The Chinese cities grew enormously last decades, spreading to nearly infinity. Almost a billion people will live in the cities by 2025. A sharp, radical and significant course change to a new urban model is necessary to guide China towards a balanced future. The Wall can be this guide. Chengdu forms the perfect study-case for this challenge.
bart van lakwijk | MSc Architecture TU Delft graduation | Friday April 20th | 09.15am-10.00am | Room P | Faculty of Architecture TU Delft | Julianalaan 134 | Delft 1 /141
asia congested-cities
2 /141
CHINA CHENGDU
WALL SITE
NEIGHBOURHOOD CHINA 2030
3 /141
CHINA WANTS TO BECOME WORLD’S LEADING ECONOMY...
...WITH ALL ITS CONSEQUENCES 4 /141
CHINESE CITIES ARE GROWING TO ALMOST INFINITY
5 /141
PRECIOUS LANDSCAPE IS GETTING LOST
6 /141
TRAFFIC JAMS ARE DAILY ANNOYANCES
7 /141
AIR POLLUTION IS TREMENDOUS
8 /141
WORKING CONDITIONS ARE PATHETIC
9 /141
LIVING STANDARD IS RISING BUT STILL VERY LOW
10 /141
BEIJING 2005
11 /141
BEIJING 2005
12 /141
YANGJI VILLAGE, GUANGZHOU, MARCH 21ST 2012
source: a look inside China, The Atlantic, March 26 2012
13 /141
YANGJI VILLAGE, GUANGZHOU, MARCH 21ST 2012
source: a look inside China, The Atlantic, March 26 2012
14 /141
YANGJI VILLAGE, GUANGZHOU, MARCH 21ST 2012
source: a look inside China, The Atlantic, March 26 2012
15 /141
YANGJI VILLAGE, GUANGZHOU, MARCH 21ST 2012
source: a look inside China, The Atlantic, March 26 2012
16 /141
A BILLION PEOPLE WILL LIVE IN CHINESE CITIES BY 2025...
...THAT IS 70% OF THE CHINESE POPULATION source: McKinsey 2009
17 /141
40.000.000.000 SQM OF FLOOR AREA NEED TO BE BUILT...
...THAT IS 1 MANHATTAN EVERY 2 YEARS source: McKinsey 2009
18 /141
SCATTERED GROWTH PATTERN
source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis; 2009
19 /141
CONDENSED GROWTH PATTERN
source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis; 2009
20 /141
CONCENTRATED CONCENTRATED PRESSURE POINTS
Super cities
Hub and spoke
DISPERSED SCATTERED Distributed growth
Townization
Land development Congestion Labor and skills Funding Water Energy high pressure
Pollution
source: city visits; interviews; McKinsey Global Institute Analysis
medium pressure low pressure
21 /141
CHENGDU
22 /141
Shenyang
Beijing
Xi’an
CHENGDU
Zhengzhou
Chongqing
Chinese cities in 2010 population > 5mln
Tianjin Xuzhou Shanghai
Wuhan
Shenzhen Guangzhou Hong Kong
population > 7mln population > 10mln
23 /141
CHENGDU
24 /141
Saxifraga wallichiana Sternb
Saussurea obvallata
Saussurea laniceps
Rhodiola fastigiata
Rhododendron capitatum Maxim
Cedar
Sabina squamata
Abies fabri Craib
Abies faxoniana
Sabina
Larix mastersiana
Panda
Golden Monkey
Musk deer
Bamboo
Acer davidii
Betula insignis Franch
Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb
Alnus cremastogyne
Cinnamomum longepaniculatum
Davidia involucrata
Blue sheep
Apodemus chevieri
Babax koslowi
Columba leuconota
Sorbus
Fargesia spathacea
Fescue
Bent grass
Chinese Cinquefoil Herb
Takin
Blue sheep
Red Panda
Takin
Serow
Naemorhedus goral
Cuculus canorus
Woodpecker
White-headed viper
Tree frog
Crimson bellied Tragopan
Tibetan Chicken
Moon bear
Betula utilis D. Don
Cornus controversa Hemsl
Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler
Ailurus fulgens
Ailurus fulgens
Common Pheasant
Elaphodus cephalophus
Great Tit
chrys
Moschus berezovskii
Accipiter nisus Catopuma temminckii Chrysolophus pictus Cuculus sparverioides
Macaca thibetana
Macaca
Meles meles
Lithocarpus Pterostyraxpsilophyllu Tetracentron sinense cleistocarpus sDislsexperk Oliv
Cinnamumwilsonii Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk Gamble
Cunninghamialan ceolata
Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia
Cyclobalanopsis Oerst
Lindera megaphylla
Machilus microcarpa Hemsl
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Phoebe zhennan
Tufted deer Saussurea Obvallata
Egretta garzetta
Hirundo rustica
Chinese Monal Pheasant
Cinerous Vulture
Blood Pheasant
Giant Panda
Rhinopithecus
TigerShrike
Tragopan temminckii
Prionailurus bengalensis
Sus scrofa
Unicolor
Ursus thibetanus
Zapus
Leucodioptron canorus
Pica pica
Viverra zibetha
Streptopelia
80% OF CHINESE VEGETATION 1/5 OF ALL ENDANGERED FLORA AND FAUNA
source: cultural China
25 /141
local life culture
Chengdu brocade Chengdu lacquerwork
Dragon dance
Leather drama
Majhong
Sichuan opera
Torch Festival
Traditional weding
Waterdrainage festival
Grilled quail
Hot pot
Local food
Local food
Local food
Spicy
Tea
cate culture
Chicken feet
source: cultural China
Cooked beef
CHINA’S CULTURAL AND HISTORIC CITY CHINA’S BEST TOURIST CITY 2006
26 /141
gsgsdgsdgsdg dgsdgsdfg
0.4 mln
1500 2010 12.2
2030 16.7
2050 20.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
27 /141
0.6 mln
1950 2010 12.2
2030 16.7
2050 20.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
28 /141
8.0 mln
1990 2010 12.2
2010 2030 12.2 16.7
2050 2030 20.3 16.7
2050 20.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
29 /141
Zhu Rongji (vice-premier 1998-2003)
30 /141
gsgsdgsdgsdg dgsdgsdfg
9.0 mln
2000 2010 12.2
2010 2030 12.2 16.7
2050 2010 2030 20.3 12.2 16.7
2050 2030 20.3 16.7
POTENTIAL 2050 THE WALL 27.5 20.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
31 /141
西南财经大学
12.2 mln
2010
2010 12.2
2010 2030 12.2 16.7
2050 2010 2030 20.3 12.2 16.7
2050 2010 2030 20.3 12.2 16.7
POTENTIAL 2050 THE WALL 2030 27.5 20.3 16.7
POTENTIAL 2050 THE WALL 27.5 20.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
32 /141
33 /141
西南财经大学
34 /141
source: Google Maps
2000
35 /141
source: Google Maps
2003
36 /141
source: Google Maps
2006
37 /141
source: Google Maps
2009
38 /141
39 /141
40 /141
41 /141
42 /141
西南财经大学
70KM
CDB 25km @ 15km/h = 1h40min Outskirts 45km @ 80km/h = 0h35min 2h15min 43 /141
西南财经大学
44 /141
CHENGDU
“IT IS SAID THAT IF A DOG SEES THE SUN, IT STARTS TO BARK AT THE INTRUDER.” source: NASA
45 /141
THE WALL
46 /141
47 /141
48 /141
49 /141
312KM
2010 12.2
12.2 16.7 12.2 2010 2010 2030
20.3 16.7 16.7 2030 2050 2030
20.3 20.3 2050 2050
POTENTIAL THE WALL 27.5
27.5 27.5
POTENTIAL THE WALL
50 /141
DEN HELDER
312KM
MAASTRICHT 51 /141
commercialand and commercial residential heating residential heating
consumer consumerand and commercial products commercial products
1%
10%
2.89
INDUSTRY
other other
TRANSPORT
agriculture agriculture
Shenzhen example
- 40%
2%
-90%
8%
52%
INDUSTRY
- 50%
27%
0.29
TRANSPORTATION base forecast
expanded public transit, density, fleet
tightened emissions industry
target
estimated NOx concentrations mg/m3, 2025
source: EPA2008 / McKinsey Global Institute analysis
52 /141
EXISTING METRO 53 /141
local station
WBD Wall Business District
LOCALIZED FEEDER SYSTEM WALL TRAIN 54 /141
50KM
Route 50km @ 80km/h = 0h38min Transition 2x = 0h10min 18 stops @ 1min = 0h18min 1h11min 55 /141
56 /141
cycle system
clustered industries plugged in to the Wall
CLUSTERED INDUSTRIES 57 /141
58 /141
59 /141
SITE
60 /141
61 /141
250m 250m
250m
FAR 5,4 FAR = Floor Area Ratio floor area of all floors / plot area 62 /141
250m 250m
250m
FAR 5,4 FAR = Floor Area Ratio floor area of all floors / plot area 63 /141
VERTICAL CITIES ASIA
HORIZONTAL CITIES ASIA
64 /141
ELEGANCY AND IMPRESSIVENESS
THE INDIVIDUAL 65 /141
ENCLOSURE AND SEPARATION
THE COLLECTIVE 66 /141
67 /141
FAR 5,4 FAR = Floor Area Ratio floor area of all floors / plot area 68 /141
BARCELONA FAR = 3 69 /141
PARIS FAR = 3,5 70 /141
NEW YORK FAR = 8 71 /141
72 /141
73 /141
74 /141
75 /141
76 /141
global life
commercial
. ... ... ... .
local
commercial
global firms
small businesses
global industries
small businesses start-up support convention centre
cultural theatre M museum
M
exhibition centre cultural restaurant
library
foodcourt
movies
tea-house
social government
bar
academic institution
club
infrastructural public transport public spaces mahjong
social
hospital housing
P
infrastructural
newspaper reading
taxi
panorama view
car-parking public spaces shopping centre
IKEA
VOLVO foxconn
77 /141
78 /141
79 /141
80 /141
81 /141
NEIGHBOURHOOD
82 /141
HOMOGENEOUS
83 /141
SOULLESS
84 /141
global life
commercial
. ... ... ... .
local
commercial
global firms
small businesses
global industries
small businesses start-up support convention centre
cultural theatre M museum
M
exhibition centre cultural restaurant
library
foodcourt
movies
tea-house
social government
bar
academic institution
club
infrastructural public transport public spaces mahjong
social
hospital housing
P
infrastructural
newspaper reading
taxi
panorama view
car-parking public spaces shopping centre
IKEA
VOLVO foxconn
85 /141
local
commercial
small businesses small businesses start-up support convention centre exhibition centre
cultural restaurant foodcourt tea-house bar club social
hospital housing
infrastructural taxi
car-parking public spaces shopping centre
86 /141
PLAY
87 /141
SPORTS
88 /141
MORNING EXERCISE
89 /141
KARAOKE
90 /141
91 /141
60m
EA R A SITE 0sqm 7.20
12
0m
92 /141
93 /141
60m
12
0m
94 /141
60m
12
0m
95 /141
60m
12
0m
96 /141
60m
12
0m
97 /141
60m
12
0m
98 /141
99 /141
0
100
200m
1:5000 100 /141
N
0
20
10 1:500 level 00
N
101 /141
0
20
10 1:500 level -01
N
102 /141
103 /141
104 /141
105 /141
column column
jail
jail
forest forest
gate gate
human scale
human scale
trees trees
column simplified trees
abstraction
106 /141
107 /141
C
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
V2.2
V2.2
V2.2 B
V2.2
850
3270
V2.2
V2.2
1000
278
150
B 31.500
H2.1 V2.1a
A
V2.1a
A
V2.1b
1750
3500
H2.1 V2.1a
2100
H2.1
V2.1b
V2.1b
V1.1
V2.1a
50
28.000
V1.1
V1.1 V1.3
28.000
120
V1.2
55 135 A
600
700
900
4400 4800
A 07
A
A
107
120
546
19 30 50 150
55 135
50 107
19 30 50 150
A
55 135
107
546
C
A
500 350 107
1000
900 107
600
700
55 135
200
1000
900
200
546
B
600
0 150
500 350
55 135
A
55 135 546
546
19120 30 50 19 30 150 50 55 15013555 107 135
55 135
A
120 19 30 50 150
A
107
546
546
B
55 135
107
107
A
19 30 50 150
19 30 50 150
546
546
V1.2546
50 107
06
0 150
V1.2
55 135
50 107
546
546
19 30 50 150
546
120
120 19 30 50 150
A
55 135
546
107
A
V1.2
546
19 30 50 150
700
V1.1
V2.1a
550
V2.1a
108 /141
654 237 7
30
50
15
297 135
55
135
75
2x12,5 7
L-850
120
L-1000
120
- aluminium profile - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - timber stud - vapourpassable foil - 135mm cavity
ventilation
100
38
12
metalstud covering wall - Gypframe 75 - 2x12,5mm Gyproc panels - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire')
- prefabricated woodenframe with windowframe attached to it,
120
249
297 666
140
625
320
50
50
50
50
24
305
12
38
100
- prefabricated wooden frame with windowframe attached to it, ventilation inlet included
L+550 120 70
7 12 30
50
15
40
95
190
369
75
40
L+700
fresh air
ventilation
- 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - 40mm insulation behind PCM in timber stud - PCM ventilation unit - PCM - PCM ventilation unit - continuous fresh air inlet - PCM ventilation unit - grate - wooden panel with grate for ventilation
50
347 716
PCM
109 /141
654 237 7
30
50
15
297 135
55
135
75
2x12,5 7
L-850
120
L-1000
120
- aluminium profile - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - timber stud - vapourpassable foil - 135mm cavity
ventilation
100
38
12
metalstud covering wall - Gypframe 75 - 2x12,5mm Gyproc panels - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire')
- prefabricated woodenframe with windowframe attached to it,
120
249
297 666
140
625
320
50
50
50
50
24
305
12
38
100
- prefabricated wooden frame with windowframe attached to it, ventilation inlet included
L+550 120 70
7 12 30
50
15
40
95
190
369
75
40
L+700
fresh air
ventilation
- 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - 40mm insulation behind PCM in timber stud - PCM ventilation unit - PCM - PCM ventilation unit - continuous fresh air inlet - PCM ventilation unit - grate - wooden panel with grate for ventilation
50
347 716
PCM
110 /141
654 237 7
30
50
15
297 135
55
135
75
2x12,5 7
L-850
120
L-1000
120
- aluminium profile - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - timber stud - vapourpassable foil - 135mm cavity
ventilation
100
38
12
metalstud covering wall - Gypframe 75 - 2x12,5mm Gyproc panels - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire')
- prefabricated woodenframe with windowframe attached to it,
120
249
297 666
140
625
320
50
50
50
50
24
305
12
38
100
- prefabricated wooden frame with windowframe attached to it, ventilation inlet included
L+550 120 70
7 12 30
50
15
40
95
190
369
75
40
L+700
fresh air
ventilation
- 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - 40mm insulation behind PCM in timber stud - PCM ventilation unit - PCM - PCM ventilation unit - continuous fresh air inlet - PCM ventilation unit - grate - wooden panel with grate for ventilation
50
347 716
PCM
111 /141
654 237 7
30
50
15
297 135
55
135
75
2x12,5 7
L-850
120
L-1000
120
- aluminium profile - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - timber stud - vapourpassable foil - 135mm cavity
ventilation
100
38
12
metalstud covering wall - Gypframe 75 - 2x12,5mm Gyproc panels - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire')
- prefabricated woodenframe with windowframe attached to it,
weather resistant coverage silicone weather sealant closed cell polyetylene backer material structural silicone sealant polyisobutylene primary seal double side adhesive foam tape silicone secondary seal spacer 5/15/4 double glazing sealant silicone gasker windowframe silicone gasker coverage -
120
249
297 666
140
625
320
305
indoor air
24
outdoor air
50
50
50 38
100
- prefabricated wooden frame with windowframe attached to it, ventilation inlet included
12
fresh air
ventilation
120 70
7 12 30
50
15
40
95
190
369
75
40
L+700
5/15/4 double glazing spacer silicone secondary seal double side adhesive foam tape structural silicone sealant polyisobutylene primary seal silicone weather sealant closed cell polyetylene backer material windowframe silicone gasker ventilation inlet -
50
ventilation
L+550
outdoor air
- 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - 40mm insulation behind PCM in timber stud - PCM ventilation unit - PCM - PCM ventilation unit - continuous fresh air inlet - PCM ventilation unit - grate - wooden panel with grate for ventilation
50
347 716
PCM
112 /141
654 237 7
30
50
15
297 135
55
135
75
2x12,5 7
L-850
120
L-1000
120
- aluminium profile - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - timber stud - vapourpassable foil - 135mm cavity
ventilation
100
38
12
metalstud covering wall - Gypframe 75 - 2x12,5mm Gyproc panels - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire')
- prefabricated woodenframe with windowframe attached to it,
120
249
297 666
140
625
320
50
50
50
50
24
305
12
38
100
- prefabricated wooden frame with windowframe attached to it, ventilation inlet included
L+550 120 70
7 12 30
50
15
40
95
190
369
75
40
L+700
fresh air
ventilation
- 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - 40mm insulation behind PCM in timber stud - PCM ventilation unit - PCM - PCM ventilation unit - continuous fresh air inlet - PCM ventilation unit - grate - wooden panel with grate for ventilation
50
347 716
PCM
113 /141
outer south
outer east
outer north
outer west
outer south
1:1000
114 /141
T+
T+
outer south
outer east
outer north
outer west
outer south
1:1000
115 /141
east out 1:500
116 /141
inner south
inner west
inner north
inner east
1:1000
117 /141
east in 1:500
118 /141
outer south 2 bedroom+
terrace
2 bedroom
penthouse
1 bedroom+
4 bedroom
1 bedroom
3 bedroom+
studio
3 bedroom
outer east
outer east
outer north
outer north
outer west
outer west
outer south
outer south
retail
2 bedroom+
terrace 2 bedroom+
terrace
2 bedroom
penthouse 2 bedroom
penthouse
1 bedroom+
41bedroom bedroom+
4 bedroom
1 bedroom
31bedroom+ bedroom
3 bedroom+
studio
3studio bedroom
3 bedroom
retail
retail
1:1000
119 /141
V2.1a H2.1
morningsun
1750
04
+14.000
+10.500
V2.2
03 3050
master bedroom 15sqm
bathroom 7sqm
bedroom 11sqm
lobby 9sqm toilet 2sqm
dr wm
4800
9600
02
bathroom 10sqm
library 23sqm
living 23sqm
kitchendiner 20sqm
01
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
19200
2 bedroom+ 115sqm N 1:200
J
K
L
M
N
O
120 /141
V2.1a H2.1
+35.000 V2.2
morningsun
master bedroom 22sqm
4800
V1.1
15
V2.1a
+31.500
V2.2
bathroom 7sqm
bathroom 7sqm
wm
bedroom 7sqm
bedroom 11sqm
dr
kitchen 22sqm
V1.3
3050
14
9600
corridor 5sqm
toilet 2sqm
12
lobby 6sqm
living 22sqm
home ofďŹ ce 7sqm
V1.2
1750
13
library 13sqm
balcony 9sqm
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
19200
3 bedroom+ 143sqm N 1:200
F
G
H
I
J
K
121 /141
122 /141
123 /141
124 /141
125 /141
126 /141
127 /141
128 /141
CHINA 2030
129 /141
URBAN POPULATION WILL DOUBLE TO ONE BILLION
1990
2010 130 /141
70% WILL BE IMMIGRANTS
1990
2010 131 /141
LOSS OF ARABLE LAND WILL GO BELOW GOVERNMENTS MINIMUM OF 120MLN HA
1990
2010 132 /141
7% TO 20% OF LANDSCAPE WILL BE LOST
1990
2010 133 /141
3 BILLION CUBIC METERS OF WATER WILL BE SHORT
1990
2010 134 /141
ENERGY DEMAND WILL TRIPLE
1990
2010 135 /141
MEAT CONSUMPTION WILL DOUBLE
1990
2010 136 /141
SOLID WASTE WILL INCREASE BY 150%
1990
2010 137 /141
CHOICE
1990
2010 138 /141
139 /141
140 /141
141 /141
bart van lakwijk | MSc Architecture TU Delft 142 /141
143 /141
EXTRA SLIDES
144 /141
DENSITY
URBAN SPRAWL
LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM
GREEN HOUSES
GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE
?
O2 CO2
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
INDUSTRY
A
B
GREEN HOUSES
DWELLINGS
C
CARBON CAPTURE
UNDERGROUND PARKING
INDUSTRY
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
DWELLINGS
D O2 A
B
WASTE
CO2 C
CO2
E COLD HEAT
F D
G
145 /141
neighborhood building plot public area 0
100 1:5000
200m N
publi groun 146 /141
neighborhood building plot public area 0
100 1:5000
200m N
publi groun 147 /141
4800
15
3050
14
1750
13
4800
12
11
4800
4800
15
10
1750
13
09
4800
4800
12
11 4800
4800
07
4800
4800
10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
1750
3050
4800
115200
3050
3050
1750
4800
4800
05 1750
4800
57600
08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level -01 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
S
4800
T
4800
U
4800
V
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AA
level -01 1:500
148 /141
4800
15
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13
09
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12
11 4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
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02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
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E
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
1750
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05 1750
4800
57600
08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
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115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 00 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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T
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3050
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AA
level 00 1:500
149 /141
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15
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09
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12
11 4800
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07
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
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02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
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4800
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E
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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05 1750
4800
57600
08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 01 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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T
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3050
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AA
level 01 1:500
150 /141
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15
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10
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09
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
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02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
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09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
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4800
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4800
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E
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
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05 1750
4800
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08
3050
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14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
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4800
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115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 02 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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3050
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AA
level 02 1:500
151 /141
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10
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09
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
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02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
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4800
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E
4800
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3050
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115200
3050
3050
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05 1750
4800
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08
3050
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14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
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115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 03 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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T
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AA
level 03 1:500
152 /141
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09
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
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E
4800
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4800
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4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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05 1750
4800
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08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
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4800
4800
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4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 04 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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T
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1750
X Y
3050
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AA
level 04 1:500
153 /141
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10
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13
09
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
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E
4800
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4800
4800
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4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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4800
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08
3050
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14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
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4800
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4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 05 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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AA
level 05 1:500
154 /141
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
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4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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4800
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08
3050
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14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
4800
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4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 06 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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T
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1750
X Y
3050
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AA
level 06 1:500
155 /141
4800
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10
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09
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
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02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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E
4800
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4800
4800
4800
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
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08
3050
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14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
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T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
4800
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4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 07 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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4800
T
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1750
X Y
3050
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AA
level 07 1:500
156 /141
4800
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10
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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4800
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08
3050
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14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
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T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
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4800
4800
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4800
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4800
4800
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4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 08 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
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4800
T
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1750
X Y
3050
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AA
level 08 1:500
157 /141
4800
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10
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09
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
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4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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4800
57600
08
3050
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14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
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4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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4800
4800
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4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 09 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
S
4800
T
4800
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V
4800
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1750
X Y
3050
4800
Z
AA
level 09 1:500
158 /141
4800
15
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14
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4800
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11
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15
10
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13
09
4800
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
1750
3050
4800
115200
3050
3050
1750
4800
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05 1750
4800
57600
08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 10 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
S
4800
T
4800
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V
4800
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1750
X Y
3050
4800
Z
AA
level 10 1:500
159 /141
4800
15
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14
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4800
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11
4800
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15
10
1750
13
09
4800
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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05 1750
4800
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08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 11 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
S
4800
T
4800
U
4800
V
4800
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1750
X Y
3050
4800
Z
AA
level 11 1:500
160 /141
4800
15
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14
1750
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4800
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11
4800
4800
15
10
1750
13
09
4800
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12
11 4800
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07
4800
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10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
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1750
3050
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115200
3050
3050
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57600
08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 12 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
S
4800
T
4800
U
4800
V
4800
W
1750
X Y
3050
4800
Z
AA
level 12 1:500
161 /141
4800
15
3050
14
1750
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4800
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11
4800
4800
15
10
1750
13
09
4800
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12
11 4800
4800
07
4800
4800
10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
1750
3050
4800
115200
3050
3050
1750
4800
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05 1750
4800
57600
08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 13 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
S
4800
T
4800
U
4800
V
4800
W
1750
X Y
3050
4800
Z
AA
level 13 1:500
162 /141
4800
15
3050
14
1750
13
4800
12
11
4800
4800
15
10
1750
13
09
4800
4800
12
11 4800
4800
07
4800
4800
10
06
4800
08
4800 4800
06 4800
4800
02
07
3050
03
1750
04
4800
05
57600
4800
09
01
A
B
C D
4800
4800
03
04
02
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
E
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
1750
3050
4800
115200
3050
3050
1750
4800
4800
05 1750
4800
57600
08
3050
4800
14
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X Y
Z
AA
01 4800
3050
1750
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
4800
115200 A
B
C D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
4800 level 14 1:500
Q
4800
R
4800
S
4800
T
4800
U
4800
V
4800
W
1750
X Y
3050
4800
Z
AA
level 14 1:500
163 /141
08
4800 9600
bathroom 3sqm
living 18sqm
V2.2
kitchen 12sqm
4800
06
H2.1
V2.1a
4800
07
morningsun
master bedroom 8sqm
05
+24.500 V2.2 V2.1a V1.1
+21.000
V1.3
4800
3050
1750
9600
A studio 44sqm 1:200
B
C
D
studio 44sqm 1:200
N
N
164 /141
morningsun
08
4800
bathroom 3sqm
toilet 1sqm
9600
master bedroom 13sqm
4800
07
V2.2 1:20/1:50
living 22sqm
4800
06
H2.1
V2.1a
kitchen 16sqm
05
+31.500 V2.2 V2.1a V1.1
+28.000
V1.2
V1.3
4800
3050
1750
9600
A 1 bedroom 60sqm N 1:200
B
C
D
1 bedroom 60sqm N 1:200
165 /141
TEMPERATURE DAY 30 27 24
30
21
temperature during daytime (Celsius)
18 15
27
Netherlands Chengdu
12
24
9
25
6
21
3 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
20
PHASE CHANGING
18 15
daytime
30 27 24 21 18 15
Netherlands Chengdu
12
temperature (Celsius)
12
TEMPERATURE NIGHT
temperature during nighttime (Celsius)
nighttime
9 6 3 0 Jan
9
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
6 3 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
source: http://www.klimaatinfo.nl/china/chengdu.htm
Oct
Nov
Dec
166 /141
ENERGY STORAGE PCM
180 160 140 120 100
energy storage (kJ/kg)
80 60
WATER
40 20
CONCRETE
Jan
Mar
Apr
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ENERGY STORAGE 100 90 ible
sens
80 70
LIQUID
60
latent
50 40 30 energy storage
20 10
PHASE CHANGING sible
sen
SOLID
0
Jan temperature
Mar
source: Trox Technik
melting point Apr
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
167 /141
20 C O
ENERGY STORAGE 25 C O
(RE-)COOLING 40 35 30 25 20
mass specific output (W/kg)
15 10 5 0 -5
room cooling re-cooling of storage unit
-10 00:00 time of the day
source: Trox Technik
06:00
12:00
18:00
00:00
168 /141
mechanical ventilation outlet
kitchen bathroom toilet
mechanical ventilation outlet
kitchen bathroom toilet possible natural ventilation inlet (opening window)
continuous natural ventilation inlet (PCM)
hybrid ventilation system
169 /141
140
320
305
indoor air
24
outdoor air
50
50
50 38
100
- prefabricated wooden frame with windowframe attached to it, ventilation inlet included
12
fresh air
ventilation
120
7 12 30
70
50
15
40
95
190
75
369
40
L+700
- 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 30mm cavity / Sto-Ventec system - 50mm insulation glued - 40mm insulation behind PCM in timber stud - PCM ventilation unit - PCM - PCM ventilation unit - continuous fresh air inlet - PCM ventilation unit - grate - wooden panel with grate for ventilation
50
347 716
PCM
detail V2.1a 1:5
596
249 7 12 30
50
15
347
40
95
190
107
50
PCM fresh air
- polished concrete floor - 50mm finishing floor with floor heating - foil - 60mm insulation - 50mm slimline in situ concrete on steel plates 50mm - slimline construction with room for installations - 70mm slimline precast concrete - plasterboard
15
50
60
40
- 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 50mm insulation glued - timber stud panel - 40mm insulation - decentral, natural and carbon-free ventilation system through Phase Change Materials - fan - grate - wooden panel for airventilation
70
263
530
connection to installations
12 20
5/15/4 double glazing spacer silicone secondary seal double side adhesive foam tape structural silicone sealant polyisobutylene primary seal silicone weather sealant closed cell polyetylene backer material windowframe silicone gasker ventilation inlet -
50
ventilation
L+550
outdoor air
- insulation / steelconstruction supporting masonry - steel beam IPE260AA - timber setting block - foil - steel angle - fire resistant sealant - sealant - elastic sealant - fire resistant sealant - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - Sto-Verotec 12mm - 50mm insulation glued - timber stud - vapourproof foil metalstud covering wall - Gypframe 75 - 2x12,5 Gyproc panels - glass fibre netting embedded mortar - 2mm waxed concrete ('cire') 712 30
50
15
135
55
249
135
75
2x12,5 7
297 546
detail V1.1 1:5
170 /141
D
C
31.500
30.970
A
B
28.000
06
07
171 /141