SHELL-TER / Inthamoussou Camille

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IN EXTREME CLIMATES AND CONDITIONS - C O U R S E 7 T 8 6 0

PROJECT REPORT

SHELL-TER - Transitional Housing and Refugee Camp

Cieszczyk Aleksander Dimitrova Kornelia - 0872227 Inthamoussou Camille Mercier Lucie

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SUMMARY This!report!follows!elaborately!through!the!investigation!conducted!on!the!possibilities!and!difficulties! for!new!refugee!camp!settlements!in!the!Gaziantep!Province,!located!in!the!south!of!Turkey,!adjacent! to!the!Syrian!border.!Further!on,!the!second!part!of!the!report!is!focused!on!one!specific!proposal!for! such!a!camp,!which!includes!longEterm!economic,!social!and!spatial!planning.!

The!first!part!of!the!research!was!directed!towards!deepening!the!understanding!of!the!conditions!of! the! location! relevant! to! the! establishment! of! a! refugee! camp.! Those! included:! climate,! geography,! housing!situation,!demography,!resources!and!waste!availability,!etc.!

The! information! was! then! analyzed! and! used! to! formulate! the! specific! design! requirements! for! the! camp.! !

The! elaborated! solution! envisions! the! construction! of! a! factory! for! the! production! of! preEfabricated! composite!panels,!consisting!of!locally!available!industrial!waste,!i.e.!pistachio!shells!and!carpet!pieces.!

Further!on,!the!factory!will!employ!a!part!of!the!inhabitants.!!

The! preEfab! panels! will! then! be! used! for! the! construction! of! transitional! shelters! for! the! refugees,! as! they! will! gradually! move! from! living! in! tarpaulin! tents.! Once,! the! residential! units! of! the! camp! are! complete!the!factory!will!then!continue!to!employ!the!refugees!with!the!aim!to!bring!the!product!the! market! realization,! thus! offering! the! population! of! the! camp! economic! selfEsufficiency.! This! in! turn! would!facilitate!the!friendly!relationship!between!the!local!population!and!the!refugees.!

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PREFACE This! report! was! written! during! a! design! research! in! the! field! of! transitional! shelters! and! camps.! It! explores! a! combined! economic! and! spatial! development! strategy! of! managing! refugee! camps! in! or! nearby!war!hot!zones,!such!as!the!TurkishESyrian!border.! !

The!topic!and!location!were!selected!in!light!of!the!everEincreasing!pressure!massEmigration!causes!on! the!hosting!communities,!economies!and!territories.!In!recent!years!the!Syrian!population!has!mostly! been!fleeing!to!the!neighboring!countries,!whilst!only!a!few!continued!to!the!western!part!of!Europe.!

We!saw!this!assignment!as!an!opportunity!to!explore!a!scenario!where!a!camp!not!only!offers!shelter! but!also!opportunities!for!prosperity.!

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CONTENTS CONTENTS................................................................................................................................................... 7!

1.! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 8!

2.! PROBLEM! DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 8!

2.1! Localisation ......................................................................................................................................... 8!

2.2! Climate ............................................................................................................................................. 10!

2.3! Population ....................................................................................................................................... 12!

2.4! Current!Housing!Situation ............................................................................................................... 16!

2.5! Resources!/!Waste ........................................................................................................................... 18!

3.! PROBLEM!ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 20!

3.1! Intentions!for!the!Camp .................................................................................................................. 20!

3.2! Intentions!for!the!Shelter ................................................................................................................ 21!

4.! GOALS ................................................................................................................................................ 22!

5.! BOUNDARY!CONDITIONS................................................................................................................... 23!

5.1! Resources ........................................................................................................................................ 23!

5.2! Technical!Requirements .................................................................................................................. 23!

5.3! SkillEset ............................................................................................................................................ 24!

5.4! Location ........................................................................................................................................... 24!

6.! DEVELOPMENT!AND!RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 25!

6.1! Material!Composition!and!Product!Manufacture ........................................................................... 25!

6.2! Shelter!Construction........................................................................................................................ 27!

6.3! Campsite!Organization .................................................................................................................... 28!

6.4! Camp!Development!Timeline .......................................................................................................... 30!

7.! CONCLUSIONS,!DISCUSSION!AND!RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 31!

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 33!

APPENDIX!1!E!Instructions......................................................................................................................... 34! !

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1. INTRODUCTION Since!15!March!2011!Syria!is!at!war.!To!escape!the!violence,!nearly!2.5!million!Syrian! refugees! have! fled! the! country! to! neighboring! Jordan,! Lebanon,! Turkey! and! Iraq.! To!answer!to!population!movements,! host! countries! must! propose! solutions,! such! as! setting!up!camps.!A!refugee!camp!is!a!place!built!by! governments!or!NGOs!(such!as!the! International!Committee!of!the!Red!Cross)!to!receive!refugees.!People! may!stay!in!these! camps,!receiving!emergency!food!and!medical!aid,!until!it!is!safe!to!return!to!their!homes! or!until!they!are!retrieved!by!other!people!outside!the!camps.!In!some!cases,!often!after! several!years,!other! countries!decide!it!will!never!be!safe!to!return!these!people,!and!they! are!resettled!in!«third!countries»,!away! from!the!border!they!crossed.!

A! refugee! is! a! person! who! is! outside! their! home! country! because! they! have! suffered! (or! feared)! persecution! on! account! of! race,! religion,! nationality,! or! political! opinion;!because!they!are!a!member!of! a!persecuted!social!category!of!persons;!or!because!they!are!fleeing!a!war.!Such!a!person!may!be!called!an! «asylum!seeker»!until!recognized!by! the!state!where!they!make!a!claim.!The!country!hosting!the!largest! number!of!refugees!is! now! Syria,! with! 2.5! million! refugees,! that! is! why! we! chose! to! work! with! this! population.! We!refocused!on!the!Gaziantep!province!which!is!the!border!between!Turkey!and!Syria.!

Figure'1:'Syrian'refugees'camps'

2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION !

The!Province!of!Gaziantep!has!the!highest!refugee!population!(circa!221!000),!of!which! 80%!do!not!live!in! camps,!thus!there!is!an!urgent!need!for!new!refugee!camps!in!this! area.!The!large!waves!of!Syrian!refugees! pressure! the! resources! of! the! local! administration.! The! vulnerability! of! the! refugee! community! in! combination! with! the! region’s! resource! insufficiency! results! in! increased! social! tension.! The! inadequate! capacity! of! the! transitional!camps!in!this!region!leaves!homeless!a!significant!number!of! people.!Thus,! they!need!to!squat!and!build!up!informal!settlements.!Often,!this!is!a!reason!for!conflict!and! violence!between!the!refugee!and!indigenous!population!of!the!region.!Currently,! there!are!3!transitional! camps!operating!on!the!territory!of!the!region!–Karkamis,!NizipE1! and! NizipE2.!

2.1 Localisation !

The!location!chosen!is!the!Province!of!Gaziantep;!it!is!located!adjacently!to!the!TurkishE!Syrian! border.!The! city! of! Gaziantep! is! the! capital! of! the! province! and! it! has! a! total! population!of!1! 376! 352!(2011),! making!it!the!6th!largest!settlement!in!Turkey.!

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Figure'2:'The'location'chosen'is'the'Province'of'Gaziantep'

In!terms!of! geography!and! topography:!this! province!is! easily!accessible! for!refugees! coming!from!the! hot!zones!of!the!conflict!in!Syria!–!Northwestern!and!Central.!Further! on,!there!is!a!dammed!river!nearby! thus!water!should!be!readily!available.!This!region!is! suitable!for!a!new!camp!for!the!refugees!due!to!its! similarity!to!the!neighboring!Syrian! geography!and!topography!on!one!hand,!and!culture!and!lifestyle!on! another!hand.!

In! terms! of! economics:! the! Gaziantep! province! is! an! important! center! for! Southeastern! and! Eastern!

Turkey,! agriculture! and! carpet! production,! are! its! two! strongest! industries.! This! region’s! economic! stability! and! strength! is! an! important! factor! for! the! location! of! a!new!camp.!It!is!more!likely!for!the! refugees! to! seek! their! economic! development! and! sustainability! in! such! a! region.! Further! on,! an! economically! strong! region! of! the! character! of! Gaziantep! could! also! benefit! from! the! incoming! population! if! they! are! given! the! opportunity!to!develop!a!business.!

The! specific! location! chosen! for! the! new! camp! will! be! part! of! the! development! strategy! for! the! community.! Good! locales! for! the! camp! might! be! nearby! vital! resources! such! as!fresh!water,!or!nearby! an!important!source!of!employment!and!material!such!as!the! pistachio! farms.!

As!you!can!see!on!this!map!geolocation!we!chose!is!located!twenty!kilometers!from!Gaziantep!between!

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Figure'3:'Proposed'camp'localization

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Figure'4.'Transport'map'of'Turkey'

In!Turkey!the!Highways!network!is!sparse!and!connects!the!main!cities!of!the!country.!There!is!also!an! airport!and!a!highway!in!the!Gaziantep!region,!which!facilitates!transport!and!movements.! !

2.2 Climate !

Gaziantep! province! has! a! hotEsummer! Mediterranean! climate! with! influences! of! a! continental! climate!during!winter!with!hot,!dry!summers!and!cool,!wet!and!occasionally! snowy!winters.!The!area!is! covered!by!croplands!(67%),!scrublands!(25%)!and!grasslands! (7%).!

The! annual! average! temperature!amplitude! varies! from! 0째C! to! 37째C.!The! warm! season! with!an!average! daily!high!temperature!above!32째C!last!from!June!9th!to!September!18th,! with!the!hottest!day!at!July!30th.!The! cold!season!with!an!average!daily!high!temperature! below!14째C!last!from!November!26th!to!March!10th,! with!the!coldest!day!at!January! 26th.!

Figure'5:'The'daily'average'low'(blue)'and'high'(red)'temperature

The! lengths! of! the! day! varies! significantly! over! the! course! of! the! year.! From! 9:37! hours! of! daylight! at!

December!21st!respectively!to!14:43!at!June!20th.!

The! biggest! probability! of! precipitation! during! the! year! at! the! level! of! 42%! occurs! around!January!

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28th,!whilst!the!lowest!(4%)!is!around!July!7th.!The!most!common!type!of! precipitation!are!thunder!storms!

(30%),!light!rain!(30%),!and!moderate!rain!(27%),!rarest! are!heavy!rains!(3%).!During!Cold!season!there!is! also!possibility!of!light!or!moderate! snow!falls!with!the!yearly!share!of!11%.! !

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Figure'6:'Daily'hours'of'daylight'and'twilight'

Figure'7:''Probability'of'precipitation'at'some'point'in'the'day

' Figure'8:'Relative'Humidity

The! relative! humidity! typically! ranges! from! 23%! (dry)! to! 93%! (very! humid)! over! the! course! of! the! year,! rarely! dropping! below! 12%! (very! dry)! and! reaching! as! high! as! 100%! (very! humid).!The! air! is! driest! around! July! 26th,! at! which! time! the! relative! humidity!drops!below!28%!(dry)!three!days!out!of! four;!most!humid!is!around!January! 1st,!exceeding!89%!(very!humid)!three!days!out!of!four.!

Typical!wind!speeds!during!the!year!vary!from!0!m/s!to!7!m/s,!what!can!be!classified!as! calm!to!moderate! breeze.! Rarely! occurring! are! fresh! breezes! with! the! speed! exceeding! 9!m/s.!The!highest!average!daily! maximum!wind!speed!of!7!m/s!occurs!around!July!7th.! The!most!common!wind!directions!over!the!entire! year!are!west!(16%),!northEwest!(13%)! and!north!(13%).!

Considering!this!project!the!most!important!climate!and!environmental!problems!that!are!relevant!to! the!shelter!construction!are!threats!of!earthquakes,!droughts,!heavy!rains!and!sometimes!occurring!low! temperatures.!Due!to!these,!shelter!need!to!be!such!designed!to!be!resist!for!them.!Properly!predicted! material!should!be!thermal!and!water!resistant!and!also!elastic!enough.!Nevertheless!conditions!of!the! area!can!be!classified!as!suitable!for!refugee!camp!placement.!

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2.3 Population !

According! to! Deputy! Prime! Minister,! Besir! Atalay,! the! number! of! Syrians! taking! refuge! in! Turkey! has! surpassed!one!million.!In!addition!to!the!ongoing!inflow!of! Syrians!into! Turkey,!there!are!concerns!that! the!rapidlyEchanging!situation!in!neighboring!Iraq!could! result!in!another!influx!of!refugees.!The!Disaster!and!

Emergency!Management!Agency!of! the!Government!of!Turkey,!(AFAD),!announced!that!the!total!number!of!

Syrians!registered! in!22!camps!in!10!provinces!is!around!221!000.!Including!those!who!live!by!their!own! means!outside!of!the!camps,!the!number!of!Syrian!refugees!in!the!country!is!estimated!to!be!over!900,000,! possibly!even!more!than!1!million.!Turkey!has!so!far!spent!$3!billion!on! the!Syrian!refugees!hosted!in!the! camps.!

Figure'9:'Distribution'of'the'Syrian'refugees'by'gender,'in'camps'and'out'of'camps

The!fist!diagram!presents!the!gender!distribution!of!the!Syrian!refugees!in!the!camps!and! outside!the!camps.!

As!it!is!observed!in!this!figure!the!percentages!of!males!in!the!camps! and!out!of!the!camps!are!the!same.!

Similarly,!the!percentages!of!females!in!and!out!of!the! camps!are!the!same!also.!However,!there!are!slightly!less! females!than!males,!(51!percent! versus!49!percent)!both!in!and!out!of!the!camps.!

Figure'10:'Age'distribution'of'Syrian'refugees'in'the'camps'(%

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The!age!distribution!of!the!Syrian!refugees!in!the!camps!is!given!in!the!second!diagram! and!that!out!of!the! camps! is! given! in! the! third! diagram.!These! two! figures! are! very! similar! to!each!other.!That!is,!the!age! distributions!of!the!refugees!in!and!out!of!the!camps!are!very! similar.!The!age!group!19E54!forms!the!largest! proportion!of!the!total!with!percentages!of! 42!and!45!in!and!out!of!the!camps!respectively.!This!age!group!is! often!referred!to!as!the! “prime�!age!group.!They!make!up!the!working!age!population.!

Figure'11:'Age'distribution'of'Syrian'refugees'outside'the'camps'(%)

The!proportion!of!the!age!groups!of!children!0E18!years!old!is!53!percent!in!the!camps!and! slightly!less,!49! percent!out!of!the!camps.!These!percentages!point!to!the!high!proportion! of!the!young!among!the!Syrian! refugees.!The!proportion!of!those!55!years!old!and!older! is!very!small.!It!is!4.5!percent!in!the!camps!and!6.1! percent!out!of!the!camps.!This!age! distribution!of!the!Syrian!refugees!is!very!similar!to!the!age!distribution! of!the!population! of!Syria.!The!population!of!Syria!also!has!high!proportions!of!both!the!young!and!the! working!age!population!but!very!small!proportion!of!the!older!age!group.!The!median!age! of!the!population!is!

22!years!(National!Statistical!Office!of!Syria).!

Thus,! we! can! conclude! that! a! high! percentage! of! the! Syrian! refugees! (both! men! and! women)! are! of! working! age.! An! inquiry! (not! shown! in! this! age)! into! their! disabilities! shows! very! few! disabled! individuals.!These!indicate!that!the!Syrian!refugees!are!mostly! working!age!and!able!bodied!in!addition!to! being!a!youthful!group!both!in!the!camps! and!out!of!the!camps.!

Figure'12:'Life'in'the'camp

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Figure'13:'Camp'and'conflict'status'as'of'June'2014.'Refugees'and'IDP'figures'as'of'Sept.'2014

The! principal! population! movements! to! Gaziantep! province! comes! from! the! city! of! Aleppo,!35,7%!of! refugees!mostly!come!from!this!city.!

This! province! hosts! more! than! 34,000! refugees! in! 4! different! camps! :! Nizip! 1,! Nizip! 2,! Karkamis!and!

Islahiye.!However,!it!can!count!approximately!170,000!Registered!Syrian! Refugees!outside!of!the!Camps! totaling!about!200,000!refugees.!

Nizip'1!:!10,627!refugees!/!2,240!tents.!!

Nizip!2!:!5,172!refugees!/!containers!city.! !

Karkamis!:!7,570!refugees!/!1566!tents.!

Islahiye!:!10,053!refugees!/!tents.!

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We!consider!housing!of!only!the!out!of!camp!refugees!since!the!refugees!in!the!camps! live!in!tents!or! containers.!This!figure!shows!that!75!percent!of!the!male!refugees!and!73! percent!of!the!female!refugees! live!in!a!house!or!apartment!flat.!However,!13!percent!of! males!and!16!percent!of!females!live!in!ruins!and! about!10!percent!of!each!males!and! females!live!makeEshift!arrangements!or!plastic!coverage.!Thus,!the! figure!makes!it!clear! that!close!to!one!in!four!male!refugees!and!over!one!in!four!female!refugees!live!in! ruins! or!makeEshift!arrangements/plastic!or!open!area.!

A!very!high!proportion!of!the!Syrian!refugees!who!live!in!the!camps!evaluated!the!security,! food,!health,! education,!religious!services!etc.!very!favorably.!

Figure'14:'Nizip'II,'another'refugee'camp'set'up'by'the'Turkish'government'near'the'Syrian'border.'Credit'Tobias'Hutzler'for' The'New'York'Times

Figure'15:'Syrian'refugees'in'the'camp'Karkamis'January'16,'2014

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2.4 Current Housing Situation Multiple!reports!and!interviews!prove!that!the!inhabitants!of!these!camps!are!feeling! quite!happy!and! safe! there.! Unfortunately,! they! are! only! 20%! of! the! refugee! population! of! Gaziantep’s! province.! The! remaining!80%!are!living!outside!camps!and!are!forced!to! make!a!living!on!their!own.!This!leads!further! to!the!emergence!of!crime!and!conflict! between!the!local!and!refugee!population.!

Despite! the! care! the! Turkish! government! takes! for! the! refugees! the! lack! of! future! prospects! in! terms! of! economy!and!selfEsufficiency!is!a!great!factor!and!barrier!to!the!development!and!integration!of!the!refugee! community.!!

This!may!result!in!morally!questionable!activities!such! as!prostitution!and!crimes.!Throughout!all!sectors,! protection! and! gender! mainstreaming! aims! at! promoting! nonEdiscriminatory! access! of! refugees! to! protection!and!assistance!programs,!delivering!assistance!in!safety!and!with!dignity,!engaging,!refugees! and! communities!for!their!own!protection!and!adhering!to!the!“do!no!harm�!principle!with!an! emphasis!on! women,!girls,!boys!and!men.!

Figure'16:'Results'of'refugee'camp'investigation

20%!of!refugees!living!in!the!camps!have!a!life!quite!pleasant!as!can!be!seen!from!the!table!above,!the! services!and!the!camp!personnel!are!functional.!However,!it!remains!to!improve!services!(satisfaction:! services!E!the!attitude!of!the!staff!in!the!camp):!Food!(52%),!Health!(57%!E!56%),!education!(67%!E!60%),!

Social!facilities!(58%),!attitudes!of!the!Personnel!(61%)!and!Meetings!your!Demands!(49%).!

Living!conditions!are!good!but!remain!precarious.!But!80%!of!the!remaining!refugees!live!in!unregulated! see! illegal! places.! Shelters,! houses! made! of! waste,! abandoned! buildings,! living! conditions! are! complicated.!Whether!it!is!tent!or!containers!camps,!facilities,!amenities,!housing,!services!are!present! and! functional.! But! we! must! distinguish! between! the! containers! and! tents.! The! tents! have! a! life!

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expectancy!of!1!year!while!containers!of!3!years.!Living!conditions!are!much!nicer!containers,!space!is! like!a!home,!is!warmer!and!it!does!not!take!water!when!it!rains.!! !

“It!is!argued!that!a!safely!built!environment,!including!adequate!housing!conditions,!is!one!of!the!most! elemental!human!needs.!Nonetheless,!around!one!billion!(oneEsixth)!of!the!world’s!population!currently! live!in!slums!and!squatters!and!a!large!proportion!of!refugees!reside!in!inadequate!shelters.”(*)!Housing! in! refugee! camps! is! often! overcrowded! and! of! inferior! quality.! The! houses! are! poorly! ventilated,! overcrowded,! and! have! no! chimney.! A! study! of! houses! in! Jalazone,! a! Palestinian! refugee! camp,! documented!the!poor!housing!conditions!and!found!that!dampness!was!present!in!72.5%!of!the!houses,! while!50.5%!had!mold,!37%!had!leaks,!and!only!41.5%!were!exposed!to!the!sun.!In!addition,!in!Jalazone,!

61%!of!the!households!had!3E5!people!per!room,!while!16.5%!of!the!households!had!over!5!people!per! room.! !

The! 80%! of! refugees! that! live! in! random! places! present! pressure! to! the! city! and! the! community! of!

Gaziantep,!it!is!important!to!make!it!safe!refugee!camps!but!also!to!ensure!that!refugees!are!accepted! in!the!local!population!to!avoid!further!conflict!or!aggression,!refugees!and!the!local!population!must! feel!safe!and!secure.! !

Because!of!these!conflicts!between!local!and!refugee!there!is!a!fear!that!installs!and!so!the!refugees!are! victims! of! discrimination! and! can! not! find! stable! jobs! or! start! a! new! life! in! the! country.! This! has! disastrous! consequences! such! as! theft! or! prostitution.! That! is! why! it! is! important! that! refugee! camps! must!be!functional,!progressive!and!well!planned.! '

Figure'17.'Syrian'refugees'in'Turkey' living'in'makeshift'shelters.'

Figure'18.'The'single'room'where'Zaym' Figure'19.'A'Syrian'child'flashes'the' and'his'family'live'under'an'apartment' peace'sign'out'the'door'of'the'container' in'Istanbul.' house'where'he'and'his'family'live'in'the' Öncüpınar'refugee'camp.'

(*) Habib, R., Basma, S., and Yeretzian, J. “Harboring illnesses: On the association between disease and living conditions in a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon.” International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 16.2 (2006): 99-111. Accessed on 10 August 2010.

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2.5 Resources / Waste !

2.5.1 RESOURCES One!of!the!main!water!sources!in!that!region!is!the!dam!on!the!Birecik!Baraji,!on!the! border!between! the!provinces!of!Gaziantep!and!Sanliurfa.!

In!the!southE!west,!Tahtaköprü!Baraji!is!another!important!water!storage!dam!located!near!Gulikanli.!

Figure'20:'Top:'Map'of'Turkey'marking'out'the'Dam.'Bottom:'Photo'Birecik'Dam'and'Birecik:'Dam'Lake'on'Euphrates'River,' near'Nizip,'Gaziantep'

2.5.2 WASTE An! important! trading! center! since! ancient! times,! the! province! is! also! one! of! Turkey’s! major! manufacturing!zones,!and!its!agriculture!is!dominated!by!the!growing!of!pistachio! nuts!which!Turkey!is!the! third!biggest!world’s!producer.!That!agricultural!industry!generates! thousands!of!tons!of!leftover!nutshells.!

Especially!in!the!region!of!Gaziantep!province! which!is!the!heart!of!the!country’s!pistachio!production,! yielding! more! than! half! of! the! country’s!nuts.!Usually!discarded!pistachio!shells!end!up!in!landfills,!but! instead!of!that,!

Turkey!wants!to!use!it!in!a!more!eco!friendly!way,!by!turning!it!into!biogas,!an!alternative! fuel!produced!by! the!breakdown!of!organic!matter.!Experts!say!turning!pistachios!into! biogas,!while!untested,!is!not!only! technically! feasible! but! also! extremely! convenient.! Burgeap,! the! French! environmental! engineering! company!that!first!proposed!the!idea!to! the!government,!claims!that!nutshells!are!the!most!efficient!source! of!alternative!energy! in!the!region!and!could!satisfy!up!to!60!percent!of!the!heating!needs!of!the!first!eco! city! built!in!Turkey.!

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Figure'21:'Picture'of'the'pistachios'process'in'a'factory

Furthermore,!Gaziantep!is!one!of!the!main!producers!of!manufactured!carpets!in!the!world!which!is!and! other!resources!of!waste!potentially!usable!in!our!project.!Most!of!the! carpet!contains!both!kind!of!nylon!6! which!is!already!being!recycled!into!a!new!carpet!fiber.!

Figure'22.'Carpet'recycling'piles'

There! are! different! possibilities! to! turn! this! kind! of! waste! into! a! building! material,! usable! for! an! emergency! shelter! and! also! for! longElasting! houses.! Obviously,! it! will! be! a! question! of! a! composite! material.! First! we! thought! using! pistachio! nuts! as! aggregates,! added! to! cement! in! order! to! make! concrete! but! this! material! is! not! very! convenient! is! that! area! because! of! the! hot! climate! and! the! earthquake!hazard.!Moreover,!using!a!nonErecyclable!element!is!not!ecofriendly.!So!nut!shells!can!be! compressed!with!natural!resin!or!another!kind!of!natural!bond!then!molded!into!bricks.!It!could!also!be! used! without! being! crushed! to! fill! modules! like! bags! of! braided! plastic! or! wickerwork! basket,! as! for! example!Gabion.!Carpets!can!be!used!without!any!transformation!as!curtains!to!provide!intimacy!and! split!large!spaces!of!common!shelters,!to!make!the!ground!more!comfortable!or!as!a!temporary!roof,!to! protect! people! from! the! sun.! This! solution! could! only! answer! to! the! sheltering! problem! in! an! in! an! emergency! or! for! shortEterm! periods,! due! to! its! temporary! and! fragile! nature.! Another! possible! application! is! to! crush! them! and! the! resulting! fibers! could! be! used! as! an! insulation! material.

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3. PROBLEM ANALYSIS !

With!the!parts!above,!we!can!see!that!the!region!has!some!peculiar!advantages!and!drawbacks.!We! h a v e ! t a k e n ! t h e s e ! f a c t o r s ! a n d ! t h e i r ! i n t e r r e l a t i o n !into!account,!but!above!all!we!aimed!to!propose!a! new! vision!for!a!refugee!camp.!We!chose!a!place!close!to!the!city! of!Gaziantep,!yet!outside!of!it.!!This! area!is!located!west!of!Gaziantep!near!the! lake!Burc!Goleti!(Burç!Göleti)!at!a!distance!of!21!km!from!the! center!of!the!city!and!13!km!from!its!edge.!

It! is! really! important! to! take! into! account! the! status! quo! but! also! to! offer! a! sustainable! strategy! for! future!development!of!the!camp!and!its!inhabitants.!In!social!terms,!conflicts!and!violence!arise!due!to! the!increasing!presence!of!refugees!in!the!city!of!Gaziantep!and!its!surroundings.!This!is!mostly!caused!by!a! lack!or!insufficiency!of!adequate!resources!and! infrastructure!in!managing!the!situation.!In!reality,!the! republic!of!Turkey!manages,!builds!and! organizes!refugee!relief!on!its!own!and!has!chosen!to!use!UNHCR’s! emergency!and!transitional! camps!guidelines.! !

3.1 Intentions for the Camp In!light!of!the!research!laid!out!in!the!previous!chapter,!there!are!some!requirements!we!would!like!to! formulate,! concerning! the! development! strategy! and! design! of! the! refugee! camp.! There! are! some! problems! which! need! to! be! address! in! the! spatial! planning! of! the! camp! and! some! in! its! economic! planning.! We! can! conclude! that! the! pressure! the! incoming! population! of! refugees! puts! on! the! local! economy,!community!and!land!is!large!and!often!escalates!to!interpersonal!conflicts!and!aggression.!In! that!sense!Gaziantep!is!not!very!different!from!the!general!case.!Considering!that!80%!of!the!refugees! live! outside! of! camps! and! are! rarely! employed! legally,! we! believe! that! the! first! priority! for! the! new! settlement! of! refugees! should! address! their! economic! selfEsufficiency.! The! 20%! that! do! live! in! camp! however,!express!a!positive!opinion!about!those!and!generally!feel!happy.!This!shows!that!the!effort!of! campEbuilding!is!a!fruitful!and!reasonable!activity!in!this!area.!!

We!have!looked!into!what!made!the!few!camps!successful!and!have!combined!that!knowledge!with!our! vision!for!how!these!two!communities!can!achieve!a!symbiotic!relationship.!There!are!essentially!three! levels!of!the!community:!the!family,!the!relatives!and!the!society,!these!are!thus!relevant!to!the!spatial! design! of! the! camp.! From! a! functional! point! of! view,! the! camp! thus! needs! to! accommodate! the! necessities!of!all!three!levels.!In!specific,!we!address!the!necessity!of!the!family!for!privacy,!shelter!and! hygiene.!The!strategy!also!envisions!a!variety!of!public!spaces!to!be!shared!by!smaller!groups!within!the! community!–!such!as!kitchen,!bathroom,!storage!and!greenery.!For!the!whole!community!to!share!will! be!a!school,!a!religious!space,!a!common!meeting!space,!the!factory!and!agricultural!fields.!We!believe! that! this! combination! of! activities! distribution! in! different! ways! among! the! different! social! levels! in! combination! with! the! shared! workload! on! the! camp! construction! would! be! a! positive! contribution! to! strengthening!the!communal!bonds!and!thus!would!inspire!an!overall!feeling!of!security.!

Isolation!is!another!reason!behind!the!social!conflicts,!thus!the!location!of!the!camp!has!an!important! role! in! determining! the! relation! the! refugee! population! will! have! with! the! locals.! The! spot! we! have! chosen!for!the!camp!is!at!a!distance!of!13!km!along!a!secondary!road!leading!to!Gaziantep.!The!specific! choice!of!the!location!was!done!with!consideration!of!the!future!development!of!the!camp.!We!believe! a! sustainable! camp! would! have! the! potential! of! becoming! a! part! of! its! neighboring! settlements.! The! industrial! zone! of! Gaziantep! is! located! on! the! same! side! of! the! city! at! a! distance! of! 24! km! from! the! camp,!thus!a!convenient!location!for!the!supply!of!local!materials!and!waste.!The!area!is!not!urbanized! and! would! require! the! additional! installation! of! water! and! sanitation! facilities! and! electric! power! supply.'

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3.2 Intentions for the Shelter The!location!specific!research!also!shed!light!on!the!shelter!possibilities!and!requirements!of!the!area.!

The!waste!material!abundantly!available!I!the!area!consists!of!carpet!pieces!left!over!from!the!carpet! manufacturing!industry,!and!pistachio!shells!–!from!the!pistachio!processing!facilities.!These!are!the!two! large! industries! present! in! the! area,! which! are! in! fact! the! two! products! with! which! the! province! of!

Gaziantep!is!famous.!

The!climatic!and!geological!conditions!of!the!area!require!the!construction!of!housing!which!is!suitable! for!large!spans!of!temperature!variation!–!from!0!up!until!37!degrees!Celsius.!Additionally,!the!area!is! located!along!1!of!the!earthquake!zones!of!Turkey,!thus!the!shelters!would!also!need!to!be!adequate!in! terms! of! seismic! design.! The! main! problem! concerning! refugee! housing! in! this! area! is! insufficiency! of! such.!This!are!has!the!largest!refugee!population!along!the!TurkishESyrian!border,!of!which!only!20%!are! housed! in! a! camp.! This! determines! the! requirement! of! transitional! shelter! design! that! incorporates! a! building!technique!which!is!adequate!to!the!generally!low!skill!level!of!the!population,!or!the!very!least! does! not! rely! on! high! proficiency! in! construction.! Another! issue! that! relates! to! the! low! availability! of! refugee! housing! is! the! availability! of! the! material! and! this! is! another! motivation! for! the! choice! of! pistachio!shells!and!carpet!pieces.!

The! vision! for! the! camp! spans! in! a! longEterm! development! strategy! towards! becoming! a! settlement,! and!eventually!a!district!of!Gaziantep.!The!design!should!also!consider!the!limitations!of!the!resources,! thus! there! are! 3! stages! of! housing! to! be! foreseen:! tents,! partial! shelters! and! complete! shelters.! A! modular!system!would!allow!the!refugees!to!build!the!essential!part!of!their!homes!–!the!sleeping!area.!

And! once! that! is! complete! for! all,! they! could! proceed! to! build! the! auxiliary! part! of! their! homes!–! the! living!area.!Designing!a!modular!system!would!also!mean!a!large!degree!of!flexibility!of!the!technique! making!it!applicable!for!structure!of!various!size.!

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4. GOALS With!the!above!research!and!analysis!in!mind!we!prepared!our!design!and!development!plan!with!these!

4!themes!in!mind.!

Social!integration!–!create!a!development!strategy!that!would!not!segregate!the!refugee!from!the!local! people.!

This! can! be! done! through! a! symbiotic! economic! relationship! between! the! new! camp! and! the! city! of!

Gaziantep.!The!goal!is!to!create!a!development!frame!that!would! enable!a!relationship!of!mutual!benefit.!

Also,!through!working!together!the!refugee!and! the! local! communities! will! become! familiar! with! each! other!and!this!would!limit!the! possibilities!of!largeEscale!conflict.!

Economic!selfEsufficiency!E!The!idea!is!to!create!a!new!industrial!sector,!so!that!there!would!be!a!need!for! new! workers.!This! would! help! the! refugees! and! other! unemployed! people! in! the! area! to! have! economic! development.!

Educational! opportunities!E!Providing!primary!education!for!every!child!in!the!camp!and!after!make!a! possibility! of! personal! development! at! the! public! universities.! There! are! two! possibilities.! Either! coordination!between!the!Aleppo!University!and!Gaziantep!University,!or!create!a! branch! of!Aleppo! in!

Gaziantep.! !

Technical!requirements!–!We!are!aiming!to!design!a!shelter!that!technically!fits!the!climatic,!seismic!and! social!conditions!characteristic!of!the!area.!Thus,!a!good!thermal!insulation!and!earthquake!resistance,! and!also!flexibility!of!the!technique!so!it!can!be!applied!to!the!variety!of!structures!necessary!to!form! the!camp.!

Future!urban! district!(after!3E5!years)! E! The! main! aim! is! to! create! a! camp! which! could! be! improved! during! the!time!and!finally!it!will!become!a!small!Syrian!district!(satellite!city)!next!to!the!city.! Moreover! it! could! be! a! selfEsufficient! district! with! work! places,! shops! and! necessary! infrastructure.!Also!it!is! important!to!allow!refugees!for!assimilation.!

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5. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS !

5.1 Resources' For!the!purpose!of!the!final!material!production!the!availability!of!needed!resources!were!investigated.!

That!regards!to!the!pistachios,!carpet,!and!wood!waste.!The!emphasis!was!put!also!to!find!the!source!of! each! material! as! close! to! the! camp! as! it! is! possible.! After! completing! the! investigation! we! found! the! following:!

E!pistachio!shells!are!generally!widely!available,!due!to!the!fact!that!near!to!the!envisioned!camp!there! are!a!lot!of!pistachio!producers.!Moreover,!there!are!also!a!couple!of!plants,!which!are!generating!or! even!using!pistachio!wastes.!That!indicates!a!wide!range!of!its!availability.!

E!in!the!city!or!in!small!distance!from!it!there!are!a!lot!of!carpets!producers.!Some!of!them!are!really! developed!factories.!Nevertheless!they!are!still!generating!quite!big!amounts!of!textile!waste!

E!due!to!the!character!of!Gaziantep!region!environment!in!whole!area!there!are!no!wood!production,! which!would!allow!for!obtain!wood!wastes.!However!there!is!possibility!of!obtaining!it!from!different! sources.! The! idea! to! use! old! furniture,! and! leftEover! pieces! from! the! construction! sites.! That! may! be! justified!by!fact!that!Gaziantep!is!one!of!the!fastest!developing!cities!worldwide!and!there!are!a!huge! need!for!new!buildings.!!

Considering!the!location!of!the!predicted!refugee!camp!near!to!the!city!one!may!state!that!it!should!be! no!problem!with!transport!of!these!resources.!Moreover!some!of!the!plants!may!want!to!organize!it!by! themselves,!what!could!be!also!profitable!for!them.!

!

5.2 Technical Requirements' ' Requirements! for! the! panels:! The! panels! must! comply! with! technical! skills! such! as! the! structure! with! stability,!the!resistance,!impermeability!and!thermal.!It!is!important!in!the!proposal!of!a!new!material!to! consider!these!factors!in!order!to!address!the!structural!issues!but!also!comfort.!

The! suitability! of! pistachio! shell! as! a! renewable! agricultural! residue! for! panel! manufacturing! was! investigated.!Particleboards!containing!different!pistachio!shell!particle!with!different!ratios!made!using! resin.! Some! chemical! properties! of! pistachio! shell,! mechanical! (modulus! of! rupture,! modulus! of! elasticity!and!internal!bond!strength)!and!physical!properties!(thickness!swelling!and!water!absorption)! of!the!particleboard!must!be!determined!with!a!study.!The!addition!of!pistachio!shell!particles!greatly! must!be!improved!the!water!resistance!of!the!panels.!However,!flexural!properties!and!internal!bond! strength! decreased! with! increasing! pistachio! shell! particle! content.! The! results! indicated! that! panels! with!a!study!with!walnut!shell!could!be!manufactured!utilizing!walnut!shell!particles!up!to!20%!without! falling! below! the! minimum! EN! Standard! requirements! of! mechanical! properties! for! general! purpose! use.!Conclusively,!pistachio!shell,!an!annual!residue,!could!be!utilized!with!mixture!of!wood!particles!in! the!manufacture!of!particleboard!used!for!outdoor!environments!due!to!lower!thickness!swelling!and! water!absorption.! !

The! panels! that! are! used! to! build! shelters! are! therefore! composed! as! OSB! panels.! The! panel! is! a! sandwich!panel!so!composed:!pistachio!shell!panel!E!Carpet!E!pistachio!shell!panel.!The!panels!must!be! easily!handled!manually!by!their!size!and!weight.!! !!! !

Requirements!for!carpet:!carpets!are!used!as!insulating!material!in!response!to!climatic!condition!of!the!

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region!and!comfort!shelters.! !

Requirements! for! the! shelters:! the! shelter! must! be! a! functional! place,! but! must! also! have! a! thermal! comfort,!respond!to!climate!conditions,!receive!electricity!and!water,!and!to!hold!structurally.!!

Shelters! should! be! easy! to! build! and! fast.! The! use! of! tools! is! not! necessary! and! the! structural! basis! requires!no!intervention!on!the!natural!terrain.!

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5.3 Skill-set !

Another!important!boundary!for!our!project!is!the!skillEset!of!the!refugee,!as!our!concept!strongly!relies! on! their! participation! in! the! realization! of! the! camp.! In! the! initial! phase! it! is! crucial! that! they! receive! adequate! training! for! the! technical! and! safety! features! of! the! factory.! Most! of! the! work! should! be! mechanized! thus! reducing! the! risk! of! accidents.! Given! the! conditions! under! which! the! refugee! group! migrates!it!can!be!expected!that!the!majority!of!the!group!will!be!educated!and!in!possession!of!some! generic! skills.! Thus! their! might! be! a! small! group! engineers! and! builders! among! the! population! that! would!be!able!to!be!quickly!trained!for!the!factory.!In!time!they!could!spread!the!knowledge.!Thus,!this! part!of!our!project!is!directed!towards!a!smaller!group!of!technically!educated!people,!in!case!that!such! are!not!present,!the!solution!is!to!send!technicians!to!train!a!small!group!with!the!necessary!skills.! !

The!second!stage!is!the!mounting!of!the!shelters;!the!design!is!intended!in!a!way!which!is!simple!and! nonEintensive,!the!ideal!condition!would!be!that!the!shelter!panels!can!be!transported!by!a!donkey!and! the!structure!can!be!built!in!5E6!hours!by!two!people.!This!part!of!our!strategy!is!directed!to!the!entire! population,!it!is!crucial!that!the!construction!work!is!such!that!anyone!would!be!capable!of!engaging!in! it.!

5.4 Location The! location! we! chose! is! intended! to! be! neither! too! close! nor! too! far! from! Gaziantep,! the! big! city.! It! seemed!important!in!this!choice!to!see!the!future!of!the!camp.!Indeed!why!build!a!micro!city,!with!new! road,!electric!and!water!network!and!then!do!nothing!with!it.!The!future!of!the!camp!is!to!become!a! new!autonomous!village.!But!in!terms!of!locally!available!resources!for!the!project!there!has!everything! to!do.!The!idea!of!starting!from!raw!material!directly!on!site!it!is!important!before!installing!networks! and!then!come!and!set!up!on!the!site.!And!finally!they!must!be!available!to!carry!out!the!production!of! the!panels.!

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6. DEVELOPMENT AND RESULTS !

6.1 Material Composition and Product Manufacture !

6.1.1!COMPOSITION!AND!PROPERTIES!OF!THE!MATERIAL! !

The! final! product! will! be! a! panel! wall! consisted! of! insulation! layer! and! two! layers! of! particle! board! with! 30%! content! of! pistachio! shell! and! 70%! of! wood! particles.! Insulation! part! will! be! fully! consisting! of! textile! waste! from! carpets.! The! board! will! be! combined! by! ureaE formaldehyde!resin.!Used!wood!as!far!as!possible!should!also!come!from!waste.!Due!to!the!fact! that! such! particle! boards! have! relatively! low! thermal! conductivity! coefficient! and! climate! of!

Gaziantep!region!there!is!no!need!for!thick!insulation!layer.!Moreover!implement!of!pistachio! shell!increase!water!resistance!of!the!panel.!Total!thickness!of!the!plate!was!established!as!10! centimeters.! Two! 3,2! cm! layers! of! particle! boards! and! 3,6! cm! thick! insulation! layer! made! of! waste!carpets.!Assuming!thermal!conductivity!of!the!board!λb=0,15!"#!and!λi=0,06!"#! for!the!insulation!layer!the!total!heat!transfer!coefficient!for!the!10!cmEpanel! $=0,83*!"2#.!

For!specific!region!climate!and!its!yearly!maximum!and!minimum!temperatures!it!seems!to!be! a!good!value.!The!cross!section!of!panel!is!presented!below:! !

!

In! order! to! optimize! the! amount! of! material! use,! several! simulation! of! designed! panel! were! performed! in! COMSOL! software.! Both! for! winter! (Te=0°C)! and! summer! (Te=30°C)! conditions.!

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This! study! proved! that! assumed! final! material! thickness! were! properly! predicted.! The! results! for!temperature!distribution!in!cross!section!of!the!panel!are!presented!below:!!! !

!

6.1.2!PRODUCT!MANUFACURE! '

!

The! whole! process! begins! when! raw! wood! material! is! put! into! mechanical! mill,! where! it! is! chopped!into!little!bits!of!0.7!mm!thickness.!Further!it!is!transported!to!a!dryer!fueled!by!the! rest!from!chopping!process.!It!is!to!reduce!moisture!content!in!obtained!wood!particles.!The! drying!should!be!for!at!least!15!minutes.!After!this!process!it!is!mixed!with!crushed!pistachio! shells! and! special! glue! consisted! of! ureaEformaldehyde! resin,! water! and! chemical! hardener.!

Such!prepared!mixture!is!passed!through!a!long!continuous!mat,!where!the!glue!is!activated!by! hot!press!and!by!this!connect!all!together.!Next!the!saw!cuts!expected!sheet!size!and!such!subE product!is!cooled!in!a!warehouse.!Whole!process!is!illustrated!on!the!scheme!bellow:!

!

The!assembly!of!proper!panel!is!made!by!fixing!together!two!particle!boards!with!textile!waste! between!them!with!usage!of!glue.!To!obtain!final!product!a!special!strong!press!with!possibility! of!heating!everything!up!is!required.!The!last!step!it!to!drill!holes,!which!are!predicted!for!plate! connections.!The!final!process!is!illustrated!below:!

!

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!

6.2 Shelter Construction Shelter in a refugee camp must respond to a state of emergency. But we can also think of this type of project in the long term. The proposal that we do in this study proposes a new material but also a new vision of the shelter. We thought this project by offering the possibility to evolve and to mutate. The shelter is also an architectural project that must satisfy several significant factors: cost, speed, ease, ergonomics and functionality.

That is why in the design of this space we first proposed a simple principle of construction and without having to use tools. The pieces are easily manipulated and shelter is built in a short time with two people. It is composed in the entrance of a protected space, transient between outside and inside. Then, the interior space is around 30m2 and divided into two by a wall. The space day with direct access to outside and the space night at the end of the volume. It is important to have a supply of natural light in any habitat that is why we have proposed modules with windows.

Finally, the relation with the ground is very important, and given the urgency of the construction, the idea of proposing the pads to come to upgrade the natural site is seemed to be the best solution for the founding of shelter. A primary structure is then placed on these pads to receive the modules that make up the shelter.

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6.3 Campsite Organization !

The camp is a place that must answer to certain logic of composition. The principle is simple, from a shelter proposed a block which can then be repeated and thus generate urban tissue. The block is composed of 10 shelters, 1 kitchen, 1 common space, 1 male bathroom, 1 female bathroom and 4 annexes can be used as warehouse, laundry, shops or more shelters.

Legend: !

1 block > 10 shelters; 1 kitchen; 1 common; 2 bathrooms; 4 auxiliary!

The blocks are positioned back to back in order to make modular and connectable shelter, two shelters can be one. The block composition and therefore sets blocks went generate traffic between the shelters. Some place in the urban tissue expand by removing a block to provide larger spaces for public spaces, such as places of worship, schools, medicals spaces, garden, shop ... the camp to become a new village, it is important to reflect its composition networks both technical circulations but also neighborhood life and connections between spaces. !

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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6.4 Camp Development Timeline !

The!following!timeline!comprises!our!concrete!vision!for!the!development!of!the!camp.!Based!on!our! research!and!estimation!we!believe!that!the!product!we!have!designed!can!we!employed!in!the! construction!of!refugee!camps!and!this!can!be!achieved!in!the!below!specified!timeframe.! !

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7. CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Taking into consideration the boundary conditions outlined in chapter 5, we believe that our strategy and design proposal respond adequately to the goals we set forth in chapter 4. Our overall strategy relies strongly on the successful operation of the camp factory, both in economic and technical terms. The factory is crucial at all of the stages of the camp developing into a district of Gaziantep. Firstly, it is crucial that the factory is funded, equipped and managed adequately from the point of initial settlement in the camp, when the refugees still inhabit tarpaulin tents. At this stage the most crucial investment is indeed in the realization of the factory and the machinery required. We chose this strategy as we believe it is the most sustainable in the long run.

We believe that economic self-sufficiency is a key component of successful refugee camps, further on because it allows the inhabitants to participate constructively in the local economy as opposed to straining the job market with their necessity for economic prosperity. We have come up with a solution which opens up a new sector in the local economy allowing it to further develop its resources. Additionally, in order for this strategy to be more effective, we have considered for the possibility for the local community to seek employment in the factory, which would further catalyze the positive relationship between the locals and the new-comers. From our point of view, it is precisely a symbiotic economic relationship between the two communities that would prevent the emergence of conflicts and aggression that we can very often observe in cases of mass migration.

However, the camp we have designed can support a population of 5000 people and at this stage we would need further research in order to understand whether this model can be applied in identical manner for the rest of the Syrian refugees. We are confident that it is an effective method of planning and constructing refugee camps, though the question remains of its effectivity in economic terms when applied at a large scale. This consideration reveals the necessity of further market research and would lead to the definition of a marketing strategy that would create the demand of the production of the pistachio-plastic panels. One way to address this issue is by considering the evolution of the factory as an enterprise. It is possible that after it has served its most urgent purpose – the production of panels for the proposed modular SHELL-TERs – the factory could expand its production capacity and could provide produce not only to the building sector, but also to the furniture, and other more commonly consumed goods, sector.

The long-term strategy is a key element of our proposal, and we believe the material selection and the building skills required by the design of the SHELL-TER contribute towards its feasibility. In terms of the building product we have designed, we believe there is space for improvement of the design of the individual elements that form the module. In specific, we would be interested in improving the design of their connection points so that it would accommodate both the making process and the construction

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process. The design proposed at the moment presents a compromise of the making process in order to facilitate the building process. This choice was made with the idea that the factory presents a concentrated entity, where it is easier to apply control and precision, whilst the separate construction sites present a more dispersed, in geographic terms, activity thus offering less possibility for control and precision in the work.

To conclude, we believe we have explored an interesting approach to the design of refugee camps, which in fact has the potential to create a symbiotic relationship between the immigrants and the locals. It has the potential to be a successful economic model, and to be adapted in various other places with an already developed and stable local economy and industry. ! !

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REFERENCES ! !

Cover:!Syrian!refug!es!camps!E!Brian!Sokol,!2014!E!Sources:!http://briansokol.com/!

Figure!1:!Syrian!refugees!camps!Sources:!https://www.google.nl! ............................................................ 8!

Figure!2:!The!location!chosen!is!the!Province!of!Gaziantep ....................................................................... 9!

Figure!3:!Proposed!camp!localization ......................................................................................................... 9!

Figure!4.!Transport!map!of!Turkey............................................................................................................ 10!

Figure!5:!The!daily!average!low!(blue)!and!high!(red)!temperature!Sources:! https://weatherspark.com/averages/32425/GaziantepETurkey .............................................................. 10!

Figure!6:!Daily!hours!of!daylight!and!twilight!Sources:!https://weatherspark.com/averages/32425! /GaziantepETurkey! ................................................................................................................................... 11!

Figure!7:!!Probability!of!precipitation!at!some!point!in!the!day!y!Sources:! https://weatherspark.com/averages/32425/GaziantepETurkey .............................................................. 11!

Figure!8:!Relative!Humidity!Source:!https://weatherspark.com/averages/32425/GaziantepETurkey ..... 11!

Figure!9:!Distribution!of!the!Syrian!refugees!by!gender,!in!camps!and!out!of!camps!Sources:!Syrian! refugees!in!Turkey!2013,!AFAD!Republic!of!Turkey!prime!ministry!Disaster!and!Emergency!Management!

Presidency................................................................................................................................................. 12!

Figure!10:!Age!distribution!of!Syrian!refugees!in!the!camps!(%)!E!Sources:!Syrian!refugees!in!Turkey!

2013,!AFAD!Republic!of!Turkey!prime!ministry!Disaster!and!Emergency!Management!Presidency........ 12!

Figure!11:!Age!distribution!of!Syrian!refugees!outside!the!camps!Sources:!Syrian!refugees!in!Turkey!

2013,!AFAD!Republic!of!Turkey!prime!ministry!Disaster!and!Emergency!Management!Presidency........ 13!

Figure!12:!Life!in!the!camp........................................................................................................................ 13!

Figure!13:!Camp!and!conflict!status!as!of!June!2014.!Refugees!and!IDP!figures!as!of!Sept.!2014!Sources:!

Humanitarian!information!unit,!U.S.!department!of!state,!un!office!for!the!coordination!of!humanitarian! affairs,!UNHCR. ......................................................................................................................................... 14!

Figure!14:!Nizip!II,!another!refugee!camp!set!up!by!the!Turkish!government!near!the!Syrian!border.!

Credit!Tobias!Hutzler!for!The!New!York!Times!Sources:! http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/magazine/howEtoEbuildEaEperfectErefugeeEcamp.html ............. 15!

Figure!15:!Syrian!refugees!in!the!camp!Karkamis!January!16,!2014!Sources:! http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/25240379.html ...................................................................... 15!

Figure!16:!Results!of!refugee!camp!investigation ..................................................................................... 16!

Figure!17.!Syrian!refugees!in!Turkey!living!in!makeshift!shelters!Source:! http://www.lapresse.ca/international/dossiers/criseEdansEleEmondeEarabe/syrie/201310/09/01E 4698057ElueEdoitEseEpreparerEaEunEaffluxEmassifEdeErefugiesEsyriens.php. ............................................ 17!

Figure!18.!The!single!room!where!Zaym!and!his!family!live!under!an!apartment!in!Istanbul.!While!small,! the!conditions!are!better!than!what!the!family!experienced!while!squatting!in!a!nearby!park!with!other! refugees.!http://stoeggerphotography.com/portfolio/portfolios/syrianErefugeesEinEturkey/ ................ 17!

Figure!19.!A!Syrian!child!flashes!the!peace!sign!out!the!door!of!the!container!house!where!he!and!his! family!live!in!the!Öncüpınar!refugee!camp.!The!camp!has!become!overcrowded!with!over!20,000! refugees,!as!the!war!in!Syria!has!dragged!on!into!it!is!4th!year.! http://stoeggerphotography.com/portfolio/portfolios/syrianErefugeesEinEturkey/. ............................... 17!

Figure!20:!Photos!Birecik!Dam!and!Birecik:!Dam!Lake!on!Euphrates!River,!near!Nizip,!Gaziantep!Sources:! http://www.viewphotos.org/turkey/imagesEofENizipE189.html .............................................................. 18!

Figure!21:!Picture!of!the!pistachios!process!in!a!factory!Sources:! http://www.rashapistachio.com/products............................................................................................... 19!

Figure!22.!Carpet!recycling!piles!Sources:!http://www.ppmarroncarpets.co.uk/carpetErecycling/......... 19! !

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APPENDIX 1 - Instructions !

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To build the SHELL-TER, just be two and the use of tools is not necessary for the construction. The pack includes of 114 pieces to build the shelter of 30m2. The exterior dimensions are: 7,8 x 4 x 4,5 m.

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STEP 1: installation of foundation for the shelter. The pads are used to be vertically in line on the natural site. The beams are used for the structure.

STEP 2: after the base installed, the suite is very simple. The modules that make up the shelter are composed of five boards. They are placed directly on the primary structure. Nesting does the assembly.! !!!

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STEP 3: the full modules are composed of beam to allow the structural stability but also prevent torsion. The beams are encased in the panels of the walls.

STEP 4: the modules are placed one after the other on along the floor beams.

STEP 5: closing the end of the volume by a board made up of several pieces.

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STEP 6/7: Installation of the dividing wall between day and night spaces.

Warning: it is important to install modules one by one and stop at the installation of the interior wall, because with the beams of the other modules it is then impossible to put this wall post. !

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STEP 8/9: Installation of the wall and the door entrance.

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