] x¿sf] af/ d] f hfGg kfOG5, ToxfFsf ;+: sl[ tsf af/ d] f yfxf kfOG5,Ú pgn] elgg\ .

3'dlkm/ sf qmddf ;lkª pgsf] klxnf] k|fyldstf xf] . ;'?d} ah] 6 5§ofpFl5g\, ;lkªsf nflu . … Po/ kf] 6d{ f 8\o6' L k|mLaf6} ;'? x'G5 ;lkª ug]{ qmd,Ú pgL xfF: b} ;'gfpFl5g\, …

To;kl5 t 3dlkm/ g;lsP;Dd / f l] sg] 5fF6sfF6 g} x'Gg . hxfF h] / fd|f ] b] Vof] , lslgxfNof] .Ú g] kfndf ofqf ubf{ k|foM Kn] g r9\g g?rfpg] pgL r9\bfrfFxL k|foMh;f] a'Wb Po/ g} k|of] u ug{ ] u/ s ] f] atfpFl5g\ . cfkm"nfO{ km'8L eGg g?rfpg] : jl: tdf ljb] z hfFbf gofFgofF vfg] s/' f b] Vbf PskN6 6«fO ul5{g \ . ld7f] nfu] vflG5g\, gq cxF .

dg} nf] Eofpg] 7fpF x'g,\ kf] v/ f, O{nfd / s0ff{nL n

s] bf/ l3ld/ ] … dfUg] a'9f] Ú , cleg] tf

… d /] L af: ; Ú} af6 ljZje/ … dfUg] a'9f] Ú sf ?kdf cfkm\gf] v/ f ] kl/ ro agfPsf v/ f ] cleg] tf s] bf/ l3ld/ ] 3'd3fddf Tolt ?rL / fVg] dfG5] t xf] Ogg\ t/ k] zf g} o: tf] kl/ lbof] ls g3'dL ;fWo 5} g . snfsfl/ tf k] zfs} sf/ 0f : 6 h ] sfo{qmddf qmddf pgn] y'k} | b] z 3'ld;s] . g] kfnL a;f] af; u/ s ] f k|foM;a} lhNnfdfq} xf] Og, ;a} b] z g} k'lu;s] sf] pgL bfaL u5{g\ . b] zleq pgsf] dg} nf] Eofpg] 7fpF x'g,\ kf] v/ f, O{nfd / s0ff{nL . ToxfFsf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/ tf g} tL 7fpF dgkg's { f] sf/ 0f xf] . ljb] zdf eg] l: j6\h/ Nof08 pgnfO{ cf} wL dgk¥of] . eG5g\, … dnfO{ Pltxfl;s dxTj af]s

s ] f] 7fpFx¿ dgk5{ .Ú 3'd3fd ;+jfbsf qmddf pgnfO{ ;f] lwof]– … tkfO{sf] l8«d Kn] ; x'g xf] .Ú hjfkmdf pgn] eg] , … cfkm} F hGd] sf] 7fpF dsjfg, xflQ;'9 ,] dsjfgk'/ g} xf] . ToxL 7fpFdf a: g / afNosfndf h: t } 3'Dg dg 5 . t/ , eGg hlt ;lhnf] s] xf]n f / ÛÚ 3'Dg' eg] sf] s] bf/ sf nflu lbdfu k'gtf{huL ug'{ klg xf] . dfOG8 l/ km| z ] ug'{ xf] . gofF–gofF h'lQmx¿ hGdfpg' klg xf] . … ;lkªrfFxL slQsf] ug'x{ G' 5 lg<Ú hjfkmdf pgL eG5g,… ;lkª t k} ;f eP ul/ G5 . lab]z df 3'Dbf rflxF g] kfnL ?k} ofFdf ?kfGt/ 0f u/ /] x] bf{ æcf] xf] dx+uf] æ eGb} lslgG5 .Ú pgsf] clxn] ;Dd 3'd s ] f] dWo] ;a} eGbf : d/ 0fLo ofqfrfFxL klxnf] k6s stf/ hfFbfsf] ofqf g} xf] . … 7n ' f] xjfO{hxfh / ;d'b| klxnf] rf] 6L b] v s ] f] lyPF, clg x'bF g} t ofbuf/ ,Ú pgL xfF: b} ;'gfpF5g\ . k|foMh;f] a'Wb, olt / >L Po/ nfOG; r9\g ] pgL vfglkgdf Tolt ;f} lvg 5} g \ . df5f l9+8f] , r'sf}g + L , uf] Ne] 8fsf] crf/ eP/ v'zL x'G5g\ . lab]z k'UbfrfFxL ToxfFsf] : yflgo laz]i f vfgf vfg dg k5{ . eG5g\, … ufO{sf] df;' afx]s ;a} s/' f vfG5' .Ú

57

OGb|]0fL

%

s'/f sl/idf 9sfn df]8n

sl/ idf 9sfn nf] sbf] xf] / L If] qsL Jo: t df] 8n x'g \ . ns8fpgsf] ;do ;Dk'0f{ dgf] /~ hg If] q 7Kk ePkl5 pgL klg sfdljlxg lyOg\ . 3/ d } l;h{glzn sfd u/ /] ;do s6fO/ x s ] L lyOg\ . ha ns8fpg v'sn ' f] eof] , To;kl5 Do"lhs lel8of] sf ;'l6ª ;'? x'g yfn] . ;'l6ª ;'? eP;Fu } pgL nuftf/ lel8of] sf] clegodf Jo: t l5g\ . … eujfgs} s[kf egf}, F clxn] ;Dd ;'/ lIft 5',Ú pgn] elgg\ . cfkm"nfO{ sf] / f g] f efO/ ;sf] ;+qmd0faf6 ;'/ lIft / fVg pgL d'vdf df: s nufP/ lx8\l5g\, ;] lg6fOh/ nufpFl5g / ;s] ;Dd ;fdflhs b'/ L sfod ul5{g \ . pgL;Fu kfFr s'/ f M

3'd3fd M dnfO{ 3'Dg Psbd} dgk5{. k|sl[ tk| d] L x'F d . To;}n ] k|fs[lts ?kdf ;'Gb/ : yfgx¿n] dnfO{ nf] EofpF5 . h: tf] ls, x'Dnf h'g dnfO{ clxn] 3'd d] Wo] ;a} eGbf dgk/ s ] f] 7fpF xf] . ToxfFsf dfG5] x¿ b] Vbf crDd nfUof] . xfdLn] g;'g s ] f] efiff ToxfF ;'Gg kfOof] . dfG5] x¿ klg dfofn' / x 5 ] g\ . ca d} n ] : jb] zdf sl/ a rf/ –kfFrj6f lhNnfdfq 3'Dg afFsL xf] nf . / f/ f c;fWo} 3'Dg] dg 5 .

vfglkg M d km'8L dfG5] xf] . dnfO{ lk/ f ,] cldnf] ePsf] lrhx¿ Psbd} vfg dgk5{ . h: tf] , kfgLk'/ L, rfprfp ;fFw /] . ;fFw s ] f] vfg] s/' fx¿ lgs} dgk5{ . l98f] klg dgk5{ dnfO{ . t/ , d] / f ] bf/ fdf c8\ lsg] ePsf] eP/ vfgrfFxL cln cK7] / f ] x'G5 -xfF: b _} . klx/ g M d Tolt w] / } klx/ g ;r] t 5} g . ;w} Fcfkm"nfO{ ;xh nfUg] klx/ g nufpF5 ' . ;fdfGotM Sofh'cn 8« ; ] x¿ nufpg dgk5{ . k|foMh;f] nlad dndf ;lkª ug{ ;xh nfU5 . st} hfFbf s'g } sk8f / fd|f ] nfUof] eg] klg p7fP/ lx8\lbg] afgL 5 d] / f] -xfF: b _} . p7fP/ eGgfn] rf] / /] xf] Og x} , lsg] / } xf] lg km] l/ .

lkmNdM km';b{ sf] ;dodf d lkmNd x]g {] u5' { . ;fpy OlG8og lkmNd Psbd} w] / } x] l/ / x s ] f] x'G' 5 . … l8o/ sd/ 8] Ú dnfO{ lgs} dgk/ s ] f] lkmNd xf] . of] ne: 6f]/ L lkmNd xf] . ;fob xfd|f] pd] / klg ne ug] { ePsf] eP/ xf] nf, dnfO{ o: t } / f d] flG6s lkmNdx¿ dgk5{g \ .

;+uLt M ;+uLt g;'Gg] t sf] xf] nf / Û d klg d'8cg';f/ km/ skm/ s ;+uLt ;'G5' . slxn] dfbn ah] sf] 8\ofª8\ofª jfnf uLt dgk5{, slxn] … td' ldn], lbn lvn] Ú jfnf dg k5{ . clxn] kl5Nnf] ;do of] uLt d v'a u'gu'gfO/ x s ] f] 5' . of] uLtsf] l/ bd Psbd} dHhf nfU5 .

58

65