Yatra Magazine January 2006 | Buddha Air

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With Best Compliments From

K.M. Dastur

REINSURANCE BROKERS PRIVATE LIMIED

Insurance and Reinsurance Specialist Brokerage Services

Regd. Office : Cambata Building 42 Maharshi Karve Road

Mumbai 400 020.

Tel : Fax : E-mail :

91-22-2285 5855 91-22-2204 0085 kmd@kmdastur.com

Mumbai • London • Dubai • Chennai • Hyderabad • Vizag • Bangalore Delhi • Lucknow • Indore • Ahmedabad • Kochi • Baroda • Kolkata

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Gosaikunda

GOAL

a real adventure

WORLD CUP 2006 page 6

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1. Health Tips............................................. 3 2. Atheism................................................ 16 3. A hope for the future............................. 17 4. Horoscope............................................ 21

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Smallholder Agribusiness Support (SABS) Project Strengthening disadvantaged communities at the local level has been a key strategy adopted

by Buddha Air to fulfill its commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR).

In order to maintain the commitment, Buddha Air has provided financial assistance to Community Development and Research Centre (CDRC), an NGO, to implement the Smallholder Agribusiness Support (SABS) project in Tankisinwari and Hattimuda VDC of Morang district. Agriculture extension, Credit and Enterprise development are major components of the project for achieving the objectives of improving the livelihoods of targeted landless, marginal and small farmers. A total of 346 member farmers from 14 farmer groups has been benefiting from the project. The project has not only been successful in improving net income of the farmers through social mobilization, credit and improved agricultural technology transfer but also in organising rural resource poor farmers in a AgroCommodity Marketing Cooperative. The cooperative, with the technical support of SABS project, has been implementing the concept of 'Cooperative Grain Banking' for capturing more benefit from the produced cereal grain.

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Cooperative Grain Banking

Concept & Application

Background In the past few years, the net return from cereal crop farming has been declining due to the multitude of problems including ever increasing agro-input price, higher interest rate, exorbitant land rent and lower price of the grain. On the other side, tenant farmers are compelled to sell cereal grain such as paddy and wheat immediately after harvesting to the middlemen at the lower price in order to reimburse the loan that they have taken for farming. These situations have resulted the smallholder farmers to face severe hardships. Despite these conditions, both the government and non-government sectors have not taken any initiative for monitoring and regulating the fair price of the grains. But now, small scale-farmers

of the Tankisinwari and Hattimuda of Morang district, with the technical assistance from the SABS project, have come together to form marketing cooperative for mitigating with those problems. Based on the cooperative grain banking principle, the cooperative have been implementing paddy banking which focuses to capture more net benefit to those who are facing immense difficulties due to the lower price.

Objective The major objective of cooperative grain banking is to maximize the net return to the farmer for sustained livelihood through removal of intermediaries and better access to market of the cereal grains

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Target Groups Small farmers, particularly tenant farmers, are the prime beneficiaries of the cooperative grain banking program. Presently, 14 farmer groups of Tankisinwari and Hattimuda VDC, have been participating in the program.

Functional concepts and application 'Grain Bank' 'Grain bank' is a community owned and managed storage, which purchased cereal grains or accepts grain mortgages from small-scale farmers. Farmer can immediately obtain near about present value of stored grain. Later the small farmers can obtain additional benefits after selling grain at the time when the price becomes high. It is considered as cereal grain bank as it functions as bank by accepting cereal grain as mortgage.

The major role of the grain bank is to safeguard the farmers from both

SOCIAL SERVICE

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local moneylenders and middlemen and increase the net return to the farmers.

The established farmer cooperatives, at the initial stage, have targeted about 40 tons of paddy and 100 tons of wheat grain banking.

'Advance Loan' 'Advance loan' is the collateral free loan at low interest rate provided to the farmers prior to cultivate a crop in a commitment to reimburse the loan after harvesting. The defining objective of the advance loan is to safeguard the farmers from local moneylenders who take exorbitant interest rate.

During the first year as the cooperatives have not been formed, SABS project delivered improved paddy and wheat seeds and chemical fertilizers as advance loan at the interest free rate to the farmer groups. The farmer groups delivered the advance loan at 8 percent

interest rate to the needy farmers.

Farmers have reimbursed harvested paddy as borrowed advance loan to the cooperative grain bank from which they are getting near about present price rate.

The stored paddy would be sold when the price becomes high and the profit, thus obtained, would be redistributed to the participant farmers.

Conclusion From the active participation of the farmers during the early planning and implementation phase, it can be expected that the concept of cooperating banking that have been applied as a component of the Smallholder Agribusiness Support (SABS) project, perhaps, would be a model program for the sustained livelihood improvement of the tenant cereal grain growing farmers.

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See

through

contact lenses W

ith nearly 75 million contact lens wearers on the planet it is hard to imagine that contact lenses are difficult to wear. Contact lenses provide excellent peripheral vision for sports, for driving, for safety or for performance. Close to natural vision, contact lenses can have little or no side effects if handled carefully and fitted properly.

In a country like ours where pollution is a part of our daily lives, wearing lenses can prove to be harmful and may affect vision in the long term. Mishandling contact lenses can cause irritation and uneasiness.

To avoid such problems, maximum care has to be taken, following the direction of the eye practitioner or optician.

Consulting an optician and going through necessary tests is a must if one opts to wear contact lenses. Choosing the right lenses comes next. Contact lenses can be broken down into several main categories based on what they're made of and how often they need to be replaced.

Contact lenses are made of many different types of plastic, but they are divided into two main groups: soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP lenses). Soft contacts contain from 25% to 79% water, are easy to adapt to and are quite comfortable. Rigid gas permeable contact lenses take longer to adapt to, but are more durable and more resistant to deposit buildup. They tend to be less expensive over the life of the lens but the upfront cost is higher and can offer some people crisper vision than they would have with soft contacts.

Introduced in 1987, disposable contacts are designed to be worn for a specific period

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of time, then thrown out and replaced with a fresh pair of lenses. Disposables are now the most common type of contact lenses because of their health and convenience benefits.

Another feature of many contact lenses, both soft and RGP, is ultraviolet (UV) blocking. Exposure to excessive UV light may result in a condition called photokeratitis. Thus, wearing lenses with UV blockers can prove beneficial compared to other ordinary lenses as UV blockers help protect against transmission of harmful UV radiation to the cornea and into the eye.

However, these contacts are not meant to replace sunglasses. A contact lens covers only cornea, not the entire eye. A sunglass with UV protection can cover more of the eye and that is the reason contacts with UV blockers are designed to complement sunglass use as an added protection.

Colored lenses are another kind which can be used by anyone, with or without vision problems. It's important to be aware that while manufacturers have made different sized lenses to fit most wearers, there will be some occasions, such as during blinking, where the colored portion may slide somewhat over the pupil.

Also, the size of the pupil is constantly changing to accommodate varying light conditions. So sometimes, like at night, it may be larger than the clear center of the lens. In these instances, vision may be slightly affected.

Most first time wearers, in fact, are delighted with the level of comfort that contact lenses provide. As long as the initial contact lens fitting is performed by a

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professional eye care practitioner, any irritation associated with new lenses can be minimized or eliminated. After a brief adjustment period, most people report that they can no longer feel contact lenses on their eyes.

The replacement schedule of a contact lens refers to how long one can safely wear it before having to throw away. RGP lenses need to be replaced every couple of years, because they are made of a very durable material (though

General safety tips for contact lens wearers.

• Visit a reputable eye care professional for a complete eye examination every 12 months or more frequently if directed by your eye care professional.

• NEVER swap contact lens with another person.

• Don't wear lenses longer than prescribed, nor when sleeping unless otherwise directed.

• If eyes become red or irritated, remove the lenses immediately and consult your doctor. Don't try to brave the irritation.

• Replace contacts as recommended by your eye care professional because they wear out over time. Throw away disposable lenses after recommended wearing period.

HEALTH TIPS

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a prescription change would necessitate new lenses). Soft contact lenses come in a wider variety of replacement schedules.

The more frequently the contact lenses are replaced, the healthier and more comfortable the eyes can be.

Substances like protein, calcium, and lipids, found naturally in the tears, can build up on the lenses. These deposits make the contacts less comfortable than when they were new, and can also make eyes more prone to infection.

Cleaning and solutions safety tips

• CRD: Cleanse, Rinse, Disinfect your lenses after removal and before wearing them again.

• Wash and rinse your hands before handling your lenses. Non-perfumed hand soap is recommended.

• Never use saliva on your lenses.

• Never use non-sterile homemade saline, distilled water or tap water for any part of your lens care regimen.

• Know your solution. Solutions cannot always be mixed. Use products recommended by your eye care professional. Not all solutions can be used for all contact lenses.

• Solutions can become contaminated during use. Do not let the bottle tip touch any surface including your contact lenses.

• Clean, rinse and air-dry your lens case each time lenses are removed.

Contact lens cases can be a source of bacterial growth.

A question many first-time wearers have is, "How will I know if my contact lens is inside out?" The trick is to place the lens on your finger so it's forming a cup, then hold it up directly in front of your eyes so you're looking at the side of the cup. If it's forming a "U" with the top edges flared out, it's inside out; if it's forming just a "U," it's correct. If a contact lens is inside out, it will probably feel uncomfortable, but it can’t do any damage.

Reminders

• Use only sterile solutions. Throw out any that have expired.

• Once a solution bottle is opened, it is prone to contamination. Avoid touching bottle tips to surfaces or with your fingers.

• Do not combine solutions unless directed by your eye care professional.

• Do not switch a brand of solution without first consulting your eye doctor.

Authorised Distributor for Nepal Kumaripati Lalitpur Nepal Tel: 5549553 f a s h i o n

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Winter Skin Care

WINTER CARE

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inter is hard on our skin. Dry air and harsh wind can sap moisture from the skin, causing cracking, chapping, and irritation. And even though it's not blazing hot, your skin is still vulnerable to damage from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Luckily, you can take action to minimize winter skin problems. Here are some tips to help you keep your skin as youthful-looking and healthy as possible throughout the winter months:

Winter Skin Care Guidelines

• To protect your skin from sun damage.

Since you're usually bundled up when outside in the wintertime, you don't need to slather sunscreen all over yourself, but try to wear a makeup or moisturizer with SPF 15 on your face throughout the winter. Don't forget your lips wear lip balm or lipstick with sunscreen.

• Examine your skin-care regimen. If you are using a product with tretinoin, such as Retin-A or Renova, be especially vigilant about wearing sunscreen you are more liable to sustain sunburn. If you have sensitive skin, you may need to cut back on using sloughing products such as alpha-hydroxy acids, as they may exacerbate dry,

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1. Switch to an oil-based moisturizer and moisturize frequently. The more oil a moisturizer contains the more effectively it protects against moisture loss. Moisturizers that come in ointment form contain the most oil because an ointment, by definition, consists of 80% oil and 20% water. This water-inoil emulsion forms a protective layer on the skin and makes it more “moisturizing” than creams and lotions. Ointments are especially beneficial when humidity is low. Ointments should not be used on areas of the body that tend to get hot and sweaty.

2. Before going outside in winter: • Apply a heavy layer of moisturizing broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher to the face, hands, and any other skin that may be exposed. This will act as a barrier to help protect against the harsh elements and is especially important if you will be outside for any length of time.

Sunscreen is important in winter, as the sun’s reflective powers are great year round. Today, several products are available that combine oily, moisturizing cream with sunscreen.

• Grab those gloves. Protecting hands from the cold air and low humidity plays an important role in preventing flare-ups. Make sure the gloves are made from material that does not irritate your skin. Some patients find that wearing a cotton mitten next to the skin and a woolen mitten over the cotton one, keeps hands warm and dry.

3. Dress in layers. The most common triggers of the scratch/itch cycle are sweating and overheating. Wearing layers allows you to remove clothing as needed to prevent overheating. Be sure to wear loose-fitting cotton fabrics next to your skin.

4. Shed wet clothes and shoes immediately. These can irritate the skin and cause a flare-up.

irritated skin.

• Don't take long, hot showers.

They may sound appealing, but they strip skin of its natural moisturizing lipids. Instead, take a short, warm shower; pat your skin almost dry, then put on a good moisturizer while skin is still damp. You will need a superemollient lotion for hands, heels, or anywhere else you experience especially dry, cracked skin. If you do experience dryness or minor bleeding in your nose, you can use Vaseline to soothe and moisturize the area.If you develop severely dry skin, eczema, or "winter itch," see your dermatologist. He or she can prescribe a mild steroid cream or other treatment to restore your skin to good health.

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SPORTS

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GOAL WORLD CUP 2006 n

Rajeev Sharma

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very four-year we watch the biggest soccer festival of the world known as the World Cup. Next year we will be watching yet another World Cup in Germany, every country has to qualify to secure their spot in World Cup final and for this many qualifying matches are played around the world. Every continent has their own qualifying matches where all the nations within the continent battles for the final spot. Here we see how the final 32 countries from various Continents reached their destination .

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ASIA After all preliminary round of qualifying, countries reaching the final round have been divided in to two groups. Countries gaining first and second spot in their following group will automatically qualify and countries gaining third spot have to play against each other and Matches will be played on a home and away basis. The qualified teams are Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Japan & Iran. The winner (Bahrain) has to play against the fourth-placed team from the North, Central American and Caribbean Zone.

Bahrain beat Uzbekistan and has to go for play-off with Trinidad & Tobago.

Now Trinidad & Tobago beat Bahrain and qualified for world cup2006.

AFRICA Similarly after playing various qualifying matches countries reaching the final round have been divided into five groups and team gaining the first place in their respective Group will automatically qualify and they are Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Angola and Tunisia respectively.

EUROPE In Europe Germany automatically qualifies being the host of the world cup 2006, after preliminary qualifying

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SPORTS

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rounds the other teams has been divided in to eight groups. The winner of each group automatically qualifies and the runner up teams have a play off. The qualified teams are Germany, Ukraine, Netherland, England, Croatia, Italy, Portugal, Serbia&Montenegro and France respectively. Poland and Sweden are the best two runner-ups. Now, the other six runner-ups have to play against each other, matches will be played on a home and away basis, and the winner qualifies for the world cup 2006.Czech Rep., Switzerland and Spain qualified for the World Cup 2006.

NORTH / CENTRAL AMERICA There are six teams qualifying from this region and the team gaining first, second and third place qualifies for the world cup. The fourth place team has to play off in order to qualify. USA, Mexico and Costa Rica are the qualified teams respectively and the fourth team is Trinidad & Tobago that has to play off with the Asian play off i.e. Bahrain.

Trinidad & Tobago wins over Bahrain and qualifies for world cup 2006.

SOUTH AMERICA There are ten teams qualifying from this region and matches will

be played on a home and away basis.

First, Second, Third and Fourth teams will automatically qualifies, and the fifth team has to play with Oceanian team. Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador and Paraguay are the qualified teams.

Uruguay is the fifth place team that has to play-off with Australia (Oceanian team).

OCEANIAN ZONE Australia is the team competing from this region and has to go for play off with the fifth place team from South American Zone i.e.Uruguay.Australia wins the play off in penalty shootout and qualifies for the world cup 2006 after 32 years.

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Gosaikunda a real adventure

n Kshitiz Adhiraj

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ADVENTURE

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any believe this is where the Lord Shiva rests. Does he or does he not? And how high are the magnificent spirits of Gosaikunda that pull thousands of pilgrims every year? In the quest of finding answer to these questions, I jumped into a Nissan Micro van towards my trip to Gosainkunda.

Only a few hours to my departure and I was at Trishuli.

Everywhere I looked I saw the mighty Trishuli River, growling, as though showing off its strength.

Throughout my trip, I chased the mighty river even way up in the mountains watching and admiring how wonderfully the river runs across the beauty of the land.

Day 2. To avoid getting suffocated in the inner cabinet full of pilgrims, I decided to climb on the hood. Almost lost observing the welcoming roads, I banged my head against a low hanging branch of a tree. At around 5:30 in the evening I came across a dense jungle covered in fog. The very sight tempted me to explore it but considering the fact that I had a long way to travel, I chose to go on. The very experience compelled me to believe that I would not witness something more beautiful than this for a long time.

Day 3. Having walked for around half and hour, I saw a beautiful sight.

A magnificent flow of Trishuli, traveling across narrow open canals made from trees that almost bend to bow the mighty Trishuli.

That was a goodbye to the smooth and easy roads.

An intricate journey awaited me next,

yes, climbing hill. I must say the walk was really tiring and difficult. After a four-hour climb, we reached at a point called Deurali. But I was not lucky enough to get a chance to stop there because in front of me stood the biggest hill I had ever seen in my life. I had to cross it and yet another one if I was to catch up with my grandmother walking ahead of me.

To add fat to the fire, it started raining. All that I had carried with me was a pant, one shirt and a camera. Unfortunately, I left the only jacket I had brought in Trishuli.

At around 7 in the evening, I decided to spend the night in shed, made for pilgrims to spend nights. To my delight, I met my grandmother there but the happiness didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t last long as I had to spend the night in the freezing temperature wearing a thin shirt, and a shawl my grandmother had brought along.

Day 4. With the first hint of people getting up, we got up to an early start. We had only walked a few steps when my grandmother slipped. We went back and stayed for another two hours. We then met other companions, my grannyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age.

The hill ahead was easy to climb but after sometime, every one was tired. Around 2 pm I was lying on a warm bed

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in a hotel and opened my eyes only to have dinner.

Day 5. We woke up early to start climbing the slopes that appeared the stiffest in the world. A few steps further, came the altitude problem, as almost all of us started puking and feeling tired.

After nearly 5 hours of the climb, I witnessed splendid lakes at an altitude of about 7,000 meters and got busy taking pictures. It seemed as though they were calmly posing for the camera. The day was janai purnima, and hundreds of people were bathing in the freezing water. Admiring the religious force that pulled people towards the place, I turned towards the hills with my camera.

Believing I had to be back to Dhunche at least by evening, I hurried towards Trishuli junction and reached there by 8 pm.

A hotel there provided me with a sleeping bag. As soon as I got into it, I immediately fell asleep. At around 3 pm I felt something crawling into my nose, I pulled whatever was crawling inside, only to find a leech.

The following morning, I headed towards Dhunche.

Another ride on the hood and I was on my way to Kathmandu.

But that is not the end of the adventure. A cliff fell off around 100 metres below and we had a narrow escape. That really scared us to death, but what made us relax was the comforting thought that we would be home in a couple of hours. And at last, it was home, sweet home.

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ADVENTURE

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Throughout my trip, I chased the mighty river even way up in the mountains watching and admiring how wonderfully the river runs across the beauty of the land.

If you are planning a trip to Gosaikunda, be there with: Sleeping bags, Warm jackets, Wind sitters, Hiking boots And a camera. That should be it.

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AROUND THE WORLD

he pyramids of Egypt have long captivated people’s imaginations. Ancient people in several parts of the world built pyramids, but the Egyptians constructed the biggest and most famous ones. They built more than 90 royal pyramids, from about 2630 BC until about 1530 BC. The ancient Egyptians constructed pyramids to serve as royal tombs. According to ancient Egyptian belief, the pyramid, where the mummy was placed, provided a place for the monarch to pass into the afterlife. After a ruler died, his or her body was carefully treated and wrapped the body in linen to preserve it as a mummy. The Egyptians believed that a dead monarch’s spirit left the body and traveled through the sky with the sun each day. When the sun set in the west, the royal spirits settled into their pyramid tombs to renew themselves.

Most pyramid complexes had satellite pyramids and queens’ pyramids. The satellite pyramids were too small to serve as burial places, and their purpose remains mysterious.

Egyptian pyramids located on the west bank of the Nile River on the outskirts of Cairo, the pyramids at Giza, rank as some of the best-known monuments in the world.

Built without the use of cranes, pulleys, or lifting tackle, the massive structures stand as testaments to the engineering skills of their makers.

The first pyramid, the Step Pyramid at Şaqqārah, was constructed during the reign of King Djoser (2630 BC-2611 BC). The largest pyramid is the one built for King Khufu.

Known as the Great pyramid, it is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the World that still survives. Built during Khufu’s reign (2551 BD -2528 BC), the Great pyramid lies in the desert west of Giza. Researchers estimate that 2.3 million blocks were used to build the Great Pyramid, with an average weight of about 2.5 metric tons per block. The largest block weighs as

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much as 15 metric tons The internal layout of pyramids changed over time, but the entrance was typically in the center of the north face. From here a passage ran downward, sometimes leveling out, to the king’s burial chamber, which ideally was located directly underneath the pyramid’s center point.

After a chaotic period in Egyptian history called the First Intermediate Period (2134 BC-2040 BC), Egyptian kings chose to be buried in pyramids at their new capital city near modern Lisht. These pyramids of the Middle Kingdom resemble those of the late Old Kingdom, being loosely constructed of rough stones, debris, and mud-brick, and coated with fine limestone.

In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt. A large team of scholars accompanied his army, with the intention of documenting not only every ancient monument but the plants, animals, geography, and culture of the modern inhabitants. The results of this effort, was published in a monumental series of books entitled Description de Egypte (1809-1828).

For centuries people have sought to learn about ancient Egyptian civilization by reclaiming structures and relics from the desert. A dig, near the Great Pyramid at Giza, uncovered a cemetery for many of the workers who built the pyramid.

Over time, the sands of the desert swept over many of the pyramids, burying them.

Explorations continued in the 1980s and 1990s, characterized by the use of robots and computers to map and analyze the structure of the pyramids. Many aspects of the Egyptian pyramids remain a mystery, but scholars continue to excavate them, explore them, and learn more about them.

The largest pyramid is the one built for King Khufu. Known as the Great pyramid, it is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the World that still survives.

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theism is the denial of or lack of belief in the existence of gods.

The term atheism comes from the Greek prefix a-, meaning “without,” and the Greek word theos, meaning “deity.”

Since there are many concepts of God and these concepts are usually rooted in some culture or tradition, atheism might be defined as the belief that a particular word used to refer to a particular god has no reference.

Thus, there are as many different kinds of atheism as there are names of gods.

The denial of god’s existence is also known as strong or positive atheism whereas the lack of belief in god is known as negative or weak atheism. Some atheists may know of many gods and reject belief in the existence of all of them. Such a person might be called a polyatheist. But most people who consider themselves atheists probably mean that they do not believe in the existence of the local god.

Although atheists often share common concerns regarding evidence and the scientific method of investigation and a large number are skeptics, there is no single ideology that all atheists share.

Some people have rejected the Christian God because they believe that the concept of worship, essential to most Christians, contradicts the concept of omnipotence. Still others reject a belief in the Judeo-ChristianIslamic God (JCIG) because they consider the scriptures used to support that belief to be unbelievable.

Some theologians have tried to prove through reason alone that this God exists. Rejection of such proofs, however, is not atheism.

Some Christians consider Buddhists to be atheists. Anyone who rejects the Omnipotent and AllGood Providential Personal Creator rejects God. Atheists do not deny that people have ‘mystical’ or ‘religious’ experiences, where one feels God’s presence or a sense of oneness

PHILOSOPHY

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and significance of everything in the universe. Nor do atheists deny that many people experience God’s presence in their everyday lives.

However, atheists strongly disbelieve the feelings and experiences having supernatural causes.

In the Western intellectual world, nonbelief in the existence of God is a widespread phenomenon with a long and distinguished history.

Philosophers of the ancient world such as Lucretius were nonbelievers. Even in the Middle Ages there were currents of thoughts that questioned theist assumptions, including skepticism, the doctrine that true knowledge is impossible, and naturalism, the belief that only natural forces control the world. Several leading thinkers of the Enlightenment period were professed atheists, including Danish writer Baron Holbach and French encyclopedist Denis Diderot. Expressions of nonbelief are also found in classics of Western literature, including the writings of English poets Percy Shelley and Lord Byron; English novelist Thomas Hardy; French philosophers Voltaire and Jean-Paul Sartre; Russian author Ivan Turgenev; and American writers Mark Twain and Upton Sinclair. In the 19th century the most articulate and best-known atheists and critics of religion were German philosophers Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche. British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, and Sartre are among the 20th century’s most influential atheists.

Among modern atheists, the view that atheism means without or "free of" theistic beliefs has a great deal of currency. This very broad definition is justified by reference to etymology as well as consistent usage of the word by atheists, and has the polemical advantage of correcting the repressive tendency to define atheism out of existence.

Atheism

The denial of god’s existence is also known as strong or positive atheism

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New Generation Cooperatives in Nepal

A hope for the future n

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Lokendra Karki

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co-operative is a democratic organization owned and controlled by the members who use its services. The defining difference of the co-operative structure is that it is based on the principle of one-member/one-vote ensuring that peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;not capitalâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;control the organization. Cooperatives are organized by their functions they carry out for the benefit of the members. Among the 7598 cooperatives established in Nepal, there are 1410 Milk cooperatives, 2979

multipurpose cooperatives, 2345 saving and credit cooperatives, 154 consumer cooperatives and 710 other types of cooperatives. The functions of farmer multipurpose cooperative primarily include supply of credit and agro inputs, and marketing of farm produce. Similarly, agricultural marketing cooperatives are involved in the marketing of commodities such as milk, grains, poultry, cash crop and herbs. A processing and marketing cooperative owned and controlled by the producers is commonly known as 'New Generation Cooperative'. Although this concept of new generation cooperatives may vary in different parts of the world, here we adhere to those cooperatives which are involved in processing and marketing. These new generation cooperatives are more beneficial to the producers through value addition and increased market access of the agro-commodity, and increased employment opportunities. However, the development of such producer con-

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trolled cooperatives is yet to emerge in Nepal.

There is a great potential for benefiting Nepalese farmers through their involvement in cooperative processing and marketing of various agricultural commodities such as Milk, Grains, Tea, Coffee, Sugarcane, Jute and Herbs with higher market marginâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;difference in between the consumer price and the farm gate price of the agro-commodity. Establishing processing and marketing cooperative enterprises of those commodities can increase the net return from the farm products through value addition and increased market access. Besides, market intervention thorough the new generation cooperatives can solve the condition of market failureâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a condition in which market prices are too low or too high as a result of which only few persons involved in markets are benefited, for example, lower paddy price in 2003 and lower or higher market price of main season vegetables.

Elsewhere in the world, establishment of 'new generation cooperatives' have been increasingly popular for a long time. For years, grape growers in France, cotton growers in the United States, and coffee, tea producer farmers of other countries have been involved in processing and marketing for their extended market access and profit maximization. The Australian rice growing farmers cooperative with trade name 'Sunrice' is one of the world's major exporters of rice. Similarly, the Gujarat cooperative Milk Marketing Federation, popularly known by its famous brand name "Amul," is the prominent example of producer-controlled cooperatives. It covers more than 2.4 million producer members in 11,600 Indian villages, collects, and processes about two billion liters of milk per year. Amul's revenue for the year 2004-05 was $672 million and,

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more importantly, producers are receiving 70 percent of the consumer price.

Sense of cooperation among the individuals of Nepalese societies has greatly been found since time unknown which we still can see in 'Dhikuti', 'Parma',' Guthi' and 'Mankakhala' traditions of different cultural groups, however, we are unable to perpetuate this culture giving them new form of cooperative enterprises. If we could establish such cooperative enterprises, smallholder farmers of rural Nepal can be benefited from improvement in the livelihood generation of employment opportunities. However, among the cooperatives established for processing and marketing of agricultural commodities, many of them suffer from poor management, inefficient technology and financial constraints. The cause of sharp decline in the number of cooperatives during 1970s is due to the operating loss of those cooperatives. Some of those survived are in rudimentary stage with traditional technologies and their product is confined in limited areas only. However, some cooperatives are expanding business day by day. Some milk cooperatives, for example, with diversified product and better technology have been successfully engaged in processing and marketing of milk.

The New Age Cooperatives proves to be an efficient instrument for rural development in a poverty stricken country like Nepal; however, some factors have hindered the pace of its development. Firstly, due to the lack of technical capacity, professionalism and lower investment, most of the cooperative enterprises have not been able to compete with other private enterprises. Secondly, the government neither has clear vision to accelerate the development of cooperative enterprises, nor implemented the recommendations made by several consultative task committees in fear of

loosing the grips on the cooperatives. On the other hand, the technical assistances provided by most of the NGOs/INGOs supporting the cooperatives provide are inadequate for full fledged development.

Government should have clear policies and programs to in order to promote development of the cooperative agro-enterprises. Priority in the handover of the ownership of the government owned agro-processing enterprises to producer cooperative during the privatization process would, perhaps, be an effective way to promote these cooperatives. As these cooperatives need sophisticated marketing and processing plans and competent technical expertise in order to increase competitiveness in the market, institutional as well as technical capacity building of cooperative enterprises should be focused. Financial assistance is not always essential, however, all financial institutions should prioritize cooperatives enterprises through providing priority loan at low interest rates. Similarly, NGOs, INGOs should provide business development services to farmer cooperatives for improving the competitiveness of rural cooperative enterprises.

Some orthodox scholars have opinion that technology generation and transfer in combination can create a positive change for the farmers. But in liberal market economy, increasing productivity alone cannot guarantee an increased net income and well being.

Hence, new generation cooperative is required for ensuring net return of the farm produce.

Finally, 'To make poverty a History', these new generation cooperatives can play an defining role to improve the livelihood of the resource poor farmers of the rural areas by increasing increase the net return and ensuring more stable income.

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gift VOUCHER Awards Chart Required Mileage Points for Gold Member 1250 1875 3125 5000

Required Mileage Points for Platinum Member 1110 1665 2775 4445

Name of Partners Organization 1 2

Marks Clothing-Dharma Path-New Roas Reebok Show Room - Share Market Complex, Putalisadak

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Amount in Rs. 1,000.00 1,500.00 2,500.00 4,000.00

Reebok Show Room - Durbar Marg Growth - Children Wear - Ranjana Galli, New Road

The following companies will provide special discount to royal members on the presentstion of the ROYALCLUB cards

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2006

ARIES - Independence You always tend to be self-sufficient, Aries, but 2006 carries this trait to extremes. Whatever you’re planning, you’re inclined to go it alone. Yet this freedom has its price. That price is loneliness.

Even the most self-sufficient Ram still enjoys being with others – and love might be a challenge for you this year. Attaining romantic happiness, though not impossible, might take more effort than you’d like – but go for it anyway. Believe it or not, you’ll want a partner’s company and support. Your career should flourish. Finance will have its ups and downs – though you can expect a windfall in February or March. This year will be a time of considerable activity, especially at work – but if you’re up for it, 2006 will be a productive and fulfilling year.

TAURUS - Growth As the world continues to change radically, Taurus, you feel that you can no longer afford the luxury preferred by that archetypal Bull, Ferdinand, who just wanted to sit and smell the flowers. Instead, you’ll take a long look at past and present goals.

One cherished goal involves romantic happiness. A trip overseas with a love partner beckons, and possibly a wedding. Another involves making your money grow – but investments can be tricky. Avoid anything even marginally risky. Career prospects involve opportunities in the arts and in the healing professions, or anything involving modern technology. You’ll have a lot on your plate, and may be confused as to exactly what you should pursue. But remember, there’s no rush. Let it sit for a while. You’ve got time.

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LIBRA - Vision What is it that you want to do the most, friend Libra? You have a number of different interests, and you love meeting new people, so you’ll probably spend much of this year out and about. If you’re not presently romantically involved, you will be, and soon. Someone very special should cross your path by mid-April. But what’s driving you isn’t an increased social life. Nor does it involve continuing to climb the ladder at your present workplace. You need something more fulfilling than simply collecting a paycheck every other week. It’s time to consider every dream, every goal, every ambition you’ve ever had since you first stepped on the path to adulthood. You want to make a difference in this world? You can.

Do it!

SCORPIO - Unfolding Your symbol, Scorpio, is an animal who lives close to the ground, and so you tend to spend much of your time holing up. How many times do you actually get up and go out unless the trip is either work-related, or a friend drags you? This year, however, the influence of Jupiter in your sign will render you a more sociable, happier, more outgoing Scorpion – and more appealing to both present and potential love partners! In fact, for the single but involved, talk of weddings may come up!

Careerwise, advancement could come through an unexpected stroke of luck.

You’ll be in just the right place at the right time – and your life could radically change for the better. Come out of your cave, friend Scorpio. It’s time.

GEMINI - Wealth Money is usually of secondary importance to you, friend Gemini, but this year you’ll make up your mind to make as much money as possible. Geminis who are romantically involved might go into business with their beloved. You may create a new career that will flourish without even having to leave your day job, and while this will keep you busy, you’ll draw encouragement from the progress you’re making. Your romantic life improves, but with all your new commitments it may be difficult to find time to spend with your beloved. Make the time. Love is more important than you think. Also, you need to look out for your health. Don’t push yourself too hard. Making money is great, but it’s not worth sacrificing wellness.

Remember that.

SAGITTARIUS - Awakenings Sagittarius, you’re always searching for knowledge, and this year you’ll continue that quest, perhaps even more eagerly. Yet it won’t be the same subjects that have fascinated you before. There will be new interests, possibly career-related – and new skills that will boost you up the ladder of success.

Friends could introduce other pursuits to you, and an exciting and supportive love partner could steer you in directions that you never before dreamed of. You’ll also recognize new insights about yourself, enabling you to eschew traumas and hang-ups that have haunted you since childhood, and see the way to maximizing your potential. During 2006, not only the quality of your personal life, but also your level of knowledge, will skyrocket. Make the most of it!

CANCER - Peace The last few years have been difficult ones, Cancer, and you’ve often wondered if you’d ever reach the point where you can actually enjoy life. This year, you just might do it. Work stresses will be markedly lower, and you might be able to get by with putting in fewer hours. Not only that - your personal life is going to blossom like never before. Relationships of all kinds will improve, and if you’ve ever doubted it, this year you’ll know for certain that family, friends, and lovers alike adore you and will always be there for you. You won’t spend all your spare time idly. Not at all! You’ll be busy pursuing your own interests, and enjoying life overall. Few new worries will come your way. Enjoy.

CAPRICORN - Challenge 2006 starts off with the influence of a New Moon in your sign, which means you’re winding up a cycle in your life that has served its purpose, and beginning a new one. This cycle could involve love, money, career matters, spiritual pursuits, or all of the above.

Regardless, it means a whole new direction. Career successes will continue to mount, but this year you’ll realize that there’s more to life than business. You’ll want to expand your horizons, perhaps travel or return to school, and the Sea Goat will definitely spend more time with your loved ones, particularly love partners. Have you not been giving your beloved the right amount of attention? This year, you will – & you’ll definitely reap the rewards. Be prepared for some wonderful surprises.

LEO - Challenge You’re not one to acknowledge limitations, Leo, and thus when others sneer about your ambitions, you’re more inclined to stubbornly continue to work toward attaining them than to listen to your friends and give up. This year, you just might step over the edge and embrace some goals that most would consider impossible – and you could make a success of them. The resulting boost in your self-confidence could strengthen your love life. Committed Lions will experience a rebirth of romance; the uninvolved will attract it. The effort will, however, take its toll on your stamina if you’re not careful. It’s important that you stay healthy and not neglect your body. Once you’ve attained some of your dearest dreams, you’ll want to enjoy your good fortune.

AQUARIUS - Discovery Frankly, friend Aquarius, you’re bored. You’re confused about what you really want from life, and you may be feeling rather fatalistic, uncertain that any of your long-term goals will ever be reached. This year won’t be an easy one, but a little effort on your part to expand your horizons will trigger some changes. One of those changes just might be a heightened love life – rendering you happier and more confident. You may find that some tired old goals are no longer as important to you as they once were, and you could actually find yourself formulating new goals that will break you out of this cycle of confusion and boredom. Don’t worry about the ultimate end.

Just keep striving. At some point, your luck will change - and for the better.

VIRGO - Pleasure The influence of Uranus in Pisces could find you transforming into a creature that you’ve never noticed before: a Virgo who actually pursues getting out and having a good time – often!

Normally, you seem to be enamored of the work ethic, but this year, you just might rebel – astonishing relatives and old friends. Oddly enough, since you’ll be more relaxed, your career may actually advance. Here’s a word to the wise: It’s OK!!! As long as you don’t go too far embracing the good-time-Charlie ethic, you’ll probably be healthier and more relaxed than you’ve been in a long time – and your love life will definitely blossom. In fact, all your relationships will be much easier to maintain. You’ll still be there for those who love you.

PISCES - Balance Have you been accused of living in a dream world, Pisces?

That’s not entirely true; you only see aspects of reality that others can’t. But this year you’ll discover a practical, businesslike streak in you that will enable you to face mundane matters with determination and confidence that you never knew you had.

This doesn’t mean that your romantic, mystical, artistic side will go down the tubes. In fact, facing both romance and creativity with a more practical viewpoint could well improve both – & thus make the Fish VERY happy! You’ll be glowing with love, appearing more attractive. People will become more aware of you & whatever work you do – thus increasing your standing in all worlds. The key word here is, of course, balance.

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JOKES

A blonde gets on an airplane and sits down in the first class section of the plane. The stewardess rushes over to her and tells her she must move to coach because she doesn't have a first class ticket. The blonde replies, "I'm blonde, I'm smart, I have a good job, and I'm staying in first class until we reach Jamaica."

The disgusted stewardess gets the head stewardess who asks the blonde to leave. The blonde yet again repeats "I'm blonde, I'm smart, I have a good job and I'm staying in first class until we reach Jamaica." The head stewardesses doesn't even know what to do at this point because they still have to get the rest of the passengers seated to take off; the blonde is causing a problem with boarding now, so the stewardess gets the copilot.

The copilot goes up to the blonde and whispers in her ear. She immediately gets up and goes to her seat in the coach section. The head stewardess asks the copilot in amazement what he said to get her to move to her correct seat. The copilot replies, "I told her the front half of the airplane wasn't going to Jamaica." ***** A man went to the Police Station wishing to speak with the burglar who had broken into his house the night before.

"You'll get your chance in court." said the Desk Sergeant.

"No, no no!" said the man. "I want to know how he got into the house without waking my wife. I've been trying

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to do that for years!"

***** This is the transcript of an actual radio conversation of a US naval ship with Canadian authorities off the coast of Newfoundland in October, 1995.

Radio conversation released by the Chief of Naval Operations on November 10, 1995.

Americans: Please divert your course 15 degrees to the North to avoid a collision.

Canadians: Recommend you divert YOUR course 15 degrees to the South to avoid a collision.

Americans: This is the Captain of a US Navy ship. I say again, divert YOUR course.

Canadians: No. I say again, you divert YOUR course.

Americans: THIS IS THE AIRCRAFT CARRIER USS LINCOLN, THE SECOND LARGEST SHIP IN THE UNITED STATES' ATLANTIC FLEET. WE ARE ACCOMPANIED BY THREE DESTROYERS, THREE CRUISERS, AND NUMEROUS SUPPORT VESSELS. I DEMAND THAT YOU CHANGE YOUR COURSE 15 DEGREES NORTH, THAT'S ONE FIVE DEGREES NORTH, OR COUNTER-MEASURES WILL BE UNDERTAKEN TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF THIS SHIP. Canadians: This is a lighthouse. Your call.

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Psk6s pgn] cfkm" g]kfndf s]xL nfdf] ;do;Dd a:g rfx]sf] atfOg\ . d}n] klg pgnfO{ d]/f] ;fyLsf] :s'ndf c+uh ]| L cWofkg u/]/ a:g] ;Nnfx lbPsf] lyP“ h;nfO{ pgn] ;xif{ :jLsfl/g\ . o;/L pgL g]kfndf # jif{sf nflu a:g] ePsL lyOg\ . pgsf nflu sf]7f d}n] d]/} 3/df lbP“ . d]/f] kl/jf/ ufp“d} lyP / o; 3/df d lgtfGt :jtGq lyP“ . d oxL :jtGqtf ;xof]u, cfTdLotf / cfTdlg0f{osf] ljsf; ug{ pkof]u ug{] kIfdf lyP“ . o;kl5sf lbgx¿ /dfOnf]l;t Joltt eO/x]sf lyP . Sof/f lbp“;f]el/ ;–;fgf aRrfx¿nfO{ k9fP/ klg xFl;nf–/l;nf ls:;fx¿ lnP/ cfp“lyg\ . d sn]haf6 cfkm\g} syfx¿ af]s/] Nofp“y +] . slxn] d]/f] t slxn] pgsf] sf]7fdf skmLsf r':sL;“u} xfd|f ukm hDy] . slxn] /dfOnf ukmdf 8'AYof}+ t slxn] :jefjtM efj's x'GYof} + . efj'stfsf] If0fdf d g]kfnL ufp“ ;DemGy]–+ Tof] ufp“ hxf“ g]kfnL cfdfn] cBfjlw 8f]sfsf 8f]sf3f“; sf6]/

b'O6f e}; + L kfn]sL 5g\, lxp“bel/ gfª\u} v'§f jg 8'n/] bfp/fsf] ;~ro u/]sL 5g\ / y'k}| xKsL–bKsL / a'xft{gaLr klg cfzfsf] aQL wkSs afn]/ ;uj{ af“rs ] L 5g\ . d Sof/fnfO{ o:t} sxfgL ;'gfp“y +] . tL sxfgLx¿, b; jif{d} ljjfx u/]/ kf]Osf 3/df hfg] gf/Lx¿sf dgf]efjgfsf x'Gy] . tL sxfgLx¿, cfhGd kf]OnfO{ 7f8f] zL/n] gx]/s ] f / gfd;d]t gsf9]sf cfbz{ hf]Osf k|Ltx¿ x'Gy] / ufp“–a]; + L, d]nf–kft ubf{sf ;'vb\ ;':s]/f x'Gy] . dnfO{ o:t} dgf]jl[ Qn] NofPsf] ;+:sf/ut cfbz{kl| t ljz]if rfv lyof] t/ klg dnfO{ oxL 8/ lyof] ls of] ljlzi6 ;/nkg, kljq k|d] / cfbz{nfO{ ;fdflhs cGofo / cTofrf/af6 ;w}+ bafOof]; \ . d Sof/fnfO{ ha oL hLjGt k|f0fLsf b'Mv–;'vsf syf eGy],+ pm pgLx¿sf] ;/ntf, ;xgzLntf / cfbz{ dgg u/]/ b|jLe"t x'GyL . oL caf]w cfbz{ af]ss ] f kxf8L gf/Lx¿df ToxL dxfgtd\ cfbz{ sfod x'gu] /L lzIff Pjd\ cfw'lgs ;'ljwf a9fpg'kg]{ s'/fdf xfdL ;xdt x'GYof} + . s]xL ;dokl5 xfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] xfdLaLr ;don] xfd|f] pj{/ 5ftLleq k|d] sf] 6';f pdfl/lbPsf] /x]5 / ;do;“u} of] 6';f klg ;zQm x'b“ } uO/x]sf] /x]5 . d}n] cfkm\gf] / p;sf] x[bo lgkmg]kl5 pm aflx/ klg lgxfNg yfn]sf] /x]5 . pm /fd|L t lyO{ g} . t/ /fd|L eP/ klg h'g snfTds xfjefj / d[be ' fliftf pgdf lyof], Tof] a9L dgdf]xs lyof] . ;w}+ 6f“l;p“h:tf] df]xstf . ;fydf cf+lus ;'u7gsf] cfsif{0f . cfhsfn cfP/ Sof/f ;w}+ g]kfndf a:g rfx]sf] s'/f Nofp“lyg\ . d}n] yfxf kfP“– st} cGtaf6 ls pgL d;“u laxf ug{ rfxlGyg\ . t/ dnfO{ elggg\– pN6} d}n] ;f]Wg'k¥of] ls s] of] ;To xf] < pgn] :jLsfl/g\ . t/ dnfO{ yfxf lyof] of] a8f] ufx|f] s'/f 5 ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn] . d :jod\df Sof/fnfO{ /fVg rfxGy]+ t/ s'/f lyof] clUgk/LIffsf] . ;dfhnfO{ aflx/ a;]/ cf]7+ rf6\gn ] ] ;dfhleq} ?ª]/ ;dfh ef]Ug ;Sg'–g;Sg' clUgk/LIff pgn] lbg}kYof] { . cfTdLotfsf] qmddf d}n] Sof/fnfO{ d]/f] ufp“ e|d0f ug{ lgDtf] lbP“ . pgn] klg zfob ToxL vf]hs ] L x'l“ bx'g\ d;“u ;xif{ hfg] eOg\ . d]/f] ufp“sf] 3/df a;]/ ;f] If]q jl/kl/ 3'Dg] xfd|f] of]hgf lyof] . of] k|:tfjdf xfdL b'js } f] pT;'stf plQs} lyof] . o;}n] xfdL xfd|f] ufp“ hfg] eof}–+ Pp6f ljz'4 ;+:s[ltsf] d]/f] ufp“ . pgL o; k|:tfjdf ;fx|} pT;flxt lyOg\ . d}n] eGy]–+ ufp“ ljs6 5 / /xg;xg Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . t/ dflg; cfk;L cfTdLo ddtfsf] cfbfgk|bfgdf ;xh;“u af“lr/x]sf x'G5g\ cflb cflb . d}n] pgnfO{ lzi6frf/sf af/]df klg atfPsf] lyP“ . olb ltdL d]/f] eP/ a:g' 5 eg]– d]/f] cfdfa'afnfO{ 9f]Ug'k5{– ;S5\of} < eg]/ xf“;f] klg u/]sf] lyP“ . t/ pgn] s] a'lemg\, s] a'lemgg\ dnfO{ yfxf ePg–

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t/ pgL 3/ k'Ubf lgs} xtfz / lg/fz ePsf] rflx+ lgZro g} b]v +] . lk+9Ldf al;/x]sf d]/f cfdf–a'af PSsfl; leq k;]sf lyP . s]6fs]6L 6\jfNn k/L 3/L dnfO{ 3/L Sof/fnfO{ x]l/dfq /xGy] . d ljl:dt eP“ . lk+9Ldf 6'qm'Ss a;]/ ld7fO af“8b\ f klg 6\ofKk l6Ky], efUy] . cfdf af sf]xL klg aflx/ lg:s]gg\ . 3/d} la/fgf] jftfj/0f aGof] . ha d Sof/fnfO{ lnP/ To; ufp“df kbfk{0f u/]y,+ ] ta Toxf“ Ps k|sf/sf] xnrn cfPsf] kfP“ . Pp6f afx'gsf] 5f]/fn] cfkm\gf] 3/df ufO{sf] df;' vfg] uf]/f hflt, ToxL+ klg l6ldSssf j:qdf s]6L Nofpg' 7"nf] w[i6tf 7xl/of] . 3/d} s]xL z+sfn' jftfj/0f d8fl/of] . hxf“hxf“ d Sof/fnfO{ lnP/ hfGy],+ Toxf“ klg sfg]v;' L x'GYof] . dnfO{ cfkm\gf b'Mv;'vsf s'/f ;'gfpg' t sxf“, pN6} lwSsfg{ yfn] . d}n] xHhf/ ;DemfP“ ls pm oxf“ s]jn cltly ag]/ cfPsL xf], t/ ;dfhsf] d'v 6flnPg . ufnL / xKsL–bKsL kz'n] t a'em\5 eg] Sof/fn] ga'em\g] s'/} lyPg . cflv/ d}n] p;nfO{ t'?Gt kmsf{P/ cfkm" s]xL ;dokl5 dfq kms{g] eP“ . k'gM sf7df8f}+ kms]k{ l5 Sof/fdf s]xL kl/jt{g cfPsf] cg'et" u/] + . clxn] plt ;fx|f] af]lNbglyg\ / dg st} aflx/ uPh:tf] nfUof] . d}n] ;f]r–+] pgnfO{ ufp“sf] Tof] jftfj/0f ckdfghgs nfu]sf] xf]nf . o;}n] d x/avt Tof] 3fp ;'sfpg kl§ nfUy].+ pgnfO{ cfkm"n] Toqf] cf: yf /fv]sf] ;dfhn] o;/L gsfnf{ / b'/b\ /' \ unf{h:tf] zfob nfu]sf] lyPg xf]nf . cltly ;Tsf/sf nflu ljZjk|l;4 g]kfnL cfTdfn] pgnfO{ To;/L lt/:sf/ unf{h:tf] zfob pgnfO{ nfu]sf] lyPg xf]nf . t/ ;dfhsf] klg s] uNtL x'G5 / < d}n] sltk6s ;f/L nufpm eGbf cK7\of/f] dfGg] Sof/fnfO{ ;dfhn] klg :jLsfg{ cK7\of/f] dfGof] . x'g klg olb xfd|f] ;dfh ;fx|} nlrnf] x'b“ f] xf] t plxNo} g]kfn / g]kfnL afOan af]s/] rr{ hfg] lyP, v]tL 5f8]/ ;a} ;x/ k:g] lyP .

Pslbg Sof/f a]ns ' flt/ dfq cfOg\ . PSn} x}g– ;fydf b'O{ hgf g]kfnL o'js klg /x]5g\ . x]bd{} f xfjfbf/L . pgLx¿ xNnf ub}{ cfPaf6 yfxf kfP“ ls k]o kbfy{ klg s]xL lkPsf /x]5g\ . d tTsfn} 9f]sfdf uP“ / af6f] 5]Sb} eg]+ M æs] of] 7Ls 5, Sof/f <Æ æltdLnfO{ o;/L /f]Sg clwsf/ 5}gÆ æltdLn] oL b'O{ l76fnfO{ kmsf{pg'k5{Æ s] s] ufO“uO' “ ub}{ pgn] b'jn } fO{ kmsf{PsL lyOg\ .

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Tof] dfgjLotfsf] cf“;' lyof], Pp6f cw'/f] laxfsf] x]Ssf lyof] .

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ToxL dfq} t x}gh:tf] 5 =. cgle1tf hfx]/ u5'{ .

Pp6f s'/f] yfxf kfpg' ef] < s] s'/f < lkmi6] Sof ==== cxF ======lkmi6] k9\g uf5 cfh em;+u eP“ . lkmi6] k9\g uof] < km]l/ em;+u eP“ . d}n] rfx]sf] t/ k"/f gePsf] Pp6f sfdgf k"/f eof] ;fob . lkmi6] :s'n uof] ===. s6]/f]df zflGt ePb]lv Psaf/ ;f]ry] +] . lkmi6] lj/fdL eof] xf]nf . otfplt cf“vf 3'dfP“ . w]/} k/;Dd lkmi6] b]lvPg . ;f“Rr} lkmi6] :s'n g} uof] cfh . em;+u , p;}u/L eml:sP“ . k};f sxf“af6 Nofof} bfO < h'g} sfdsf] ;'?jft klxn] k};a} f6 x'b“ f] /}5, aNn e]p kfp“5' . hxf“ klg o:t} xf] <== d"No / dfGotf k};feGbf dfly 5}g / < a8\8Ln] 6Lsf nfP/ /fv]sf] k};f clnslt /}5, e/gf;Dd ub{o\ f5', af“sL b]vfhfnf .

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cyf]s { uf}0f 5g\ .a;\=== lkmi6] :s'n uof], k'Uof] . sfkL snd lg < :s'nn] clnslt lbG5' eGof5, c¿ t d 5“b5 } ' lg -ltdL 5f} / t ;a} 5g\ /fd'bfO_ oL log} 9'u+ f a]r/] eP klg lkmi6]nfO{ k9fp“5' . of]eGbf 7"nf] b;}+ /fd'bfO / nf]sL efph"sf nflu c¿ 5}g . t/ klg efph"sf] cf“vfaf6 h"gsf] zLt eml//x]5 . s] ef] efph" < w]/} v';L ;xg ;lSsg]/g} 5 lg < -w]/} jif{sf] cf“;' cfh zLt aGb} vl;/x]5 cf“vfaf6 tKk====tKk === . efph" k'5g\ vf]he ] m}+ ul5{g\ gk'5 efph" emg{bp ] m . o:tf cf“;' rfx]/ klg emb}g{ g\ hLjgdf . ePe/sf] clngf] cf“;' emg{bp ] m cfh .

8]; « s] nfof] lkmi6]n] < To} -kf]xf]/;fnsf] b;}d+ f lsg]sf] lgnf] sldh / sfnf] kfOG6_ t xf] lg === -sf7sf] k'/fgf] x\of+u/df plxNo}bl] v em'lG8/x]sf] b]lv/xGy]+ lkmi6]sf] 8«; ] _ ;f]Wy]+ -s;sf] <_ . elGyg\ -lkmi6]nfO{ sfd nfU5 kl5 ._ To} cfh sfd nfu]5 . lkmi6] klg :s'n uP5 em;+u === b;}+ t cfof] lg, s] 5 ljrf/ < g;f]Wg'kg]{ lyof], ;f]w+] -;/L_ xfd|f nflu klg s]sf] b;},+ ;;}+ xf] / . laxfg sfd ug{ uof], ;f“em vfof] . k/af6 9'u+ f;“u} /fd'bfO klg af]ln/x] .

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-w]/} b;}n + fO{ o:t} 6\jfs 6\jfs=====6\jfs 6\jfs=====n] ljbf ul/;s]sf 5g\ o;kfln klg p;}u/L ljbf u5{g\ b;}n + fO{ -;fob_ 9'u+ f las]gg\ < k|;u+ df]8g\ d' } a'l4dtf 7fG5' . s]sf] laSg' lg < ahf/sf dfG5]n] klg 3/ agfpg 5fl8;s] Sof xf] < 6\jfs 6\jfs=====6\jfs 6\jfs=====. oqf] PSs}kN6 nlUbP klg x'GYof] lg -;Kk} las] t b;}+ t s], ltxf/ klg /fD/} hfGYof]=== jlNt/ efph" kmTkmtfp“l5g\ -dfgf}+ hDd} ;fx'sf] cufl8 pgn] df]ntf]n ul//x]sL 5g\

-9'u+ fsf] ._ nf} /fd'bfO ,k};f /fv eP kl5 lbg", geP b]vfhfnf===== -eGg ;lSbg . d / /fd'bfOdf ;fob} km/s 5}g olta]nf ._ ;fob dfGg] 5}gg\ /fd'bfO . pgsf] 6\jfs === 6\jfsdf g} pgsf] cfTd;Ddfg xf] .

-d /fd'bfOsf] cfTd;Ddfgdf 9'u+ f xfGg tof/ 5}g_ dg xn'u+ f] kf/\ s] nf]sL, ca t xfd|f klg ;'lbg cfpnfg\ P cf“7=] == s;/L < kv\, lkmi6]nfO{ /fD//L k9\g lbd\, p;n] t c“Wof/f] dgdf aQL afNb]nf lg === 6\jfs 6\jfs=====6\jfs 6\jfs=====.

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-b;}+ cfP klg cfsfzsf afbnn] hldg;“u ;fOgf] g} uf“;s ] f] 5 olt a]nf . 3l/3l/ l5gl5gdf eml//xG5, efph"sf cf“vfaf6 em/]em}+ ._ -6\jfs 6\jfs=====6\jfs 6\jfs===== rln/ xG5 lkknaf]6 d'lGt/_ x]t{ kfgL klg kg{ nfUof], lkmi6] leHnf x] a8\8L hfd\ tf] < cfFvf k'l5g\ -;f8Lsf] km]/n] . hfg t knf{ s] / gq km]l/ lkmi6] leHnf lg 6\jfs 6\jfs=====6\jfs 6\jfs===-p;}u/L xft rln/x]5g\ 9'u+ fdfly, crDdsf] ;+uLt cfO/xG5 g]kYodf_ g tf] < …cF tf]Ú ldl;P d klg .

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pQ/L leotgfdLx?sf] ;}lgs ;xfotf tyf tflnd / rLgsf] ;dy{g kfPkl5 5f]6f] ;dod} % xhf/af6 ! nfv ;}lgs an k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf vd]/x?n] ;g\ !(&$ df sDaf]l8ofsf] k'/fgf] /fhwfgL cf]8f]ªs \ sAhfdf lnP / !(&% sf] clk|n !& df /fhwfgL gf]dk]g sAhfdf lng ;kmn eP . To;kl5 $ jif{;Dd sDaf]l8ofnLx?n] vd]/x?sf] sfn/fqL zf;g ef]u] . ljb]zLx? lgsfnf ul/P, /fhb'tfjf;x? aGb ul/P, ahf/, :s'n, kqklqsf, wfld{s :jtGqtfx?, lghL ;DklQ, ;~rf/dfWod ;a} u}/sfg'gL 3f]lift ul/of] . ef]sd/L, oftgf tyf xTofnufotsf sf/0faf6 sDaf]l8ofsf] Ps ltxfO cyf{t\ !% nfv dflg; dfl/P . !(&( sf] hgj/Ldf leotgfdL ;]gfn] xdnf u/L gf]dk]gnfO{ sAhfdf lnPkl5 $ jif{sf] vd]/ lg/+sz' zf;g ;lsof] . vd]/sf] sDaf]l8ofdf s;/L pbo eof], s;/L ToxfFsf Ps ltxfO hgtfn] Hofg u'dfpg'k¥of] / s;/L vd]/ zf;gsf] cGTo eof], k9f}+ lj:tf/df–

z"Go jif{sf] ;'?jft !& clk|n !(&% sf] 3dfOnf] laxfg . xhf/f}+ gf]dk]gjf;L ;8sdf pq]/ v'l;ofnL dgfO/x]sf lyP . vd] ?hx¿n] 7flg/x]sf lyP– gf]dk]gjf;L ;f“Rr} xfd|f akmfbf/ /x]5g\ . t/, jf:tljstf To;f] lyPg, g/f]2d l;+xfg'ssf] zf;gsfndf -!(&) b]lv !(&% ;Dd_ % jif{;Dd u[xo'4sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf gf]dk]gjf;Ln] ca u[xo'4 ;dfKt eof], zflGtsf lbg cfP eGg] 7fg]sf lyP . To;lbg klxnf]k6s 3G6f}; + Dd ;8sdf gf]dk]gjf;Ln] pNnf;do jftfj/0fsf] cg'ej ub}{ lyP . pgLx¿n] cfkm" s'g ;d"xsf] x'“ eGg] ;Dd lal;{P . cGttM zflGtsf] ljho ePsf] cg'ej lbnfPsf] Tof] laxfgn] pgLx¿df Pp6f ce"tk"j{ cfzf / pT;fx hufOlbPsf] lyof] . t/, gf]dk]gjf;Lsf nflu Tof] cfzf / pT;fx plTgv]/} Pp6f b'M:jKgdf kl/0ft eof], ha vd]/ ;]gfn] cfkm"x¿ gf]dk]gjf;L;“u v';L dgfO/x]sf 5}gg\ eGg] ;"rgf lbP . y'k|} jif{;Ddsf] kL8fbfoL u[xo'4 / cd]l/sL xdnfsf] kL8f ef]us ] f gf]dk]gjf;Ln] nuQ} cldnf] cg'xf/ lnP/ vd]/ ;]gfsf] dfr{kf; d'sbz{s eP/ x]/ ] . vd]/ ;]gfn] tTsfn} @) nfvsf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf gf]dk]gjf;LnfO{ 3/af6 aflx/ lg:sg / gf]dk]g 5f8\g cfb]z lbP . To;kl5 dWofGx gx“b' } nfvf}+ dflg; k}bn} 3/ 5f8]/ lgl:sP . ;x/ lsg 5f8\g] < eg]/ s;}n] ;f]Wof] eg] vd]/ ;]gfsf] pQ/ x'GYof]– cd]l/sLx¿n] ad v;fn]/ ;x/ Wj:t kfb}5 { g\ . ;x/df sf]xL af“sL /x]g– o'jf, dlxnf, j[4 . hlt;Sbf] rf“8f] ;x/ vfnL u/fOof] . @) xhf/ dflg; af6}df d/] . ha vd]/x¿n] yfxf kfP, cd]l/sL cfqmd0fsf] s'g} of]hgf 5}g, ;x/af6 wkfOPsf dflg;nfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf uP/ a:g] cfb]z lbOof] . vd]/x¿ s]df ljZjf; uy]{ eg] ;x/x¿ eg]sf

vd]/ ;]gfn] @) nfvsf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf gf]dk]gjf;LnfO{ tTsfn} 3/af6 aflx/ lg:sg / gf]dk]g 5f8\g cfb]z lbP .

To;kl5 dWofGx gx'Fb} nfvf}+ dflg; k}bn} 3/ 5f8]/ lgl:sP . ;x/ lsg 5f8\g] < eg]/ s;}n] ;f]Wof] eg] vd]/ ;]gfsf] pQ/ x'GYof]– cd]l/sLx¿n] ad v;fn]/ ;x/ Wj:t kfb}{5g\ . ;x/df sf]xL afFsL /x]g– o'jf, dlxnf, j[4 . hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] ;x/ vfnL u/fOof] . @) xhf/ dflg; af6}df d/] .

k'h “ LjfbLsf] cfkm\g} tl/sfn] k|of]u ug]{ cf}hf/ xf] . vd]/ ;]gfn] gf]dk]gnfO{ …d]sªsf] dxfg j]ZofÚeGg] uy] { . jftljs sDo'lg:6 ;dfhlgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ;a} dflg; ufp“df uP/ ls;fgsf] ¿kdf sfd ug'k{ 5{ eGg] vd]/sf] ljrf/wf/f lyof] . ls;fgsf] kl/efiff klg hd{gLsf gfhLx¿n] eg]h: tf] 3'ld|Psf] skfn / lgnf cf“vf ePsf ls;fg geP/ vd]/sf] cfkm\g} kf/fsf] lyof] . ls;fgx¿ ;/n, s8f d]xgtL, clzlIft x'gk' 5{ eGg] vd]/sf] dfGotf lyof] . ls;fgsf] hLjgz}nL ztflAbof}b+ l] v kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g, ;w+} afRgs} nflu ;+3if{ ul//x]sf x'G5g\, oxL wf/0ffsf sf/0f vd]/x¿n] ls;fgnfO{ /fhgLlts efiffdf …k'/fgf dflg;x¿Ú eg]/ k|of]u uy] { . gf]dk]g / cGo ;x/sf afl;Gbf vd]/?hsf nflu …gof“ dflg;x¿Úsf] ¿kdf lyP . ;x/sf dflg;nfO{ pgLx¿ k“h ' LjfbLsf] d"nsf/ssf] ¿kdf 7fGby] . ;x/sf jfl;Gbf lzIfs xf];\ of ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, cyjf af}4leIf' g} lsg gxf];\ sDo'lg:6sf] ;q'sf] ¿kdf 7flgGYof] . ;x/sf dflg;nfO{ vfnL u/fpg' vd]/ ?hx¿n] lnPsf] klxnf] qmflGtsf/L sbd lyof] . u|fdL0fefudf lj:yflkt u/fOPsf dflg;n] o; lsl;dsf] gof“ lgod …cª\ usfÚ -sDaf]l8ofnL efiffdf ;+u7g_ åf/f nufOPsf] eGg] a'em] . cª\usf vd]/ g]tfsf] uf]Ko ;d"x lyof], h;n] sDaf]l8ofdf $ jif{;Dd tfgfzfxL zf;g nfb\of] . vd]/sf] gof“ lgoddf wd{, k};f / lghL :jfldTjsf w]/} s'/fdf k|ltaGw nufOof], aflx/L ;+;f/;“usf] ;~rf/;Dks{ k"0f{¿kn] ljR5]b u/fOof], kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw;d]t /xg lbOPg . To;cl3 ePsf clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;d]t em\ofnaf6 kmflnof] . slxnsfxL+ vd]/ g} s] eGy] eg] sDaf]l8ofsf @ xhf/ jif{ k'/fgf] Oltxf; ;dfKt eof], clk|n !& gof“ sDaf]l8ofsf] z"Go jif{sf] ;'?jft xf] . qmdzM

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g]kfn ljut 8]9 bzsb]lv e'6fgL z/0ffyL{ ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t alg/x]sf] 5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu !% k6s;Dd g]kfn–e'6fgaLr dlGq:t/Lo jftf{ eO;s] klg ;d:of cem} Ho"s F f To'F 5 . g]kfn t cfkm}+ of] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5 g} cfkm\gf] 3/hUufaf6 hah{:t nv]l6Psf ;jf nfv e'6fgL z/0ffyL{sf] kL8f emg\ sd eofjx 5}g . o;} ;]/f]km]/f]df o;kfln ofqfn] e'6fgsf jl/i7 dfgjclwsf/jfbL tyf k|hftGqjfbL g]tf Pjd\ Pstfsf e'6fgL /fhfsf ;Nnfxsf/ /lx;s]sf 6]sgfy l/hfn;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]sf] 5 . o;cl3 dl/rdfg l;+x >]i7sf] k|wfgdGqLTjsfndf g]kfnaf6 e'6fg ;'kb ' u { L ul/Psf g]tf l/hfn nfdf] h]n hLjg / ef/t k|jf;kl5 emG8} # jif{bl] v g]kfndf /xFb} cfpg'ePsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] k':ts …lgjf{;gÚsf] laqmLaf6 p7]sf] ;fgf]ltgf] /sdn] clxn] u'hf/f rnfO/x]sf l/hfnn] ;fg]kfl:yt cfkm\gf] 8]/fdf ofqf;Fu eGg'eof]– w}ot { f u/]sf] w]/} ef] . ca w}ot { f 6'6g \ nflu;Sof] . k|:t't 5, pxfF;u F sf] lj:t[t s'/fsfgLM

l®hfnhL clxn] s] ub}{ x'gx' G' 5 < vf]O{ s] ub}5 { ' eGg] < e'6fgL z®0ffyL{ ;d:of s;®L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsPnf eg]® lrGtg ® 5nkmn ul®®x]sf] 5' . o;df ;xof]u kfpg'kg]{ 7fpFaf6 kfpg'ePsf] 5< clxn] ;a}eGbf lrGtf xfdLnfO{, 3® slxn] kms{g,] s] ug]{ xf]nf eGg] t 5“b5 } . ljz]ifu®L clxn] z®0ffyL{ SofDkdf bftfx¿sf] ;xof]u s6f}tL eO®x]sfn] Hofb} cK7]®f] k®]sf] 5 . 5fk|f] agfpg] ;xof]u s6f}tL ePsf] 5 . d§Lt]n sf6]® sf]Onf lbg] s'®f] rln®x]sf] 5 . lzIff ® :jf:Yosf] If]qdf klg ;d:of 5 . klxn] pkrf®sf nflu sf7df8f}; + d]t Nofpg] ul®Psf]df clxn] Tof] aGb ul®Psf] 5 . :s'n txsf] lzIffsf] u'0f:t® vl:sPsf] 5 . of] c;fWo} lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . ef]ln e'6fgdf kms]k{ l5 Toxf“sf] :6\ofG88{cg';f® gfgLx¿ rNg ;Sg'kg]{ t® lzIffsf] l:ylt vQd 5 . lxhf] e'6fgL lzIfsn] g} g]kfnsf af]l8{ªsf] u'0f:t® j[l4 u®]sf]df clxn] gfgLx¿sf] ;d:of a9]sf] 5 .

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cGt®f{li6«o hut\n] t z®0ffyL{nfO{ emg\ ;xof]u ug'k{ g]{ xf]Og ® < of] t ;fx|} b'MvnfUbf] s'®f xf] . e'6fgn] o;cl3 g]kfndf ®x]sf z®0ffyL{x¿ cfkm\gf gful®s xf]Ogg\ elg®x]sf]df kl5Nnf] k6s g]kfn ® e'6fgsf] ;+oQ ' m k|df0fLs®0f 6f]nLn] v'bg' faf®L lzlj®sf z®0ffyL{sf] juL{s®0f ubf{ &% k|ltzt gful®s e'6fgL x'g\ eGg] l;4 eO;s]kl5 klg cem} pgLx¿nfO{ e'6fgn] lkmtf{ gug'{ ® cGt®f{li6«o ;d'bfon] kmsf{pg bafa lbg g;s]sf] b]v®] b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 . oxfF t e'6fgsf ®fhfsf] ;Nnfxsf® klg eO;Sg'ePsf] dfG5], ®fhfn] u2L 5f]8g\ ] wf®0ff ;fj{hlgs u®]sf] af®]df s] eGg'xG' 5 < ®fhfsf x/]s s'®fdf z®0ffyL{x¿n] gsf®fTds 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL dfq} u5{g\ eGg] rflx+ gk®f]; \ . t®, s'®f s] xf] eg] ljutsf lqmofsnfknfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ of] s]jn gf6s dfq} xf] . e'6fgL ®fhfn] lbPsf] s'grflx+ jQmJo clxn];Dd k"®f ePsf] 5 ® < ;g\ !((& df pgn] ;+;b\d} eg]sf lyP– b'O{ ;fnleqdf

;d:of ;dfwfg gePdf d u2L 5f]85 \ ' eg]® . vf]O{ t ;d:of ;dfwfg ePsf] < clxn] u2L 5f]8g\ e ] Gbf klg u2L x:tfGt®0fsf] s'®f u®]sf 5g\– cfkm\gf 5f]®fnfO{ . cfkm" ®x“bf®x“b} k|hftGq lbP®, cfkm\gf uNtL ;RofP® lxhf] nv]l6Psf cfkm\gf gful®snfO{ lkmtf{ u®]sf] eP kf] o;n] s'g} cy{ ®fVg ;SYof] . t® Totflt® Wofg glbg] vfln u2L 5f]8g\ ] dfq} s'®f u®]® s] cy{ ®fV5 < u2L 5f]8g\ ] s'/f ® z®0ffyL{ lkmtL{df s'g} tfnd]n x'G5 ls < –o;df s]xL tfnd]n 5}g . z®0ffyL{sf] af®]df Ps zAb af]lnPsf] 5}g, s;®L tfnd]n x'G5 < e'6fgsf ®fhfn] u2L TofUg] ls, 5f]®fnfO{ x:tfGt®0f ug]{ ls, ;+Gof; lng] ls h] u®] klg xfdLnfO{ a]jf:tf ul®Pkl5 s] cy{ ®fV5 t eGg';\ g . e'6fgdf gofF ;+ljwfgsf af®]df v'a rrf{ eO®x]sf] 5, o;af®]df s] eGg'xG' 5 < – xfdLn] klxNo} klg eg]sf lyof} + . of] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf g} 7Ls 5}g . o;df

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cNk;+Vosx¿sf] ;d:ofnfO{ s'g} ;Daf]wg g} ul®Psf] 5}g . Toxf“ cfwfh;f] lxGb' hg;+Vof 5, To;sf] s'g} ;Daf]wg ul®Psf] 5}g . ;+;b\ g];gn P;]DanLdf o;cl3 !@÷!% hgf k|ltlglw g]kfnLefifL ®xg] u®]sf]df clxn] 36fP® @÷# hgf dfq} agfOPsf] 5 . k|zf;g If]qaf6 blIf0fL e'6fgLnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf NofOPsf] ;+ljwfg h;df blIf0fL e'6fgLsf] k|ltlglwTj g} 5}g, o:tf] ;+ljwfgn] lxt u5{ eg]® s;®L ;f]Rg] < d:of}bfdf bn vf]Ng kfpg], dfgjclwsf®jfbL ;+:yf vf]Ng kfpg]nufotsf s]xL ;sf®fTds s'®f klg 5g\ Sof® xf]Og ® < !@÷!% jif{cl3b]lv k|jf;df ®x]sf bnx¿nfO{ af]nfP® dfgjclwsf®jfbL ;+:yfnfO{ af]nfP® Toxf“ dfGotf lbg] eP kf] n s]xL x'G5 ls eGg' < xfdLnfO{ s'g} jf:tf ul®Psf] 5}g . ljZjnfO{ a]js'km agfpgsf nflu bn eg]® ToxL ®fhkl®jf®sf j®k®sf dfG5]nfO{ prfNg vf]lhPsf] dfq} xf] . o;af6 s]xL x'b“ g} – d 7f]sj' f u®]® eG5' .

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clxn] ®fhfn] ;+ljwfgsf af®]df k®fdz{ u®]sf] s'®f cfO®x]sf] 5 lg < rf}®+ L uf]7fnf]sf]df uP® ®fhfn] efif0f lbP ®], ca To;n] s] cy{ ®fV5 < rf}®+ L uf]7fnfnfO{ ;+ljwfg s] xf], ®fhfn] u2L TofUg] eg]sf] s] xf]– cflv® s] cy{ ®fV5 < rf}®+ L uf]7fnf]nfO{ t cfkm\gf] rf}®+ Lsf] s;®L x]®ljrf® ug]{ eGg] s'®fsf] g} lrGtf x'G5 . e'6fgleq g]kfnLefifLx¿sf] clxn] s] l:ylt 5 lg < – bogLo cj:yf 5 . d}nc ] l3 g} elg;s]+ Toxf“ ljkIfL kf6L{ g} 5}g . hyfefjL …df]gf]kf]nLÚ eO®x]sf] x'G5 . bafof], b'Mv lbof] eg] klg o:tf] u¥of] eg]® n]lvlbg] :jtGq klqsf klg 5}g Toxf“ . dfgjclwsf®jfbL ;+:yfsf] Toxf“ gfdlgzfg g} 5}g . s;}n] ljb]zaf6 eg]df of] xfd|f] ®fd|fs ] f] nflu eg]sf] xf] eg]® Toxf“sf] ;Qfn] ;f]Rb} ;f]Rb}g . xfdLn] ul®vfPsf] g;x]® o;n] lj®f]w u¥of] eg]® dnfO{h:tf] y'lglbG5g\ . clxn] ToxfF g]kfnLefifL slt 5g\ < – 8]9 nfv hlt 5g\ .

;+;b\df klg g]kfnLefifL 5g\, pgLx¿sf] cfjfh p7fpFbg} g\ < – 5g\ . t® af]Ng} lb+bg} . af]Ng] vfnsf dfG5] t Toxf“ ;+;b\df hfg g} lb+bg} . vfln g]kfnL efiff hfg]s} e®df Toxf“ @÷# hgfnfO{ ;+;b\df nluPsf] 5 t® Tof] ;a} b]vfpgs} nflu dfq xf] . pgLx¿ ®a®:6\ofDk dfq} x'g \ . ltgsf afa' bfh'nfO{ nv]6®] g]kfn k7fOPsf] 5 t® pN6} s] eG5g\ eg] …z®0ffyL{nfO{ lkmtf{ ug'x{ G' g .Ú s;®L o;f] eg]sf t < – Tof] t ®fhfn] bafa lbP® xf] . t/ o;®L af]N5;\ eg] af]n ] gq t“nfO{ klg k7fp“5' eg]® bafa lbPkl5 o;®L af]Ng pgLx¿ afWo ePsf x'g \ . t® klxnfsf] h:tf] l:ylt 5}g, ;zQm cfjfh p7fpg] xf] eg] cGt®f{li6«o hut\n] ;'GYof] lg < x]g; {' ,\ Toxf“sf] s] s'®f ug' { . ;a} u'kr'k ®flvG5 . lyDk'df vfln b'O6f ®fi6« ef®t ® a+unfb]zsf] b"tfjf;dfq} 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL dtna g} 5}g .

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‘6«fen 8s'dG] 6’ af®] s]xL kxn ug'e { Psf] 5 < – d}n] dlGqkl®ifb\sf pkfWoIf sLlt{lglw lji6;“u s'®f u®]sf] lyP“ . pxf“n] ;sf®fTds wf®0ff ®fVg'eP klg sfd x'g ;s]g . k®®fi6«dGqL ®d]zgfy kf08];u“ e]63f6sf] kxn u®]sf] eP klg e]6 g} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] k|of; ul®®x]sf 5f} + . g]kfn ;®sf®n] s]xL ;dosf nflu …6«fen 8s'dG] 6Ú glbg] lg0f{o u®]sf] ;®sf®L sd{rf®Lx¿n] hfgsf®L u®fPsf 5g\ . eg]kl5 ljb]z uP® nljª ug]{ tkfO{x+ ¿sf] s'g} sfo{qmd gx'g] ef] < gx'g] ef] . xfdLn] ;+oQ ' m ®fi6«;3+ df uP®, o'®f]kn ] L ;d'bfodf uP® s'®f ®fVg kfof}+ eg] kf] z®0ffyL{ lkmtL{ k|lqmofdf d2t k'Ug ;SYof] . t® clxn] oL ;a} s'®f a|s ] x'g k'u ] . dnfO{ ^÷& 7fp“af6 lgdGq0ff cfO;Sof] t® sxL+ hfg kfOPg . ;+oQ ' m ®fi6«;3+ sf dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgnfO{ klg kq k7fpg'ePsf] lyof], s]xL hjfkm kfpg' ef] t < – hjfkm cfPsf] 5}g . cfp“5 ls eg]® k|tLIff u®]® a;]sf] 5' . cGo s"6gLlts lgof]ux¿;Fu e]6g\ e ' Psf] 5 < – clxn] e]6s ] f] 5}g . e]6b\ f pgLx¿ klg g]kfnn] s]xL ug{ lbPsf] 5}g eG5g\ . :yndfu{af6 hfg vf]Hg] z®0ffyL{nfO{ ef®tn] ®f]ls®x]sf] 5 lg . cfpg rflxF lbg] hfg glbg] ef®tsf] e"ldsfnfO{ s;®L lng'ePsf] 5< – of] t :ki6} 5 lg . of] dfldnfdf e'6fgsf] eGbf ef®tsf] e"ldsf cem 8®nfUbf] 5 . ef®tn] vfln e'6fgsf] ef]6 ;+oQ ' m ®fi6«;3+ df vf]hs ] f] 5 . c¿ s'®f e'6fgn] h] eGof] ef®tn] ToxL dfG5 . ef®tn] ubf{ g} z®0ffyL{ ;d:of ;'? ePsf] eG5g\ lg < – o;df e'6fgsf ®fhfn] klg s'®f a'em\gk' g]{ xf] . cfkm\gf b]zsf gful®snfO{ Pp6f :jtGq b]zsf] ®fhfn] s] ug]{ eGg]af®]df t ;f]Rg'kg]{ xf]

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lg . uf]nL rnfP® wkfpg', clg a;fO“ ;/ eg]® ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ 9f6\g vf]Hg' e'6fgL ®fhfsf] unt sbd geg]® s] eGg] < ®fi6«;3+ n] t ;'?b]lv g} z®0ffyL{nfO{ ;xof]u ul®®x]sf] lyof] t® clxn] ;xof]u s6f}tL ug'd{ f p;sf] ts{ s] kfpg'ePsf] 5 < – pgLx¿n] clxn] ljZjdf w]®} z®0ffyL{ a9]sfn] nfdf] ;dob]lv clNem®x]sf] e'6fgL z®0ffyL{x¿sf nflu ;xof]u s6f}tL ug'k{ ®]sf] atfp“b} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnn] bx|f; ] u“ s'®f p7fP® xfdLnfO{ lkmtf{ gu®] xfdL oxL+ nf]k eP® hfg ;S5f} + . cem} kms'n+{ f eGg] 5 < – kmls{gk} 5{ . xfdLnfO{ cfkm\g} e"efudf kms{g] cfzf 5 . t® tkfO{x+ ¿sf] 3®hUufdf c¿ g} dfG5] al;;s] eG5g\ lg < – ltgLx¿nfO{ t kmsf{pg'k¥of] lg . s;®L csf{sf] hUufdf dfG5] ®fVg kfOG5 . z®0ffyL{aLr g} Pscsf{df v'§f tfgftfg ug]{ kl®kf6L 5 ® d"n :jb]z lkmtL{sf] nIo 5fofdf k®]sf] atfOG5 lg < – xfdL s;}n] klg g]kfndf a:g] eg]sf 5}gf} + . ;a}n] e'6fg kms{g] eg]sf 5f} + . e'6fgL ®fhfn] xfdLnfO{ qfxLqfxL ug{ vf]hs ] f 5g\ . s]xL dtleGgtf eP klg d"nk|Zgdf dtleGgtf 5}g . xfdLaLr ljefhgsf] l:ylt 5}g . tkfO{x+ ¿sf sdL–sdhf]®L klg 5g\ lg, h:t} hyfefjL ;+3;+:yf vf]Ng], d"n nIoaf6 6fl9g] < – x]g; {' ,\ xfd|f] sdL–sdhf]®L eg]sf] ul®aL xf] . …nljªÚ ug{sf nflu k};f klg 5}g . ljleGg ;+3;+:yf eP klg xfdL :jb]z lkmtL{sf] d"n nIfdf xfdL Psdt 5f} + . sltko z®0ffyL{ g]tf ljb]z uP® df]hd:tLdf Jo:t 5g\, elgG5 lg < – s]xL dfG5] ljb]z uPsf 5g\ . t® ljb]z uP® klg pgLx¿n] ljleGg lx;fan] z®0ffyL{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u ul®®x]sf 5g\ . e'6fgaflx® hfg] ! ;o hgf klg ePsf 5}gg\ .

s;®L ;a} uP eGg ldN5 ® < tkfO{n+ fO{ klxnf Psk6s g]kfn ;®sf®n] e'6fg ;'kb' u{ L u®]sf] lyof], clxn] klg s'g} vt®f dx;'; ug'e { Psf] 5 ls < – d clxn] o;} eGg ;lSbg . g]kfnsf] ;®sf®n] dnfO{ ;xof]u g} u5{ eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . t® s]xL eOxfn]df Tof] d]®f nflu b'ef{Uo g} x'g5 ] . t® klxnfsf] eGbf clxn] t ;xh 5 lg xf]Og < dlGqd08nsf ;b:o;Fu g} tkfO{+ clxn] s'®f ul®/xg'ePsf] 5, lrghfg 5 < – klxnfsf] eGbf t ;xh 5 . z®0ffyL{ ;d:of s;®L ;dfwfg x'G5, Pp6f af6f] atfOlbg';\ g < – of] ;d:of g]kfn ;®sf®n] cGt®f{li6«os®0f ul®lbg'k5{ . To;kl5 ;dfwfg x'G5 . cGt®f{li6«os®0f ub}d{ f s;®L ;dfwfg x'G5 < – g]kfn ;®sf®n] ;lSbg eg]® cGt®f{li6«o hutnfO{ lhDdf nufpg] xf] eg] t h;®L eP klg pgLx¿n] of] ljifo 6'u+ f] nufpg' kl®xfNof] lg . s]xL z®0ffyL{ t clxn] g]kfnd} ldln;s] xf]nfg\, slt ldn] < – xf], lax]af®L u®]® ldln;s] xf]nfg\ . t® xfdLn] tYof+s lgsfn]sf 5}gf} + . of] ;d:of ;dfwfg rf“8f] gePdf of] 7"nf] af]emsf ¿kdf g]kfndf ®xg]5 . z®0ffyL{;DaGwL ;+oQ ' m ®fi6«;3+ Lo pRrfof]u -o'PgPr;Lcf®_ n] s]xL z®0ffyL{nfO{ g]kfndf ®fVg], s]xLnfO{ ljb]z k7fpg] ® s]xLnfO{ e'6fg lkmtf{ ug]{ k|:tfj ®fv]sf] lyof] . o;df s] eGg'xG' 5 < – of] unt k|:tfj xf] . xfdL ;a} :jb]z g} lkmtf{ x'g kfpg'k5{ . xfdL cGt®f{li6«o hutaf6 klg Gofo kfO®x]sf 5}gf}+ eGg] of] pbfx®0f klg xf] . g]kfnn] e'6fg;Fu ;DaGw a9fpg z®0ffyL{ dfldnfnfO{ gp7fPsf] xf] ls h:tf] nfUb}g < – o;af®]df d s'g} l6Kk0fL ug{ rfxGg . oqf dfG5] g]kfndf y'kf®]® e'6fgn] g]kfnnfO{ b'Mv lbPsf] 5, clg s;®L ;DaGw ;'wG| 5 ® < ®fhf–®fhfaLr s'®f x'g] xf] eg] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'GYof] ls < b'O{ b]zsf ®fhfaLr s'®f x'g] xf] eg] s]xL x'GYof] ls, of] klg xfd|f] kx'r “ eGbf aflx®sf] s'®f k¥of] s] ug]{ < cGTodf s]xL eGg' 5 ls < – tkfO{x+ ¿sf] klqsf …a'4 ofqfÚ dfkm{t d s] eGg rfxG5' eg] z®0ffyL{ lkmtL{sf nflu cGt®f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;xof]u ul®lbg'k¥of] . ca w]®} l9nf x'g nflu;Sof] . z®0ffyL{sf] w}ot{ f u'Dg nflu;Sof] . w}ot{ f u'Dof] eg] ef]ln lj:kmf]6s l:ylt cfpg ;S5 .

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;fdfGotof gf/fo0fu9b]lv b]j3f6;Dd rNg] u/]sf] h]6jfh{ lqz"nL glb x'Fb} ut c;f]hb]lv dgsfdgf s]jn sf/sf] :6];g /x]sf] r]/z;Dd k'Ug yfn]sf] 5 . gf/fu0fu9– b]j3f6;Ddsf] k|lt ofq' ! ;o @% ?k}ofF ef8f 5.

d'Gb|n] g5f]Psf] b]z ePsfn] kfgL hxfh r9\g] cj;/ kfPsf g]kfnL sd} 5g\ . gbLgfnfx¿ k|;:t eP klg Ol~hgjfnf hnofqfsf ;fwgx¿ rNg] u/]sf 5}gg\ . t/ lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fL gbLdf x'Os “ g] h]6jfh{ r9\g] xf] eg] kfgL hxfhd} ofqf u/]h:tf] cg'ej ;+ufNg ;lsG5 . gf/fo0fL gbLdf Jofj;flos ¿kdf @)%& ;fnsf] k';b]lv g} h]6jfh{ bf}8g yfn]sf] xf] . $% hgf c6fpg] of] ;fwgsf] :j¿k / IfdtfnfO{ x]//] w]/n } ] o;nfO{ kfgL hxfh g} eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . lglZrt 7fp“sf ofq' Nofpg] n}hfg] oftfoftsf]] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf geO{ ko{6s af]Sg] hnofgsf] sfd o;n] ul//x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ yf]/} eP klg hn ofqfsf] /f]df~rs cg'ej a6'Ng] dfWod of] alg/x]sf] 5 . @)%& ;fndf lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] cj;/ kf/]/ of] rNg yfnsf] xf] . To;kl5 c¿ a]nf grn] klg b'O{ jif{sf] km/sdf x'g] dxf]T;jdf eg] of] ;fwg b]Vg kfOGYof] . t/ dxf]T;jsf] d];f] gk/] klg olt a]nf h]6 jfh{ gf/fo0fLd} bf}l8/x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof gf/fo0fu9b]lv b]j3f6;Dd rNg] u/]sf] h]6jfh{ lqz"nL gbL x'b“ } ut c;f]hb]lv dgsfdgf s]jn sf/sf] :6];g /x]sf] r]/z;Dd k'Ug yfn]sf] 5 . gf/fu0fu9–b]j3f6;Ddsf] k|lt ofq' ! ;o @% ?k}of“ ef8f 5 . dgsfdgf;Ddsf] ! xhf/ ?k}of“ lng] u/sf] h]6jfh{ ;~rfns g]kfn l/e/ 6«fG;kf]6{ k|f=ln=sf cWoIf k]Djf u'?ª atfp“5g\ . k]Djf eG5g\— ! xhf/ ?k}of“cGtu{t g} dgsfdgfsf] s]an ' sf/ r9\g] / Ps5fs vfgfsf] Kofs]h Joj:yf klg 5 . @% hgfsf] ;d"x tof/ eof] eg] gf/fo0fu9af6 dgsfdgf cfpg]–hfg] sfd ;'? x'G5 . ;fy} kljq wfld{s:yn b]j3f6 wfd 3'Dg kfpg] cj;/ klg /xG5 . gf/fo0fL gbLdf hnofqfsf] ;Defjgfsf af/]

cWoog ug{ $# ;fndf cd]l/sLx¿n] h]6jfh{ NofPsf lyP . kms{g] a]nfdf oL ;fwg pgLx¿n] ;8s sfof{no e/tk'/nfO{ lhDdf nufP . ;8s sfof{non] e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfnfO{ k7fOlbof] . nfdf] ;do;Dd gu/kflnsfdf cnkq k/]sf oL ;fwgdWo] /fd|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] Pp6f h]6jfh{ @)%& ;fnaf6 rnfpg yflnPsf] xf] . g]kfn l/e/ 6«fG;kf]6n { ] @% jif{;Ddsf nflu oL ;fwg gu/kflnsf;“u ef8fdf lnPsf] 5 . gu/ kflnsfnfO{ k|To]s jif{ ! nfv !) xhf/ ?k}of“ a'e ' mfpg'kg{] cWoIf k]Djf atfp“5g\ . csf{] h]6jfh{ klg dd{t ug{] / c? gbLx¿df ;d]t rnfpg] ;f]r klg pgsf] 5 . /f]df~rs cg'ej a6'Ng ;Sg] ePsfn] cfGtl/s / jfx\o ko{6snfO{ o;n] cfslif{t ug{] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 gf/fo0fu9 ko6{g k|j4{g ;ldltsf ;+of]hs kljqnfn r's] atfp“5g\ . /f]df~rs hn ofqf ;“u} gbL lsgf/df /x]sf lqj]0fL wfd, b]j3f6 wfd / dgsfdgfh:tf wfld{s If]q cfpg–hfg ;xh x'g] ePsfn] b]j3f6 If]q ljsf; ;ldltn] o;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{] of]hgf agfPsf] ;ldltsf sfo{sf/L lgb{z ] s >Lw/ zdf{ atfp“5g\ . lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h;“u s'/fsfgL u/]/ lqj]0fLwfd;Dd h]6jfh{ n}hfg] of]hgf b]j3f6 If]q ljsf; ;ldltn] agfPsf] 5 .

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jf;Lsf] kL8f, Ps}lbg, # hgf g]kfnL ckfËÆ of] sf]l/ofaf6 k|sflzt x'g] Ps klqsfsf] zLif{s xf] . sf]l/ofdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfpg] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof h;/L al9/x]sf] 5 To;/L g} oxf“ cf}Bf]lus b'36{ gf x'g] ;+Vof klg al9 /x]sf] 5 . of] ;dfrf/ s]xL ;docl3 Ps}lbg emfkfsf 9'08L/fh 9sfn, cf]vn9'Ëfsf ?b|axfb'/ e08f/L / ofdaxfb'/ lnDa" b'36{ gfdf kbf{ k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . g]kfnLsf] xft sfl6g], v'66\ f ef“lRrg] Pjd\ uDeL/ rf]6k6s nfUg] qmd k|foM b}lgsh;f] x'g] x'b“ f o:tf 36gfnfO{ cfhef]ln ;fwf/0f dflgG5 . oxL cg'kftdf d[To' x'g] ;+Vof t emg\ 8/nfUbf] ¿kdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . oxf“l:yt g]kfnLsf] ;xof]usf nflu !) jif{cl3 :yfkgf ePsf] g]kfnL ;Dks{ ;ldlt -;fpy sf]l/of sG6«ofS6 sld6L, Pg;L;L_ sf cg';f/ xfn;Dd ! ;o &) g]kfnLn] sf]l/ofsf] e"lddf sfd ug{] l;nl;nfdf Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ . o;/L d[To' x'gx] ¿df clwsf+z 7"N7"nf d]l;gdf r]lkP/, s/]G6 nfu]/, xftv'§f sf6]/, ljiffn' jf b'3l{ Gwt Uof;, xflgsf/s Pl;8, s]ldsn, aQL lj:kmf]6 / ljls/0fsf sf/0f a9L /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf sltko g]kfnLsf] bL3{ /f]un] Rofk]/ ;d]t d[To' ePsf] 5 . bL3{ /f]uaf6 d[To' x'gx] ¿df d[uf}nf, d'6d' f c;/ k/]/ dg]s { f] ;+Vof a9L kfOG5 . xflgsf/s s]ldsn, Pl;8 / laiffn' Uof;df nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug]s { f] d[uf}nf, d'6,' d"qk|0ffnL Pjd\ kmf]S;f]df uDeL/ c;/ k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgL l;pnl:yt Ps xl:k6nsf 8f= lsd x\jfªsf cg';f/ ljb]zL sfdbf/x¿ ljls/0f jf ljiffn' tTjsf sf/0f 8/nfUbf] /f]usf] lzsf/ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . ljb]zLsf nflu ;dfh;]jL lrlsT;s 8fS6/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ 8f= lsd /;foghGo /f]u ljz]if1 dflgG5g\ . sf]l/ofdf o:tf /f]uaf6 c;/ x'g] g]kfnLsf] ;+Vof w]/} 5 . wgs'6fsf /fd /fO{sf cg';f/ pgnfO{ sf]l/og 8fS6/n] ca ! jif{ a9L sfd u/] aRrf gx'g] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 . /fO{ Pl;8 sDkgLdf ut ! jif{bl] v sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . sf]l/ofdf o:tf 36gf w]/} x'g ] ub{5g\ . oxf“sf k'/fgf g]kfnLsf cg';f/ &% k|ltzt g]kfnL k"0f{ tyf cNksfnLg hf]lvddf sfd ub{5g\ . ;g\!(** sf] sf]l/of cf]nlDks u]db]lv

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g]kfnL sf]l/ofdf sfdsf] vf]hLdf cfpg yfn]sf] tYof+s /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;g\ !(($ b]lv sf]l/of ;/sf/n] 6«l] gª le;fsf] dfWodåf/f g]kfnL sfdbf/ leqofpg yfn]sf] xf] . cfheGbf !) jif{cl3sf] 36gfnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] clxn]s} xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnL OG8li6«on PlS;8]G6df kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;a]nf OG8li6«on n]a/ PS6 gag]sf] / j}wflgs¿kdf sfd ug]{ cg'dlt gePsf] sf/0f d[To' x'g] / 3fOt] x'g] g]kfnLsf olsg tYof+s ;fj{hlgs x'b“ g} Yof] . To;}n ] h:tf];s ' } sfddf g]kfnLnfO{ nufOGYof] . xfn eg] sf]l/ofdf sfo{/t j}wflgs sfdbf/nfO{ kz'kfng, dT:okfng, s[lif jf kfgLhxfhdf sfd nufpg gkfOg] sf]l/of n]a/ PS6df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . t/ cj}wflgs sfdbf/ eg] hxf“;s ' } sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ . sf]l/ofdf cfk|jf;L sfdbf/sf] nflu >d sfg'g eP klg ljleGg sf/0fn] ;dfg¿kdf nfu" u/]sf] kfO“bg} . sf]l/og sfdbf/ ux|f+} vt/f / kmf]xf]/L sfd ug{ gdfGg] x'b“ f To:tf] sfd ug{ ljb]zL n nufOG5 . ljb]zL k};fsf nflu h:tf];s ' } sfd klg ub{5g\ eGg] dfGotf sf]l/ofdf kl/;s]sf] 5 . sf]l/ofsf >d ahf/df oxL dfGotf ljsf; eP/ sf]l/og ;/sf/n] b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df cj/f]w l;h{gf gxf];\ eGg] dfGotf /fv]/ ux|f,+} kmf]xf]/L, hf]lvd sfdsf nflu ljb]zL Nofpg] ub{5g\ . sf]l/ofdf xfn;Dd klg js{–kld{6 k|0ffnL rfxg] ljb]zLnfO{ cf}Bf]lus k|lzIf0fsf nflu eg]/ NofOG5 . 8L–# le;fsf] dfWodaf6 xfn # nfv %) xhf/ ljb]zL ljleGg !^ b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ sf]l/ofdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ ;g\ @))# af6 eg] OkLP; -ODKnf]o/ k|fl] d; l;:6d_ k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . OkLP; eg]sf] sDkgL dflnssf] clwgdf sfdbf/ NofOg] k|0ffnL xf] . sf]l/ofsf l;pndf s]xL lbgcl3 dfq s/]G6 nfu]/ Ps g]kfnLsf] d[To' ePsf] / Ifltk"lt{ tyf zj g]kfn k7fpg] k|lqmof ldnfpg] sfd ePsf] sf]l/of ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u dxf;+3df sfo{/t g]kfnL jfª\bL nfdfn] atfPsf 5g\ . nfdf sf]l/ofdf sfo{/t g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] efiff / cGo ;d:ofsf nflu sf]l/of ;/sf/n] ;xof]uL s]PkmaLPsdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf g]kfnL x'g\ . sf]l/ofdf g]kfnLx¿ k};fsf nflu z/L/nfO{ uDeL/ xflg k'Ug] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L hf]lvdk"0f{ sfd ug]d{ Wo] xft sf6]/ g]kfn kms{gs ] f] ;+Vof nueu ;o k'us ] f]

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cg'dfg u5{g\ g]kfnL ;Dks{ ;ldlt -Pg;L;L_ ;fpy sf]l/ofsf k"jc { WoIf e/t ;+uf| n } f. sf]l/ofdf aflx/sf] sfdsf a]nf w]/} xtf/ ug'k{ g]{ / ;w}+ tgfjdf x'g] ePsfn] sfdsf] tfndfn gldn]/ ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] k|foM b'36{ gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sf]l/og / g]kfnL sfdbf/aLr efiffsf] ;d:ofsf sf/0f klg b'36{ gf x'G5 . nueu ^ dlxgfcl3 sf]l/ofsf] cfg;fgdf d[To' ePsf ;'/h /fO{sf] sf]l/og ;xsdL{sf] nfk/afxLsf sf/0f d[To' ePsf] pgsf g]kfnL ;xsdL{ atfp“5g\ . kmf]d -8gne_ sDkgLdf sfd ug\{] /fO{ d]l;g ;kmf ubf{{ d]l;gleq k;]sf a]nf sf]l/og ;xsdL{n] d]l;g rnfp“bf r]lkP/ d/]sf x'g\ . sf]l/ofdf sfo{/t ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu >d sfg'g 5 . . h;dWo] >d;DaGwL cfwf/e"t sfg'g 5 h;nfO{ sf]l/og efiffdf Snf] lsh'g ef]e eGg] sDkgLcGtu{t b'36{ gf ladf u/fOPsf] xG5 . ljb]zL sfdbf/sf nflu of] sfg'g dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . Snf] lsh'g ef]e eg]sf] >ldsn] sfd ubf{ s]–slt ;do, labf, tna cyf{t\ ;'ljwf kfpg]] eGg] xf] / cfsl:ds b'36{ gf, sfdsf] sf/0fn] /f]u, Jofw cflb ljifodf kfOg] ;'ljwf xf] . of] sfg'g sf]l/ofdf sfo{/t j}wflgs tyf cj}wflgs hf];s ' } sfdbf/df ;dfg lsl;dn] nfu" x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk cj}wflgs ?kdf n'sLl5kL sfd ug{] g]kfnL b'36{ gfdf

k/]sf] v08df sfg'gcg';f/ Gofo kfp“bg} g\ . olt x'b“ fx'b“ } klg tna jf ;'ljwf /fd|f] ePsf] sf/0f sf]l/ofdf g]kfnLx¿ Hofgsf] dfof df/]/ eP klg h:tf];s ' } sfd ug{ tof/ b]lvG5g\ . oxf“ j}wflgs ¿kdf 6«l] g le;fdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnLn] dfl;s Go"gtd $% xhf/ b]lv ! nfv %) xhf/;Dd sdfpg] ub{5g\ . oxf“ j}wflgs g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] dfl;s tna ^)) b]lv &)) sf]l/og jfg xf] . of] tna sf]l/of ;/sf/n] * 3G6f sfd ug]{ ljb]zL sfdbf/sf nflu tf]ss ] f] cfwf/e"t tna xf] . of] tna a;]l{ g ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfaf6 !) k|ltzteGbf a9Lsf] b/n] sf]l/og ;/sf/n] j[l4 ug]{ ub{5 . j}wflgs sfdbf/n] lbgdf # 6fOd vfgf / a:g sDkgLn] g} Joj:yf ug]{ ub{5 . /fd|f] sDkgLdf kg{ sltko g]kfnLn] tnasf] ;fy} af]g; klg kfp“5g\ . af]g; b'O–{ tLg dlxgfsf] km/sdf ! dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/ hlt x'G5 . t/ sf]l/ofdf sfd ug]{ cj}wflgs g]kfnL sfdbf/n] j}wflgs sfdbf/sf] t'ngfdf a9L sdfp“5g\ . o;/L cj}wflgs sfdbf/n] dfl;s %) xhf/b]lv &) xhf/ ;Dd sdfp“5g\ . oBlk cj}wflgs sfdbf/sf] sfd eg] lglZrt x'b“ g} . sDkgLn] tna glbg] ;d:of x'G5 . tna l9nf lbg], sfd geP sfdaf6 lgsfNg] ;d:of x'G5 . k'ln; / cWofudg sd{rf/Lsf] cf“vfaf6 6f9f a:g ;s] cj}wflgs sfdbf/sf] k};f

sdfpg] rfG; x'G5, gq cfkm\gf] b]z kms{g] 6'u+ f] x'b“ g} . sf]l/ofdf cWofudg ljefun] ljb]zLnfO{ lbg] cfO{8L gePsf] dflg; Olnun x'G5 . oxf“ sfo{/t Olnun sfdbf/;“u of] cfO{8L x'b“ g} . sf]l/ofdf ;dfltg] Olnun ljb]zLnfO{ ;–;Ddfg oftgflagf :jb]z kmsf{OG5 . t/ Kn]g l6s6 gePsf] ljb]zLnfO{ l6s6sf] k};f hDdf ug{ sfddf nufOG5 . sf]l/ofdf /x]sf g]kfnLsf] 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] g]kfnL b"tfjf; gx'g' xf] . sf]l/ofdf /x]sf ^ xhf/eGbf a9L g]kfnLn] cfkm\gf] ;d:ofsf nflu hfkfgdf /x]sf g]kfnL b"tfjf; e/ kg'{ kb{5 . sf]l/ofdf sfo{/t xhf/f}+ g]kfnLsf] /fxbfgLsf nflu hfkfg k7fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . sf]l/ofdf d[To' ePsf g]kfnLsf] zj g]kfn k7fpg nfdf] ;do s'gk' g]{ ;d:of 5 . zj :jb]z k7fpg hfkfgaf6 g]kfn;DaGwL sfuhkq dufpg}kg]{ x'G5 . sf]l/ofdf /x]sf j}wflgs sfdbf/sf] nflu eGbf klg cj}wflgs sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iff / ;xof]usf nflu oxf“ b"tfjf;sf] clt cfjZostf 5 . sf]l/ofaf6 kf;kf]6{ agfpg hfkfg k7fp“bf w]/} dx“uf] x'g] ub{5 .

-;+uf| n } f, blIf0f sf]l/ofdf /x]sf g]kfnL kqsf/ x'g_\

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lg;n] cS;/ cfkm"nfO{ ;d:of k/]sf] a]nfdf eujfg ;DemG5 . eujfgnfO{ c;n ;f]rfOsf nflu k|l] /t ug]{ tTjsf] ¿kdf dflg;n] ljZjf; ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . clxn] lxdfnL clw/fHo g]kfn ljut afx| jif{bl] v lx+;fsf] rqmAo'xdf ¿dlNnPsf] 5 . ljb|fx] L of ;'/Iff lgsfoaf6 sDtLdf lbgsf] ^ hgf JolQm dfl/g] u/]sf] tYof+s kl5Nnf ;dodf ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . en} of] tYof+s kl5Nnf] $ dlxgfsf] o'4lj/fdsf qmddf 36]sf] lsg gxf];\ . of] åGåk"0f{ l:yltsf sf/0f g]kfnsf kxf8L / t/fO{ If]qsf afl;Gbf Toxf“sf] ;x/L If]q of /fhwfgLd} cf]Ol/g] qmd a9\b} uPsf] 5 . hgtf lg/fz 5g\– åGåaf6 Ps k'hf/L u0f]z eujfg cl3 gfRb} cGo ehg ufpFb} . gbL tf/]/ u0f]zsf] d"lt{ nluFb} .

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/ rfxG5g\ zflGt clg k'sf5{g–\ zflGtsf nflu . g]kfndf zflGtaxfnL ePdf dfq} zflGtk"0f{ af“Rg] pgLx¿sf] rfxgf ;fsf/ x'g] :jfefljs OR5f g]kfnL hgtfdf 5 .

To;}n] g]kfnL hf] lxGb', af}4 of cGo s'g} wd{ dfGg] g} lsg gx'g–\ pgLx¿ wfld{s sfo{df lgoldt ;fd]n eO/x]sf 5g\ . b]z sl7gfOdf k/]sf] a]nf Ps dlxgf;Dd sf7df8f}s + f] klZrddf kg]{ ;t'u+ n uflj;sf dflg;n] ut

dfr{ @* b]lv eujfg u0f]z / eujtL b'uf{sf] k"hf eJotfsf ;fy u/] . b]zdf zflGtaxfnL xf];\ eGg] ck]Iffsf ;fy pgLx¿n] ;f] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . pQm k"hfdf b]zel/sf tLy{ofq' ;fd]n lyP . pgLx¿n] ehg ufp“b} ! dlxgfkl5 k"hfsf] lj;h{g sf7df8f}a+ f6 ! ;o !$ lsld 6f9f gf/fo0fL gbLdf nu]/ u/] . sfo{qmd ;kmntfk"js { ;DkGg ug{ kfPsf]df gf/fo0fL gbLaf6 lkmbf{ pgLx¿sf] d'xf/df v';L b]lvGYof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf ;fd]n g]kfnL afafn] o; k+lQmsf/;“u eGg'eof]–

of] sfo{qmdkl5 b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ afwf 6'u+ f] nfUg] / s'g} klg k|sf/sf lx+;f cGTo x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . ;f] sfo{qmddf ^) eGbf a9L k'hf/Ln] /ftsf] ;do klg gegL rf}aL;} 3G6f ehg / dGqf]Rrf/0fdf latfPsf lyP . sfo{qmd :ynsf nflu :yfgLo eQmhgx¿n] hUuf bfg u/]sf lyP .

To; sfo{qmddf ;+nUgx¿n] b]zdf dfq xf]Og ljZjJofkL ¿kdf zflGtaxfnLsf nflu u0f]z k"hf u/]sf] atfP . cfof]hsx¿sf] egfO 5– eujfgn] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu ;a}df ;b\al' 4 lbpmg\ .

j[4 dlxnf n8\8' b]vfpFb} .

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em emdSs kg{ nfu]sf] lyof] . ufp“dflysf] ljBfnodf a;]/ s6'jfn s/fP . æP bfh'efO lbbLalxgL xf], e/] aL/axfb'/ df:6/ sf] 3/df k"hf 5, vfOlkO{ gfrufg ug{ hDdf xf]p x} . s6'jfn l5l/ ˪u'?ªn] s/fPsf] ;"rgf Ps}k6sdf ;a} ufp“nn ] ] ;'g] . æ;fa} 3f/x¿ Ps} 7fp“df 5, Ps kf6s sf/fPkl5 ;a}n] ;'G5Æ l5l/ªn] u'?ª njhdf eg] . a]ns ' f lzIfs aL/axfb'/sf 3/ k"hf eof] . nueu ufp“el/s} dflg; hDdf eP . sf]xL vfOlkOdf nfu] t sf]xL bf]xf]/Llt/ . /fte/ l;+uf] ufp“ bf]xf]/Ldf /ld/x\of] . ;b/d'sfdaf6 lx+8s ] f] tLg lbgkl5 k'luG5 nfk|fs uflj;, hxf“ gf} j6} j8f Ps} 7fp“df 5g\ .

6f]kL g} v:nfh:tf] 7f8f] ynfsf] n]s . clg TolQs} cf]/fnf] . 3g3f]/ h+un . af6f]el/ lxp“ g} lxp“ 5 . æTolQ w]/} b'Mv u/]/ lx+8/] cfP klg af6f]sf] b'Mv ;a} lal;{Ob“ f] /x]5Æ, ;b/d'sfdaf6 cfPsf ;~rf/sdL{ bfdf]b/ Gof}kfg]n] atfP . lr;f] n]s kf/ ub}u{ bf{ aLr–aLrdf b]lvPsf e]8L uf]7 / uf]7fnfafx]s af6f]df s'g} 3/ e]l6Gg . gfs g} 7f]lsPnfh:tf] u/L cufl8 plePsf] af}4 lxdfn, afof dgf:n', bfof u0f]z . ævf]rdf /x]sf] nfk|fs ufp“ n'ss ] f] pkTosfh:t} 5Æ, :yfgLo d0fLsfdb]jL dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfs s[i0fk|;fb Gof}kfg]n] atfP . n]ssf] 7fp“ hxf“ kfof], ToxL a:tL a;fNg pko'Qm 7fp“ g} x“b' g} . st} lxdklx/f] t st} af3 efn'sf] 8/ . To;}n] Ps} 7fp“df a:tL a;]sf] :yfgLo a'9fkfsfx¿ atfp“5g\ . o; ufp“n] sf7df8f}s + f] c;g / OGb|rf]ssf] 5gs lbG5 . ;a} 3/x¿ sf7n] ag]sf 5g\ .

dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q 3'Dg uPsf xhf/f+} ko{6s Ps/ft ufp“df ga;L cufl8 a9\gk' /]] 7"n} d"No r'sfP a/fa/ ;lDemG5g\ . k"/} uflj;df $ ;o *! 3/ w'/L 5 g . @% ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf hg;+Vof . ufp“sf ;a} 3/ Ps} 7fp“df 5, k"/} uflj; !% ldg]6df lx+8/] ;lsG5 . uflj;sf] !! ;o !$ x]S6/ hldg ToxL ¿kdf ljefhg u/L a:tLdf gf} j6f j8f 5'6o\ fOPsf] 5 . lax]af/L ufp“3/d} rN5 . ufp“df sf]xL g sf]xL s]xL g s]xL ¿kdf gftfdf af“lwPsf 5g\ . ægftf t kl/xfN5 t/ xfdLnfO{ /uteGbf eft[Tjsf] gftfn] af“ws ] f] 5Æ, :yfgLo zfxL sfG5f u'?ªsf] cg'ej 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ufp“ Ps} kl/jf/h:tf] 5 . Pp6} ;+:s[lt Pp6} k/Dk/f To;nfO{ af“lw/fv]sf] 5 ;b\efjn] . To;}n] t ufp“df x'g] Pp6fsf] v';Ldf ;a} /dfp“5g\, Pp6fsf] b'Mvn] ;a}nfO{ ?jfp“5 . ufp“df s'g} k|fs[lts k|sf]k, dxfdf/L / cfuhgL km}lnPdf l;+uf] a:tL g} ;'/lIft x“b' g} eGg] lrGtfn] a/f]a/ ;tfO/xg] u/]sf] zfxLsfG5fsf] egfO 5 . dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q x'b“ } nfs]k{ f;;Dd nIo agfP/ lx+8g\ ] ko{6sx¿ oxL ufp“sf] af6f] eP/ hfG5g\ . Tolt ;'Gb/ ufp“df klg ;/sf/L s'g} sfo{qmd k'Ub}g . t/ a/f]a/ Toxf“ cfO/xg] @@ hgf k|mfG;]nL ko{6ssf] ;d"xn] cfkm"x¿s} kxndf ufp“df dfWolds ljBfno rnfPsf 5g\ . ljBfnosf lgldQ k|wfgfWofks bLk]Gb| 9sfn eGb5g\ – æk|sl[ tn] t ;fy lbPsf] 5, ko{6sn] klg dfof u5{g\ t/ ;/sf/sf] cf“vf / sfo{qmd slxNo} cfOk'Ub}g .Æ

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ossf] sfd s] xf] < pQ/ ;lhnf] 5– uLt ufpg' . clxn]sf nf]slk|o kk ufos wL/h /fO{sf] s'/f] eg] cln a]Un} 5 . ufogsf ;fy;fy} cfkm\gf ;f+uLlts a'emfO{ / cg'ej lnlka4 ub}5 { g\ pgL . kGw| jif]{ uLltofqfdf #! jif]{ /fO{n] ( j6f PNad lgsfln;s]sf 5g\ . …5fkfdf wL/h /fO{, kkdf lat]sf kGw| jif{ / s] xf] kk ;+uLt <Ú gfds s[ltsf n]vs klg x'g \ . pgn] ev{/} kk;+uLtsf] Oltxf;b]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf gfnLa]nL s]nfp“b} j[Qlrq …cf]dljqmdÚ agfPsf 5g\ . eG5g\– …kk ;d|f6 cf]dljqmd lji6sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ agfPsf] 8s'dG] 6«L d]/f] k':ts s] xf] kk ;+uLt < sf] lgrf]8 xf] .Ú w/fg] ufos wL/hn] )%! df lji6nfO{ e]6s ] f lyP . /fO{n] lji6nfO{ ;f]re] Gbf ljk/Lt 7§f / /dfOnf] ug]{ JolQmTjsf ¿kdf kfP . …t/, Tof] pgsf] afx\olrq /x]5 . leqaf6 pgL ;–;fgf] s'/fn] 5'g] ;+jb] gzLn / efj's 5g\,Ú wL/h eG5g\, …d pgsf] ufogaf6 k|efljt t 5“b} lyP“, pgsf] JolQmTjaf6 klg TolQs} k|efljt eP“ .Ú lji6 klg b+u 5g\ . eG5g\ – …wL/hsf] gd| :jefj, nugzLn clg xflb{stfn] d k|efljt 5' .Ú ufog ofqfdf cd]l/sf, a]nfot, hfkfg, sf]l/of, xªsª, dn]l;of, b'aO{, stf/, dsfp, a}s + s, ax/fOg, s'jt] / rLg;Dd k'us ] f wL/hn] kk;+uLtsf cg'ej j[Qlrqdf k:s]sf 5g\ . cfkm\g} syf, lgb]z { g / lgdf{0f /x]sf] Ps 3G6f nfdf] j[QlrqnfO{ /fO{n] b'O{ efudf af“8s ] f 5g\ . )$^ df …sfusf] aLrdf as'NnfÚ h:tf /x]sf kkufos kGw| jif{df …;f+uLlts gfosÚ sf ¿kdf :yflkt eP . To;kl5 clxn];Dd s] slt sf/0fn] kk;+uLt ljsf; eof] < o;df ss;sf] of]ubfg 5 < hjfkm 5 j[Qlrqdf . rlr{t kkuLt / ufossf cGtjf{tf{ o;sf] ljz]iftf xf] . …;Dk"0f{

uLt;+uLt If]qdf kksf] :yfg sxf“ 5 < pQ/ vf]Hg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5,Ú wL/h eG5g\–\ …klxnf] kkufos sf] xf] eGg]df u/dfu/d ax; 5 .Ú lji6sf] hLjgL o;sf] bf];f| ] kf6f] xf] . )@& b]lv )%@ ;Dd /]l8of] g]kfnsf] Psnf}6L xflnd'xfnLsf aLrdf lji6n] ug'k{ /]sf] ;+3if{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . ufogk|ltsf] nufj / Tofun] g} cfh pgL kk;d|f6 aGg k'us ] f] wL/hsf] cg'ej 5 . o;cl3 wL/hn] j[Qlrq …Oltxf; lhTg]x¿sf nfluÚ df Ps kfqsf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf lyP . o;df lgb]z { s k|0fo lnDa"n] rrf{ljxLg k'/fgf ufos s'j/] /fO{;u“ wL/hsf] t'ngf u/]sf lyP . …s'a/] cfbz{jfbL 5g\ eg] wL/h oyfy{jfbL, s'a/] ahf/ clg ldl8ofsf] e"ldsfnfO{ uf}0f ;DemG5g\ eg] wL/h dxŒjk"0f{,Ú wL/h eGb} uP, …s'a/] ufossf] sfd ufpg]dfq xf] eGg] dfGotf /fV5g\ eg] wL/h ufp“5g\, clg wfp“5g\ klg . kl/0ffd lg:sG5 …s'a/] Onfd kms{G5g\ eg] wL/h sf7df8f}d+ } hd]/ a:5g\ .Ú …cf]dljqmdÚ agfpg …Oltxf; lhTg]x¿sf nfluÚ sf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 . …8s'dG] 6«Lsf] dxŒj To;kl5 g} d}n] a'em]sf] x' “ . kk'n/ x'g' / cf]lhnf] x'g' b'O{ km/s s'/f /x]5g\ . d cf]lhnf] sfdtkm{ nfUg rfxG5', To;}n] cf]dljqmd 8s'dG] 6«L aGg' h?/L lyof] .Ú slj tyf cGj]ifs lktf 6+saxfb'/sf] k|]/0ffn] cl3 a9]sf wL/h kl/jf/s} sf/0f ;[hgfTds ag]sf x'g\ . ul/aLsf sf/0f pgsL km'kn " ] pkrf/ gkfO{ dg'k{ /]sf] lyof] . wL/h eG5g\, …afafn] n]Vg'ePsf] sljtf;+u|x …alxgLsf] d[To'dfÚ k9\bf cem} d]/f] cf“; ' em5{ .Ú wL/hsf cg';f/ pgL hGd]kl5 /fd|f] cfxf/ljxf/ gkfp“bf ;'Ts]/L cfdfnfO{ Ifo/f]u ePsf] lyof] . of] ;Ton] hLjg / hut\kl| t uDeL/ agfPsf] xf] wL/hnfO{ .

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To;}u/L afnaflnsfnfO{ k9fpg] / g[To l;sfpg] u5' { . o;sf ;fy} l6eLdf klg Pp6f sfo{qmd rnfp“b} cfPsL 5' . x/]s jif{ cfO;NofG8df x'g] 3f]8f bf}8 k|ltof]lutfdf efu lngsf nflu xfn} dfq 3f]8f bf}8 tflnd k"/f u/]sL 5' . ld; jN8{df efu lng'cl3 ;'?df t d}n] cfkm\gf] zf/Ll/s agf]6nfO{ cem lrl6Ss kfg{ lhDGofl:6s l;s] + . To;sf ;fy} cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut g[To klg l;s] + . rLgdf hf“bf s:tf] k|sf/sf] j:q nufp“bf pko'Qm xf]nf eg]/ To;sf] klg cWoog u/] + . rLgaf/] n]lvPsf] Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt;d]t k9]/ cfkm"nfO{ ToxLcg'¿k 9fNg] sf]l;; u/] + . dnfO{ clk|msfsf] e|d0f ug{ lgs} dg nfU5 . lsgls Toxf“ ef]s, ul/aL, snf ;+:s[ltnufotsf ;a} s'/f 5 . d]/f] cfkm\g} b]z eg]sf] d]/f] d'6' xf] . cfkm\gf] b]zlagf d Psl5g klg af“Rg ;lSbg . clxn] d ld; jN8{ ePsL 5' . d]/f] /fi6«n] dnfO{ ;ayf]s lbPsf] 7fg]sf] 5' . jfOgsf] af/]df eGg'kbf{ d jfOgnfO{ 3[0ff u5' { . s]xL ;docl3 jfOg lkP/ xf]xNnf ug]{ b'O{ hgf x'NofxfnfO{ ;dft]/ d}n] h]nsf] lr;f] l5+8Ldf /fv]/ ;hfo lbO;s]sf] 5' . lkmNdsf s'/f ubf{ lkmNddf dnfO{ kmfOlG8ª g]e/NofG8 dg k5{ . ;+uLtdf cfkm\g}

b]zsf] Snfl;sn dg k5{ . k':tsdf dnfO{ …b bf leGrL sf]8Ú dg k5{ . d]/f] hLjgsf] l;4fGt eg]sf] c+uh ]| L egfOh:t} 5– …olb sldnfh:t} lx+l8/xg] xf] eg] uGtJodf k'Ug ;lsG5 .Ú dflg;n] af“rG' h]n ;+3if{ ug{ 5f]8g\ x' b“' g} . /, hLjgk|lt cfzfjfbL g} x'gk' 5{ . d}n] eujfg;“u s'g} a/ dfUg kfP ;d:t k[YjLjf;Lsf] zflGtsf nflu sfdgf uy]+{ xf]nf . ;+;f/ sf ;a} dflg; ldn]/ zflGt;Fu a:g kfpmg\ eGg] OR5f k|s6 uy] +{ . k[YjL Pp6} 5– /]vfn] dfq} clnslt ltd|f] / clnslt d]/f] eg]/ ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . t/ dflg; t Pp6} t x'g \ .

;fgfls;fg s[lif– Joj;fo ;xfotf kl/of]hgf a'4 Po/n] cfkm\gf] skf]/{ 6] ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{x ug{sf] lglDt ;dfhsf] tNnf] :yfgdf /x]sf ju{sf] ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ /0fgLltcg'¿k ;fd'bflos ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| gfds u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t ;fgf ls;fg s[lif Joj;fo ;xfotf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf e"ldxLg, l;dfGt / ;fgfls;fgnfO{ nlIft u/L of] kl/of]hgf xfn df]/ª lhNnfsf] 6+lsl;gjf/L / xflQd'8f uflj;df nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] !$ ;d"xdf cfj4 ePsf # ;o $^ ls;fgnfO{ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . s[lif k|;f/, C0f / pBd ljsf; o; kl/of]hgsf k|dv ' c+u /x]sf 5g\ . o; kl/of]hgfn] ;fdflhs kl/rfng, C0f tyf jrt / pGgt s[lif k|ljlwx¿ x:tfGt/ 0fh:tf sfo{qmddfk{mt s[ifssf] hghLljsf ;'wfg{ ;3fp k'¥ofp“b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . /, xfn cfP/ !$ cf]6} ;d"xsf s[ifsnfO{ ;+ul7t u/L s[lifpkh :fxsf/Ldf cfj4 u/fOPsf] ] 5 . ;f] k|:tfljt ;xsf/Ln] ;fgf ls;fg s[lif Joj;fo ;xfotf kl/of]hgfsf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;xsf/L cgfh a}s + sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k s[ifsåf/f pTkflbt wfgaf6 a9L kmfObf lngsf] lglDt wfg a}l+ sª sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

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rfxG5g\ a9L h;f] t s]jn 6]lnlehg k|:tf]tfdfq aGg rfxG5g\ . t® clwsf+z 6]lnlehgdf k|:tf]tf g} sfo{qmd lgdf{tf x'g] ub{5g\ . jf:tjdf xfd|f o'jfnfO{ sfo{qmd k|:tf]tf cyf{t leh]sf] g} a9L rfxgf x'g] u5{ . t® sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug]{ lgdf{tfsf] lhDd]jf®L ® sfo{qmd k|:t't ug] { k|:tf]tfsf] lhDd]jf®L lgs} km®s x'G5 . sfo{qmd lgdf{tfn] sfo{qmdsf] k|f?k tof® kfg'k{ g]{ sfdb]lv sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ;sL To;sf] k|;f®0f eO;s]kl5sf] l:ylt;Dd lhDd]jf® x'gk' 5{ eg] sfo{qmd k|:tf]tfn] s]jn sfo{qmd k|:t't ug]{ ljifodf dfq rgfvf] x'gk' 5{ . cfhsnsf ;a} 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿df sfo{qmd k|:tf]tf eGbf klg sfo{qmd lgdf{tfsf] g} vf“rf] x'G5 . t® ce}m klg w]®} o'jfx¿nfO{ o;sf] 1fg 5}g . k|fljlws tj®df eGg] xf] eg] lk|–k|f8] S;g, k|f8] S;g ® kf]i6 k|f8] S;g ® lkm8Aofs gcfP;Dd lgdf{tf lhDd]jf® x'g] ub{5 . lgdf{tfx¿n] s'g} Ps sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t®, l;h{gzLntf ® klAns l8dfG8nfO{ lhDd]jf®L lng] ePsfn] klg 6]lnlehg Rofgnx¿n] sfo{qmd k|:tf]tfx¿eGbf sfo{qmd lgdf{tfx¿sf] a9L dfu u®]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf s'®fdf cgle1 ®x]sf o'jfx¿ s]jn leh] aGg tDtof® ®x]sf] sltko pbfx®0f kfOG5 . pgLx¿ kmnfgf] 6]lnlehgdf leh] dfu]sf] 5 ls eg]® ce}m klg ;f]wk'5 ul®®xG5g\ . s]xL Rofgndf t o;sf] cfjZostf g} geO{ leh]sf] nflu ljleGg lgj]bg ® afof]8f6f cfO®x]sf] x'G5 . grfxL grfxLsg o:tf afof]8f6fx¿ y'lk|gn ' ] klg b]zdf a]®f]huf®Lsf] l:ylt ® o'jfx¿sf] 6]lnlehg df]xnfO{ ;lhn} O+lut u5{ .

6]lnlehgdf sfo{qmd k|:t't ug]s { f] cnfjf ;dfrf® eGg] ;dfrf® jfrssf] cfsif{0f klg sd 5}g . b]zsf] ®fli6«o k|;f®0f ;+:Yff g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf ljutdf s]xL ;dfrf®jfrs tyf ;dfrf® ;Dkfbssf nflu dfu ul®Psf] lj1fkgdf xhf®f}+ lgj]bg kg'n { ] klg ;dfrf® ;Dk|i] f0fsf] If]qdf o'jf cfsif{0f a9]sf] ;lhn} yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . lk|G6 d]l8of ® ®]l8of]df eGbf 6]lnlehgdf eGg vf]hs ] f] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;lhn} >Job[Zodfk{mt\ b]vfpg ;lsg] snfn] ubf{ l;h{gzLn ;Djfbbftf ® kqsf®x¿nfO{ 6]lnlehgsf] Go"h l®kf]l6{ªn] g} cfslif{t u®]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf s]xL lk|G6 d]l8of ® ®]l8of]sdL{x¿nfO{ klg 6]lnlehgsf] of] rsfrf}w+ n] tfg]sf] 5 . o:tf l®kf]6®{ x¿ ;dfrf® l®kf]l6{ª dfq xf]Og ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf klg TolQs} Jo:t b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . l5d]sL d'n ' s ' ef®tdf v'ns ] f lghL If]qsf s]xL Go"h Rofgnx¿sf] nf]slk|otfsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfndf klg ;dfrf®sf nflu cnUu} Pp6f Rofgnsf] vf“rf] dx;'; ul®Psf] kl®k|I] odf of] If]qdf o'jf cfsif{0fn] eljiodf bx|} 7fp“ hdfpg] s'®f cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf ;~rf®sf ljwfdf s]xL ug{ rfxg] ® kqsfl®tfsf] cg'ej ePsf JolQmnfO{ 6]lnlehgsf] ;dfrf® l®kf]l6{ª ® jfrgsf] sfdn] yk pT;fx ® cf“6 eg]{ sfd ub{5 eGg] s'®fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;St}g . lghL If]qaf6 v'ns ] f s]xL Rofgnx¿sf] 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd k|;f®0fsf] s]xL jif{otf sfo{qmd lgdf{tf ® k|:tf]tfdf dgf]dflnGosf] l:ylt klg k}bf ePsf] 5 . s'g} sfo{qmd rnfP® s]xL ;do s'g} Pp6f Rofgndf cfºgf] cg'ej sdfpg] sfo{qmd lgdf{tfx¿ csf]{ Rofgndf ;g]{ qmd klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf b]lvPsf] 5 . l5d]sL d'ns ' ef®tdf cfhts, :6f® Go"h, Pg8L6LeL OlG8of ® 8L8L Go'hh:tf ;dfrf® Rofgndf Ps af6 csf]d{ f ;g]{ qmd rln®x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ef®tdf o:tf 6]lnlehgsdL{x¿ k]zfut ¿kdf ljsl;t eO;s]sf] cfef; x'G5 . Toxf“ h'g JolQm a9L k|fk] m] ;gn eof]

of sfddf bIf 5 To;nfO{ cfºgf] Rofgndf tfGg] xf]8afhL x'G5 . cfºgf] Rofgndf pRru'0f:t®sf] k|fk] m] ;gn JolQm cfsif{0f ug{ tL ;+:yfx¿n] cfsif{s kfl®>lds ® eg]h:tf ;'ljwfx¿ lbg tof® x'G5g\ . t® g]kfndf eg] k|fk] m] zglnHdsf] ce}m klg ljsf; gePsfn] of] ;Dej b]lv+bg} . oxf“ ®fd|f sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] sfdsf] cg';®0f ® tfl®km ug]s { f] ;§fdf p;k|lt ®L;, ®fu, å]if efj ®fvL s'enf] ug]{ u®fpg] sfdn] lg®Gt®tf kfPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL ;~rf® If]q klg cgfjZos ljjfbn] k6sk6s wldlng] u®]sf] 5 . t;y{ 6]lnlehgdf gof“ k|jz ] ug]{ JolQmx¿ o:tf s'®fx¿k|lt rgfvf] x'gk' b{5 . x®]s snfsf® of ®¨sdL{ of ;~rf®sdL{nfO{ p;sf] k]zfut hLjgdf Pp6f lx6sf] h¿®t kb{5 . h:tf];s ' } snfsf® xf];\ of ;~rf®sdL{ xf];\ Ps k6s pm of p;n] u®]sf] sfo{n] ahf®df 8]®f hdfpg;s]df pm ;kmn ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . lkmNdsf] s'®f ug]{ xf] eg] lkmNd lx6 eof] eg] snfsf® klg lx6 x'G5 . uLt ;¨Ltdf uLt w]®} rNof] eg] ufos÷uflosf klg lx6 x'G5g\ . To:t} 6]lnlehgdf sfo{qmd lx6 eof] eg] klg sfo{qmd ;~rfns klg lx6 x'G5g\ . cfhsf] o'udf lx6 Pp6f cfjZostf g} alg;s]sf] 5 . pbfx®0fsf nflu s'®f ubf{ s]xL 6]lnrnlrqdf cfSsne'mSsn b]lvg] ® Pp6f Pkm=Pd= df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ snfsf® bLks®fh lu®L clxn] g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 k|;f®0f x'g] cfºgf] sfo{qmd tLtf] ;Tosf dfWodaf6 lx6 ag]sf 5g\ . pgL clxn] 6]lnlehg x]g{] k|To]s hgdfg;;fd' xf“:o snfsf®sf ¿kdf nf]slk|o ePsf 5g\ . kSs} klg cfhsf] ;~rf®sf] qmflGtdo o'udf 6]lnlehgsf] sl®c® o'jfx¿sf nflu ;'vb x'g;S5 t® o;df cfpg] u®]sf] r'gf}tL ® afwfx¿n] ubf{sf] o;sf] ofqf sf];9] u+' f ;®x 5 . elgG5, olb tkfO{d+ f cf“6 5, s]xL u®]® b]vfpg] ;fdYo{tf 5, gof“ vf]h 5 ® kof{Kt ;do 5 eg] 6]lnlehg tkfO{s + f] nflu pko'Qm ®f]hfO x'g;S5 . t® sltko 6]lnlehgdf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f÷k|:t't ug]{ JolQmx¿df w}ot{ fsf] sdL kfOG5 . 6]lnlehgdf sfd u®]® 6]lnlehgsdL{ x'g w}ot{ f dxTjk"0f{ ® klxnf] zt{ xf] . oxf“ s'g} s'®fn] ahf® kfpg lgs} k|tLIFf ug'k{ g]{ klg x'G5 .

PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] of] o'udf 6]lnlehg ;~rf®sf] dxTjk"0f{ ® cTofjZs j:t' eO;s]sf] s'®f gsfg{ ;lsGg . cfh clwsf+z g]kfnLsf 3®df 6]lnlehg ;]6 5g\ . s;} s;}sf @÷# j6f klg 5g\ .

6]lnlehgsf] kbf{df cfºgf] s'®f eGg rfxg] ® kbf{df cfk"m b]lvO{ nf]slk|o x'g] rfxgfn] o'jfx¿nfO{ a]®f]s6f]s o; IF]qdf cfslif{t t'NofO®x]sf] b]lvG5 . t® 6]lnlehgdf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug] { ® k|:t't ug]{ sfd ;lhnf] eg] 5}g . To;} eP® xf]nf s]xL o'jfx¿ 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd lgdf{0f s]xL ;do ;+nUg ePkl5 To;} knfog x'g k'U5g\ . knfogsf] s'®f ug]{ xf] eg] d'ns ' sf] k'®fgf] ;+:yf g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf sfd u®]® sfd l;sL cGt hfg] 6]lnlehgsdL{x¿sf] ;+Vof w]®} 5 . w]®n } ] t o;nfO{ 6«l] gª ;]G6®sf] ¿kdf klg lnPsf 5g\ . t® o;®L knfog eO{ cGo Rofgndf hfg' ®fd|f] s'®f eg] xf]Og . To;f] t cj;® ® df}sf e]§fP;Dd To;nfO{ v]® hfg lbg x'b“ g} eGg] dfGotf klg 5 . t® knfogsf] afWofds l:ylt cfP klg ;dofg'sn " cfk"mn] ;]jf ul®®x]sf] ;+:YffnfO{ cK7\of®f]sf] l:yltdf gkf®Lsg cfhsf 6]lnlehgsdL{n] pko'Qm lg0f{o lng'kg]{ vf“rf] b]lvG5 .

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r'gfjsf] tof/L >L % 1fg]Gb|sf] 3f]if0ffcg'¿k lgjf{ r g cfof] u n] df3 @^ ut] gu/ lgjf{ r g ug] { ePsf] 5 . pQm lgjf{rg k|dv ' ;+;bjfbL bn / ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLn] ;lqmo alx:sf/ ug]{ / c;kmn agfpg] atfp“b} cfPsf 5g\ . t/, dlGqkl/ifbsf pkfWoIf t]xf| +} ;fs{ a+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf t]xf| +} ;fs{ ;Dd]ng sflQs @^ b]lv @& ;Dd ePsf] 5 . k6s— k6s /f]lsP/ aNn x'g kfPsf] ;f] lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnL k|ltlglwd08nsf] g]tT[ j >L % 1fg]Gb|af6 ePsf] lyof] . t]xf| +} ;fs{n] gof“ ;b:osf ¿kdf ckmuflg:tfgnfO{ leqofpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 eg] hfkfg / rLgnfO{ ko{jI] fssf ¿kdf leqofpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf -;fkm\6f_ nfO{ ;g @))^ sf] hgj/Lb]lv sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;d]t ;dembf/L ePsf] 5 . ;+/If0f /fhb"t ljZj jGohGt' sf]if g]kfn sfo{qmdn] …ld; g]kfn– @))%Ú ;'ul/sf s];LnfO{ k'; % ut] …;+/If0f /fhb"t– @))%Ú df lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 . sf]ifsf] g]kfn sfo{qmdsf] ;fj{hlgs JolQmTjsf] cª\usf ¿kdf /xg] JolQmnfO{ ;+/If0f /fhb"t elgg] u/]sf] 5 . af]nLrfnL / sfddfkm{t h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf] ;Gb]z lbg] p;sf] lhDd]af/L xf] . ;+/If0f /fhb"tsf ¿kdf ;'ul/sfn] sf]ifn] g]kfnel/sf ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿dfkm k|j4{g u/]sf] kof{j/0fLo Snax¿df ;+/If0f k|j4{g ug]{ cj;/ kfpg] sf]ifn] hgfPsf] 5 .

8f= t'N;L lu/Ln] k'; % ut] /fhwfgLdf Ps kqsf/ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/L r'gfj alx:sf/ u/] klg s;}nfO{ hah{:tL dtbfgaf6 al~rt ug]{ clwsf/ gePsfn] hah{:tL ug{ vf]Hg]nfO{ sf/afxL ul/g] r]tfjgL lbg'ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ lgjf{rg tgfjk"0f{ x'g] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .

O/fs–cnsfobf cftÍsf/L ca' d';fa cn h/sfaLsf] g]tT[ jdf O/fsleq ;lqmo cnsfobf u'6n] Ps OG6/g]6 jQmJodfkm{t cfdlgjf{rgsf d'vdf gof“ cfqmfds sf/afxL yfNg] k|lt1f u/]sf] 5 .

To; u'6sf k|jQmf ca' d};f/f cn O/fsLåf/f x:tfIfl/t To; jQmJodf cn sfobfsf] ;}Go ljefudf /x]sf O/fsL aGw'x¿n] cwdL{x¿nfO{ wkfpg] / pgLx¿;“u x'g nfu]sf] …k|hftflGqsÚ ljjfx Wj:t kfg]{ ljho cleofg yfn]sf] atfPsf] 5 .

O/fsleq ePsf ljeT; xdnfx¿sf nflu bf]ifL dflgPsf] To; u'6n] cfkm\gf] sf/afxL /fhwfgL aubfb, pQ/L ;x/ df];n ' , cn cgj/, lbofnf / ;fnflx2Lg k|fGtx¿df s]lGb|t ug]{ atfPsf] 5 . :jtGq ¿kdf cflwsfl/stf geO;s]sf] of] kl5Nnf] jQmJoh:t} b'O{ lbgcl3 tfOkmf cn dG;'/f ljb|fx] L u'6 ;d"xaf6 csf]{ jQmJo cfPsf] lyof] . of] dg;'/f u'6;lxt cGo tLg j6f u'6n] r'gfjnfO{ ;}tfgL if8\ oGqsf] ;ª\1f lb+b} eT;{gf u/]sf 5g\ . r'gfjaf6 :yfkLt @ ;o&% ;b:oLo Ps gof“ ;+;bsf] sfo{sfn rf/ jif{sf] x'g5 ] .

bn—dfcf]jfbL ;dembf/L ljb|fx] L dfcf]jfbL / ;ft ;+;bjfbL /fhgLlts bnaLr b]zdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgsf nflu afx|ab“' ] ;dembf/L ePsf] 5 . pQm ;dembf/Ldf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ / ;f] lgjf{rgsf a]nfdf /fHo / ljb|fx] L kIf b'jt} km{sf ;]gfsf] xltof/ ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ of o:t} s'g} ljZj;gLo cGt/f{li6«o lgsfosf] lgu/fgLdf /fVg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . t/, ;/sf/n] !@ a'b“ ] ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df /fli6«o ;xdlt vf]Hg g;lsg] / bn dfcf]jfbL ;dembf/LnfO{ gdfGg] atfO;s]sf] 5 .

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xfa|–] nf]kf]Gd'v a9\bf] jg ljgfz, rf]/L l;sf/L / hgr]tgfsf] sdLsf sf/0f Onfdsf] pQ/L g]kfn–ef/t ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf kfOg] ljZjs} b'ne { jGohGt' xfa|] -/]8 kfG8f_ lbgk|ltlbg nf]k x'b“ } uO/x]sf] 5 .

Onfdsf] hd'gf, uf]udfO{, dfa' / dfOdem'jfnufotsf ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltsf] jg If]qdf ;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf kfOg] of] hgfj/ cfkm\gf] jf;:yfg / cfxf/fsf] ljgfz;“u} a;]l{ g dfl;g] cj:yfdf k'us ] f] cg';GWffgstf{x¿n] atfPsf 5g\ .

To; If]qsf /]8 kfG8fsf] :ynut cWoog–cg';Gwfgdf ut jif{ ;ft dlxgf nfdf] ;do latfPsf cd]l/sL jGohGt'lj1 a|fog ljlnoD;n] !# j6f hLljt / tLgj6f d[t xfa|] e]6s ] f lyP . sl/a tLg bh{gsf] xf/fxf/L ;ª\Vofdf To; If]qdf /x]sf] xfa|s ] f] plrt ;+/If0fsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfon] Wofg glbg] xf] eg] ca k“Fr jif{leqdf ljZjaf6} nf]kf]Gd'v k|f0fL xfa|] ;f] If]qaf6 klg k"0f{ ¿kdf dfl;g] pgsf] cWoog k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . cWoogsf s|ddf hd'gfsf] xfu]yfd If]qdf pgn] rf/j6f /]8 kfG8f kqm]/ cf7 306f nfdf] lel8of] lkmNd ;d]t lvr]sf lyP . To; e]usf] xfu]yfd, rf]of6f/, sfnLvf]k, 88]nL, nfnjf;nufotsf hª\unaf6 a;]l{ g ef/tLo jg sd{rf/Ls} ldnf]dtf]df :yfgLo afl;Gbf / ufO{uf]7fnfaf6 xfa|s ] f] cglws[t ¿kdf cj}w rf]/L l;sf/L x'b“ } cfPsf] ;d]t k|ltj]bgdf hgfOPsf] 5 .

Onfdsf] ;LdfjtL{ ef/tLo ahf/df Pp6f lhp“bf] xfa|s ] f] d"No ¿= b; xhf/ / 5fnfsf] df]n ef/tLo ¿k}of“ cf7 xhf/ k5{ . x]bf{ cToGt} ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s t/ :jefjn] Hofb} ;f]emf] k|f0fL xfa|n ] fO{ ks|g ;lhnf] ePs} sf/0f l;sf/Lx¿n] cfDbfgLsf nflu o;nfO{ df/]/ 5fnf sf9L las|L ug]{ ub{5g\ .

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o'Qm /fi6«;3+ Lo zflGt ;]gfsf ¿kdf xf]Og ls la|l6z ;]gfsf ¿kdf zflGt ;]gfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ uf]vf{nL ;]gfx¿n] clxn] af]l:gof xh{uf]legfdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] dg lhlt/x]sf 5g\ . clxn] pgLx¿sf] sfd ;g\ !((@ b]lv !((% ;Dd afNsg If]qdf ePsf] n8fO“df k|of]u ePsf xltof/ hDdf ug'{ klg xf] . emG8} @ ;o jif{;Dd la|l6z uf]vf{sf ¿kdf sfd ul/;s]sf uf]vf{nLx¿sf] sfd clxn] zlQmsf] k|of]u u/]/ x'G5 of ;f+uLlts dfWodaf6 :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ n¶ kf/]/ xltof/ xft kfg'{ cyf{t\ lgz:q ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . hf] clxn] pQ/L af]l:gog ;x/ sf]6f]/e/f];df /ftlbg vl6O/x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo hgtfaf6 xltof/ lng'cl3 uf]vf{nL ;]gfn] ;+uLtsf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] o:tf sfo{qmddf cfkm\gf] b]zsf] k/Dk/fut xltof/ !* O~r nfdf] v's/' Lsf] ;d]t k|bz{g ub{5g\ . #^ jifL{o d]h/ wL/axfb'/ u'?ª eG5g\­– of] xfd|f] dxTjk"0f{ xltof/ xf] . of] xfdL s'g} ck/];gdf hf“bf xf];\ jf h+undf hf“bf xf];\ af]s/] hfG5f}+ . v's/' LnfO{ xfdL ;b}j ;“u} /fV5f}+ . uf]vf{x¿n] ;'?df la|l6z ;]gf;“u cfkm\gf] dft[el" dsf] /Iffsf nflu n8]sf lyP . !( cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ;'?df emu8f;“u} pgLx¿aLr cfk;L ;dembf/L klg x'g k'Uof] . Tolta]nf la|l6zx¿ uf]vf{sf] axfb'/Laf6 lgs} k|efljt ePsf lyP . ;g\ !*!% df b'O{ kIfaLr zflGt ;Demf}tf ePkl5 la|l6zx¿n] uf]vf{nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;]gfdf egf{ ug{ yfn]sf lyP . …o; k|sf/sf l;kfxL x'g' eg]sf] xfd|f] nflu 7"nf] an xf] . olt x'b“ fx'b“ } klg pgLx¿ ljgd| / dfG5]sf] cfb/ ug{ klg plQs} lgk"0f{ 5g\Ú, af]l:gofdf /f]on uf]vf{ /fOkmnsf sdfG8/ n]lkm\6g]G6 s0f]n { 6Ld jfl/ª\6gn] eg] .

a'4

…la|l6z cfdL{leq /x]sf] uf]vf{ ;}lgs Pp6} dfq /]lhd]G6 xf] . h;nfO{ la|u8] ckm uf]vf{h elgG5Ú, sdfG8/ jfl/ª\6g cufl8 eG5g\ . pgL !* jif{bl] v la|l6z uf]vf{sf] sdfG8/sf ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . la|l6z ;/sf/n] x/]s jif{ uf]vf{ ;]gf etL{ ug]{ ub{5 . clxn] la|l6z uf]vf{sf ¿kdf # xhf/ ^ ;o ;]gf sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . …xfdL la|l6z ;}lgs x'g kfp“bf uf}/jflGjt 5f}+ . hgtf xfdLnfO{ tu8f ;]gfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf5{gÚ\ , d]h/ wL/axfb'/ u'?ª eG5g\ . wL/axfb'/sf] kl/jf/ k/Dk/fut ¿kd} la|l6z uf]vf{df sfo{/t /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . eG5g\– …xfd|f] afa'–a/fh'bl] vsf] la|l6z uf]vf{;u“ ;'dw'/ ;DaGw 5 . pxf“x¿klg la|l6z uf]vf{cGtu{t sfd ug'e { Psf] 5 .Ú jfl/ª\6gsf cg';f/ sltko t clxn] rf}yf] k':tfb]lv Pp6} kl/jf/sf] dfG5] la|l6z uf]vf{df sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . …la|l6z uf]vf{df lgo'Qm x'g lgs} sl7g 5 . lsgls w]/} dfG5] la|l6z uf]vf{ x'g rfxG5g\Ú, $# jifL{o la|l6z uf]vf{ SofK6]g ;'/G] b| u'?ª eG5g\ . pgL cfsif{s tna / ljleGg 7fp“df ofqf ug{ kfOg] cfsif{0fsf sf/0f of] k]zfdf nfu]sf] atfp“5g\ .

Ps cg'dfgcg';f/ g]kfndf ljb]zL d'bf| cfh{g ug]d{ Wo] la|l6z uf]vf{sf] la|u8] rf}yf] 7"nf] lgsfo xf] . …xfdL km/s–km/s jftfj/0fdf sfd ug{ ;S5f}+ . t/ xfdLn] dg k/fpg] rflx+ h+un xf] / xfdL la|l6z ;]gf;“u} ljZjsf ljleGg 7fp“df k'us ] f 5f}Ú+ , Ps l;kfxL eG5g\ . pgsf] cfzf 5– ;DejtM d]/f] 5f]/f] klg la|l6z cfdL{df etL{ x'g5 ] . xfn;fn} la|l6z uf]vf{cGtu{t /x]/ uf]vf{ ;]gf afNsG;, k"jL{ l6df]/, l;o/flnof]g, ckmuflg:tfg / O/fsdf ;d]t sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ .

agfpg] sfddf h'6s ] f 5g\ . k]zfn] snf lzIfs / kmfOg\ cf6{sdL{ pgL af“;sf] z/L/ ePsf] / a]6L« af6 rNg] lskmfotL lah'nL aQL tof/ ug{ tlNng\ 5g\ . pgL eG5g\— \ …d}n] af“;af6 5 lsl;dsf aQL agfO;s]sf] 5' . oL aQLnfO{ Pe/]i6 ;fOG; ;]G6/åf/f cfof]hgf x'g] lj1fg k|bz{gLdf /fv]/ cfkm\gf] sfd ;a}sf ;fd' k'¥ofpg] ljrf/ lnPsf] 5' .Ú ;fg} pd]/b]lv a}1flgs aGg] ;f]raf6 k|l] /t pgsf]] cf}krfl/s lzIff eg] cf7 sIffeGbf cufl8 a9]sf] 5}g . tyflk cEof;af6} l;Sb} a}1flgs cflj:sf/sf nflu k|oTgzLn /x] . c7f]6 u/]kl5 c;Dej s] 5 / < eg]h:t} 38L, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg h] glhsk5{ To;sf] k|fljlws kIfsf] cWoog ug]{ / vf]n/] hf]8g\ ] ub{y] pgL . cfkm+} sfd ub}{ l;Sg] / ghfg]sf]] s'/f hfgsf/ cu|hx¿;“u ;f]w/] yfxf kfpg] ubf{ ub}{ l;s] . Tolt dfq xf]Og cfjZos kbf{ To:tf s'/f dd{t ug{ ;Sg];d]t eP . clwsf/Ln] cEof;af6} df6f]af6 aGb's agfPsf dfq xf]Og pN6f] rNg] 38L agfP/ :yfgLo IF]qdf rlr{t klg ag] . ToxL qmddf ljh'nLaf6 aNg] nfnl6g tof/ u/] . af“;sf] sRrf kbfy{df s]xL tf/ hf]8/] agfOPsf] Tof] a:t'sf] gfd pgn] …a]D] jf]NofDkÚ /fv]sf 5g\ . t/, pT;fxL ;fyLx¿n] pgnfO{ eg] ls cflj:sf/} u/]kl5 ljh'nLaf6 rNg] aQLsf] s] cy{, ljh'nL gePsf] 7fp“df klg sfdnfUg] alQ kf] agfpg'kb{5 . ;fyLx¿sf] s'/f pgnfO{ dg k¥of] . To;sf/0f nfu] a]6L« af6 rNg] aQL agfpg . lgSs} ;dosf] d]xgt kl5 aGof] klg . clwsf/Ln] atfPcg';f/ pgn] tof/ u/]sf] af“;] aQLdf tLgj6f a]6L« , clnslt tf/ / s]xL hf]8L rfOlgh aNa nfU5g\, af“sL ;a} efu af“;s} /xG5 . t/, pkof]usf] lx;fan] k9\gsf nflu 6]an aQL / sf]7fsf nflu ;fdfGo aQL u/L b'Oj{ 6f aQL To;df /xG5g\ . h;nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ rxlsnf] / dw'/f] kf/]/ afNg ;lsG5 . emG8} b'O{ ;o ?k}of“df tof/ x'g] af“;a] QL …a]Daf]NofDkÚ n] b}lgs rf/ 3G6fsf b/n] rf/ dlxgf;Dd pHofnf] afNg ;lsg] bfaL lgdf{tf clwsf/Lsf] 5 . uf]bfjf/L ljBfdlGb/, ;'ljhLd'/ af]l8{ª : s'n / l;4fy{ afn k|ltefdf snf lzIfssf ¿kdf sfo{/t pgL s/f“ts ] f Anfsa]N6 klg x'g\ . t/, #$ jifL{o clwsf/Lsf] af“;a] QL …a]Daf]NofDkÚ nfO{ Jofkstf lbP/ gfd sdfpg] wf]sf] eg] af“sL 5 .

emG8} b'O{ ;o ?k}ofFdf tof/ x'g] afF;]aQL …a]Daf]NofDkÚ n] b}lgs rf/ 3G6fsf b/n] rf/ dlxgf;Dd pHofnf] afNg ;lsg] bfaL lgdf{tf eLd clwsf/Lsf] /x]sf] 5 .

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